RESUMEN Objetivos: comprender las experiencias de angustia moral de los enfermeros relacionadas con la sobrecarga de trabajo durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Brasil. Métodos: investigación cualitativa, cuya recolección de datos ocurrió a través de entrevistas individuales con 19 enfermeros que actuaron en la primera línea de COVID-19 en servicios de salud de la región Sudeste de Brasil. Los datos fueron analizados mediante análisis de contenido temático. Resultados: la sobrecarga de trabajo resultó ser una poderosa fuente de experiencias de sufrimiento moral por exceso de jornada durante la vacunación, doble jornada laboral, relaciones conflictivas por presiones de los directivos y la población y agotamiento físico y mental, lo que impidió al enfermero actuar según su criterio. Consideraciones Finales: la sobrecarga de trabajo de las enfermeras se refleja en la calidad de la atención al paciente e impide que las enfermeras actúen de acuerdo con sus principios morales, generando sufrimiento moral en las enfermeras. Objetivos COVID19 COVID COVID-1 Brasil Métodos cualitativa 1 temático Resultados vacunación laboral mental criterio Finales morales COVID1 COVID-

ABSTRACT Objectives: to understand nurses’ experiences of moral distress related to work overload during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Methods: qualitative research, whose data collection occurred through individual interviews with 19 nurses who worked on the front line of COVID-19 in health services in southeastern Brazil. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results: work overload proved to be a powerful source of experiences of moral distress due to excessive working hours during vaccination, double working hours, a troubled relationship due to pressure from managers and the population and physical and mental exhaustion, which prevented nurses from act according to their judgment. Final Considerations: nurses’ work overload reflects on quality patient care and prevents nurses from acting in accordance with their moral principles, generating moral distress in nurses. Objectives COVID19 COVID COVID-1 Brazil Methods research 1 analysis Results vaccination exhaustion judgment Considerations principles COVID1 COVID-

RESUMO Objetivos: compreender vivências de sofrimento moral de enfermeiros relacionadas à sobrecarga de trabalho durante a pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil. Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa, cuja coleta de dados ocorreu através de entrevistas individuais com 19 enfermeiros que atuaram na linha de frente da COVID-19 em serviços de saúde da região Sudeste do Brasil. Os dados foram analisados mediante análise temática de conteúdo. Resultados: a sobrecarga de trabalho mostrou-se potente fonte para vivências de sofrimento moral devido à jornada de trabalho excessiva na vacinação, à dupla jornada de trabalho, à relação conturbada por pressão de gestores e população e ao esgotamento físico e mental, os quais impediam o enfermeiro de agir conforme o seu julgamento. Considerações Finais: a sobrecarga de trabalho dos enfermeiros reflete na assistência de qualidade ao paciente, e impede que os enfermeiros atuem conforme os seus princípios morais, gerando sofrimento moral nos enfermeiros. Objetivos COVID19 COVID COVID-1 Brasil Métodos qualitativa 1 conteúdo Resultados mostrouse mostrou se vacinação mental julgamento Finais paciente morais COVID1 COVID-

Abstract This is a revision of the sentence that extinguished, without merit resolution, the public civil action proposed by the Public Defender's Office for collective moral damage for the violent action perpetrated in the eviction of the community called “Pinheirinho”. The authors concentrated their efforts on the analysis of the collective moral damage to apply a feminist methodology to a case in which the right holders are not only women. Gender studies as a category of analysis of social processes help to understand the most submerged plots of the relations that structure law, power and the State. For this reason, even in a case in which the gender issue does not appear on the surface of the legal phenomenon, the analytical use of this category reveals serious consequences that reflect on institutional strategies to protect rights against discrimination and inequality. extinguished resolution Defenders Defender s Pinheirinho. Pinheirinho . “Pinheirinho” women law State reason phenomenon inequality “Pinheirinho

Resumo Trata-se da revisão da sentença que extinguiu, sem resolução de mérito, a ação civil pública proposta pela Defensoria Pública por danos morais coletivos pela ação violenta perpetrada no desalijo da comunidade Pinheirinho. As autoras concentraram esforços na análise do dano moral coletivo para aplicar uma metodologia feminista a um caso em que os titulares de direito não são apenas mulheres. Os estudos de gênero como uma categoria de análise dos processos sociais auxiliam a compreensão das tramas mais submersas das relações que estruturam o direito, o poder e o Estado. Por isso, mesmo em um caso em que a questão de gênero não aparece na superfície do fenômeno jurídico, o uso analítico dessa categoria nos revela sérias consequências que refletem nas estratégias institucionais para a proteção de direitos contra a discriminação e a desigualdade. Tratase Trata se extinguiu mérito Pinheirinho mulheres Estado isso jurídico desigualdade

Abstract Violence against women is defined as any act resulting from gender relations that cause death or physical, sexual, psychological, property and moral harm. Comprehensive care requires professionals understanding the support network to guide and refer women victims of violence to services and to value complaints/anxieties. The objective of this study was to identify the scientific production of comprehensive care for women victims of violence. This is an integrative literature review. Data collection was performed via a paired and independent search by two researchers in the Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, LILACS, BDENF and SciELO databases between January and February 2023. After applying the eligibility criteria and descriptors in health sciences and medical subject headings, ten articles were retrieved. IRAMUTEQ software was used for data analyses. There are great challenges in implementing comprehensive care, and violence against women, as a serious social problem, demands health, education, social assistance and public security policies. The comprehensive actions taken in the care of women victims of violence demonstrate a strong link with the practices of reception and humanization, in addition to an interdisciplinary and intersectoral scope.

Resumo A violência direcionada à mulher é definida como todo ato resultante das relações de gênero que cause morte, dano físico, sexual, psicológico, patrimonial e moral. O cuidado integral possibilita que o profissional conheça a rede de apoio, a fim de orientá-las e encaminhá-las aos serviços, e valorize queixas/anseios. Objetivou-se identificar a produção científica acerca do cuidado integral às mulheres vítimas de violência. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura. A coleta de dados ocorreu com busca pareada e independente de duas pesquisadoras, nos bancos Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, LILACS, BDENF e SciELO, no período de janeiro e fevereiro de 2023. Foram utilizados critérios de elegibilidade, Descritores em Ciências da Saúde e Medical Subject Headings, totalizando dez artigos. Na análise dos dados, utilizou-se o software Iramuteq. Verificou-se grandes desafios para o cuidado integral, e que a violência contra a mulher, por ser uma problemática social grave, demanda políticas de saúde, educação, assistência social e segurança pública. Conclui-se que as ações integrais no cuidado à mulher vítima de violência demonstram forte vínculo com as práticas de acolhimento, humanização, além de perpassarem o âmbito interdisciplinar e intersetorial.

Abstract Violence against women is defined as any act resulting from gender relations that cause death or physical, sexual, psychological, property and moral harm. Comprehensive care requires professionals understanding the support network to guide and refer women victims of violence to services and to value complaints/anxieties. The objective of this study was to identify the scientific production of comprehensive care for women victims of violence. This is an integrative literature review. Data collection was performed via a paired and independent search by two researchers in the Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, LILACS, BDENF and SciELO databases between January and February 2023. After applying the eligibility criteria and descriptors in health sciences and medical subject headings, ten articles were retrieved. IRAMUTEQ software was used for data analyses. There are great challenges in implementing comprehensive care, and violence against women, as a serious social problem, demands health, education, social assistance and public security policies. The comprehensive actions taken in the care of women victims of violence demonstrate a strong link with the practices of reception and humanization, in addition to an interdisciplinary and intersectoral scope. physical sexual psychological harm complaintsanxieties complaints anxieties complaints/anxieties review Scopus PubMed CINAHL Science LILACS 2023 headings retrieved analyses problem education policies humanization scope 202 20 2

Resumo A violência direcionada à mulher é definida como todo ato resultante das relações de gênero que cause morte, dano físico, sexual, psicológico, patrimonial e moral. O cuidado integral possibilita que o profissional conheça a rede de apoio, a fim de orientá-las e encaminhá-las aos serviços, e valorize queixas/anseios. Objetivou-se identificar a produção científica acerca do cuidado integral às mulheres vítimas de violência. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura. A coleta de dados ocorreu com busca pareada e independente de duas pesquisadoras, nos bancos Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, LILACS, BDENF e SciELO, no período de janeiro e fevereiro de 2023. Foram utilizados critérios de elegibilidade, Descritores em Ciências da Saúde e Medical Subject Headings, totalizando dez artigos. Na análise dos dados, utilizou-se o software Iramuteq. Verificou-se grandes desafios para o cuidado integral, e que a violência contra a mulher, por ser uma problemática social grave, demanda políticas de saúde, educação, assistência social e segurança pública. Conclui-se que as ações integrais no cuidado à mulher vítima de violência demonstram forte vínculo com as práticas de acolhimento, humanização, além de perpassarem o âmbito interdisciplinar e intersetorial. morte físico sexual psicológico moral apoio orientálas orientá las encaminhálas encaminhá serviços queixasanseios queixas anseios queixas/anseios Objetivouse Objetivou se Tratase Trata literatura pesquisadoras Scopus PubMed CINAHL Science LILACS SciELO 2023 elegibilidade Headings artigos utilizouse utilizou Iramuteq Verificouse Verificou grave saúde educação pública Concluise Conclui acolhimento humanização intersetorial 202 20 2

Resumo Este artigo tenta responder acerca da influência dos domínios morais no consumo de notícias sobre alterações climáticas, especificamente jovens de Portugal e do Brasil. Para isso, foram recolhidos e analisados 21.338 tweets em português que comentavam notícias ambientais. Foi aplicado o Questionário de Fundamentos Morais em 265 jovens, para identificação de suas morais preponderantes e foram realizados grupos focais com 24 jovens de ambos países, para análise de notícias segundo os domínios morais. A principal referência teórica foi a Teoria dos Atributos Morais. Os resultados indicam que os domínios morais associados ao dano e ao cuidado são mais preponderantes, no entanto, o engajamento em notícias sobre alterações climáticas depende das justificações racionais dos indivíduos inquiridos.

Abstract This article questioned whether moral domains influence the consumption of news about climate change, specifically young people in Portugal and Brazil. For this, 21,338 tweets in Portuguese were collected that commented on environmental news; the Moral Foundations Questionnaire was applied to 265 young people to identify their predominant morals; and focus groups were carried out with young people from both countries, for analysis of news according to moral domains. The main theoretical reference was the Theory of Moral Attributes. Results indicate that harm and care are the predominant morals in the three stages of the investigation. However, engagement in climate change news depends on the rational justification of the accused individuals.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a validade de uma versão adaptada ao tema do ambiente do Questionário de Fundamentos Morais (QFM), e que assenta em cinco fundamentos morais na sua polaridade: dano/cuidado, justiça/reciprocidade, pertença/lealdade, autoridade/respeito e pureza/santidade. Um total de 179 pessoas participaram em todas as fases do processo. A partir da versão em português do Questionário de Fundamentos Morais (Silvino et al., 2016), e tendo também em consideração o Questionário do Observatório do Consumo Consciente (QOCC), de Loureiro et al. (2017), fez-se uma análise da adequação, para a língua portuguesa e para o tema do ambiente, assente em análises fatoriais. Concluiu-se que uma tipologia assente em dois fatores é a melhor forma de analisar o QFM. Um fator mais da ordem do individual e um segundo mais da ordem da coesão, o que está de acordo com a Teoria dos Fundamentos Morais (TFM) pois agrupa os fundamentos “dano” e “justiça” em relação aos restantes. Encontramos validade nos fundamentos de coesão e concluímos que o instrumento faz a distinção entre os padrões de moral individualizante e de ligação. Dano e cuidado surgem como os mais influentes e a sua carga fatorial corrobora a versão inglesa e original.

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the validity of a version of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ), adapted to the subject of the environment, which was based on five moral foundations: harm/care, justice/reciprocity, belonging/loyalty, authority/respect and purity/holiness. A total of 179 people participated in all phases of the process. Based on the Portuguese version of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (Silvino et al., 2016), and also taking into account the Conscious Consumption Observatory Questionnaire (CCOQ), by Loureiro et al. (2017), we included in this study an analysis of the adequacy, for Portuguese language and for the environmental topic, supported by factor analyses. It was concluded that a typology based on two factors is the best way to analyze the MFQ. The first factor more linked to the individual and the second one more associated with cohesion, which is in accordance with the Theory of Moral Foundations (TMF) as it groups the foundations “harm” and “justice” in relation to the rest. We found validity in the foundations of cohesion and concluded that the instrument distinguishes between individualizing and bonding moral standards. Damage and care appear as the most influential and their factorial load corroborates the English and original version.

Abstract: The amparo trial and the suspension of the claimed act are excellent means to protect the human right to enjoy a healthy environment. However, they also lend themselves to certain people - physical and moral- abuse and use them as a political instrument to put obstacles to the government. As an example, we have several of the trials and suspensions requested against the construction of the Santa Lucía airport. Fortunately, there are three elements that help prevent or mitigate this abuse: legitimate interest, the need for imminent and irreparable damage, and damage to the social interest.

Resumen: El juicio de amparo y la suspensión del acto reclamado son excelentes medios para proteger el derecho humano a disfrutar de un medio ambiente sano. Sin embargo, también se prestan para que ciertas personas -físicas y morales-, abusen y los utilicen como instrumento político para poner obstáculos al gobierno. Como ejemplo, tenemos varios de los juicios y suspensiones solicitados en contra de la construcción del aeropuerto de Santa Lucía. Afortunadamente existen tres elementos que ayudan a impedir o atenuar ese abuso: el interés legítimo, la necesidad del daño inminente y que sea irreparable, y el perjuicio al interés social.

RESUMEN Dentro del mundo jurídico mercantil, los contratos empresariales tienen un papel protagónico porque, a través de ellos, los empresarios pueden articular sus actuaciones y modular sus comportamientos comerciales en pro del cumplimiento de sus determinados objetivos empresariales, operativos, comerciales y asociativos. Para el caso particular de los contratos asociativos empresariales, más allá del evidente objetivo de lucro, la cooperación mutua de empresarios busca la creación de una imagen que impulse el desempeño comercial de la asociación, en general, y de cada empresario, en particular. Además, podría servir como estímulo para la creación de una sana reputación comercial. Sin embargo, a pesar de que todo contrato asociativo nace con la intención de lograr un efectivo cumplimiento de las obligaciones recogidas en el contrato, siempre es latente la posibilidad de un incumplimiento. Este último no solo afectará al empresario que incumple, sino a toda la asociación en su generalidad ya que, al actuar de forma conjunta, todos los empresarios participantes ponen en riesgo, aparte de su inversión, su propio nombre, imagen y reputación como comerciantes. Por ello, un incumplimiento que pueda afectar la reputación de todo el grupo de empresarios tendrá que ser resarcido conforme a las reglas de la responsabilidad civil, debido a que atenta a su derecho humano al buen nombre.

ABSTRACT Within the commercial legal gate, commercial agreements have a leading role and essential importance. Because through them, entrepreneurs can articulate their actions and modulate their commercial behaviors in favor of the fulfillment of their certain objectives. In the case of business associative agreements, beyond the obvious objective of profit, cooperation also seeks the creation of an image that boosts the commercial career of each entrepreneur and serves as a gateway for the creation of a healthy commercial reputation. However, although any associative contract arises because of a legitimate negotiation that has as its intention the fulfillment of the obligations that the subsequent contract will collect, the possibility of a breach is always latent, which will not only affect the non-compliant entrepreneur but the entire association, since by acting jointly, all the participating entrepreneurs put at risk, apart from his investment, his own name and image as an entrepreneur. Therefore, it is correct that in the event of a breach that affects the reputation of the entire group of entrepreneurs, this damage is compensated, in accordance with the rules of civil liability.

Resumen El artículo presenta las líneas de una descripción fenomenológica del sentido y la significación moral de la vulnerabilidad. Dicha descripción comienza con una caracterización negativa de acuerdo con los aportes a la fenomenología del cuerpo que encontramos en las obras de Edmund Husserl y Ludwig Landgrebe, para avanzar en un momento ulterior a la caracterización fenomenológica de la noción de la individuación del daño en relación con lo que Heidegger llama “lo perjudicial” en su descripción de la disposición afectiva del miedo. La exposición al daño que revela la comprensión anticipativa del miedo en relación con lo perjudicial, no tematizada explícitamente por Heidegger, es a lo que nos referimos aquí, en sentido amplio como vulnerabilidad. En en segundo momento presentaré una caracterización positiva de la vulnerabilidad en relación con dos niveles de la formación de la significatividad axiológica. Como veremos, vulnerabilidad, incluso la vulnerabilidad corporal, apunta a una comprensión de la exposición a ser heridos como pauta a seguir en la reconstrucción del sentido axiológico revelado a través de la vida afectiva, en concordancia con las indicaciones programáticas de Husserl. En este sentido, es preciso referirse de forma más específica al lugar de la confianza, y su relación esencial con la vulnerabilidad, en la formación del sentido de los valores, en particular, del valor moral.

Abstract The paper outlines a phenomenological description of the meaning and moral significance of vulnerability. Such a description begins with a negative characterization in accordance with the contributions to the phenomenology of the body found in the works of Edmund Husserl and Ludwig Landgrebe, to advance at a later stage to the phenomenological characterization of the notion of the individuation of harm in relation to what Heidegger calls “the harmful” in his description of the affective disposition of fear. The exposure to harm that reveals the anticipatory understanding of fear in relation to the harmful, not explicitly thematized by Heidegger, is what we refer to here, in a broad sense as vulnerability. In the second moment I will present a positive characterization of vulnerability in relation to two levels of the formation of axiological meaningfulness. As we shall see, vulnerability, including bodily vulnerability, points to an understanding of exposure to being wounded as a guideline to follow in the reconstruction of axiological meaning revealed through affective life, in accordance with Husserl's programmatic indications. In this sense, it is necessary to refer more specifically to the place of trust, and its essential relationship with vulnerability, in the formation of the meaning of values, in particular, of moral value.

Abstract: The system for the valuation of the consequences of bodily injury, included in the Law on civil liability and insurance in the circulation of motor vehicles, is used by Spanish courts and tribunals as a guiding criterion outside its strict scope of application: the consequences of bodily injury derived from a “traffic event”. It is argued, doctrinally and jurisprudentially, that the moral damage derived from intentional criminal wrongdoing is superior to that generated by reckless crime or to that derived from non-criminal conduct. In this paper we analyze whether malice should be considered an element for the valuation of pain and suffering damages derived from the crime or whether other elements should be taken into account (particularly tragic, traumatic or violent circumstances). Using a holistic approach, we will analyse Spanish legislation and jurisprudence, in order to reach conclusions.

Resumen: El sistema para la valoración de las consecuencias del daño corporal, recogido en la Ley sobre responsabilidad civil y seguro en la circulación de vehículos a motor, es utilizado por los juzgados y tribunales españoles como criterio orientativo fuera de su estricto ámbito de aplicación: las consecuencias del daño corporal derivadas de un “hecho de la circulación”. Se sostiene, doctrinal y jurisprudencialmente, que el daño moral derivado de ilícito penal doloso es superior al generado por el delito imprudente o al derivado de conductas no delictivas. En el presente trabajo analizamos si el dolo debe ser considerado un elemento para la valoración del daño moral derivado del delito o son otros los elementos a los que, en su caso, ha de atenderse (circunstancias especialmente trágicas, traumáticas o violentas). Utilizando un enfoque holístico, analizaremos la legislación y jurisprudencia españolas, para poder llegar a conclusiones.

Resumen Deontología y utilitarismo, actuar por el deber según determinados principios, y maximizar la felicidad para la mayoría, respectivamente, se evalúan mediante dilemas (por ejemplo, ¿se debe sacrificar una persona para salvar a cinco?). Se ha cuestionado si las respuestas a estos dilemas reflejan dichas posturas morales. El presente estudio analizó si la aceptación del daño refleja una postura utilitarista. Revisamos estudios que relacionaban la respuesta a los dilemas con indicadores del utilitarismo según cinco criterios que establecimos. Concluimos que las respuestas reflejaron utilitarismo según algunos de los criterios, pero se requieren análisis de mayor validez que incluyan las variables que afectan las respuestas a los dilemas. Propusimos condiciones para evaluar si las respuestas reflejan el utilitarismo en futuros estudios.

Abstract Deontology and utilitarianism, acting for duty according to certain principles, and maximizing happiness for the majority, respectively, are assessed through dilemmas (e.g., must one person be sacrificed to save five?). It has been questioned whether the answers to these dilemmas reflect these moral positions. The present study analyzed whether the harm acceptance reflects a utilitarian stance. We reviewed studies that related the response to dilemmas with indicators of utilitarianism according to five criteria that we established. We conclude that the responses reflected utilitarianism according to some of the criteria, but higher validity analyses that include the variables that affect responses to the dilemmas are required. We proposed conditions to assess whether the responses reflect utilitarianism in future studies.

Resumen La pérdida de oportunidad es un término utilizado por la jurisprudencia española en el ámbito sanitario, y a pesar de ser una doctrina muy extendida, presenta aspectos dudosos en los requisitos para la concesión de la indemnización y en la configuración del daño. Este estudio analiza el origen y las perspectivas que abordan la pérdida de oportunidad con el fin de resolver el problema que constituye la relación de causalidad entre la actividad de un sujeto y el daño producido. Destaca la dificultad de aplicación de la técnica de la pérdida de oportunidad, que exige la incertidumbre causal unida a la preexistencia de una situación ideal para la obtención de un beneficio o ventaja que no se ha producido. La conexión entre ambas permitirá aplicar la pérdida de oportunidad o expectativa, determinando el cálculo de la indemnización de forma motivada por los Tribunales en función de la probabilidad de la oportunidad perdida. En este estudio se analizan los orígenes y perspectivas que abordan la pérdida de oportunidad para resolver el problema que constituye la relación de causalidad entre la actividad de un sujeto y el daño producido. Se revisarán diferentes casos en los que se aplica esta teoría para conocer su importancia y evolución.

Abstract Loss of opportunity is a term used by Spanish jurisprudence in the health field, and despite the fact that it is a widely used doctrine, it presents doubtful aspects in the requirements to grant compensation and the configuration of damage. The present study analyzes the origin and the perspectives that treat the loss of opportunity with the purpose of solving the problem that constitutes the causal relationship between the activity of a subject and the damage produced. It emphasizes the difficult treatment for the application of the loss of opportunity technique, requiring for its application the causal uncertainty together with the pre-existence of an ideal situation to obtain a benefit or advantage that has not occurred. The connection between the two will enable the application of the loss of opportunity or expectations, determining the calculation of the compensation in a motivated manner by the Courts based on the probability of the lost opportunity. This study analyzes the origin and the perspectives that deal with the loss of opportunity in order to solve the problem that constitutes the causal relationship between the activity of a subject and the damage produced. Different cases in which this theory is applied will be reviewed to know its importance and evolution.

Abstract This paper tries to find patterns that may allow understanding the way how the Inter-American Court of Human Rights defines the amounts it grants as compensations for non-pecuniary damages. In order to do so, this work analyzes three kinds of cases that allow comparisons: cases related to the death penalty, cases about freedom of expression, and cases in which the Court decided not to grant compensations for non-pecuniary damages. Within the conclusions of this paper, we find that the Inter-American Court uses objective criteria for determining the amount it grants as compensation for non-pecuniary damages. Thus, when defining the amount of compensation, the Court takes more into consideration the rights that the State violated than the individual victims’ sufferings. InterAmerican Inter American nonpecuniary non pecuniary damages so comparisons penalty expression Thus victims sufferings

Resumen Este trabajo busca criterios que ayuden a entender el modo como la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos define el monto de las indemnizaciones que otorga por concepto de daño moral. Para hacerlo, analiza tres tipos de casos que permiten hacer comparaciones: casos relativos a la aplicación de la pena de muerte, casos sobre libertad de expresión y casos en los que la Corte decide no conceder indemnizaciones por daño moral. Dentro de las conclusiones del trabajo, se observa que la Corte utiliza criterios objetivos al determinar los montos que concede como indemnizaciones por daños morales. Tales criterios dependen más del derecho violado, que de los sufrimientos de las víctimas específicas. moral hacerlo comparaciones muerte morales violado específicas

Resumen: El análisis del daño moral permite reflexionar en torno a lo que debemos entender conceptualmente por él sea desde una perspectiva subjetiva como objetiva. En el primero de los ámbitos la doctrina en general ha tratado el daño moral bajo la perspectiva de perturbaciones extrapatrimoniales de bienes, cosas o derechos; en circunstancias que, desde el segundo, se refleja un esfuerzo por analizarlo desde el prisma de la afectación a intereses, postura que defendemos. A su turno, la aproximación conceptual repercute en estándar probatorio de los presupuestos que lo configuran, aspecto que debiera incidir en la cuantificación del agravio. Así, el daño moral subjetivo supone mayor relajo en el estándar, mientras que el daño moral objetivo o anclado en el interés, exige un reforzamiento en el mismo. Ambos aspectos si bien son susceptibles de distinguirse tanto en el plano contractual como en el extracontractual, se constriñen en el primero básicamente por razones de régimen, el cual exige la identificación de interés protegido dentro del ámbito del contrato. Resumen objetiva bienes derechos segundo intereses defendemos turno configuran agravio Así mismo extracontractual régimen contrato

Abstract: The analysis of moral damages must lead us to reflect upon the boundaries of such a concept, either from a subjective or an objective standpoint. In the case of the first approach, the specialized literature has understood moral damages, in general, under the idea of non-pecuniary disturbances on goods, things or rights. While, in the case of the second, efforts have been focused on analyzing the infringement of certain interests, which is actually the standpoint we defend here. Additionally, it should be noted that the respective conceptual approach has major implications on the evidentiary standard when it comes to proving moral damages, as well as it also impacts on the quantification of torts. Accordingly, subjective moral damages imply a more relaxed standard, while objective moral damages (or those anchored to interests) call for a stricter one. Although these two aspects can be distinguished according to the corresponding sphere, whether it be contractual or non-contractual, they remain limited in the former mainly because of its own legal regime, which requires identifying a protected interest within the scope of a contract. Abstract concept general nonpecuniary non pecuniary goods rights While second interests here Additionally torts Accordingly one sphere noncontractual, noncontractual contractual, non-contractual regime contract

Abstract This article discusses the limitations of conducting an analysis of the morality of public policies solely under the lens of domestic considerations. To make this point, I focus my attention on a very promising public policy recently proposed by Robert Hockett called the Open Labor Market Operations. The proposal seeks to recognize labor and wages as core parts of the economic system and, therefore, worthy of a special type of regulation. This regulation, he argues, is justified in economic and moral terms. The second type of justification concerns me. I contend that it is necessary to change the way of evaluating morality of a policy from a domestic to a global perspective, since implementing such a policy in a country like the United States could be detrimental to other parts of the world -like Mexico- due to current global market conditions.

Resumen En este artículo discuto las limitaciones de llevar a cabo un análisis de la moralidad de políticas públicas únicamente bajo el alcance de consideraciones domésticas. Para mostrar esto, centro mi atención en una política pública muy prometedora propuesta recientemente por Robert Hockett. Su propuesta se llama "Operaciones Abiertas del Mercado de Trabajo", y tiene como objetivo reconocer el trabajo y los salarios como partes fundamentales del sistema económico y, por lo tanto, dignos de un tipo especial de regulación. Esta regulación, argumenta, está justificada en términos económicos y morales. Me preocupa el segundo tipo de justificación. Sostengo que en la medida en que la implementación de dicha política en un país como Estados Unidos podría resultar perjudicial para otras partes del mundo -como México- debido a las condiciones actuales del mercado global, se hace necesario cambiar nuestra forma de evaluar la moralidad de una política de una perspectiva doméstica a una global.