ABSTRACT Harvest delay can alter the physiological and sanitary quality of sorghum seeds due to the longer exposure time of seeds to adverse environmental conditions in the field. In this study, we investigated the impact of delayed Sorghum sp. harvest on the physiological and sanitary quality of seeds in four hybrids grown in the tropical soil of the Brazilian Cerrado region. Plants from four Sorghum sp. hybrids (IPA SUDAN 4202, BRS 658, BRS 810, and BRS 373) were grown and submitted to four seed harvest periods (0, 7, 14, and 21 days after stage 9 - seed physiological maturity). The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design in a 4 × 4 factorial, with four replicates. At each harvest period, the thousand-seed weight, water content, first count of the germination test, germination, seedling emergence, emergence speed index, seedling dry matter, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, and sanitary quality of seeds were determined. Seeds of higher physiological and sanitary quality of the IPA SUDAN 4202 and BRS 658 sorghum hybrids can be obtained when the harvest is carried out up to 7 days after the physiological maturity stage. However, the delay in seed harvesting at 14 and 21 days after physiological maturity results in a higher incidence of Colletotrichum sp., Curvularia sp., Rhizoctonia sp., and Alternaria sp. on the seeds of these hybrids. Delaying the harvest of sorghum seeds from 7 days after the physiological maturity stage compromises seed vigor and viability and increases the incidence of pathogens. field study sp region 810 373 0, 0 (0 2 maturity. . maturity) factorial replicates period thousandseed thousand weight content test index matter aging conductivity determined 420 65 However 1 pathogens 81 37 ( 42 6 8 3

Abstract Airborne fungi are dispersed through the air. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of airborne fungi in Brazil and understand the relationship between fungal growth and respiratory diseases and infections. We conducted an integrative literature review of studies conducted in Brazil based on searches of the PubMed, MEDLINE-BIREME, SciELO, and LILACS databases for full-text articles published between 2000 and 2022. The searches returned 147 studies, of which only 25 met the inclusion criteria. The most prevalent genera of airborne fungi in Brazil are Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Curvularia, and Fusarium. The studies were conducted in the states of Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí, Sergipe, Mato Grosso, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Minas Gerais. The findings also show the relationship between fungi and meteorological factors and seasonality, the sensitivity of atopic individuals to fungi, and the main nosocomial mycoses reported in the literature. This work demonstrates the importance of maintaining good microbiological air quality to prevent potential airborne diseases. infections PubMed MEDLINEBIREME, MEDLINEBIREME MEDLINE BIREME, BIREME MEDLINE-BIREME SciELO fulltext full text 200 2022 14 2 criteria Aspergillus Penicillium Cladosporium Curvularia Fusarium Maranhão Ceará Piauí Sergipe Grosso Pernambuco Sul Catarina Janeiro Paulo Gerais seasonality 20 202 1

Resumo Fungos anemófilos se dispersam na natureza através do ar atmosférico. O presente estudo objetivou caracterizar a prevalência da microbiota fúngica anemófila no Brasil e correlacionar o crescimento fúngico com doenças respiratórias e quadros infecciosos. Este trabalho é uma revisão integrativa de literatura construída a partir da busca nas bases de dados PubMed, BIREME, SciELO e LILACS, com inclusão de trabalhos brasileiros publicados entre 2000 e 2022, em língua portuguesa ou inglesa com texto online integral. O universo do estudo foi constituído por 147 publicações, das quais 25 compuseram a amostra por atenderem aos critérios de inclusão. Os gêneros de fungos aerotransportados mais prevalentes no Brasil são: Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp., Curvularia sp. e Fusarium sp. Os locais de origem dos estudos incluem Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí, Sergipe, Mato Grosso, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Minas Gerais. Além disso, foi possível determinar a relação dos fungos com parâmetros meteorológicos e sazonalidade, a sensibilização de indivíduos atópicos aos fungos e as principais micoses nosocomiais relatadas na literatura. Assim, o trabalho destaca a importância da manutenção da qualidade microbiológica do ar com vistas a se prevenir possíveis doenças transmitidas pelo ar. atmosférico infecciosos PubMed BIREME LILACS 200 2022 integral 14 publicações 2 são sp Maranhão Ceará Piauí Sergipe Grosso Pernambuco Sul Catarina Janeiro Paulo Gerais disso sazonalidade Assim 20 202 1

Resumen La melina (Gmelina arborea Roxb) es una especie de amplia distribución mundial y de elevado valor comercial por su crecimiento rápido y las excelentes propiedades físicas y mecánicas de su madera; sin embargo, constantemente se ve amenazada por diversos factores físicos, químicos y biológicos, siendo los hongos y las bacterias los microorganismos que más pueden afectar su producción. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo aislar e identificar hongos y bacterias asociados con fustes enfermos de G. arborea en plantaciones ubicadas en el departamento del Tolima (Colombia). La caracterización morfológica de las colonias fúngicas se realizó en el medio Papa-Dextrosa-Agar (PDA) con posterior identificación microscópica, después de inducir la producción de las estructuras reproductivas. El aislamiento de las bacterias se realizó en Agar Nutritivo (AN), con posterior caracterización bioquímica. La identificación molecular fue realizada mediante la amplificación de la región ITS para hongos y 16S para bacterias. Se identificaron los hongos Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Coniothyrium aleuritis, Curvularia geniculata, Chaetomium globosum, Phomopsis columnaris, Diaporthe sp y un aislamiento perteneciente a la clase Dothideomycetes. Las bacterias correspondieron a Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas alcaligenes y Pantoea dispersa. Mediante pruebas de patogenicidad se determinó que los microorganismos causantes de la pudrición del tejido vascular en fustes jóvenes de melina fueron L. theobromae y C. geniculata.

Abstract Gmelina (Gmelina arborea Roxb) is a species of global distribution with a high commercial value due to its rapid growth and excellent physical, chemical, and biological features. Fungi and bacteria are the most important microorganisms that can affect its production. The present study aimed at isolating and identifying fungi and bacteria associated with G. arborea stem diseases in plantations located in the department of Tolima (Colombia). The morphological characterization of the fungal colonies was carried out in Potato Dextrose Agar medium (PDA) with subsequent microscopic identification after inducing the reproductive structures. Bacteria isolation was conducted in nutrient agar with subsequent biochemical characterization. The molecular identification was made by the amplification of the ITS region for fungi and the 16S for bacteria. We identified the fungi Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Coniothyrium aleuritis, Curvularia geniculata, Chaetomium globosum, Phomopsis columnaris, Diaporthe sp, as well as an isolate belonging to the Dothideomycetes class. The bacteria corresponded to Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, and Pantoea dispersa. The pathogenicity tests determined that L. theobromae and C. geniculate caused rot of vascular tissue in young candahar stems.

Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the cereals with the largest area planted worldwide due to its importance in food and feed. There are many etiological agents that cause diseases in maize plants; however, Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg is one of the molds to which special attention has been paid to its wide distribution, especially in tropical and subtropical areas, their toxigenic capacity and endurance. For this reason, the incidence of F. verticillioides and the fumonisin content in white maize grains of eleven hybrids destined for human consumption from Guárico and Yaracuy, Venezuela, were evaluated. Method: The quantification of toxigenic species was done by direct sowing whole grains and disinfected with NaClO at 3.27%, on the malt salt agar medium, expressing the results as percentages of grains colonized by total molds and by potentially toxigenic species. The fumonisin content was quantified by the immunoaffinity method with fumonisin columns (B1 + B2). Results: No significant statistical differences were observed for the incidence of F. verticillioides and the concentration of fumonisins in the samples evaluated in both. The mycobiota associated with the corn kernels were Aspergillus flavus, A. Niger, A. ochraceus, A. terreus, Eurotium chevalieri, F. verticillioides, Penicillium spp. Alternaria sp and Curvularia sp. The highest average incidence of toxigenic molds was obtained by A. flavus (24.3%), F. verticillioides (14.6%) and Penicillium sp. (4.4%) in Yaracuy; however, in Guárico were F. verticillioides (16.7%) and Penicillium spp. (13.8%). The average concentration of fumonisins in Yaracuy and Guárico was 1.8 and 8.4 μg / g, respectively, exceeding the limit allowed for human consumption (1 μg / g). Discussion: Based on the low incidence of F. verticillioides and the low levels of fumonisins detected in hybrids D1B-348 (from Guárico) and D1B-246 (from Yaracuy), it is recommended to use them in the respective states, as a measure of control of the pathogen at the field level and avoid possible contamination with fumonisins.

Resumen El maíz (Zea mays L.) es uno de los cereales con mayor superficie sembrada a nivel mundial, debido a su importancia en la alimentación humana y animal. Son muchos los agentes etiológicos que ocasionan enfermedades en la plantas de maíz; sin embargo, Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg, es uno de los mohos a los cuales se le ha prestado especial atención por su amplia distribución, especialmente en zonas tropicales y subtropicales, su capacidad toxigénica y su resistencia. Por tal motivo, se evaluó la incidencia de F. verticillioides y el contenido de fumonisinas en granos de maíz blanco de once híbridos destinados al consumo humano provenientes de los estados Guárico y Yaracuy, Venezuela. Método: La cuantificación de especies toxigénicas se realizó por siembra directa de granos enteros y desinfectados con NaClO al 3,27%, sobre el medio malta sal agar, expresando los resultados como porcentajes de granos colonizados por mohos totales y por especies potencialmente toxigénicas. El contenido de fumonisinas se cuantificó por el método inmunoquímico con columnas de inmunoafinidad para fumonisinas (B1+B2). Resultados: No se observaron diferencias estadísticas significativas para la incidencia de F. verticillioides y la concentración de fumonisinas en las muestras evaluadas en ambos estados. La micobiota asociada a los granos de maíz fueron Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus Niger, A. ochraceus, A. terreus, Eurotium chevalieri, F. verticillioides, Penicillium spp. Alternaria sp., y Curvularia sp. La mayor incidencia promedio de mohos toxigénicos la obtuvieron A. flavus (24,3%), F. verticillioides (14,6%) y Penicillium sp. (4,4%) en Yaracuy; no obstante, en Guárico fueron F. verticillioides (16,7%) y Penicillium spp. (13,8%). La concentración promedio de fumonisinas en Yaracuy y Guárico fue de 1,8 y 8,4µg/g, respectivamente, superando el límite permitido para consumo humano (1 µg/g). Discusión: Con base en la baja incidencia de F. verticillioides y los bajos contenidos de fumonisinas detectados en los híbridos D1B-348 (proveniente de Guárico) y D1B-246 (proveniente de Yaracuy), se recomienda su uso en los respectivos estados, como medida de control del patógeno a nivel de campo y evitar la posible contaminación con fumonisinas.

Toona canker is a disease characterized by thickening in stems and branches, causing vertical cracks in the cortex and disabling the wood for industry. The objective of this work was to evaluate the incidence of fungi in seeds of Toona ciliata and verify the pathogenicity of Fusarium sp. and Phomopsis sp. as causers of canker. Experiments were performed in the laboratory and greenhouse of the Departamento de Protección Vegetal of the Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Asunción. The blotter method and PDA culture medium (potato, dextrose agar) were employed to evaluate the health of the seeds, using in each case 400 seeds. In the greenhouse, a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 5 replicates was used; the experimental unit consisted of 20 pots with one seedling each. Treatments consisted of inoculation of seedlings with application of a disk of 5 mm of fungi Fusarium sp. and Phomopsis sp. in the stems, and the control treatment following Koch's Postulates. Plants were evaluated at 35 and 70 days post inoculation. Data were analysed for variance and the means compared by Tukey test. Identified fungi were Fusarium sp., Phomopsis sp., Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., Colletotrichum sp., Penicillium sp., Curvularia sp. and Helminthosporium sp. It is concluded that Fusarium sp. and Phomopsis sp. are pathogenic, causing the disease known as Toona canker

El cancro de la Toona es una enfermedad caracterizada por engrosamientos en el fuste y ramas, provocando rajaduras verticales en la corteza e inutilizando la madera para la industria. Con el objetivo de evaluar la incidencia de hongos en semillas de Toona ciliata y verificar la patogenicidad de Fusarium sp. y Phomopsis sp. como causantes del cancro, fueron realizados experimentos en el laboratorio e invernadero del departamento de Protección Vegetal de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Para evaluar la sanidad de semillas fueron empleados el método de papel secante y medio de cultivo PDA (papa, dextrosa y agar), utilizando 400 semillas en cada caso. En invernadero, se empleó el diseño Completamente al Azar, con 3 tratamientos y 5 repeticiones, siendo la unidad experimental, 20 macetas con un plantin cada uno. Los tratamientos consistieron en inoculaciones de los plantines con un disco de 5 mm de los hongos Fusarium sp. y Phomopsis sp. en los tallos, además del tratamiento testigo, siguiendo los Postulados de Koch. Las plantas fueron evaluadas a los 35 y 70 días post inoculación. Los datos fueron sometidos al análisis de varianza y las medias comparadas por el Test de Tukey. Los hongos identificados en las semillas fueron Fusarium sp., Phomopsis sp., Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., Colletotrichum sp., Penicillium sp., Curvularia sp. y Helminthosporium sp. Se concluye que Fusarium sp. y Phomopsis sp., son patogénicos, causando la enfermedad conocida como cancro de la Toona

Aislamiento e identificación de hongos nematófagos nativos de zonas arroceras de Costa Rica. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue identificar hongos nematófagos en fincas arroceras de Costa Rica. El estudio se realizó entre los meses de abril del 2008 a agosto de 2009. Fueron analizadas muestras de suelo provenientes de tres regiones productoras de arroz de Costa Rica: Pacífico Central, Huetar Atlántica y Chorotega, mediante el método de espolvoreado en placa en búsqueda de hongos nematófagos. Los hongos aislados fueron identificados como Trichoderma sp., Penici-llium sp., Paecilomyces sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium tabacinum, Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Monacrosporium sp., Gonatobotrys sp., Geotrichium sp., Phythium sp., Cladosporium sp., Curvularia sp., Phoma sp., Oomycete y mi-celio estéril. Los resultados sugieren una alta diversidad de hongos nematófagos con potencial para ser utilizados como agentes de control biológico.

Isolation and identification of nematophagous fungi from native rice-producing areas of Costa Rica. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify nematophagous fungi from rice-producing areas of Costa Rica. The study was conducted between April 2008 to August 2009. Soil from three rice-producing regions of Costa Rica, Central Pacifi c, Atlantic and Region Huetar Chorotega were analyzed by the sprinkling plate method in search of nematophagous fungi. The fungal isolated were identifi ed as Trichoderma sp., Paecilomyces sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium tabacinum, Fusarium sp., Monacrosporium sp., Aspergillus sp., Geotrichum sp., Phythium sp., Cladosporium, Curvularia sp., Phoma sp., Oomycete and sterile mycelium. The results suggest a high diversity of nematophagous fungi with potential for use as biological control agents.

Fungos oportunistas são aqueles que normalmente não causariam doenças em pessoas saudáveis, mas eles são capazes de causar problemas sob certas circunstâncias e, para isso, eles necessitam possuir algum potencial de virulência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar amostras de fungos filamentosos isolados de granjas de aves em Cascavel, Paraná, e também avaliar o seu potencial de virulência, verificando a produção de proteinase, atividade hemolítica, produção de urease e crescimento a 37 ºC. Foram avaliados Acremonium hyalinulum (01), Aspergillus sp (12), Beauveria bassiana (01), Curvularia brachyspora (01), Paecylomices variotti (01) e Penicillium sp (02). Das 18 amostras, 44,4% apresentaram atividade proteolítica usando como substrato a albumina e 66,7% com caseína; 66,7% demonstraram atividade hemolítica, 83,3% foram uréia positivas e 88,9% cresceram em temperatura de 37 ºC. Os resultados demonstram que a maioria dos isolados expressaram fatores de virulência e, portanto, têm potencial para causar danos a hospedeiros humanos como os trabalhadores dos aviários, sobretudo em indivíduos predispostos ou suscetíveis.

Opportunistic fungi are those that normally would not cause diseases in otherwise healthy people, but are able to cause problems under some circumstances, and for this they need to possess a certain virulence potential. The objective of this study was to identify samples of filamentous fungi isolated from poultry barns in Cascavel, Paraná, and also to evaluate their virulence potential by assessing proteinase production, hemolytic activity, urease production, and growth rate at 37 ºC. We have evaluated the following samples: Acremonium hyalinulum (1 sample), Aspergillus sp. (12), Beauveria bassiana (1), Curvularia brachyspora (1), Paecilomyces variotti (1), and Penicillium sp. (2). Out of the 18 samples analyzed, 44.4% showed proteolytic activity using albumin as the substrate versus 66.7% when using casein; 66.7% showed hemolytic activity, 83.3% were positive for urea, and 88.9% grew at a temperature of 37 ºC. The results demonstrated that the majority of the isolates expressed virulence factors. Therefore, these isolates have the potential to harm human hosts, such as those working at poultry barns, especially predisposed or susceptible individuals.

Usual applications of chemical fungicides which are established in plant health strategies on rice become more harmful for men and the environment, besides it does not get the expected control in many instances. Taking this problems into account, in the present work was evaluated the in vitro effect of OleoNim 50 CE, on the growth and development of plant pathogen fungi Pyricularia grisea, Rhizoctonia solani, Sarocladium oryzae, Bipolaris oryzae, Fusarium sp and Curvularia lunata, isolated from rice spotted grains. It was proved that OleoNim 50 CE had an inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth, sporulation and conidial germination of the evaluated fungi, what offers new perspectives for the rice fungal disease control.

Las frecuentes aplicaciones de fungicidas químicos establecidas en las estrategias fitosanitarias en el arroz son cada vez más dañinas para el hombre y el medioambiente, y en muchas ocasiones no se logra el control deseado. De acuerdo con esta problemática, en el presente trabajo se evaluó el efecto in vitro de OleoNim 50 CE sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo de los hongos fitopatógenos Pyricularia grisea, Rhizoctonia solani, Sarocladium oryzae, Bipolaris oryzae, Fusarium sp. y Curvularia lunata, aislados a partir de granos de arroz manchados. Se comprobó que el OleoNim 50 CE ejerció efecto inhibidor sobre el crecimiento micelial, la esporulación y la germinación de conidios de los hongos evaluados, lo que brinda nuevas perspectivas para el control de enfermedades fúngicas del arroz.

Se tiene interés en determinar umbrales de inóculo de hongos patógenos en semilla de arroz para establecer el nivel permisible como semilla sana. Lotes de semilla de arroz genética, registrada y certificada var Fonaiap 1, recolectados en un campo de producción en Payara, estado Portuguesa, fueron procesados para cuantificar los niveles de inóculo de los hongos asociados y determinar su incidencia en las plantas. Se clasificaron cinco sub-lotes: semilla normal, deforme, vana, verde y manchada, encontrándose los mayores porcentajes de semilla en los sublotes normal y manchada. El mayor porcentaje de infección en semilla registrada y certificada se encontró en el sub-lote manchada. Se identificaron hongos potencialmente fitopatógenos como Bipolaris oryzae, Curvularia oryzae, Drechslera oryzae, Nigrospora sp y Fusarium spp. Manchas ovaladas con borde marrón en la semilla se relacionaron, en plantas provenientes de esa semilla, con manchas del follaje producidas por D. oryzae y Alternaria sp. Manchas marrón oscuro en semilla se relacionaron con manchas del follaje por D. oryzae, C. oryzae y Alternaria sp. Manchas irregulares marrón claro, con manchas del follaje por C. oryzae, Nigrospora sp, D. oryzae, Alternaria sp y B. oryzae. El porcentaje de incidencia en las plantas, comparado con el nivel de inóculo en la semilla certificada fue relativamente bajo, pero la correlación fue significativa. Un nivel de inóculo de D. oryzae en la semilla mayor a 0,1% y de C. oryzae mayor a 1% puede potencialmente producir infección en las plantas.

Healthy seed obtention is an important disease control measure. There is a special interest on determining inoculums thresholds of pathogens in rice seed in order to establish the more suitable permissible level for being manageable as healthy seed. Lots of rice seed variety Fonaiap 1, collected in a seed production field located in Payara, Portuguesa state, was processed to quantify the inoculums level of seed-borne fungi and to determine its incidence in plants. Five sub-lots were classified: normal, deformed, vain, green and discolored seed, being the greater percentage of seed in normal and discolored sub-lots. The greater percentage of fungi infection in registered and certified seed occurred in the discolored sub-lot. Potentially pathogens fungi were identified, as Bipolaris oryzae, Curvularia oryzae, Drechslera oryzae, Nigrospora sp. and Fusarium spp. Oval spots with brown edge on the seed were related, in plants from that seed, with foliage spots produced by D. oryzae and Alternaria sp. The higher percentage of fungi infection in registered and certified seed occurred in the discolored sub-lot. Brown dark spots in seed were related to foliage spots caused by D. oryzae, C. oryzae and Alternaria sp. Irregular brown seed spots with foliage spots by C. oryzae, Nigrospora sp, D. oryzae, Alternaria sp and B. oryzae. The incidence percentage in plants, compared with the inoculums level in certified seed was relatively low, but the correlation was significative. Inoculums levels of D. oryzae in seed greater to 0.1% and of C. oryzae greater to 1% potentially can produce plants infection.

El estado Mérida es el mayor productor de cacao en la zona occidental, aunque con rendimientos que representan el 50% del promedio mundial, debido al predominio de plantaciones viejas e improductivas que por mucho tiempo no han recibido el manejo agronómico que el cultivo requiere. Por la ausencia de manejo fitosanitario en las plantaciones se presentan diversas enfermedades que afectan el follaje, flores, frutos y raíces, y ante esta problemática se realizó la identificación de la micobiota del filoplano de las hojas del cacaotero con la finalidad de determinar la diversidad de hongos que están presentes en el follaje de este cultivo. Durante el período septiembre - noviembre del año 2002 se realizaron tres muestreos para cada una de las cinco fincas seleccionadas. Se recolectaron hojas sanas y secciones de estas hojas se colocaron durante 5-15 días en cámara húmeda en cajas de Petri con papel de filtro estéril y a temperatura ambiente promedio de 28ºC. De los análisis microscópicos de los diversos hongos aislados y con el uso de claves taxonómicas se logró identificar 48 hongos. Las especies más abundantes fueron Curvularia lunata (67-100%), Nigrospora sphaerica (53-100%) y Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (67-93%). Se confirma la presencia de los hongos Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Moniliophthora roreri y Phytophthora spp. como agentes causales de enfermedades de importancia en la zona del sur del Lago de Maracaibo y la presencia de los hongos Penicillium sp. y Gliocladium sp. con posible potencial como biocontroladores.

Merida state is the major cocoa producer in the western zone with yields that represent 50% of mean world due to the predominance of old and unproductive plantations that for a long time have not received the agricultural management that crop requires. Due to the absence of plant health management there are some diseases that affect the foliage, flowers, fruits and roots. The identification of cocoa leaves phylloplane mycobiota it was made with the purpose of establishing the fungi diversity that are present in the crop foliage. In period Sept Nov 2002 were accomplished three samplings for each of five farms selected. Healthy leaves and sections of these leaves were collected and placed by 5-15 days inside a moist chamber made with Petri dishes with sterilized filter paper and at mean temperature of 28 ºC. From the microscopically analysis of various isolated fungi and by using taxonomic keys it was possible to identify 48 fungi. The more abounding species were Curvularia lunata (67-100%), Nigrospora sphaerica (53-100%) and Colletotrichum gloesporioides (67-93%). It is confirm the Colletotrichum gloesporioides; Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Moniliophthora roreri and Phytophthora spp presence, as causal agents of important diseases in the Maracaibo Lake region, so the Penicillium sp. and Gliocladium sp fungi acting as possible bio controllers.

ABSTRACT In order to select products for controlling brachiaria-grass seed-borne fungi and to verify the influence of storage period of treated seeds on the action of these products, 4 laboratory and 4 greenhouse experiments were carried out in São Paulo, Brazil, in 1999 and 2000, with seeds of Brachiaria decumbens treated with the following fungicides, at the indicated doses/100 kg of seeds: quintozene 750 PM (250 g), thiram 500 SC (300 mL), carboxin + thiram 200 SC (300 mL), thiram 350 SC+ thiabendazole 85 SC (200 mL), captan 750 TS (200 g), difenoconazole 150 SC (100 mL) and thiabendazole 485 SC (40 mL). After treatment the seeds were kept in paper sacks and stored at room temperature. Experiments entirely randomized with 8 treatments and 4 replications were carried out periodically, soon after treatment, 3, 6 and 12 months later, in order to evaluate the presence of seed-borne fungi, emergence and seedling symptoms. Seed health tests performed by the blotter method showed the presence of Phoma sp., Exserohilum spp., Fusarium spp. and Curvularia spp., besides saprophytic fungi. Factorial analisis showed significant effects for fungicide treatments and for storage periods, on emergence. After 6 months of storage, emergence was statistically superior to the control in the treatments with thiram + thiabendazole, thiram and carboxin + thiram. At this time, seedlings symptoms were registered in all treatments while they were observed only in the control after 12 months. In 2001/02 the following products, at the indicated doses/100 kg of seeds were evaluated in B. brizantha seed treatment: carbendazin 150 SC + thiram 350 SC (200 mL), fipronil 250 FS (150 mL), (carbendazin 150 SC + thiram 350 SC) + fipronil 250 FS (100 + 100) mL, carboxin + thiram 200 SC (250 mL), carboxin + thiram 200 SC (300 mL), difenoconazole 150 SC (100 mL), thiram 500 SC (300 mL), captan 750 TS (200 g) and tolylfluanid 500 PM (150 g). Evaluation was made by means of 3 experiments, 1 in the laboratory and 1 in the greenhouse (São Paulo, SP, Brazil), entirely randomized and 1 in the field, in randomized blocks, all with 10 treatments and 4 replications. Statistical analisis of data obtained was made by variance applying tests F and Tukey at 5% of probability. Although emergence indices were higher than the ones from the control in most treatments, both in greenhouse as well as in the field, differences were not statistical significant. The same occurred for biomass production. The following products, in decreasing order of number of fungi genera controlled by them in the seeds, are listed: carbendazin + thiram, thiram e captan; (carbendazin + thiram) + fipronil; carboxin + thiram (250 and 300 mL) and tolylfluanid; difenoconazole. brachiariagrass brachiaria grass seedborne borne Paulo Brazil 199 2000 fungicides doses100 doses 100 doses/10 75 (25 g, g , 50 (30 mL 20 35 (20 15 (10 48 40 (4 mL. . temperature periodically later sp sp. spp periods time 200102 2001 02 2001/0 B 25 (15 g. SP Brazil) field blocks 5 probability production listed 30 19 doses10 doses/1 7 (2 (3 2 (1 ( 20010 0 2001/ doses1 doses/

RESUMO Visando selecionar produtos fungicidas para controle de fungos de sementes de braquiária e verificar a influência do tempo de armazenamento de sementes tratadas sobre a ação desses produtos foram realizados 4 experimentos em laboratório e 4 em casa-de-vegetação (São Paulo, SP) nos anos de 1999 e 2000 com sementes de Brachiaria decumbens tratadas com os fungicidas abaixo, nas seguintes doses/100 kg de sementes: quintozene 750 PM (250 g), thiram 500 SC (300 mL), carboxin + thiram 200 SC (300 mL), thiram 350 SC + thiabendazole 85 SC (200 mL), captan 750 TS (200 g), difenoconazole 150 SC (100 mL) e thiabendazole 485 SC (40 mL). Sementes do mesmo lote, não tratadas, constituíram a testemunha. Após o tratamento, as sementes foram armazenadas em sacos de papel, em condições de ambiente. Logo após o tratamento e após cerca de 3, 6 e 12 meses foram utilizadas em experimentos laboratoriais e de casa-de-vegetação, com delineamento estatístico inteiramente casualizado com 8 tratamentos e 4 repetições, para avaliação da incidência de fungos nas sementes, emergência e sintomas em plântulas. A análise de sanidade das sementes, realizada pelo método do papel de filtro, evidenciou a presença dos fungos Phoma sp., Exserohilum spp., Fusarium spp. e Curvularia spp., além de fungos saprófitas. De acordo com os resultados de análise fatorial, após 6 meses de armazenamento das sementes, a emergência foi estatisticamente superior a da testemunha nos tratamentos com thiram+ thiabendazole, thiram e carboxin + thiram. Foram observados sintomas de plântulas em todos os tratamentos aos 6 meses e apenas na testemunha aos 12 meses. No ano agrícola 2001/02, os seguintes produtos, nas doses abaixo indicadas/100 kg de sementes foram avaliados para tratamento de sementes de B. brizantha: carbendazim 150 SC + thiram 350 SC (200 mL), fipronil 250 FS (150 mL), (carbendazim 150 SC + thiram 350 SC) + fipronil 250 FS (100+100) mL, carboxin + thiram 200 SC (250 mL), carboxin + thiram 200 SC (300 mL), difenoconazole 150 SC (100 mL), thiram 500 SC (300 mL), captan 750 TS (200 g) e tolylfluanid 500 PM (150 g). A avaliação foi feita por meio de 1 experimento em laboratório e 1 em casa de vegetação (São Paulo, SP), ambos inteiramente casualizados e 1 em campo (Paulínia, SP), em blocos ao acaso, todos com 10 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente por variância aplicando-se os testes F e Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Embora os índices de emergência tenham sido mais elevados do que os da testemunha, tanto em casa-devegetação como em campo, as diferenças obtidas não foram significativas em nível estatístico. O mesmo verificou-se para produção de biomassa. Os produtos avaliados ofereceram controle aos fungos nas sementes na seguinte ordem decrescente de números de gêneros por eles controlados: carbendazim + thiram, thiram e captan; (carbendazim + thiram) + fipronil; carboxin + thiram (2 50 e 300mL) e tolylfluanid; difenoconazole. casadevegetação São Paulo SP 199 doses100 100 doses/10 75 (25 g, g , 300 (30 mL 20 35 (20 15 (10 48 40 (4 mL. . lote ambiente 3 casadevegetação, vegetação, repetições filtro sp sp. spp saprófitas fatorial 200102 2001 02 2001/02 indicadas100 indicadas indicadas/10 B brizantha 25 (15 100+100 100100 (100+100 g. SP, Paulínia, Paulínia (Paulínia acaso aplicandose aplicando se 5 probabilidade devegetação verificouse verificou biomassa controlados 2 ( 300mL 19 doses10 doses/1 7 30 (3 (1 20010 0 2001/0 indicadas10 indicadas/1 100+10 10010 (100+10 doses1 doses/ 2001/ indicadas1 indicadas/ 100+1 1001 (100+1 100+ (100+

As condições de cultivo das plantas ornamentais tropicais, relacionadas aos fatores precipitação, umidade, temperatura e densidade de plantio, favorecem a ocorrência de doenças que limitam a produção e reduzem a qualidade das flores. Destacaram-se as doenças causadas por fungos e nematóides, sendo assinaladas a antracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) em Heliconia spp., Etlingera elatior, Tapeinochilos ananassae, causando lesões em folhas e inflorescências; manchas foliares (Bipolaris spp., Cercospora sp., Curvularia lunata, Glomerella cingulata, Guignardia sp. e Deigthoniella torulosa) em Heliconia spp., Calathea burle marx e Musa coccinea; podridão de rizomas e raízes (Rhizoctonia solani e Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense) em E. elatior e Heliconia chartacea cv. Sex Pink. As fitonematoses, causadas por espécies dos gêneros Meloidogyne, Radopholus e Helicotylenchus, constituem um dos principais problemas sanitários em ornamentais tropicais em Pernambuco, ocorrendo comumente em Alpinia purpurata, E. elatior, Zingiber espectabiles, Heliconia spp. e Musa spp. A espécie A. purpurata foi a mais suscetível a M. incognita. Em função dos trabalhos de erradicação pelos produtores, a murcha bacteriana (Ralstonia solanacearum raça 2) foi assinalada com baixa incidência nas áreas de cultivo de flores tropicais.

The climatic conditions in which tropical flowers are grown in Northeast Brazil, related to rainfall, humidity, temperature and cropping density factors, favor disease occurrence that limit and reduce the quality and yield of flowers. In this survey several diseases caused by fungi and nematodes were observed. Among them were the anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) on Heliconia spp, Etlingera elatior, Tapeinochilos ananassae, causing leaf and inflorescence lesions; leaf spots (Bipolaris spp., Cercospora sp., Curvularia lunata, Glomerella cingulata, Guignardia sp and Deighthoniela torulosa) on Heliconia app, Calathea burle - marx and Musa coccinea; roots and rhizomes rots (Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense) on E. elatior and Heliconia chartacea cv. Sex Pink. Phytonematoses, caused by Meloidogyne spp., Radopholus sp. and Helicotylenchus sp. make up one of the main disease problems found in ornamental plants in the State of Pernambuco, usually occurring on Alpinia purpurata, E. elatior, Zingiber spectabiles, Heliconia spp. and Musa spp. Alpinia purpurata was found to be the most susceptible to M. incognita. On the other hand, the low incidence of bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum race 2) in the flower crop areas was associated with eradication carried out by flower producers.

OBJETIVOS: Identificar e caracterizar a freqüência e a concentração de esporos de fungos anemófilos em Porto Alegre. Determinar a prevalência de sensibilização a estes fungos em indivíduos atópicos. MÉTODOS: Em 52 amostras colhidas no equipamento Rotorod Sampler®, foram quantificados 3773 esporos de fungos no período de um ano (abril de 2000 a março de 2001). Em 39 pacientes atópicos com rinite e ou asma foram realizados testes cutâneos com alérgenos de fungos anemófilos e o teste fluorimunoenzimático para verificar a incidência de manifestações alérgicas provocadas por tais fungos. RESULTADOS: Em 3773 esporos de fungos encontrados foram identificados 674 (17,86%) de Cladosporium sp, 567 (15,03%) do grupo Aspergillus/Penicillium, 144 (3,82%) de rusts, 94 (2,49%) de Helminthosporium sp, 46 (1,22%) de Botrytis sp, 45 (1,19%) de Alternaria sp, 34 (0,90%) de smuts, 33 (0,87%) de Curvularia sp, 23 (0,61%) de Nigrospora sp e 3 (0,08%) de Fusarium sp. Também foram encontrados 1905 (50,49%) de ascosporos e 145 (3,84%) de basidiosporos. Não foram possíveis de serem identificados 60 (1,59%) dos esporos observados. Nos 39 testes cutâneos e sorológicos realizados, resultaram em 15,38% de indivíduos atópicos sensibilizados por alérgenos de fungos em Porto Alegre. CONCLUSÕES: A ocorrência de grande número de esporos de fungos no ar em nossa cidade enfatiza a importância deste estudo sobre os fungos anemófilos, sendo eles responsáveis por 15,38% das sensibilizações alérgicas em indivíduos atópicos com manifestações de asma e ou rinite.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and quantify the fungal spores in the atmospheric air of Porto Alegre and to assess sensitization to these allergens in atopic individuals suffering from rhinitis and asthma. METHODS: A total of 52 samples were obtained using a Rotorod Sampler® from April 2000 through March 20001. Allergy skin tests with anemophilous fungus allergens as well as fluorimmunoenzymatic tests were performed in 39 atopic individuals with rhinitis and asthma in order to detect the incidence of respiratory allergies caused by these airborne fungi. RESULTS: In the 3773 fungal spores detected in this study, there was a prevalence of ascosporos (50.49%), Cladosporium (17.86%), Aspergillus/Penicillium (15.03%), basidiosporos (3.84%), rusts (3.82%), and Helminthosporium (2.49%), as well as a lesser frequency of Botrytis (1.22%), Alternaria (1.19%), smuts (0.90%), Curvularia (0.87%), Nigrospora (0.61%), and Fusarium (0.08%). Sixty spores (1.59%) detected here could not be identified by the systematic key used. Among the atopic individuals tested, 15.38% were found to be sensitized by these anemophilous fungi allergens. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of a great number of fungal spores emphasizes the importance of studying anemophilous fungi locally, since they are responsible for 15.38% of allergic sensitization in atopic individuals with asthma and rhinitis.

Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram investigar o possível envolvimento de fungos sapróbios nas dermatomicoses e determinar a incidência de dermatófitos em cães e gatos. Durante um ano, 74 cães e 18 gatos com lesões cutâneas sugestivas de micoses foram incluídos neste estudo. As análises micológicas foram realizadas por microscopia direta e cultivo do fungo em ágar Sabouraud, ágar Sabouraud com cloranfenicol e ágar mycosel. A partir dos 92 espécimes clínicos, 21 resultaram em culturas positivas para dermatófitos, observando-se crescimento exclusivo desses fungos somente em 13. Em oito espécimes, observou-se crescimento simultâneo de dermatófitos e fungos sapróbios. Dentre os 71 espécimes restantes, 10 não apresentaram crescimento fúngico, e pelo menos um fungo sapróbio foi observado em 61 deles. Foram isolados um, dois e três gêneros de fungos sapróbios em 29, 30 e 2 espécimes, respectivamente. Microsporum canis foi encontrado em 6 (28,6%) e 10 espécimes (47,6%) e Trichophyton mentagrophytes em 2 (9,5%) e 3 espécimes (14,3%) de gatos e cães, respectivamente. Os seguintes gêneros de fungos sapróbios foram isolados: Alternaria sp (1,9%), Chaetomium sp (1,9%), Rhizopus sp (2,9%), Curvularia sp (3,9%), Candida sp (6,8%), Trichoderma sp (6,8%), Fusarium sp (7,8%), Cladosporium sp (8,7%), Penicillium sp (21,4%) e Aspergillus sp (37,9%).

The possible involvement of saprobe fungi in dermatomycoses, as well as the determination of the incidence of dermatophytes in dogs and cats were studied. During a period of one year, 74 dogs and 18 cats, with cutaneous lesions suggesting mycoses were included in this study. The mycological analyses were conducted by direct microscopy and by fungal culture on Sabouraud agar, chloramphenicol Sabouraud agar and mycosel agar. Of the 92 samples, 21 resulted in positive cultures for dermatophytes. Dermatophyte fungi pure cultures were obtained from 13 samples. A simultaneous growth of dermatophytes plus saprobe fungi was observed in 8 of the samples. Of the remaining 71 samples, no fungal growth was observed in 10 samples, and at minimum the growth of one saprobe fungi in 61. One, two and three genera of saprobe fungi were isolated in 29, 30 and 2 samples, respectively. Microsporum canis was isolated in 6 (28.6 %) and 10 samples (47.6 %) from cats and dogs, respectively, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in 2 (9.5 %) and 3 samples (14.3 %) from cats and dogs, respectively. The following genera of saprobe fungi were also isolated: Alternaria sp (1.9%), Chaetomium sp (1.9%), Rhizopus sp (2.9%), Curvularia sp (3.9%), Candida sp (6.8%), Trichoderma sp (6.8%), Fusarium sp (7.8%), Cladosporium sp (8.7%), Penicillium sp (21.4%) and Aspergillus sp (37.9%).