ABSTRACT The main Latin American heritage cities show real estate tourism renovation operations in historic areas that are currently analyzed through studies on gentrification and touristification. Valparaíso (Chile) is an example to observe; following the declaration of its historic area as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, a tourism-real estate renewal process began in heritage areas inside and outside the UNESCO polygon. Using spatial analysis, the location of tourist trade, location of housing under Airbnb rent, housing prices, depopulation and sociodemographic changes are examined. The results show a touristification process that selectively revitalizes the World Heritage Site while also creating an area of tourist expansion in the hills adjacent to the UNESCO site. A process is observed that, property by property, renews the lower part of the hills, configuring an elitist leisure and residence space which excludes the local inhabitant and pressures the resident to relocate.

RESUMEN Las principales ciudades patrimoniales latinoamericanas muestran operaciones de renovación turística inmobiliaria en áreas históricas que hoy son analizadas desde estudios sobre gentrificación y turistificación. Valparaíso (Chile) es un ejemplo en la materia, ya que tras la declaración de su área histórica como Sitio de Patrimonio Mundial Unesco se inició un proceso de renovación turístico-inmobiliaria en áreas patrimoniales dentro y fuera del polígono Unesco. Utilizando análisis espacial, se examinan en este marco la localización de comercio turístico y de vivienda bajo arriendo Airbnb, el precio de la vivienda, el despoblamiento y cambios sociodemográficos. Los resultados muestran un proceso de turistificación que dinamiza selectivamente el Sitio de Patrimonio Mundial, generando además una zona de expansión turística en cerros contiguos al sitio Unesco. Se observa un proceso que, inmueble a inmueble, renueva la parte baja de los cerros, configurando un espacio de ocio y residencia elitizado, que excluye al habitante local y presiona por desplazamiento al residente.

Abstract Introduction: professional codes of ethics should be updated periodically to respond to criticisms and demands arising from social, technological and scientific changes, especially in the field of human rights; Objectives: to verify the updating of the new Brazilian Code of Medical Ethics in the field of bioethics and human rights; Methods: document analysis of a document in the public domain, with previous definition of categories of analysis and registration units, with reference to the Unesco Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights. Results: the analysis showed the following most prevalent principles: dignity, autonomy, respect for human vulnerability and personal integrity, benefit and harmful effects, solidarity, privacy and confidentiality, non-discrimination and non-stigmatization; Not very well covered: people without the capacity for consent, social responsibility, protection of the environment and future generations; Absent: sharing of research benefits, equality, justice and equity, respect for cultural diversity and pluralism; Final considerations: the Brazilian Code of Medical Ethics values the maintenance of prudential autonomy in the relationship with patients and health professionals. The inclusion of broader social concerns, in a fragmentary and insufficient way, does not yet ensure the broad defense of public health, and the rights of people in vulnerability, who have historically been in a position of disparity. The application of the method in a specific context, of the pandemic, was useful for the understanding of the deontological and principlist limits applied to public health. A future revision is suggested based on Unesco's Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights and the deliberative method for interprofessional decision-making.

Resumo Introdução: os códigos profissionais de ética devem ser atualizados, periodicamente, para responder às críticas e demandas decorrentes de mudanças sociais, tecnológicas e científicas, especialmente no campo dos direitos humanos; Objetivos: verificar a atualização do novo Código de Ética Médica brasileiro ao campo da bioética e dos direitos humanos; Métodos: análise documental de documento de domínio público, com definição prévia de categorias de análise e unidades de registro, tendo como referencial teórico a Declaração Universal de Bioética e Direitos Humanos da Unesco. Resultados: a análise demonstrou como princípios mais prevalentes: dignidade, autonomia, respeito à vulnerabilidade humana e a integridade pessoal, benefício e efeitos nocivos, solidariedade, privacidade e confidencialidade, não discriminação e não estigmatização; pouco contemplados: pessoas sem capacidade de consentimento, responsabilidade social, proteção do meio ambiente e das gerações futuras; ausentes: repartição de benefícios da pesquisa, igualdade, justiça e equidade, respeito à diversidade cultural e ao pluralismo; Considerações finais: o Código de Ética Médica brasileiro preza pela manutenção de uma autonomia prudencial na relação com os pacientes e profissionais da saúde. A inclusão de preocupações sociais mais amplas, de forma fragmentária e insuficiente, não assegura ainda a ampla defesa da saúde pública, e dos direitos das pessoas em vulnerabilidade, situadas historicamente em posição de desigualdade. A aplicação do método em contexto específico, de pandemia, foi útil para a compreensão dos limites deontológicos e principialistas aplicados à saúde coletiva. Sugere-se uma futura revisão tendo como eixos a Declaração Universal de Bioética e Direitos Humanos da Unesco e o método deliberativo para tomada de decisões interprofissionais.

Resumen: La política y la responsabilidad social son aspectos fundamentales que impulsan una educación de calidad, equitativa y comprometida con el desarrollo integral de los estudiantes y la sociedad. Por consiguiente, se planteó como objetivo realizar una revisión sistemática para identificar y analizar los estudios más relevantes sobre las políticas y la responsabilidad social en el sistema educativo peruano. Metodológicamente se siguieron los postulados de la declaración PRISMA, por lo que se recuperaron los documentos a partir de los motores de búsqueda SciELO, Redalyc, Dialnet y Google Scholar y de la selección a partir de las consideraciones: investigaciones con fecha de publicación entre 2013-2023, artículos científicos y tesis en repositorios institucionales, documentos en español o inglés y de acceso libre. Los resultados permitieron reconocer un total de veinticinco (n = 25) documentos a revisar. Se concluye que la formulación de políticas efectivas y el compromiso con la responsabilidad social en las instituciones educativas son fundamentales para lograr una educación inclusiva, equitativa y de calidad. Asimismo, se ha identificado la necesidad de establecer estrategias que promuevan una mayor integración de la tecnología en la educación, así como una formación docente acorde a las demandas del siglo XXI.

Abstract: Politics and social responsibility are fundamental aspects that promote a quality education, equitable and committed to the integral development of students and society. Therefore, the objective was to carry out a systematic review to identify and analyze the most relevant studies on policies and social responsibility in the Peruvian educational system. Methodologically, the postulates of the PRISMA declaration were followed, so the documents were retrieved from the SciELO, Redalyc, Dialnet and Google Scholar search engines and from the selection based on the considerations: research with a publication date between 2013-2023, scientific articles and theses in institutional repositories, documents in Spanish or English and of free access. The results allowed to recognize a total of twenty-five (n = 25) documents to be reviewed. It is concluded that the formulation of effective policies and the commitment to social responsibility in educational institutions are fundamental to achieve an inclusive, equitable and quality education. Likewise, the need has been identified to establish strategies that promote a greater integration of technology in education, as well as teacher training according to the demands of the XXI century.

The resurgence of monkeypox, subsequent to its designation as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World Health Organization in 2022, underscores the critical need for rigorous infection control protocols within dental settings. Due to the inherent nature of dental procedures, that involve working in close proximity to patients and potential exposure to infectious bodily fluids, the dental profession faces significant challenges in mitigating the transmission of mpox. This update provides a comprehensive review of the virological characteristics, transmission pathways, and clinical presentation of mpox, with particular emphasis on its oral manifestations and the implications for dental practitioners. It delineates both standard and enhanced infection control measures, including the application of personal protective equipment, stringent hand hygiene practices, meticulous environmental disinfection, and the prudent management of aerosol-generating procedures. Additionally, is addresses the importance of patient screening, isolation of suspected cases, and the education of both dental staff and patients regarding the transmission and prevention of mpox. The necessity for dental professionals to maintain vigilance, remain current with evolving guidelines, and implement comprehensive infection control strategies is emphasized, highlighting the pivotal role of dental practices in the early detection and control of mpox transmission during the ongoing outbreak.

Resumo Do percurso de vida de Nuno Álvares Pereira foram sempre destacadas as ações guerreiras e as virtudes religiosas, permanecendo ainda nebuloso o seu desempenho como detentor de poderes jurisdicionais sobre vastos domínios. Quando as negociações de paz com Castela ficaram definitivamente encarreiradas e os seus serviços militares deixaram de ser indispensáveis à afirmação política de D. João I e à defesa do reino, Nuno Álvares Pereira, que, segundo é sabido, nunca se enraizou em nenhum lugar, parece centrar a sua atenção em Almada. Promoveu um paço no recinto do castelo, onde terá residido efetivamente, ainda que por um curto período, procedeu a investimentos, que motivaram o desacordo de D. João I, e interferiu na vida concelhia em diversas vertentes, ao abrigo dos seus poderes senhoriais. Foi ainda em Almada que tratou de assegurar a viabilização do empreendimento do convento do Carmo, para onde se retiraria em 1423, no ano seguinte à doação da vila e termo à neta Isabel.

Abstract From Nuno Álvares Pereira's life path, were always highlighted his warlike actions and his religious virtues, although his performance as holder of jurisdictional powers over vast domains still remains unclear. When peace negotiations with Castile were definitively in line and his military services were no longer indispensable to the political declaration of D. João I and the defense of the kingdom, Nuno Álvares Pereira, who, as is known, never took root in any place, seems to focus its attention on Almada. He promoted a palace in the castle grounds, where he effectively resided, albeit for a short period, and made investments, which led to the disagreement of D. João I, and interfered in the council's life in various aspects, under the protection of his manorial powers. It was also in Almada that he tried to ensure the viability of the Carmo convent, where he would retire in 1423, the year following the donation of the town and term to his granddaughter Isabel.

Abstract The IV Belém Summit in Pará, Brazil, held in August 2023, brought together the leaders of the member countries of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (OTCA) to discuss a new sustainable agenda for the region. The Amazon was the focus of attention due to its global importance as the largest watershed and the most extensive and diverse tropical forest on the planet. The Summit highlighted the importance of strengthening OTCA as the only intergovernmental coordination mechanism to implement the agreed presidential agenda. The Belém Declaration established priorities for effective regional cooperation, including sustainability, environmental preservation, and inclusive development. The challenges to be faced include the efficient management of OTCA, the improvement of governance and positioning as a center for regional and international technical and political cooperation. The successful implementation of the agreed agenda will require the commitment of the Amazon countries and the active participation of all stakeholders, especially indigenous peoples and local communities.

Resumen La IV Cumbre de Belém de Pará, Brasil, celebrada en agosto de 2023, reunió a personas líderes de los países integrantes de la Organización del Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica (OTCA), con el fin de discutir una nueva agenda sostenible para la región. La Amazonía fue el centro de atención debido a su importancia mundial como la cuenca hidrográfica más vasta y el bosque tropical más extenso y diverso del planeta. La Cumbre destacó la importancia de fortalecer la OTCA, como el único mecanismo intergubernamental de coordinación para implementar la agenda presidencial acordada. La Declaración de Belém estableció prioridades para una cooperación regional efectiva, incluyendo la sostenibilidad, la preservación ambiental y el desarrollo inclusivo. Los retos por enfrentar incluyen la gestión eficiente de la OTCA, la mejora de la gobernanza y el posicionamiento como un centro de cooperación técnica y política regional e internacional. La implementación exitosa de la agenda acordada requerirá el compromiso de los países amazónicos y la participación activa de todas las partes interesadas, especialmente, los pueblos indígenas y las comunidades locales.

Abstract The medical profession has always been willing to serve mankind, which has historically required the establishment and development of different oaths, codes, and laws on the actions of physicians, as well as the application of responsibilities and rewards or punishments derived from their actions. This paper aims to define and analyze the presence of the guiding principles of bioethics in the Hippocratic Oath, the Declaration of Geneva and in the formula for today of the Hippocratic Oath of Dr. Herranz, as well as to demonstrate the importance of their compliance in contemporary medical practice. Finally, what is considered the best oath proposal according to the guiding principles of personalist bioethics with an ontological foundation is presented.

Resumen La profesión médica siempre ha estado dispuesta al servicio del hombre, lo cual ha exigido, históricamente, que se establecieran y desarrollaran diferentes juramentos, códigos y leyes sobre el actuar del médico, así como la aplicación de responsabilidades y gratificaciones o castigos derivados de sus actos. Este trabajo pretende definir y analizar la presencia de los principios rectores de la bioética en el juramento hipocrático, la declaración de Ginebra y en la fórmula para hoy del Juramento de Hipócrates del doctor Herranz, así como busca demostrar la importancia de su cumplimiento en la práctica médica contemporánea. Para finalizar se presenta, la que se considera la mejor propuesta de juramento de acuerdo con los principios rectores de la bioética personalista con fundamentación ontológica.

Resumen: El artículo informa de una investigación acerca de la aplicación de los principios bioéticos del personalismo en la práctica hidroterapéutica a nivel internacional. Se usó una metodología cualitativa, de tipo fenomenológica, con un muestreo intencional y opinático. La muestra estuvo constituida por 12 terapeutas acuáticos seniors internacionales, quienes participaron en entrevistas semiestructuradas en modalidad online. Se realizó análisis de contenido categorial temático, con apoyo del software Atlas Ti, versión 9. Como resultado se levantaron cuatro principios del personalismo y tres categorías emergentes: valores, principio de vulnerabilidad y el principio costo-beneficio. Se concluye que la práctica hidroterapéutica es consistente con la corriente personalista. Emerge un principio del utilitarismo y de la Declaración de Barcelona, y valores tales como la honestidad, el respeto y la humildad. Se plantea la necesidad de profundizar en torno a los principios bioéticos del personalismo en la práctica acuática generalizada, como asimismo en los procesos formativos y en las competencias bioéticas adquiridas por los terapeutas.

Abstract: Article reports an investigation into the application of the bioethical principles of personalism in hydrotherapeutic practice internationally. A qualitative, phenomenological, purposive and opinionated sampling methodology was used. The sample consisted of 12 international senior aquatic therapists, who participated in semi-structured online interviews. Thematic categorical content analysis was carried out with the support of Atlas Ti software, version 9. As a result, four principles of personalism and three emerging categories were identified: values, principle of vulnerability and the cost-benefit principle. It is concluded that hydrotherapeutic practice is consistent with the personalist current. A principle of utilitarianism and the Barcelona Declaration emerges, as well as values such as honesty, respect and humility. The need to deepen the bioethical principles of personalism in general aquatic practice, as well as in the training processes and bioethical competences acquired by therapists, is raised.

Resumo: O artigo informa sobre uma investigação acerca da aplicação dos princípios bioéticos do personalismo na prática hidroterápica a nível internacional. Se utilizou uma metodologia qualitativa, de tipo fenomenológica, com uma amostra intencional e opinático. A amostra foi constituída por 12 terapeutas aquáticos seniors internacionais, que participaram em entrevistas semi-estruturadas na modalidade online. Realizou-se análise de conteúdo categorial temático, com apoio do software Atlas Ti, versão 9. Como resultado identificaram-se quatro princípios do personalismo e três categorias emergentes: valores, princípio de vulnerabilidade e o princípio custo-benefício. Concluiu-se que a prática hidroterápica é consistente com a corrente personalista. Emerge um princípio do utilitarismo e da Declaração de Barcelona, e valores tais como a honestidade, respeito e humildade. Se propõe a necessidade de aprofundar os princípios bioéticos do personalismo na prática aquática generalizada, bem como nos processos formativos e nas competências bioéticas adquiridas pelos terapeutas.

Abstract The main objective of the research was to determine the feasibility of using the Water Footprint (WF) as an environmental indicator in the construction sector, for which a field quantification of this indicator was carried out in four selected single-family housing residential projects in the Greater Area. Metropolitana de Costa Rica, seeing construction as a productive process, and analyzing the results by activity and globally. The direct blueprint in the construction process was calculated through field measurements, carrying out weekly inspections of each project, thus assigning a water consumption per activity according to the progress that was observed. The indirect water footprint (blue and green) for the materials was estimated, based on a series of data on the use of water in production, consulted from the available environmental declarations of each product. Due to the lack of data available in the national context, gray HH could not be estimated. It is concluded that the results obtained could be considered as a first advance in the calculation of HH in the construction industry. To achieve a standard at the national level, it is necessary to encourage local producers or importers to develop environmental product declarations for construction materials and thus generate a robust database on water consumption in their production process. In addition, it is necessary to improve the practices of direct use of water in construction and the quantification of consumption as an indicator of efficiency in potential water savings.

Resumen El objetivo principal de la investigación fue determinar la factibilidad de utilizar la Huella Hídrica (HH) como indicador ambiental en el sector constructivo, para lo cual se realizó una cuantificación en campo de este indicador en cuatro proyectos residenciales de vivienda unifamiliar seleccionados en el Gran Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica, viendo la construcción como un proceso productivo, y analizando los resultados por actividad y de forma global. Se calculó la huella azul directa en el proceso constructivo mediante mediciones en campo, realizando inspecciones semanales a cada proyecto, así se asignó un consumo de agua por actividad según el avance que se observó. Se estimó la huella hídrica indirecta (azul y verde) para los materiales, basándose en una serie de datos de uso de agua en la producción, consultados de las declaraciones ambientales disponibles de cada producto. Debido a la falta de datos disponibles en el contexto nacional, no se pudo estimar la HH gris. Se concluye que los resultados obtenidos podrían ser considerados como un primer avance del cálculo de la HH en la construcción. Para lograr un estándar a nivel nacional se requiere incentivar a los productores locales o importadores a desarrollar declaraciones ambientales de producto de los materiales de construcción y así generar una base de datos robusta sobre el consumo de agua en el proceso productivo de estos. Además, se requiere mejorar las prácticas de uso directo del agua en la construcción y la cuantificación del consumo como indicador de eficiencia de potenciales ahorros de agua.

Abstract The IV Belém Summit in Pará, Brazil, held in August 2023, brought together the leaders of the member countries of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (OTCA) to discuss a new sustainable agenda for the region. The Amazon was the focus of attention due to its global importance as the largest watershed and the most extensive and diverse tropical forest on the planet. The Summit highlighted the importance of strengthening OTCA as the only intergovernmental coordination mechanism to implement the agreed presidential agenda. The Belém Declaration established priorities for effective regional cooperation, including sustainability, environmental preservation, and inclusive development. The challenges to be faced include the efficient management of OTCA, the improvement of governance and positioning as a center for regional and international technical and political cooperation. The successful implementation of the agreed agenda will require the commitment of the Amazon countries and the active participation of all stakeholders, especially indigenous peoples and local communities.

Resumen La IV Cumbre de Belém de Pará, Brasil, celebrada en agosto de 2023, reunió a personas líderes de los países integrantes de la Organización del Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica (OTCA), con el fin de discutir una nueva agenda sostenible para la región. La Amazonía fue el centro de atención debido a su importancia mundial como la cuenca hidrográfica más vasta y el bosque tropical más extenso y diverso del planeta. La Cumbre destacó la importancia de fortalecer la OTCA, como el único mecanismo intergubernamental de coordinación para implementar la agenda presidencial acordada. La Declaración de Belém estableció prioridades para una cooperación regional efectiva, incluyendo la sostenibilidad, la preservación ambiental y el desarrollo inclusivo. Los retos por enfrentar incluyen la gestión eficiente de la OTCA, la mejora de la gobernanza y el posicionamiento como un centro de cooperación técnica y política regional e internacional. La implementación exitosa de la agenda acordada requerirá el compromiso de los países amazónicos y la participación activa de todas las partes interesadas, especialmente, los pueblos indígenas y las comunidades locales.

Abstract The purpose of the study was to describe and explain the relationship between the morphosyntactic particularities of words and the meaning invoked through them in the discursive context of the pandemic, using the theoretical framework of reference for the lexical-semantic level. To this effect, a representative number of lexical elements was collected, whose common feature was the structural combination of colloquial and everyday terms with the technical ones corresponding to the field of medicine, in order to generate new terms, modified and even resignified, but alluding to the daily life of the lockdown. This study was conducted according to the principles of Cabré and Bevilacqua’s systematic terminological methodology, wherein a series of consecutive phases must be followed, namely: topic, language, users, selection of linguistic extraction tools, preparation of the database, and the information to be included in the construction of the corpus. The above led to the compilation of 208 terms in a lexical file.

Resumen El propósito del estudio fue describir y explicar la relación entre las particularidades morfosintácticas de las palabras y el sentido que se invoca a través de ellas en el contexto discursivo de la pandemia, por medio del marco teórico de referencia para el nivel léxico-semántico. Para ello, se recolectó un número representativo de elementos lexicales cuyo rasgo común era la combinación estructural de la denominación coloquial y cotidiana con las denominaciones técnicas correspondientes al área de medicina, para generar nuevos términos, modificados e, incluso, resignificados, pero en alusión a la cotidianidad del confinamiento. El estudio se desarrolló según los planteamientos de la metodología terminológica sistemática Cabré (2017) y Bevilacqua (2017), por cuanto debe seguir una serie de fases consecutivas, a saber: tema, lengua, usuarios, selección de herramientas de extracción lingüística, elaboración de la base de datos e informaciones que se van a incluir en la construcción del corpus. Lo anterior condujo a la recopilación de 208 términos, en un fichero léxico.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi descrever e explicar a relação entre as particularidades morfossintáticas das palavras e o significado invocado através delas no contexto discursivo da pandemia, utilizando um quadro teórico de referência para o nível léxico-semântico. Para o efeito, foi coletado um número representativo de elementos lexicais, cuja caraterística comum foi a combinação estrutural de nomes coloquiais e quotidianos com nomes técnicos correspondentes à área da medicina, de modo a gerar novos termos, modificados e até ressignificados, mas alusivos ao carácter quotidiano do confinamento. O estudo foi desenvolvido de acordo com as abordagens da metodologia terminológica sistemática Cabré (2017) e Bevilacqua (2017), na medida em que deve seguir uma série de fases consecutivas: tema, língua, usuários, seleção de ferramentas de extração linguística, elaboração da base de dados e informações para incluir na construção do corpus. Isto levou à coleta de 208 termos num ficheiro lexical.

Abstract Introduction: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DBT2) present microvascular damage mediated by inflammatory processes, which can be assessed by mean platelet volume (MPV). Objective: To determine whether treatment of patients with DM2 improves the pro-inflammatory state, assessed by MPV. Material and methods: Retrospective, observational, and descriptive study of 139 clinical histories of patients diagnosed with DBT2 who met the selection criteria, and whose laboratory results and medical notes were analyzed, using a statistical analysis with frequencies and percentages for nominal qualitative variables, with measures of central tendency and dispersion in quantitative variables, using the Chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Mann-Whitney U test. The Belmont principles, the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, the General Health Law in Mexico, and the guidelines of the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) were respected. This protocol was submitted to the Health Research Committee 301, and the Research Ethics Committee 3018, with folio R-2021-301-023. Results: The average age of the participants was 55.16 ± 14.208 years, 60% were female; the association between the use of each drug and the MPV was not significant (p = 0.568; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.486 to 0.651). When comparing the group of healthy individuals with each drug studied, significance was found with dapagliflozin (p = 0.001; 95% CI: 0.000 to 0.021). Conclusion: Dapagliflozin in the treatment of patients with DBT2 significantly improves MPV by reducing microvascular damage mediated by inflammatory processes.

Resumen Introducción: El paciente con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DBT2) presenta daños microvasculares mediados por procesos inflamatorios, los cuales pueden ser valorados por el volumen plaquetario medio (VPM). Objetivo: Conocer si el tratamiento del paciente con DBT2 mejora el estado proinflamatorio, valorado por medio del VPM. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional y descriptivo en 139 historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de DBT2 que cumplieron los criterios de selección, y de las que se analizaron los resultados de laboratorio y las notas médicas, mediante un análisis estadístico con frecuencias, porcentajes para variables cualitativas nominales, con medidas de tendencia central y dispersión en variables cuantitativas, mediante pruebas de chi al cuadrado, de Kruskal-Wallis y de la U de Mann-Whitney. Se respetaron los principios de Belmont, los principios éticos de la Declaración de Helsinki, la Ley General de Salud en México y pautas del Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS); este protocolo se sometió al Comité de Investigación en Salud 301 y al comité de ética en investigación 3018, con folio R-2021-301-023. Resultados: El promedio de edad de los participantes fue de 55.16 ± 14.208 años, el 60% eran de sexo femenino; la asociación entre el uso de cada fármaco y el VPM fue no significativa (p = 0.568; IC 95%: 0.486 a 0.651). Al comparar el grupo de individuos sanos con cada fármaco estudiado se encuentra significación con la dapagliflozina (p = 0.001; IC 95%: 0.000 a 0.021). Conclusión: La dapagliflozina en el tratamiento del paciente con DBT2 mejora el VPM de forma significativa mediante la disminución de los daños microvasculares mediados por procesos inflamatorios.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é realizar um estudo bibliométrico sobre os modelos de gestão da inovação e o processo inovador no mundo dos negócios mais difundidos nas últimas décadas. A metodologia utilizada é descritiva com uma abordagem qualitativa. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura, utilizando a metodologia de revisão sistemática e o apoio da Declaração Prisma 2020 em artigos indexados referentes a modelos de gestão da inovação e ao processo de inovação, estabelecendo determinados critérios de seleção para obter a bibliografia a ser estudada. Os resultados mostram os diferentes critérios estudados, que foram relacionados e integrados entre si para estabelecer os fatores determinantes do estudo proposto, bem como as limitações e contribuições dos modelos.

Abstract The objective of this work is to carry out a bibliometric study on the most widespread innovation management models and the innovative process in the business field in recent decades. The methodology used is descriptive with a qualitative approach. For this purpose, the bibliographic review was carried out, with the application of the methodology of systematic reviews and the support of the Prisma 2020 Declaration in indexed articles referring to innovation management models and the innovative process, establishing certain selection criteria that allow obtaining the bibliography to study. The results show the different criteria studied that were related and integrated with each other to establish the determining factors of the proposed study such as the limitations and contributions of the models.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un estudio bibliométrico sobre los modelos de gestión de la innovación y el proceso innovador en el ámbito empresarial más difundidos en las últimas décadas. La metodología utilizada es descriptiva con enfoque cualitativo. Para ello se realizó la revisión bibliográfica, con la aplicación de la metodología de revisiones sistemáticas y el apoyo de la Declaración Prisma 2020 en artículos indexados referentes a modelos de gestión de la innovación y el proceso innovador, estableciendo determinados criterios de selección que permiten obtener la bibliografía a estudiar. Los resultados muestran los diferentes criterios estudiados que se relacionaron e integraron entre sí para establecer los factores determinantes del estudio propuesto como las limitaciones y aportes de los modelos.

Education systems are shaped by various internal and external contextual forces (De Beer, 2017). External contextual trends typically include language, demography, geography, technology, politics, and financial and economic trends. Religion represents one of these external contextual trends that can affect an education system (see Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010; Wolhuter & Van der Walt, 2018). Making use of established metabletic-comparative methodology, this article seeks to highlight the impact of religion as a formative factor of education in the BRICS countries. Religion is treated significantly differently in the education systems of the BRICS member states. In schools in India and China, no religious activities are allowed in accordance with the respective constitutions, while any religious activities may take place in schools in Brazil, Russia and South Africa, provided that the activities comply with particular guidelines. Broadly considered, any religious activities are conducted in primary schools in Brazil, provided that attendance is voluntary. Religion in Brazilian schools is influenced by the strong position of the Roman Catholic faith in Brazilian society, which could potentially be detrimental to minority groups in Brazil (Senefonte, 2018:440). Learners in Russia, according to Russian law, are free to choose for themselves the religious module in which they wish to receive education. Schools in Russia do not, however, always implement this legislation correctly, since a school's resources actually determine which module the learners should take. The manner in which religion is being dealt with, causes unhappiness among learners and parents as they do not really have freedom of choice regarding the religious module in which they wish to receive instruction (Zöllner, 2016). The legislation in China clearly states that no religious activities may take place in public schools, yet the ruling party of China intends to enshrine tenets of atheism in learners in schools (Vickers, 2022; Wang & Froese, 2020). Compared to the other BRICS member states, China has the most officially, constitutionally recognised ethnic groups. In terms of legislation and policy formulations, the ethnic minority groups obtain various benefits in terms of education. The wide variety of ethnic groupings poses various challenges to the government of China as the views of all these groups in the education system have to be taken into account. Various documents, including the South African Schools Act 76 of 1996, and other education policies provide clear guidelines as to how religion ought to be dealt with in South African schools. In South Africa, learners are taught various major deities worldwide. All learners in South Africa are exposed to the concept of religion through the subject Life Orientation (Grades 7-12). Teachers in South Africaface the challenge of respecting all kinds of religions and not preaching their own views on a religion. This challenge of respecting all religions can result in conflict in schools, as learners may feel that they will be discriminated against if one type of religion is singled out, for example during assembly. This underscores the role and value of South African teachers in inculcating citizenship values (see Wolhuter, Janmaat, Van der Walt & Potgieter, 2020). The Government of India faces opposition from minority groups with regard to religion in schools as the socio-political hegemony religion is especially preferred in terms of the drafting of academic textbooks (Traub, 2018). This preferential treatment of a particular religion is contrary to the Indian constitution, as no single religion may be singled out, nor should any religion be discriminated against (Majumdar, 2018). The preference given to a particular religion in textbooks can result in a negative impact on the education system of India. The analysis and interpretation show that there is still a close relationship between religion and education in the BRICS countries. However, all five BRICS member states face different problems regarding religion and each of the five member states also deals with its problems differently. This conclusion is now unpacked in this summary, and in detail defended in the ensuing full text. In terms of dealing with religion, South Africa appears to be more tolerant than Brazil, Russia, India and China, although this tolerance still causes more problems for the South African government, in the sense of opposition from various adherents of a wide variety of faith groupings who would like schools to play a role in strengthening the religious beliefs of their children. Several court cases have been fought in South Africa as schools struggle to accommodate the wishes of all religious groups in South Africa (see Nthontho, 2020). In contrast to forces in all the BRICS countries trying to separate religion and (public) education, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, the proto-charter of Human Rights Charters in the contemporary world, Article 26 states that everyone has the right to education, education should be oriented towards the total development of the child's personality, and that parents have a preferential right to decide on the type of education their children should receive. The BRICS member states can learn from each other how to deal with religion in schools, even though none have yet managed to deal satisfactorily with religion in education. The common factor among all five BRICS countries is that religion is used again and again (consciously or unconsciously) to reinforce political or ideological hegemony. It seems that the shortcoming in all these countries is pointing to a lack of recognition of the place and role of religion in the lives of their citizens and that secular-political objectives, notably the forcing of official ideological hegemony, as well as the achievement of national unity above the full recognition of religious freedom, are also stated in the education system and in citizens 'choice of the kind of religious education of their children. As a result, the role of religion in creating a strong moral fibre for a society therefore never seems to come into its own. Moreover, judging by the United Nations Charter's Human Rights provisions on education, educative education (incl. teaching and learning), in accordance with its full scope of semantic value, does not currently come into its own. The same seems to be the case as regards the human right to parental advocacy with respect to religious education. The experience of the BRICS countries in terms of religion-in-education shows that it is sensible and even necessary, for example, along the path of enlarged parental speech in education and school autonomy, to allow more room for religious freedom in education. The BRICS countries are currently being proposed as the leading grouping of the Global South in a new formative world order. Against this background, current trends regarding religion-in-education in these countries therefore probably represent a bold example. However, it should nonetheless be denounced by the academic community and better examples should subsequently be extracted and presented from other national education systems from future research.

'n Onderwysstelsel word deur verskeie samelewingskontekstuele kragte gevorm. Hierdie kontekstuele faktore sluit taal, demografie, geografie, tegnologie, politiek en finansiële en ekonomiese tendense in. Godsdiens is een van die laasgenoemde tendense wat 'n onderwys-stelsel kan beïnvloed. Die BRICS-organisasie bestaan uit Brasilië, Rusland, Indië, Sjina en Suid-Afrika en is 'n supra-nasionale blok wat baie aandag in die openbare sowel as akademiese diskoers oor internasionale politiek en maatskaplike kwessies trek (De Beer, 2017). Godsdiens word wyd geag as 'n omstrede en sensitiewe faktor in onderwysstelsels (sien Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010). In hierdie artikel word godsdiens as vormgewende faktor van die onderwysstelsels in die BRICS-lande ondersoek, om die waarde daarvan as 'n aanskouingsles vir Suid-Afrika en ander lande te bepaal. Die BRICS-lidlande is doelbewus vir hierdie navorsing gekies weens die besondere waarde van hierdie lande as vertoonvenster van onderwysstelsels se antwoord op samelewingstendense van die een-en-twintigste eeu. Dokumentontleding is uitgevoer ten opsigte van beleidsdokumente, wetgewing, artikels en staatspublikasies, ten einde inligting in te samel. In die verwerking en interpretasie van inligting is die metableties-vergelykende metode gebruik ten einde beste praktyke ten opsigte van die hantering van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels vanuit die BRICS-lidlande te identifiseer. Die ondersoek het ernstige tekortkominge in al die BRICS-lande se hantering van godsdiens in onderwys aan die lig gebring. Nie een van die lande se beleid of praktyk slaag die toets, soos gemeet aan die Verenigde Nasies se Handves van Menseregte nie. Die noodsaak van voortgesette navorsing oor die plek van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels van die wêreld word ten slotte verduidelik.

Abstract Conflict is intrinsic to human societies, and its effects led to agreements such as the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which recognizes rights as the basis for freedom, justice, and peace. This research approaches the analysis of the conflict associated with the symbolic dimension in peace-building territories through the study of 6 cases of secondary information sources, evaluated in 3 categories of variables: statistical, socio-demographic, symbolic, to compare/contrast the elements of convergence and divergence during the processes of construction, resignification and destructuring of symbols in the collective memory. The research allows us to recognize how the symbolic dimension is a determining factor in the construction of identity in these territories.

Resumen El conflicto es intrínseco a las sociedades humanas y sus efectos condujeron a acuerdos como la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos de 1948, que reconoce los derechos como base de libertad, justicia y paz. Esta investigación realiza una aproximación al análisis del conflicto asociado a la dimensión simbólica en territorios de construcción de paz, a través del estudio de 6 casos de fuentes de información secundaria, evaluados en 3 categorías de variables: estadística, sociodemográfica y simbólica, con el fin de comparar/contrastar los elementos de convergencia y divergencia durante los procesos de construcción, resignificación y desestructuración de símbolos en la memoria colectiva. La investigación permite reconocer cómo la dimensión simbólica es un factor determinante en la construcción de identidad en estos territorios.

Resumo O conflito é intrínseco às sociedades humanas e seus efeitos levaram a acordos como a Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos de 1948, que reconhece os direitos como base da liberdade, da justiça e da paz. Esta pesquisa faz uma abordagem à análise do conflito associado à dimensão simbólica em territórios pacificadores, através do estudo de 6 casos de fontes secundárias de informação, avaliadas em 3 categorias de variáveis: estatísticas, sociodemográficas e simbólicas, a fim de comparar / contrastar os elementos de convergência e divergência durante os processos de construção, ressignificação e desestruturação dos símbolos na memória coletiva. A pesquisa permite reconhecer como a dimensão simbólica é um fator determinante na construção da identidade nesses territórios.