Resumen Introducción. El cultivo de palto es susceptible al estrés hídrico durante la etapa de floración y el crecimiento inicial de los frutos. Este estrés puede ocasionar la caída prematura de los frutos y acentuar la alternancia en la producción. Objetivo. Determinar el índice de estrés hídrico del cultivo (IEHC) en tres cultivares de palto (Hass, Fuerte y Zutano) bajo diferentes condiciones de riego, mediante el empleo de termografía infrarroja. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en la temporada de otoño del 2023, en la Estación Experimental Agraria Canaán, Ayacucho, Perú. Se seleccionaron 170 árboles de palto de cuatro años en fase reproductiva. Se llevaron a cabo cinco evaluaciones bajo diferentes condiciones de riego, donde se recopiló información después de 14 y 7 días sin riego (SR-14d y SR-7d) y 12, 2 y 1 hora posterior al riego (DR-12h, DR-2h y DR-1h, respectivamente). Se registró la temperatura de las hojas (Th), la conductancia estomática (gs), la humedad del suelo (θ) y el IEHC. Resultados. Los tres cultivares evaluados en este estudio presentaron diferencias significativas de la Th según manejo del riego. Estas variaciones, influenciadas por la temperatura y humedad ambiental, establecieron umbrales de estrés que definieron el IEHC en un rango de 0,34 a 0,96. Al relacionar el IEHC con la gs y θ se obtuvieron valores de R2 = 0,51 y R2 = 0,61, respectivamente. El cultivar Zutano mostró el valor más alto de IEHC en períodos prolongados de restricción de riego y tuvo una baja capacidad para reducir estos valores tras la rehidratación, a diferencia de los otros cultivares. Conclusiones. Se demostró que la termografía infrarroja puede medir eficazmente el IEHC en cultivares de palto, con variaciones significativas observadas en la Th, según la condición de riego. Además, el cultivar Zutano fue el que presentó la menor capacidad de recuperación ante el estrés hídrico.

Abstract Introduction. Avocado cultivation is susceptible to water stress during the flowering stage and initial fruit growth. This stress can cause premature fruit drop and accentuate the alternation in production. Objective. To determine the crop water stress index (CWSI) in three avocado cultivars (Hass, Fuerte, and Zutano) under different irrigation conditions using infrared thermography. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in the autumn of 2023, at the Estación Experimental Agraria Canaán, Ayacucho, Peru. A total of 170 four-year-old avocado trees in the reproductive phase were selected. Five evaluations were carried out under different irrigation conditions, where data was collected after 14 and 7 days without irrigation (WI-14d and WI-7d) and at 12, 2, and 1 hour post-irrigation (AI-12h, AI-2h, and AI-1h, respectively). Leaf temperature (Th), stomatal conductance (gs), soil moisture (θ), and CWSI were recorded. Results. The three evaluated cultivars showed significant differences in Th depending on the irrigation management. These variations, influenced by ambient temperature and humidity, established stress thresholds that defined the CWSI within a range of 0.34 to 0.96. By correlating the CWSI with gs and θ, values of R2 = 0,51 y R2 = 0,61 were obtained, respectively. The Zutano cultivar exhibited the highest CWSI values during prolonged water restriction periods and showed a limited ability to reduce these values after rehydration, differing from the other cultivars. Conclusions. Infrared thermography proved to be an effective too for measuring the CWSI in avocado cultivars, reveling significant variations in Th based on irrigation conditions. Adicionally, the Zutano cultivar was the lest resilient to water stress.

Resumen Introducción. Las regiones cultivables a menudo carecen de nutrientes suficientes en el suelo, por lo que es necesario utilizar fertilizantes. Sin embargo, el uso excesivo de fertilizantes puede dañar el medioambiente, la salud humana y la seguridad alimentaria. Los reguladores de crecimiento naturales derivados de plantas son respetuosos con el medioambiente y tienen un precio razonable. Las fitohormonas jasmonato de metilo (MeJA) y ácido salicílico (SA) son cruciales para mejorar la biomasa vegetal, la calidad, la productividad y la resistencia a tensiones ambientales. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto foliar de MeJA y SA sobre la calidad y la producción de frutos de cultivares de tomate en condiciones de invernadero. Materiales y métodos. La prueba se llevó a cabo en la Universidad de Diyala, Irak, del 1 de diciembre de 2022 al 5 de junio de 2023. Se evaluaron aplicaciones foliares de 0 mg/L, 200 mg/L de SA y 200 mg/L de MeJA para determinar los efectos sobre calidad de fruto y la producción cultivares de tomate cherry de crecimiento vegetativo indeterminado: LA4013, LA353, LA2921, LA3899 e IQ2, con un diseño de bloques completos al azar y tres repeticiones por tratamiento. Resultados. El cultivar IQ2 produjo la fruta más pesada (82,13 g), el mayor rendimiento por planta (4,56 kg/planta), el mayor rendimiento total (4,56 t/invernadero) y la mayor acidez titulable (0,62 %). El cultivar LA4013 presentó el mayor número de frutos (612,88 frutos/planta) y el mayor contenido de sólidos solubles totales (2,933 %). La aplicación foliar de SA a 200 mg/L resultó en el índice de clorofila más alto (36,68 SPAD), el mayor número de frutos (373,73 frutos/planta), el mayor rendimiento por planta (3,15 kg/planta) y el mayor rendimiento total (3,93 t/invernadero). Conclusión. Al considerar todas las variables en conjunto, los mejores genotipos fueron IQ2 y LA4013, los cuales resultaron superiores a los demás genotipos en los ensayos de calidad y rendimiento. La aplicación foliar de SA a 200 mg/L mejoró el rendimiento y la calidad de los tomates cherry en condiciones de invernadero.

Abstract Introduction. Arable regions often lack sufficient soil nutrients, which means that fertilizers must be used. However, using fertilizers excessively can harm the environment, human health and food safety. Natural growth regulators derived from plants are environmentally friendly and reasonably priced. The phytohormones methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) are crucial for enhancing plant biomass, quality, productivity and resistance to environmental stresses. Objective. To evaluate the foliar effect of MeJA and SA on fruit quality and production of colorful tomato cultivars under greenhouse conditions. Materials and methods. The trial was conducted at the University of Diyala, Iraq, from December 1, 2022, to June 5, 2023. Foliar applications of 0 mg/L, 200 mg/L SA and 200 mg/L MeJA were evaluated to determine their effects on fruit quality and production of colorful indeterminate cherry tomato cultivars: LA4013, LA353, LA2921, LA3899 and IQ2. A randomized complete block design was used, with each treatment having three replicates. Results. The cultivar IQ2 produced the heaviest fruit (82.13 g), the highest plant yield (4.56 kg/plant), the highest total yield (4.56 t/house) and the highest titratable acidity (0.62 %). The cultivar LA4013 had the highest fruit number (612.88 fruits/plant) and the highest total soluble solids (2.933 %). The foliar application of 200 mg/L SA resulted in the highest chlorophyll index (36.68 SPAD), the highest fruit number (373.73 fruits/plant), the highest plant yield (3.15 kg/plant) and the highest total yield (3.93 t/house). Conclusion. Considering all variables together, the best-performing genotypes were IQ2 and LA4013, which were superior to other genotypes in quality and yield trials. The foliar application of 200 mg/L SA improved both yield and quality of cherry tomatoes under greenhouse conditions.

ABSTRACT Turcicum leaf blight (TLB) is one of the important diseases in corn (Zea mays L.) plants in Indonesia and causes yield losses about 27% to 90%. One of the controls to suppress TLB is using resistant cultivars. This study aims to evaluate the resistance of hybrid corn genotypes to TLB and determine its effect on the epidemic components of the disease. There are four hybrid corn genotypes HCG11, HCG12, HCG13, and HCG14 that were tested with comparison cultivars used are P36, PAC339, NK8103, BISI18, and Anoman. Observation of TLB severity was carried out when plants were 60, 70, 80, and 90 d after plant. The study was prepared using a randomized group design consisting of nine treatments and repeated three times. The observational data were statistically analyzed and continued with least significant different (LSD) test. Analysis of disease progression models in the field was carried out based on goodness of fit tests, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and path analysis. The results showed that only the HCG11 genotype showed a somewhat resistant reaction to TLB disease with disease severity of 33.94%, significantly lower than the comparison cvs. PAC339, BISI18, and Anoman in the 5% LSD test. The epidemic component of the disease also showed that the HCG11 genotype had the lowest AUDPC value and infection rate with the highest protection index against TLB disease. Path analysis showed that relative humidity, temperature, precipitation, and wind speed had a significant effect on the progression of TLB disease.

ABSTRACT Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) exhibits remarkable adaptability to different agroecological conditions, but there are still challenges in introducing it to new environments, especially those in northern latitudes. This study investigates the impact of genotype, season, sowing density (5 and 10 cm between plants), and their interaction on agro-morphological traits of quinoa cultivars (Puno and Titicaca). Seasonal variations, primarily influenced by precipitation, significantly affected all analyzed traits (plant height, number of side branches and flower branches, biomass and grain yield per plant) with the highest values recorded in a favorable season. The season factor had the greatest influence in the variation of grain yield, with a share of 89.7% in the total variation. Grain yield per plant was 31.41 g in the favorable season compared to 14.64 g in the less favorable season. The significance of the Genotype × Season interaction in variation of plant height, number of side branches and biomass production per plant, as well as the significance of the Season × Sowing density interaction in biomass production, highlighted the importance of these factors to optimize cultivation practices and increase quinoa productivity in different environmental conditions. Principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted the interrelationships among agro-morphological traits, where in less favorable environments grain yield was most closely related to biomass, number of side branches and number of flower branches. Lower sowing density (10 cm between plants) may be more favorable for achieving high values across all analyzed traits, particularly increasing the number of flower branches (16.75 at lower density and 14.61 at higher density). The ‘Puno’ genotype stands out with a pronounced adaptability to less favorable environmental conditions, especially at lower sowing density. In contrast, the ‘Titicaca’ genotype stands out for its high biomass production, especially in the second season (74.9 g).

ABSTRACT Early garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivars are an alternative for growing this vegetable in low-altitude semi-arid regions, due to its lower requirement for mild temperatures and photoperiod. However, it is necessary to identify the cultivars that best adapt to these environmental conditions to improve management and maximize their production characteristics. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate early garlic cultivars’ biometric, yield, and quality characteristics under low altitude conditions in the semi-arid region. Two field trials were carried out in a Brazilian semi-arid region to evaluate 14 early-cycle and virus-free garlic cultivars. The climatic variations between the experiments influenced the performance of some cultivars in terms of biometric, yield, and quality characteristics. ‘Inhumas Casca Roxa’ (65.25 and 57.62 cm; 6.49 and 6.48 t in 2022 and 2023, respectively) and ‘Ugarte’ (61.70 and 55.14 cm; 6.34 and 5.62 t in 2022 and 2023, respectively) showed higher height and total yield. Likewise, ‘Inhumas Casca Roxa’ and ‘Ugarte’ stood out for bulb mass (20.00 and 19.61 g respectively), and percentage of bulbs in classes 5 (30.6% and 32.8%, respectively) and 6 (8.3% and 9.2%). These materials also showed good post-harvest quality characteristics, such as high pungency for fresh consumption and/or processing by industry. It is recommended to cultivate ‘Inhumas Casca Roxa’ and ‘Ugarte’ for garlic production in low-altitude semi-arid conditions.

Resumo A cana-de-açúcar ocupa grande escala territorial no mundo e busca constantemente por mecanismos para monitorar os nutrientes no ciclo de produção da cultura, utilizando métodos não destrutivos. O estudo com objetivo estimar o teor de nitrogênio na folha da cana-de-açúcar foi desenvolvido na safra 2021/2022 sobre dois talhões comerciais de sequeiro cultivares (RB867515 = 50,75 ha) e (CVSP7870 = 48,56 ha) na Usina Energética Serranópolis-Goiás, avaliando a eficiência dos índices bioquímicos de vegetação Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR) e Canopy Chlorophyll Content (CCC) processados utilizando modelo de transferência de radiação RTM PROSAIL, comparados aos índices Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) e Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI), processados utilizando modelos matemáticos e razão de bandas. Ambos, baseados em série temporal de dados Sentinel-2 como variáveis de entrada. A validação do Agro-Modelo ocorreu através de análise de tecido foliar coletada em sete avaliações intercaladas durante o período de permanência da cultura no campo. Foi evidenciado a funcionalidade dos quatro índices, destacando o índice bioquímico fAPAR sob a ótica da estatística descritiva (R² = 0,970 e RMSE = 0,46) para o cultivar RB867515 e (R² = 0,940 e RMSE = 0,69) para o cultivar CVSP7870.

Abstract Sugarcane occupies a large territorial scale in the world and is constantly searching for mechanisms to monitor nutrients in the crop production cycle, using non-destructive methods. The study aimed to estimate the nitrogen content in the sugarcane leaf was developed in the 2021/2022 harvest on two commercial fields of dryland cultivars (RB867515 = 50.75 ha) and (CVSP7870 = 48.56 ha) at the Serranópolis-Goiás mill, evaluating the efficiency of the biochemical vegetation indices Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR) and Canopy Chlorophyll Content (CCC) processed using the radiation transfer model RTM PROSAIL, compared to the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI), processed using mathematical band ratio models. Both were based on a time series of Sentinel-2 data as input variables. The validation of the Agro-Model occurred through analysis of leaf tissue collected in seven interspersed evaluations during the period the crop remained in the field. The functionality of the four indexes was evidenced, highlighting the biochemical index fAPAR from the perspective of descriptive statistics (R² = 0.970 and RMSE = 0.46) for the cultivar RB867515 and (R² = 0.940 and RMSE = 0.69) for the cultivar CVSP7870.

RESUMO Os efeitos da restrição hídrica no feijão-caupi podem ser revertidos pelo uso de substâncias elicitoras, tais como o ácido salicílico (AS). Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar o status hídrico, a integridade celular e o crescimento de cultivares de feijão-caupi sob restrição hídrica e pulverização com ácido salicílico em campo. Quatro cultivares de feijão-caupi (BRS Novaera, BRS Tapaihum, BRS Pujante e BRS Pajeu) foram submetidas a duas lâminas de irrigação (restrição hídrica com 50% de reposição da água perdida por evapotranspiração da cultura - ETc e controle com 100% de reposição da ETc) e três concentrações de AS (0, 276 e 552 mg L-1 de AS), combinados em esquema fatorial 4 × 2 × 3, com três repetições, dispostos em delineamento de blocos casualizados. O conteúdo relativo de água na folha (CRA), vazamento de eletrólitos intracelulares (VE), massa da matéria fresca total (MFT) e taxa de crescimento relativo da parte aérea (TCRA) foram avaliados nos estádios fenológicos V7 e R2. A restrição hídrica reduziu CRA, MFT e TCRA e aumentou VE, enquanto a pulverização com 276 mg L-1 de AS reduziu VE e aumentou CRA, MFT e TCRA das cultivares de feijão-caupi sob restrição hídrica, respostas que variam de acordo com a cultivar e estádio fenológico. A cultivar BRS Novaera mostrou-se mais responsiva a aplicação de AS no estádio V7.

ABSTRACT The effects of water restriction on cowpea can be reversed by the use of eliciting substances such as salicylic acid (SA). Thus, the objective was to evaluate the water status, cellular integrity and growth of cowpea cultivars under water restriction and spraying with salicylic acid in the field. Four cowpea cultivars (BRS Novaera, BRS Tapaihum, BRS Pujante and BRS Pajeu) were subjected to two irrigation levels (water restriction with 50% replacement of water lost through crop evapotranspiration - ETc and control with 100% replacement of ETc) and three concentrations of SA (0, 276 and 552 mg L-1 of SA), combined in a 4 × 2 × 3 factorial scheme, with three replicates, arranged in a randomized block design. Relative leaf water content (RWC), intracellular electrolyte leakage (IEL), total fresh mass (TFM) and shoot relative growth rate (SRGR) were evaluated at phenological stages V7 and R2. Water restriction reduced RWC, TFM and SRGR and increased IEL, while spraying with 276 mg L-1 of SA reduced IEL and increased RWC, TFM and SRGR of cowpea cultivars under water restriction, responses that vary according to the cultivar and phenological stage. The cultivar BRS Novaera was more responsive to the application of SA at the V7 stage.

ABSTRACT Delays in soybean harvesting can limit seed viability and vigor. In this study, soybean cultivar seeds’ physiological and sanitary quality was evaluated in response to harvest delay. The experimental design used was completely randomized blocks, arranged in a split-plot scheme, with three replicates. The plots were represented by the cultivation of two soybean cultivars (BMX Bônus IPRO and BMX Olimpo IPRO), while the subplots were represented by three harvest times [0, 7, 14 days after the seed’s full maturity (stage R8)]. The following characteristics of the physiological and sanitary quality of the seeds were measured: water content, plant emergence, total dry matter, germination, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, and seed health. The delay in the soybean harvest affects the seeds’ physiological and sanitary quality. Seeds harvested seven days after full maturity have a higher incidence of Aspergillus flavus and Macrophomina sp. In comparison, seeds harvested 14 days after full maturity have a higher incidence of Phomopsis sp. and Fusarium sp.

ABSTRACT Producing grapes for juice has been gaining prominence in the Northeast region of Brazil with diversification of grape cultivars for juice production over the past decade. The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of different vine training systems and rootstocks on the vigor, yield, and morpho-agronomic traits of ‘BRS Cora’ grapes over six production cycles. The experiment was conducted in Petrolina, PE, Brazil, from 2017 to 2020. A randomized block experimental design was used with four replications in split-split plots in time, with evaluation of the espalier, pergola, and lyre training systems combined with the rootstocks IAC 572 and IAC 766. The variables studied were the following: bud fertility index; yield per plant; number of clusters per plant; weight, width and length of cluster and berry; soluble solids (SS); titratable acidity (TA); and ratio SS/TA. The response of the ‘BRS Cora’ vines were different depending on the training system, rootstock, production cycle, or interaction among them. The bud fertility index varied only as a result of the production cycle. The pergola training system increased yield in relation to espalier and lyre systems, also favoring a larger number and size of clusters. The IAC 766 rootstock increased berry size and TA, whereas IAC 572 favored higher sugar/SS content and SS/TA ratio. The fourth production cycle (harvest on 9 May 2019) led to the best agronomic performance of ‘BRS Cora’ grapevines under the conditions of the Submédio do Vale do São Francisco region.

ABSTRACT Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is cultivated worldwide, with prominence in the Northeast region of Brazil, due to its favorable soil and climate conditions. However, over the years, the genotype × environment (GxE) interaction phenomenon has been occurred, which can complicate the selection process depending on its extent (whether it is a simple or complex interaction). In this context, melon breeding programs aim to identify adaptable and stable genotypes, capable of reaching their maximum potential. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate GxE interactions and identify cultivars with greater adaptability and phenotypic stability using various methods for comparison. Thirteen melon hybrids were assessed in four municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, across two planting dates, totaling eight distinct environments. The experiments were conducted in randomized complete blocks with three replications. The traits evaluated included the number of fruits per plant and total soluble solids. Several adaptability and stability methods were employed and compared including Wricke, Eberhart and Russell, Lin and Binns, Annicchiarico, GGE Biplot, and Resende (harmonic mean of relative performance of genotypic values). Significant GxE interaction for the number of fruits per plant was found to be simple, whereas for soluble solids, it was crossed. The methods of Linn and Binns, Annicchiarico, and Resende showed strong correlations among them and were all correlated with the trait mean. The HA-08 hybrid emerged as the most promising, exhibiting high number of fruits per plant, high soluble solids content, and exceptional adaptability and stability.

ABSTRACT The rootstock Poncirus trifoliata var. monstrosa flying dragon (FD) induces dwarfism to citrus trees. Dwarfism provides several positive aspects: allows dense planting, reduces the pruning frequency, improves productivity efficiency, and makes cultural practices easier. Evaluating the compatibility of the rootstock with different scion varieties is crucial for recommending this rootstock and requires many years of field observations. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the vigor and graft compatibility of Citrus × sinensis L. Osbeck and Citrus × latifolia Tanaka grafted onto FD. The experimental was a randomized block design, with five treatments, four replications, and each plot consisting of one tree. The cultivar Tahiti acid lime IAC-5 and Seleta, Lima, Bahia, and Folha Murcha oranges were the evaluated plants. Biometric measurements of canopy and graft incompatibility were assessed, and viables spacing were estimated. No signs of incompatibility were observed in any graft combination. After 12.5 years, FD induced dwarfism in all evaluated cultivars, but not to Tahiti acid lime. In the edaphoclimatic conditions of North Fluminense, we suggest planting densities of 511, 1,387, 1,486, 792 and 1,644 plants.ha-1 to Tahiti, Seleta, Lima, Bahia, and Folha Murcha oranges trees, respectively, when these are grafted onto the FD.

ABSTRACT Breeding of new cultivars of sugarcane uses several species belonging to the Saccharum complex genus. In this study, a set of 20 genotypes from the Saccharum complex was assessed for their growth promotion during germination using a mixed inoculant containing five selected diazotrophs and their resistance to short heat treatment (52°C / 30 min). The percentage of germination was evaluated, leading to the identification of three response groups. Saccharum officinarum (group I) showed the highest germination percentage, succeeded by Erianthus arundinaceus genotypes (group II) and the other genotypes (group III). The mean germination time (MGT) varied among the genotypes and segregated the growth response into two groups. Saccharum officinarum only required less than 15 days to reach the MGT, whereas the other genera required more than two or three days during the initial growth process. Bacterial counting also differed between the groups, being effective for S. officinarum and other genotypes, improving the colonization of the plants 100–1,000 times higher than the control and heat treatments. Further comparison was made among eight genotypes, including one Saccharum spontaneum(US72-1319), one S. officinarum (IN845), and six E. arundinaceus. This comparison measured biomass accumulation and root parameters. The E. arundinaceus group demonstrated less susceptibility to the heat treatment, resulting in stimulation of the root dry mass of IJ76-381 and root parameters of this genotype, as well as IJ76-364, although not associated to the inoculation treatment. Inoculation applied to US72-1319 and IN845 enhanced only the Shoot/Root ratio.

RESUMO A quinoa é um pseudocereal muito importante devido ao seu conteúdo nutricional, grande adaptabilidade e ampla variabilidade genética. Na Colômbia, os estudos genéticos sobre a quinoa são escassos e não existem variedades certificadas. Em vez disso, crescem no campo misturas varietais que afetam a qualidade dos grãos e, portanto, os processos pós-colheita e de comercialização. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar morfoagronômicamente cinco cultivares de quinoa em condições de campo e casa de vegetação em Tunja-Boyacá, utilizando 21 descritores qualitativos e quantitativos, estimando sua variação com análises descritivas, multivariadas e de agrupamento. Os resultados mostram alta segregação fenotípica entre as cultivares, sendo a produtividade, o diâmetro e o comprimento da panícula as variáveis quantitativas com maior variação tanto no campo quanto na casa de vegetação. A análise multivariada mostrou que 72,54% da variância observada em casa de vegetação e 75,20% no campo foram explicadas pelos dois primeiros componentes, onde altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, densidade e cor da panícula e cor do caule foram variáveis discriminantes. No campo e em casa de vegetação, foram formados três grupos de cultivares de acordo com a produtividade e características morfoagronômicas desejáveis. Finalmente, nas atuais condições ambientais, os materiais de quinoa mais promissores para um programa de melhoramento foram Blanca Subachoque e Tunkahuan.

ABSTRACT Quinoa is a pseudocereal of great importance because of its nutritional content, great adaptability and broad genetic variability. In Colombia, genetic studies on quinoa are scarce, and there are no certified varieties. Rather, varietal mixtures that affect grain quality and, therefore, postharvest and marketing processes grow in the field. The objective of this study was to carry out a morphoagronomic characterization of five quinoa cultivars under field and greenhouse conditions in Tunja-Boyacá using 21 qualitative and quantitative descriptors, estimating their variation with descriptive, multivariate, and cluster analyses. The results show a high phenotypic segregation among cultivars, where yield, diameter, and panicle length were the quantitative variables with greater variation both in the field and in the greenhouse. The multivariate analysis showed that 72.54% of the variance observed in the greenhouse and 75.20% in the field were explained by the first two components, where plant height, stem diameter, panicle density and color, and stem color were discriminating variables. In the field and in the greenhouse, three groups of cultivars were formed according to the yield and desirable morphoagronomic characteristics. Finally, under the present environmental conditions, the more promising quinoa materials for a breeding program were Blanca Subachoque and Tunkahuan.

ABSTRACT Due to the important functions of calcium in plant physiology, supplementation of this nutrient may be a viable strategy to increase the tolerance of plants to salinity. Thus, the objective in this study was to evaluate the gas exchange and growth of broad-leaf arugula cultivars cultivated in coconut fiber subjected to salt stress. Four nutrient solutions [(S1 - standard nutrient solution (electrical conductivity of water - ECw of 0.5 dS m-1; S2 - nutrient solution using saline water with NaCl at 3.5 dS m-1; S3 - S2 enriched with Ca(NO3)2 at 50%; S4 - S2 enriched with Ca(NO3)2 at 100%, obtaining values of 2.3, 5.1, 5.5, and 5.9 dS m-1, for S1, S2, S3, and S4, respectively], and two cultivars of arugula (Donatella and Gigante Folha Larga), arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme, with three replicates, were studied. Plants were harvested 40 days after sowing and evaluated for the following variables: plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, total fresh mass, total dry mass, specific leaf area, leaf succulence, relative chlorophyll index, stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration rate, internal CO2 concentration, instantaneous water use efficiency, and intrinsic carboxylation efficiency. The cultivar Gigante Folha Larga was more tolerant to salinity of nutrient solution. The use of salinized nutrient solution negatively affected arugula growth and physiology, but the extra addition of Ca(NO3)2 reduced the harmful effects of salinity. Extra addition of 50% of Ca(NO3)2 in the nutrient solution is recommended to reduce the effect of salt stress. physiology Thus broadleaf broad stress S1 S [(S electrical 05 0 5 0. m1 m 1 m-1 35 3 3. CaNO32 CaNO Ca NO3 NO Ca(NO3) 50 100 100% 23 2.3 51 5.1 55 5.5 59 9 5. m1, 1, respectively, respectively , respectively] Donatella Larga, Larga) scheme replicates studied variables height leaves area mass succulence index conductance CO rate concentration efficiency m- CaNO3 Ca(NO3 10 2. Ca(NO

RESUMO Devido às importantes funções do cálcio na fisiologia vegetal, a suplementação deste nutriente pode ser uma estratégia viável para aumentar a tolerância das plantas à salinidade. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as trocas gasosas e o crescimento de cultivares de rúcula de folhas largas cultivadas em fibra de coco submetidas ao estresse salino. Quatro soluções nutritivas [(S1-solução nutritiva padrão (condutividade elétrica da água - CEa de 0,5 dS m-1; S2- solução nutritiva utilizando água salina com NaCl a 3,5 dS m-1; S3-S2 enriquecida com Ca(NO3)2 a 50%; S4-S2 enriquecido com Ca(NO3)2 a 100%, obtendo valores de 2,3, 5,1, 5,5 e 5,9 dS m-1, para S1, S2, S3 e S4, respectivamente], e duas cultivares de rúcula. (Donatella e Gigante Folha Larga), dispostas em esquema fatorial 2 × 4, com três repetições, foram estudadas. As plantas foram colhidas 40 dias após a semeadura e avaliadas quanto às seguintes variáveis: altura de planta, número de folhas, área foliar, massa fresca total, massa seca total, área foliar específica, suculência foliar, índice relativo de clorofila, condutância estomática, taxa de assimilação de CO2, taxa de transpiração, concentração interna de CO2 e eficiência instantânea do uso da água e eficiência intrínseca de carboxilação. A cultivar Gigante Folha Larga foi mais tolerante à salinidade da solução nutritiva. O uso de solução nutritiva salinizada afetou negativamente o crescimento e a fisiologia da rúcula, mas a adição extra de Ca(NO3)2 reduziu os efeitos nocivos da salinidade. Recomenda-se adição extra de 50% de Ca(NO3)2 na solução nutritiva para reduzir o efeito do estresse salino. vegetal Assim salino S1solução Ssolução S1 S condutividade 05 0 5 0, m1 m 1 m-1 S2 35 3 3, S3S2 SS S3-S CaNO32 CaNO Ca NO3 NO Ca(NO3) 50 S4S2 S4 S4-S 100 100% 23 2,3 51 5,1 55 5, 59 9 m1, 1, respectivamente, respectivamente , respectivamente] Donatella Larga, Larga) 4 repetições estudadas variáveis planta total específica clorofila estomática CO transpiração carboxilação Recomendase Recomenda se m- S3S CaNO3 Ca(NO3 S4S 10 2, Ca(NO

ABSTRACT: Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) are of particular economic importance in the highlands of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, by virtue of the number of breweries in the region. However, since the cultivars currently available in the country present poor qualitative attributes and low cone productivity, there is considerable demand for improved genotypes. The results of diallel crossing experiments help to increase our understanding of inheritance processes and the mechanisms controlling the transfer of alleles with additive or non-additive action, thereby allowing breeders to explore the benefits of heterosis. The present study evaluated the general and specific combining abilities (GCA and SCA, respectively) of four hop genotypes and to obtain F1 hybrids with agronomic traits superior to those of the parents and the ability to adapt to the environmental conditions in the Santa Catarina highlands. Partial diallel crosses were performed using a randomized complete block design involving 14 treatments, namely two male parents (Cascade and Hallertauer), four female parents (Columbus, Chinook, Cascade and Hallertauer) and eight hybrid combinations, with three repetitions each. The results showed that SCA was the predominant controlling mechanism for the manifestation in hybrids of the traits length of the lateral branch, height of insertion of the first cone, plant green mass and cone productivity. Some parental combinations also exhibited high GCA, indicating the presence of favorable alleles with additive action. The best combination was Hallertauer × Cascade, a finding that highlights the importance of choosing parents from different gene pools (American × European) to obtain genetically enhanced hybrids. ABSTRACT Humulus L. L Brazil region However productivity nonadditive non action heterosis GCA respectively F 1 treatments Hallertauer, , Columbus, Columbus (Columbus Chinook each branch American European

RESUMO: O lúpulo (Humulus lupulus L.) possui grande importância econômica no planalto serrano do estado de Santa Catarina, uma vez que existem inúmeras cervejarias nesta região do Brasil. Como as cultivares disponíveis no país carecem de bons atributos qualitativos e apresentam baixa produtividade de cones, existe grande demanda por genótipos melhorados. Os resultados de experimentos de cruzamento dialélico aumentam a compreensão dos processos de herança e dos mecanismos de controle associados à transferência de alelos com ação aditiva ou não aditiva, permitindo assim que os geneticistas explorem os benefícios da heterose. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar as capacidades de combinação geral e específica (CGC e CEC, respectivamente) de quatro genótipos de lúpulo e obter híbridos F1 com características agronômicas superiores às dos genitores e habilidade para se adaptar às condições ambientais do planalto catarinense. Os cruzamentos dialélicos parciais foram realizados em delineamento de blocos casualizados envolvendo 14 tratamentos, i.e. dois genitores masculinos (Cascade e Hallertauer), quatro genitores femininos (Columbus, Chinook, Cascade e Hallertauer) e oito combinações híbridas, com três repetições cada. Os resultados mostraram que a CEC dos genitores foi o mecanismo de controle predominante para a manifestação nos híbridos das características comprimento do ramo lateral, altura de inserção do primeiro cone, massa verde da planta e produtividade de cones. Algumas combinações entre genitores também manifestaram CGC elevada, indicando a presença de alelos favoráveis com ação aditiva. A melhor combinação foi Hallertauer × Cascade e essa descoberta demonstra a importância da escolha de genitores originários de diferentes grupos genéticos (Americano × Europeu) para obter híbridos geneticamente melhorados. RESUMO Humulus L. L Catarina Brasil cones melhorados heterose respectivamente F catarinense 1 tratamentos ie i i.e Hallertauer, , Columbus, Columbus (Columbus Chinook híbridas cada lateral cone elevada Americano Europeu