ABSTRACT Although faba-bean (Vicia faba L.) is not a major crop in China, many farmers like to cultivate faba-bean in autumn as a fresh food or animal feed for next spring. However, no herbicides are available to control weeds in the faba-bean fields. Although prosulfocarb is a candidate herbicide, some farmers have reported that prosulfocarb can often cause harm to faba-bean. Our laboratory experiment results revealed that Tongcanxian No. 6, a faba-bean cultivar with large seeds, showed the lowest level of growth inhibition and Qidou No. 2, a faba-bean cultivar with small seeds, showed the highest level of growth inhibition when treated with 3960 and 7920 g ai ha-1 prosulfocarb. The growth inhibition rate of faba-bean was 0% when 3960 and 7920 g ai ha-1 prosulfocarb was sprayed within 6 d after sowing, indicating that prosulfocarb treatment should be applied as soon as possible after sowing. When the temperature exceeded 20 °C and soil moisture content exceeded 20%, it might have aggravated the phytotoxicity of ‘Tongcanxian No. 6’ and ‘Qidou No. 2’ caused by prosulfocarb. Two round of field experiments showed visually that the control effect of 3960 g ai ha-1 prosulfocarb on the total weeds exceeded 90% and safe to faba-bean at the same time. This study indicated that prosulfocarb can be safely used in faba-bean fields by improving agronomic methods, which can also provide a reference for weed management in faba-bean fields worldwide.

Abstract Introduction. Paraguay is the sixth largest producer and third largest exporter of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in the world and this crop is the most important socio-economic crop in the country. However, its productivity can be adversely affected by diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi. In addition, phytosanitary information on soybean cultivation in Paraguay is limited. Objective. To understand farmers’ perceptions of the main soybean diseases and their management. Materials and methods. Between April and May 2022, a questionnaire in Google Forms format with open and closed-ended multiple-choice questions, was applied to 45 soybean producers aged between 30 and 50 years, who cultivate in areas between 200 to 1000 ha in the departments of Alto Paraná, Itapúa, and Caaguazú in Paraguay. Results. Among the respondents, 56% considered Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) as the most significant phytosanitary problem associated with soybean cultivation, followed by late-season diseases (LSD) such as brown spot (Septoria glycines) and frogeye leaf spot (Cercospora kikuchii). Respondents indicated taht they use three to four fungicide applications as a disease control measure, with their choice based on the type of product formulation. A majority of respondents noted that both the cost and frequency of applications increased over time. Additionally, 53% mentioned that biological fungicides are a viable alternative for integrated disease management. Conclusion. The responses obtained in this research allowed obtaining the perception of disease management tactics of soybean producers in Paraguay, underscoring the significance of Asian soybean rust and late-season diseases. However, there is a need for further research that can explore all aspects of pathogen management.

Resumen Introducción. Paraguay es el sexto productor y tercer exportador mundial de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), este cultivo es el de mayor importancia socioeconómica en el país. Sin embargo, su productividad puede verse afectada por enfermedades causadas por hongos fitopatógenos. Además, la información fitosanitaria sobre el cultivo de soja en Paraguay es limitada. Objetivo. Comprender la percepción de agricultores sobre las principales enfermedades de la soja y su manejo. Materiales y Métodos. Entre abril y mayo de 2022, se aplicó un cuestionario en formato de formularios de Google con preguntas abiertas y cerradas de selección múltiple a 45 productores de soja de entre 30 y 50 años, quienes cultivan en superficies de entre 200 y 1000 ha en los departamentos de Alto Paraná, Itapúa y Caaguazú en Paraguay. Resultados. El 56 % de los encuestados consideró que el mayor problema fitosanitario asociado al cultivo es la roya asiática de la soja (RAS) (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), seguida por las enfermedades de final de ciclo (EFC), como la mancha marrón (Septoria glycines) y mancha ojo de rana (Cercospora kikuchii). Los entrevistados indicaron que utilizan de tres a cuatro aplicaciones de fungicidas como medida de control de enfermedades, su elección fue basada en el tipo de formulación de los productos. En su mayoría, los entrevistados señalaron que el costo y la cantidad de aplicaciones aumentó con el transcurso del tiempo. El 53 % mencionó que los fungicidas biológicos son una buena alternativa para el manejo integrado de enfermedades. Conclusión. Las respuestas obtenidas en esta investigación permitieron obtener la percepción de las tácticas de manejo de enfermedades de los productores de soja en Paraguay, lo que resaltó la importancia de la RAS y las EFC. No obstante, resulta necesario que se realicen más investigaciones que puedan explorar todos los aspectos del manejo de los patógenos.

In 2023, we had a 110 million people living as forcibly displaced persons in the world (United Nations Refugee Agency, 2023). Of these, 43.3 million were children under the age of 18 years. Migration (both forced and other) has resulted in an influx of "foreign" children into school classrooms across the globe, presenting many educators with a new task-that of teaching the Other. Now, more than ever before, there is a need to assist people to cultivate an understanding of the self in relation to the Other in a manner that upholds the values of dignity, equality, and freedom for all people (Republic of South Africa, 1996; United Nations, 1973). This article presents a living theory for educators. It constructs a new lens through which educators can view the world, analyse their own teaching practice, and take individual action towards dismantling the canon of inequality that exists within their classrooms. The new lens beckons a deep and meaningful engagement with the question: "How can I create experiences of dignity for the Other in my classroom?"

The quality of patient care forms the basis of all doctor-patient relationships. However, it requires more than mere provision of what is necessary to maintain or restore their health, and should encompass an emotional connection, and a desire to help them. Care covers a wide range of activities and is often seen as the technical and procedural aspects of medicine, while compassion revolves around the relational aspects of patient care. It requires clinicians to be able to express empathy and understanding, share their patients' feelings, be available, communicate, try to provide support and encouragement, and treat them with respect and dignity. This paper discusses care and compassion and explores issues such as whether a person can be taught to care and/ or show compassion; if too much compassion could cloud a practitioner's judgement; if it's possible to deliver good care without being compassionate; and whether a person who has never experienced compassion can develop this ability. Care and compassion are essential components of effective medical practice, and need to be integrated into healthcare. Clinicians should adopt a patient-centred approach that prioritises the patient's values, needs and preferences during their decision-making process. At the same time, they must cultivate emotional intelligence, and identify when they need mental, emotional or physical support.

Human praxis denotes practical wisdom, which through deliberate human action aims at personal and collective transformation, including people's ideas, commitments and consciousness. The occupational therapy profession has a long history of both enacting human praxis for the evolvement of the profession, and also facilitating it among the people it serves. Occupational therapy can draw on its innate wisdom and ability to accurately read contexts to consciously harness human praxis to render the profession as indispensable as a healthcare profession as well as a profession that can contribute significantly to social development. Consciously harnessing human praxis for change can be done by applying reflective and reflexive critical reasoning; epistemic fluency within multidisciplinary spaces (that could promote better transdisciplinary practices); as well as deconstructing the constituents of human praxis to apply it as a treatment mode. Furthermore, consciously using human praxis can contribute to the fields of education, research and leadership that promote and cultivate human dignity.

This article explores the challenges posed by the digital revolution and its influence on the education system. Enthusiasm among digital natives for departing from traditional teaching methods in favour of digital tools to enhance higher education learning is evident. Employing document analysis, this research extracts valuable insights. The selection of published materials pertinent to migration is achieved through purposive and convenience sampling. The Technology Acceptance Model emerged as the suitable framework, highlighting that user perception of technology's user-friendliness and utility predicts their attitude towards adopting digital tools. The study's outcomes predominantly favour the facilitation of the process of learning. The effectiveness of a variety of technological tools including blogs, discussion forums, announcements and videos, which encourage engagement and enhance learning process overall, is highlighted by constructive feedback. Considering these findings, the study proposes that higher education institutions cultivate a professional migration identity by embracing platforms like Moodle. Platforms include zoom, video conferencing, TEAMS, and WhatsApp may be the first to undergo the transfer process. This strategic approach is recommended to effectively address technological hurdles, ultimately enhancing, and sustaining online teaching and learning practices.

Abstract The emergence of early village societies brought with it, in addition to the establishment of permanent dwellings, the development of new productive strategies and the incorporation of domesticated products into food practices. The vegetable ingredients that were gradually integrated into the diet and recipes of those who inhabited these villages required knowledge about how to obtain and cultivate them and the implementation of various processing techniques that allowed the acquisition of by-products from which to create food. In this paper, through an approach that includes the study of macro and micro plant remains and the materialities involved in food processing, we will focus on the techniques implemented to process plant products in Puesto Viejo, a village site occupied during the first millennium A.D. (Quebrada de Los Corrales, Tucumán, Argentina). The analyzed evidences allow us to affirm that the societies that inhabited this site handled, for their consumption, a great diversity of domesticated and wild vegetables, applying different techniques and ways of elaboration centered on boiling and roasting.

Resumen El surgimiento de las sociedades aldeanas tempranas trajo aparejado, además del establecimiento en viviendas permanentes, el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias productivas y la incorporación de productos domesticados a las prácticas alimenticias. Los ingredientes vegetales que fueron paulatinamente integrados a la dieta y recetas de quienes habitaban estas aldeas requirieron conocimientos acerca de cómo obtenerlos y cultivarlos y la implementación de diversas técnicas de procesamiento que permitieran adquirir subproductos a partir de los cuales crear alimentos. En este trabajo, a través de un abordaje que incluye el estudio de macro y microrrestos vegetales y de las materialidades implicadas en la elaboración de alimentos, nos centraremos en dirimir cuáles fueron las técnicas implementadas para procesar productos vegetales en Puesto Viejo, un sitio aldeano ocupado durante el primer milenio D.C. (Quebrada de Los Corrales, Tucumán, Argentina). Las evidencias analizadas permiten afirmar que las sociedades que habitaron este sitio manejaron, para su consumo, una gran diversidad de vegetales domesticados y silvestres, aplicando distintas técnicas y modos de elaboración centrados en el hervido y tostado.

RESUMEN La contaminación ambiental plantea desafíos significativos que requieren abordarse mediante la educación ambiental y por ende en las estrategias educativas. La educación ambiental empodera a las personas para adoptar comportamientos sostenibles. Las estrategias educativas, como programas ambientales y enfoques innovadores, promueven la educación ambiental y forman ciudadanos comprometidos con el medio ambiente, integrar esta educación en el currículo y la sociedad genera conciencia colectiva y promueve la protección del entorno natural. El presente artículo es una revisión exhaustiva y estructurada de los estudios más actuales relacionados con diversas técnicas y metodologías educativas enfocadas en aumentar la conciencia ambiental en entornos escolares; se busca analizar las diferentes estrategias educativas para mejorar la conciencia ambiental en las escuelas. El diseño de la investigación es cualitativo, de tipo teórico sistemático. La técnica empleada es el análisis documental. Se revisó diversas bases de datos científicas tales como MyLOFT, google publicación en revistas científicas desde el año 2019 indexadas en Scopus, Scielo, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, y Google Scholar, también se usa la metodología PRISMA. Los resultados obtenidos del análisis de diversas investigaciones brindan datos favorables y significativos que respaldan de manera contundente la existencia de una relación positiva entre la alfabetización ambiental y la conciencia ambiental en los estudiantes y miembros de una comunidad educativa. Estos resultados se atribuyen a la implementación de estrategias, modelos y propuestas que han contribuido a mejorar la conciencia ambiental en el entorno escolar.

ABSTRACT Environmental pollution presents significant challenges that need to be addressed through environmental education and, therefore, in educational strategies. Environmental education empowers individuals to adopt sustainable behaviors. Educational strategies, such as environmental programs and innovative approaches, promote environmental education and cultivate environmentally engaged citizens. Integrating this education into the curriculum and society generates collective awareness and promotes the protection of the natural environment. This article is a comprehensive and structured review of the most recent studies related to various educational techniques and methodologies focused on increasing environmental awareness in school settings. The research design is qualitative and of a systematic theoretical nature. The documentary analysis technique was employed. Various scientific databases, such as MyLOFT, Google Scholar, Scopus, SciELO, Web of Science, and ProQuest, were reviewed for scientific publications from 2019 onwards. The PRISMA methodology was also used. The results obtained from the analysis of various research studies provide strong and significant data that firmly support the existence of a positive relationship between environmental literacy and environmental awareness among students and members of an educational community. These results are attributed to the implementation of strategies, models, and proposals that have contributed to improving environmental awareness in the school environment.

ABSTRACT The municipality of Amatepec with a planted area of 338 hectares is the main coffee producer in the State of Mexico, with the participation of 230 producers, it has a production volume of 393 tons. With the objective of knowing the socioeconomic, agronomic and cultural characteristics of coffee growers to establish an analysis of production in the municipality, between December 2021 and March 2022, information was collected in 18 locations, through an interview applied to 80 producers. 54 variables divided into the four aspects mentioned above were evaluated. The average age was 56.07 years, men predominate (81.2%), 30% of those interviewed have a bachelor's degree and 11.3% of these are teachers (primary school). 43.8% sell the coffee as ground, between $180.00 and $250.00 pesos per kilogram, thus 92.4% of the production is destined for the local market. 93.7% of producers market the bean as green or gold or as ground coffee, with incomes of $10,001.00 to $100,000.00 pesos annually (55.8%). More than 83.6% cultivate the Typical variety, with a diversity of frames and plantation densities, 31.1% of the plantations are older than 31 years. 81.3% of those interviewed receive technical assistance, which is provided by some public institution (97.3%). For some of them, coffee is the only source of income, whose distinctive strength is the altitude.

RESUMEN El municipio de Amatepec con una superficie plantada de 338 hectáreas es el principal productor de café en el Estado de México, con la participación de 230 productores tiene un volumen de producción de 393 toneladas. Con el objetivo de conocer las características socioeconómicas, agronómicas y culturales de los cafeticultores para establecer un análisis de la producción en el municipio, entre diciembre de 2021 y marzo del 2022 se llevó a cabo el levantamiento de la información en 18 localidades, mediante una entrevista aplicada a 80 productores. Se evaluaron 54 variables divididas en los cuatro aspectos. El promedio de edad fue de 56.07 años, predominan los hombres (81.2%), el 30% de los entrevistados tienen licenciatura y el 11.3% de estos son profesores (primaria). El 43.8% vende el café como molido, entre $180.00 y $250.00 pesos kilogramo, así el 92.4% de la producción se destina para el mercado local. Un 93.7% de los productores comercializan el grano como verde u oro o a manera de café molido, con ingresos de $10 001.00 a $100 000.00 pesos anuales (55.8%). Más del 83.6% cultivan la variedad Típica, con diversidad de marcos y densidades de plantación, un 31.1% de las plantaciones poseen una edad mayor a 31 años. El 81.3% de los entrevistados recibe asistencia técnica, proporcionada por alguna institución pública (97.3%). Para algunos de ellos, el café es la única fuente de ingreso, cuya fortaleza distintiva es la altitud.

Abstract In recent years, the use of microorganisms to stimulate plant growth and resistance, including biocontrol and maintenance or improvement of microbial activity and soil functionality, has increased. The aim of this work was to select nutrient media and to optimize the deep cultivation regimes of a biopreparation consisting of the Bacillus pumilus Pol P3(1) 10 B-RKM 0528, Bacillus thuringiensis Pb 30 B-RKM 0341, Bacillus licheniformis 356 B-RKM 0074 and Serratia marcescens Sh-2 B-RKM 0952 strains, which exhibit high growth-stimulating activity. Three different media were use to cultivate the biopreparation: standard meat-peptone broth medium, King's medium and Mueller-Hinton's medium. The main criterion for determining the effectiveness of the nutrient medium was the accumulation of specific components to yield the largest biomass of biopreparation cells. A comparative analysis of growth on the nutrient media was used to assess the viability and biomass accumulation of the biopreparation strains tested. The optimum cultivation period, maximum optical density of biomass growth, viability and optimum medium acidity during bacterial cultivation on nutrient media were determined both for the strains individually and as part of the biopreparation.

Resumen En los últimos años, ha aumentado el papel de los microorganismos para estimular el crecimiento y la resistencia de las plantas, lo que incluye el biocontrol, así como el mantenimiento o la mejora de la actividad microbiana y la funcionalidad del suelo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue seleccionar medios nutritivos y optimizar los regímenes de cultivo en profundidad del biopreparado compuesto por cepas de Bacillus pumilis Pol P3(1) 10 B-RKM 0528, Bacillus thuringiensis Pb 30 B-RKM 0341, Bacillus licheniformis 356 B-RKM 0074 y Serratia marcescens Sh-2 B-RKM 0952 que proporcionan una elevada actividad estimuladora del crecimiento. Los investigadores utilizaron tres medios para cultivar el biopreparado, que son el medio estándar de caldo de carne y peptonas, el medio de King y el medio de Mueller-Hinton. Los principales criterios para determinar la eficacia del medio nutritivo son la acumulación de componentes específicos para producir la mayor biomasa de células del biopreparado. Los autores utilizaron un análisis comparativo sobre el crecimiento en medio nutritivo para evaluar la alta viabilidad y la acumulación de biomasa del biopreparado ensayado. Los investigadores determinaron el periodo óptimo de cultivo, la densidad óptica máxima de crecimiento de la biomasa, la viabilidad y la acidez óptima del medio durante el cultivo de bacterias en medios nutritivos, tanto individualmente como formando parte del biopreparado.

Resumen Introducción. En este artículo se plantean aspectos relacionados con la modelización y modelación matemática como actividades que deben incluirse en los procesos de formación docente; para generar habilidades en el futuro profesorado tendientes a su abordaje en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Propósito. El propósito es brindar argumentos que sustenten la necesidad de que las instituciones encargadas de la formación de docentes incorporen estos procesos en sus estructuras curriculares; además, brindar ideas sobre algunos tipos de actividades que la persona docente puede aplicar en la clase. Discusión. Las ideas aquí desarrolladas se han construido a partir de una revisión de literatura relacionada con el tema, así como de un proceso de investigación por parte de las personas autoras. Este último implicó, en el año 2021, extraer evidencias de la propuesta para el abordaje de la modelización matemática en los planes de estudio de las universidades públicas en Costa Rica. Este análisis, se enfocó en determinar si cada curso en la descripción, los objetivos, los contenidos, las indicaciones puntuales, entre otros, hacía referencia a la modelización matemática y si se presentaban sugerencias metodológicas para su abordaje. Se evidencia que la modelación matemática, como estrategia didáctica, es una actividad a la cual debe brindársele una mayor importancia en la enseñanza de la disciplina. La incorporación de los procesos de modelización matemática en la formación profesional del profesorado y académica en el estudiantado resulta relevante para el desarrollo de habilidades específicas. Conclusiones. Surge la necesidad de ejecutar acciones orientadas a la formación del profesorado para implementar este tipo de tareas. El objetivo es que el estudiantado aprecie la aplicabilidad de la materia y que sus conocimientos le permitan la comprensión su contexto.

Resumo Introdução. O presente artigo aborda aspectos pertinentes modelagem e modelagem matemática como atividades que devem ser incluídas nos processos de formação de professores, visando fomentar competências nos futuros educadores para sua aplicação no processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Objetivo. O objetivo é fornecer argumentos que sustentem a necessidade de as instituições responsáveis pela formação de professores incorporarem esses processos em suas estruturas curriculares. Além disso, propõe-se fornecer ideias sobre alguns tipos de atividades que o professor pode aplicar em sala de aula. Discussão. As ideias aqui desenvolvidas originam-se a partir de uma revisão da literatura relacionada ao assunto, bem como de um processo de pesquisa dos autores. Esta pesquisa, conduzida em 2021, 2021, consistiu na coleta de evidências da proposta de inserção da modelagem matemática nos currículos das instituições de ensino superior públicas da Costa Rica. Esta análise teve como objetivo verificar se cada curso na descrição, nos objetivos, conteúdos e nas indicações específicas, entre outros, fazia referência à modelagem matemática e se foram apresentadas sugestões metodológicas para sua abordagem. Fica evidente que a modelagem matemática, como estratégia didática, é uma atividade que deveria receber maior importância no ensino da disciplina. A incorporação de processos de modelagem matemática na formação profissional de professores e formação acadêmica no corpo discente é relevante para o desenvolvimento de habilidades específicas. Conclusões. Existe a necessidade de realizar ações voltadas para a formação de professores para a execução desse tipo de tarefa. O objetivo é que o corpo discente valorize a aplicabilidade do assunto e que seu conhecimento permita compreender seu contexto.

Abstract Introduction. This article discusses aspects related to mathematical modeling and mathematical modeling as activities that should be included in teacher training processes. The purpose is to cultivate skills in future teachers to integrate mathematical modeling and modeling in the teaching and learning process. Purpose. This paper aims to provide arguments supporting the need for institutions in charge of teacher training to incorporate these processes into their curricular structures. It also aims to furnish ideas about some types of activities that the teacher can implement in class. Discussion. The ideas developed here have been built from a literature review related to the subject, as well as from a research process by the authors in 2021. The latter entailed extracting evidence from the proposal to incorporate mathematical modeling into the study curricula of public universities in Costa Rica. This analysis aimed to ascertain whether each course in the description, objectives, contents, and specific indications, among others, made reference to mathematical modeling and if methodological recommendations were provided for its implementation. It is clear that mathematical modeling, as a didactic strategy, holds significant importance in teaching the discipline. Incorporating mathematical modeling processes in the professional training of teachers and academic training of students is relevant for developing specific skills. Conclusions. There is a need to execute actions aimed at teacher training to implement this type of task. The objective is that students recognize the applicability of the subject and that the knowledge of it enables them to understand its context.

Abstract Introduction: The aquaculture industry is constantly growing, registering a global production of almost 88 million tonnes by 2020. This industry brings environmental problems if its effluents are not properly treated. In 2020, the first technology-based company of CONICET was established in Argentine Patagonia whose purpose is the aquaculture production of the green sea urchin, Arbacia dufresnii to develop a range of nutraceutical products. Its cultivation system entails a commitment to sustainability since its creation, and yet it generates effluents with high levels of nitrates and phosphates. Objective: Given this scenario, and valuing bioremediation as a water treatment tool, the use of marine microalgae as phytoremediating agents of aquaculture effluent is proposed in this work. Methods: The microalgae Chaetoceros gracilis, Navicula sp., Tetraselmis suecica, Rhodomona salina, Nanochloropsis galvana and Cylindrotheca closterium were use; which are used as food for sea urchins larvae in the production process. An experiment was designed that compares the microalgal growth and the removal capacity of nutrients in the effluent in contrast to the artificial culture medium currently used in the production cycle. Results: It is possible to remedy the aquaculture industry’s effluent by employing the selected microalgae, with a percentage of removal efficiency of 100 % of the nitrate and an average removal efficiency percentage of 50 % for all the microalgae tested. Likewise, significantly higher microalgal biomass values were obtained when the culture was carried out in the effluent the culture in the artificial environment. Conclusions: The advances in research provided in this work show that it is possible to take advantage of a discard to cultivate microalgae, even improving microalgal productivity for use as food, reducing the costs involved in the microalgal production sector by changing the use of the type of current culture medium (F/2) for that from a current discard. These advances, if scaled and validated, can improve industry sustainability standards within the framework of a circular economy.

Resumen Introducción: La industria acuícola está en constante crecimiento, registrando una producción mundial de casi 88 millones de toneladas para el año 2020. Esta industria trae consigo problemas ambientales si sus efluentes no son debidamente tratados. En el 2020, se constituyó la primera empresa de base tecnológica del CONICET en la Patagonia Argentina cuyo propósito es la producción acuícola del erizo verde de mar, Arbacia dufresnii con la finalidad de elaborar una gama de productos nutracéuticos. Su sistema de cultivo conlleva un compromiso de sustentabilidad desde su creación, y sin embargo genera efluentes con niveles altos de nitratos y fosfatos. Objetivo: Ante este escenario, y valorizando la biorremediación como herramienta de tratamiento de aguas, se propone en este trabajo la utilización de las microalgas marinas como agentes fitorremediadores del efluente acuícola. Métodos: Se utilizaron las microalgas Chaetoceros gracilis, Navicula sp., Tetraselmis suecica., Rhodomona salina., Nanochloropsis galvana y Cylindrotheca closterium, las cuales son usadas como alimento de las larvas del erizo en el proceso productivo. Se diseñó un experimento que compara el crecimiento microalgal y la capacidad de remoción de los nutrientes en el efluente en contraste con el medio de cultivo artificial actualmente usado en el ciclo productivo. Resultados: Es posible remediar el efluente de la industria acuícola mediante las microalgas seleccionadas, con porcentaje de eficacia de remoción del 100 % del nitrato y un porcentaje de eficacia de remoción promedio de 50 % para todas las microalgas testeadas. Asimismo, se obtuvieron valores de biomasa microalgal significativamente mayores cuando el cultivo fue realizado en el efluente respecto del cultivo en el medio artificial. Conclusiones: Los avances en investigación proporcionados en este trabajo ponen de manifiesto que es posible el aprovechamiento de un descarte para cultivar las microalgas, incluso mejorando la productividad microalgal para su uso como alimento, disminuyendo los costos involucrados en el sector de producción microalgal cambiando el uso del tipo de medio de cultivo actual (F/2) por el proveniente de un descarte. Estos avances si son escalados y validados, pueden mejorar los estándares de sustentabilidad de la industria en el marco de una economía circular.

RESUMEN La Dra. Raquel Pérez González, más conocida entre colegas, alumnos y compañeros de trabajo por “la profe Raquel”, obtuvo el título de Medicina en el año 1976. Comenzó por vía directa la residencia de Radiología y obtuvo el título de especialista de primer grado en 1979. Se convirtió así, el Hospital Militar Central “Dr. Carlos J. Finlay”, en la cuna de su formación profesional y en años posteriores, en la casa que la vio crecer, especialmente como maestra de numerosas generaciones de radiólogos e imagenólogos. Hoy reposan en el jardín del Departamento de Imagenología, parte de sus cenizas, custodiadas por el amor que fue capaz de cultivar. En el 2016, una paciente femenina de 60 años de edad, acudió a la consulta de gastroenterología, con dolor abdominal difuso. La radiografía de abdomen simple, anteroposterior, en posición acostado mostró, una imagen en “muela de cangrejo”, visible al tomar el aire dentro del hemicolon transverso izquierdo, como contraste, el cual bordea por ese lado parcialmente, una opacidad de partes blandas, que se extiende desde el mesogastrio, hasta la fosa ilíaca derecha, donde se observa el signo del menisco. Los estudios de imágenes realizados, evidenciaron signos radiológicos típicos de invaginación por causa tumoral maligna. En varias ocasiones, la profesora Raquel utilizó la imagen de este caso, como pregunta en exámenes de promoción de residentes. La publicación de este caso constituye un homenaje a quien será siempre un paradigma de docente.

ABSTRACT Dr. Raquel Pérez González, better known among colleagues, students and co-workers as “professor Raquel”, obtained her degree in Medicine in 1976. She began her Radiology residency directly and obtained the title of first-class specialist degree in 1979. Thus, the Central Military Hospital “Dr. Carlos J. Finlay” is the cradle of her professional training and in later years, in her home where she saw her grow up, especially as a teacher to numerous generations of radiologists and imaging scientists. Today, part of her ashes rest in the garden of the Imaging Department, guarded by the love that she was able to cultivate. In 2016, a 60-year-old female patient attended the gastroenterology clinic with diffuse abdominal pain. The simple, anteroposterior abdominal x-ray, in the lying position, showed a “crab claw” image, visible when breathing into the left transverse hemicolon, as contrast, which partially borders on that side, a soft tissue opacity, which extends from the mesogastrium to the right iliac fossa, where the meniscus sign is observed. The imaging studies performed showed typical radiological signs of invagination due to malignant tumor. On several occasions, Professor Raquel used the image of this case as a question in resident promotion exams. The publication of this case constitutes a tribute to someone who will always be a paradigm of a teacher.

ABSTRACT Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty, or vetiver grass, is a deep-rooted perennial grass. An examination of allelopathy using a metabolomic approach offers valuable insights into vetiver extract’s mechanism of action and phytotoxicity. This study utilised an untargeted metabolomics approach through the use of choisum (Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt var. parachinensis (L.H. Bailey) Hanelt) as target plant because it is easier to cultivate and susceptible to the extract. Vetiver root methanolic extracts at various concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 50, and 100 mg mL-1) were sprayed at 100 mL m-2 on choisum seedlings at the 2 to 3 leaves stage. After 21 d, the Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) and chlorophyll content of exposed choisum were measured, and their metabolites were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS)-based metabolomics analysis. The result demonstrated that the 100 mg mL-1 methanolic extract significantly decreased SPAD reading by 57.29% and reduced chlorophyll content by 66.38% (chl a) and 73.49% (chl b) of choisum compared to the control. Furthermore, considerably reduced stomatal length of exposed choisum, up to 34.31%, was observed when exposed to maximum concentration (100 mg mL-1). In total, nine metabolites with variable importance in projection (VIP) > 1 and P < 0.05 were found and identified as amino acids and carbohydrates. The highest concentration of extract enriched pathways of propanoate, Se-compound, cysteine, and methionine metabolism in choisum, suggesting the extract induced plant stress. The findings confirm the allelopathic potential of vetiver root and provide insight into the response of choisum to the allelopathic activity of vetiver grass root methanolic extract.

Abstract 16. The objective of this work was to compare the growth and physicochemical parameters of the meat of broiler chickens (Gallus gallus), fed with a supplemented diet (SD) consisting of 3% pleurotin, compared to those obtained when using a traditional diet (CD). Pleurotin is the remaining material from the biodegradation of substrates such as apple pomace used to cultivate the Pleurotus ostreatus fungus. The experience lasted 48 days and in the first eight days, the birds were divided into two groups of 24 individuals, one group for each treatment. On day 12, each initial group was subdivided into four experimental units (replicates) of 6 chickens each. The growth parameters measured were total weight gain (TWG), final live weight (FLW), carcass weight (CW), average daily gain (ADG) in weight, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Physicochemical parameters such as pH, water content (WC), CIE color, total fat (TF), and fatty acid composition (FAC) were also measured. Statistical analysis was carried out through the t-Student independent samples test. FLW was on average 7.6% significantly higher with SD than with CD, however, no difference was detected in CW. The total ADG was 7.4%, significantly higher with SD while the FCR was 32.0% lower with SD than with CD. No significant differences were found in any of the meat quality parameters measured for the same piece. Despite these latest results in terms of meat quality, it is concluded that the increase found in total ADG and FLW, and an improvement in FCR values with SD favor the use of this amendment in chicken rearing. In addition, the introduction of the by-product of the juice industries of the Río Negro Valley in other production cycles, such as edible mushrooms production and a supplement for bird diets (pleurotin), promotes a circular bioeconomic mechanism.

Resumen 20. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar parámetros de crecimiento y fisicoquímicos de la carne de pollos parrilleros (Gallus gallus) alimentados con una dieta suplementada (SD) con 3% de pleurotina versus una dieta tradicional (CD). La pleurotina es el remanente de la biodegradación del sustrato (orujo de manzana) utilizado para el cultivo de Pleurotus ostreatus. La experiencia duró 48 días. A los 8 días, las aves se dividieron en dos grupos de 24 individuos, un grupo para cada tratamiento. El día 12, cada grupo se subdividió en cuatro unidades experimentales (réplicas) de 6 pollos cada una. Los parámetros de crecimiento medidos fueron: ganancia de peso total (TWG), peso vivo final (FLW), peso de la carcasa (CW), ganancia total de peso promedio diaria (ADG) y conversión alimenticia (FCR). Se midieron como parámetros fisicoquímicos: pH, contenido de agua (WC), color CIE, grasa total (TF) y composición de ácidos grasos (FAC). Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que el FLW fue en promedio 7,6% significativamente más alta con SD que con CD. La ADG total resultó 7,4%, significativamente mayor con SD. La FCR fue 32% menor con SD. No se detectó diferencia en el CW. Asimismo, no se hallaron diferencias significativas en ninguno de los parámetros de calidad medidos para la misma pieza. Se concluye que el incremento en la ADG total y la FLW y la disminución de los valores de FCR con SD, favorecería el empleo de pleurotina en la crianza de pollos. La introducción de subproductos de las industrias jugueras del Valle de Río Negro en otros ciclos productivos, como lo son la producción de hongos comestibles y de un suplemento para dietas de aves (la pleurotina), promueve un mecanismo bioeconómico circular.