ABSTRACT In Colombia, labour law seeks to prevent and punish harassment at work, understood as "persistent and demonstrable" conduct with the purpose of undermining the dignity of the worker. Likewise, criminal law criminalises sexual harassment, understood as the act of using one's superiority for non-consensual sexual purposes. This criminal offence seeks to protect freedom, integrity and sexual training. This article analyses, using a gender perspective, the fragmentation that has occurred so far as a result of this double regulation in scenarios of sexual harassment in the workplace and which the Congress of the Republic seeks to remedy with the issuing of Act 2365, 2024. We present six tensions or points in common between labour and criminal regulations. We conclude the article by proposing three lines of research: (1) on the barriers to access to justice for sexual harassment, (2) to continue feminist dogmatic research and (3) on the forms of control in labour settings.

RESUMEN En Colombia, el derecho laboral busca prevenir y sancionar el acoso laboral, entendido como una conducta "persistente y demostrable" con el propósito de cercenar la dignidad del trabajador. Asimismo, el derecho penal tipifica el acoso sexual, comprendido como el hecho de querer valerse de la superioridad con fines sexuales no consentidos. Este tipo penal busca proteger la libertad, la integridad y la formación sexual. Este artículo analiza, utilizando una perspectiva de género, la fragmentación que se ha presentado hasta ahora a raíz de esta doble regulación en escenarios de acoso sexual laboral y que el Congreso de la República busca subsanar con la expedición de la Ley 2365 de 2024. Presentamos seis tensiones o puntos en común entre las regulaciones laborales y penales. Concluimos el artículo proponiendo tres líneas de investigación: (1) sobre las barreras de acceso a la justicia del acoso sexual, (2) continuar la investigación dogmática feminista y (3) sobre las formas de control en escenarios laborales.

RESUMEN Esta investigación constituye un planteo crítico-reflexivo cuya pretensión es dotar de legitimidad al derecho penal. Sus objetivos se basan principalmente en los aportes que la criminología crítica pueda informar al saber jurídico-penal a fin de que este pueda sustentarse en la dignidad humana, como un saber que propicia el bienestar de la sociedad latinoamericana. Debido a aquello, se utiliza el método polifacético de la crítica criminológica, que permite no solo observar la real operatividad del sistema penal, sino además transformar dicha realidad, deconstruyendo al penalismo latinoamericano. En ese sentido, se emplea la técnica de investigación documental para examinar diversos textos relacionados con la hipótesis propuesta. El objetivo es obtener información que contribuya a promover una potencial ruptura epistemológica en el ámbito de este conocimiento jurídico, especialmente en lo que concierne a sus objetivos fundamentales. Así, se establecen algunos aportes para que el derecho penal deje atrás su pasado de persecución hacia los excluidos, su ínsita selectividad penal, así como su indolencia ante las injusticias que perpetra el Estado a través del poder punitivo, todo lo cual es incompatible con las premisas garantistas, encaminándolo como un saber jurídico digno de llamarse derecho y, por tanto, destinado a perseguir crímenes de sistema o globales que afectan gravemente a nuestras sociedades contemporáneas.

ABSTRACT This research constitutes a critical-reflexive approach whose aim is to provide criminal law with legitimacy. Its objectives are mainly based on the contributions that critical criminology can make to criminal-legal knowledge so that it can be based on human dignity, as a knowledge that favors the welfare of Latin American society. Because of this, the multifaceted method of criminological criticism is used, which allows not only to observe the real operation of the penal system, but also to transform this reality, deconstructing Latin American penalism. In this sense, the documentary research technique is used to approach different texts on the hypothesis raised to generate inputs to promote a possible epistemological rupture of this legal knowledge regarding its purposes. Thus, some contributions are established for criminal law to leave behind its past of persecution of the excluded, its inherent criminal selectivity, as well as its indolence before the injustices perpetrated by the State through the punitive power, all of which is incompatible with the guarantee premises, and to direct it as a legal knowledge worthy of being called Law and, therefore, destined to prosecute system or global crimes that seriously affect our contemporary societies.

The utilisation of online platform Blackboard Learn for Teaching and Learning (T & L) has become an essential and obligatory component of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). This study research aims to examine the difficulties and potential of its implementation at a Historically Disadvantaged Institution (HDI) like University of Limpopo (UL), with a focus on the Bachelor of Arts (BA) programme in Criminology and Psychology (Crim & Psych) as guided by University of Limpopo Faculty of Humanities Multimodal Teaching and Learning Plan (UL FHMTLP). This qualitative study employed an empirical research design, selecting Twelve (12) permanent Academics/Lecturers from the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at UL for interview purposes. The verbatim responses from the interviews were analysed to identify the key themes and sub-themes of the study using the inductive Thematic Content Analysis (TCA) method. This study revealed that there is a lack of utilisation of Blackboard Learn at UL, as well as ineffective adaptation of current strategies and UL FHMTLP implementations. Many Lecturers still depend on contact T & L and the use of Blackboard Learn to connect the operations of this programme is currently unsuccessful. Recommendations consist of regular training and refreshment courses on the application of this technology, such as the Learning Management System (LMS) provided by the Information and Communications Technology [ICT]-electronic-(e)-Learning Unit. This could potentially facilitate collaborations between Natural Sciences (Technology - Blackboard Learn) and Human Sciences (Crim & Psych) to generate new knowledge, while also clearly providing the advantages of technology utilisation for T & L at UL. This kind of innovation could accommodate "economical, educational, technical, and social transformations" to address the mentioned challenges and opportunities, while making contributions to the field of professorship, with a focus on the South African Future Professors Programme (FPP) Phase 2 Cohort 1 2022-2023, utilising Blackboard Learn for T & L in a HDI to outline the existing challenges and possibilities.

Studies offering curriculum framework for institutional internalisation of criminology and forensics studies and Work-Integrated Learning (WIL) within the Criminal Justice System (CJS) are scarce. This article gives a scoping review of these concepts, which are currently presented separately, as they are from distant study fields. As a result, the objective of this article is to establish the current link between criminology and forensic studies to enhance the South African CJS and Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) curriculum frameworks, while integrating theory and practice. This qualitative scoping review was supported by the adapted version of methodology framework by Arksey, Hilary and O'Malley, Lisa of 2005 to search for approximately 9 031 relevant studies from fundamental databases and 139 000 internet sources focusing on South African context and other international countries. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was used for data analysis, coupled with the inductive Thematic Content Analysis (TCA). This article confirmed that combining forensic criminology features could transform the South African CJS and HEIs offerings. For recommendations, the Qualifications Board should expedite the registration of forensic criminology as a profession consisting of professional qualification, guided by ethical and disciplinary rules. Overall, limited prioritisations, slow registration process to a "Scientific Board" and advancement of this discipline negatively affect immediate responses to achieve the WIL. The knowledge, attitudes, skills and values gained during participating in the South African Future Professors Programme (FPP) Phase 2 Cohort 1 2022-2023 offered contributions to the field of professorship thereof.

Abstract This article aims to demonstrate that the use of intersectionality, as an analytical, political and social strategy, is compatible with a critical and radical reading of criminology, considering LGBT issues as a central point of the implications of violence and vulnerability. Intersectionality is used as a strategy for contemporary criminological thinking, given its analytical potential regarding the intersection of power systems and the production of inequalities. The course of reflections, which has LGBTphobic violence as a starting point, begins with a brief exposition of Brazilian data on homotransphobia and its relations with the intersectional perspective. It then justifies the choice of Patricia Hill Collins and her approach to intersectionality as a critical social theory. It advances the analysis of intersectional thinking as a necessary strategy for contemporary criminological criticism, by repositioning reflections on vulnerability, especially regarding LGBT debates. The results of these discussions leave open possibilities for a paradigm shift in Brazilian critical criminological thinking, which has become accustomed to working with social markers of difference in a generic or isolationist bias, a perspective that can be overcome with the intersectional criminology proposed by Hillary Potter. vulnerability inequalities theory criticism debates bias Potter

Resumo O presente artigo tem como objetivo demonstrar que o uso da interseccionalidade, enquanto estratégia analítica, política e social, se compatibiliza com uma leitura crítica e radical da criminologia, considerando as questões LGBT como ponto central das implicações de violência e vulnerabilidade. A interseccionalidade é empregada como estratégia para o pensamento criminológico contemporâneo, diante do seu potencial analítico quanto ao entrecruzamento dos sistemas de poder e a produção de desigualdades. O percurso das reflexões, que tem a violência LGBTfóbica como ponto de partida, inicia com uma breve exposição de dados brasileiros sobre a homotransfobia e suas relações com a perspectiva interseccional. Em seguida, justifica a escolha de Patrícia Hill Collins e sua abordagem da interseccionalidade como teoria crítica social. Avança na análise do pensamento interseccional como estratégia necessária à crítica criminológica contemporânea, ao reposicionar reflexões sobre vulnerabilidade, especialmente quanto aos debates LGBT’s. Os resultados destas discussões deixam em aberto possibilidades de uma mudança paradigmática no pensamento criminológico crítico brasileiro, que se habituou a trabalhar com marcadores sociais da diferença em um viés genérico ou isolacionista, perspectiva que pode ser superada com a criminologia interseccional proposta por Hillary Potter. analítica social vulnerabilidade contemporâneo desigualdades partida seguida contemporânea LGBTs. LGBTs s. s LGBT’s brasileiro isolacionista Potter

Resumo Política do orgulho gay na Argentina surgiu nas décadas de 1960 e 1970 no contexto das tensões entre os discursos médico e criminológico sobre a homossexualidade, que propunham, respectivamente, que a homossexualidade era uma imoralidade que deveria ser punida criminalmente ou uma doença que poderia ser tratada. Conclui-se que diante do aumento da violência policial, as bichas, homossexuais e transexuais se apropriam taticamente do discurso médico, identificando-se como doentes e aliando-se aos médicos em suas tentativas de descriminalizar a inversão sexual. Depois, no contexto do clima de modernização cultural, eles usarão as pretensões de objetividade científica da medicina para exigir a despatologização da homossexualidade, abandonando o discurso da vitimização, narrando suas experiências como alegres e questionando suas bases a partir da categoria do orgulho. Se baseia na análise historiográfica de um extenso corpus de imprensa de massa, material político-organizacional, tratados médicos e documentos em primeira pessoa.

Resumen Los orígenes de la política del orgullo gay en Argentina pueden rastrearse en las décadas de 1960 y 1970. En este periodo, mientras la criminología sostenía que la homosexualidad era un delito que debía ser castigado penalmente, la medicina afirmaba que era una enfermedad a tratar. Frente al aumento de la violencia policial, “maricas”, homosexuales y transexuales se apropiaron tácticamente del discurso médico y se identificaron como enfermos/as en sus intentos por descriminalizar la inversión sexual. Luego, en el marco del clima de modernización cultural, usaron las pretensiones de objetividad científica de la medicina para exigir la despatologización. En ese momento, abandonaron el discurso de la victimización, comenzaron a narrar sus experiencias como gozosas y a interpelar a sus bases desde la categoría del “orgullo”. La investigación se basó en el análisis historiográfico de un extenso corpus de prensa, material político-organizacional, tratados médicos y penitenciarios y documentos en primera persona.

Abstract The emergence of gay pride politics in Argentina takes places in the 1960s and 1970s in the context of the tensions between medical and criminological discourses on homosexuality, which respectively proposed that homosexuality was an immorality that should be criminally punished or an illness that could be treated. The conclusion is that, faced with an increase in police violence, maricas, gay men and transgender people tactically appropriated medical discourses, identifying themselves as sick and allying with medical doctors in their attempts to decriminalize sexual inversion. Then, in the context of the climate of cultural modernization, they would use the pretensions of scientific objectivity of medicine to demand the de-pathologization of homosexuality, abandoning the discourse of victimization, narrating their experiences as joyful, and mobilizing their base through the category of pride. The paper is based on the historiographic analysis of an extensive corpus of mass-circulation press, political organizations' material, medical treatises and first-person documents.

Abstract We present an analysis of the phenomenon of female incarceration in Brazil, placing it as a concrete determination of the capitalist mode of production. We start from the issue of how the categories of gender and race act as structural elements of Brazilian penal control, based on the reading proposed by Angela Davis, in dialogue with authors of Brazilian feminist. For this reason, initially, we will promote initial debates about oppression as structures of social relations in capitalism. Subsequently, it will be necessary to discuss the oppression of gender and race in the Brazilian context, especially considering the overload of reproductive, invisible, and precarious work. Finally, we will analyze the consolidation of Brazilian punitive control as an instrument for the management of disposable bodies and the constant production and reproduction of racism and sexism in Brazilian culture. We will use materialistic analysis as a methodology, with the critical interpellation (ana-dialectical moment of the method) through the critical analytical, theoretical framework of the black feminism theory. With the formulations, we can conclude, in short, that the violent and racist management of the penal system maintains a solid Brazilian social structure, subjecting the bodies of black women to the harder process of vulnerability imposed by punitive state control. Brazil Davis feminist reason initially capitalism Subsequently context reproductive invisible work Finally culture methodology anadialectical ana dialectical method analytical theory formulations conclude short structure

Resumo Apresentamos uma análise do fenômeno do encarceramento feminino no Brasil, situando-o como determinação concreta do modo de produção capitalista. Partimos da problemática a respeito de como as categorias de gênero e raça atuam como elementos estruturantes do controle penal brasileiro, a partir da leitura proposta por Angela Davis, em diálogo com autoras do pensamento feminista brasileiro. Para tanto, buscaremos inicialmente traçar debates acerca das opressões como estruturantes das relações sociais no modo capitalista de produção. Posteriormente, discutiremos as opressões de gênero e raça no contexto brasileiro, em especial considerando a sobrecarga de trabalhos reprodutivos, invisíveis e precários sobre as mulheres. Por fim, analisaremos a consolidação do controle punitivo brasileiro enquanto instrumento de gestão de corpos descartáveis e constante produção e reprodução de racismo e sexismo na cultura brasileira. Utilizaremos como metodologia, a análise materialista, com a interpelação crítica (momento ana-dialético do método) por meio do marco teórico analítico crítico do feminismo negro. Com as formulações apresentadas, poderemos concluir, em síntese, pela gestão violenta e racista do sistema penal de forma a manter sólida a estrutura social brasileira, sujeitando os corpos das mulheres negras ao maior processo de vulnerabilidade imposto pelo controle punitivo estatal. Brasil situandoo situando o Davis tanto Posteriormente reprodutivos fim brasileira metodologia materialista momento anadialético ana dialético método negro apresentadas concluir síntese estatal

Resumen La criminología cultural es una perspectiva que indaga la interrelación entre la experiencia individual, los significados culturales y el poder social presente en los actos de transgresión y desviación social. Desde esta mirada se cuestiona la noción de infractores de ley como sujetos esencialmente desviados y carentes de toda relación con la sociedad abierta, proponiendo la posibilidad de pensar en márgenes culturales difuminados y la compartición extendida de prácticas y comprensiones acerca de la realidad social. Así cobra relevancia la noción de convencionalismo, el cual es observado en comportamientos y miradas congruentes con las normas establecidas. A partir de la mirada de la criminología cultural, este artículo explora la noción de convencionalismo en infractores de ley, para lo cual se presenta como caso de estudio el relato a un joven encarcelado en tiempos de covid-19, recopilado a través de una entrevista semiestructurada, en la cual se abordaron los temas de: identidad, familia y pareja, política y posición social, consumismo, y percepción de futuro desde la mirada convencional, para concluir con una discusión dedicada al control social y la delincuencia. Esta revisión, permite establecer puentes humanizadores con el fenómeno de la "delincuencia común", permitiendo con ello, comprenderlo desde perspectivas diferentes.

Abstract Cultural criminology is an approach that investigates the interplay between individual experience, cultural meanings, and the social power present in transgression and social deviation. From this viewpoint, the idea of offenders as essentially deviant subjects devoid of any affiliation with open society is questioned, proposing the possibility of thinking about blurred cultural boundaries, mainstream practices and shared understandings about social reality. Thus, the notion of conventionalism becomes relevant, which is observed in behaviors and attitudes consistent with established norms. From the point of view of cultural criminology, this article explores the notion of conventionalism in offenders, for which the account of a young man imprisoned during covid-19 is presented as a case study, collected through an semi-structured interview in which the following topics were addressed: identity, family and couple, politics and social position, consumerism, and perception of the future from a conventional perspective, to conclude with a discussion dedicated to social control and crime. This review allows to establish humanizing bridges with the phenomenon of "common crime", thus allowing to understand it from different perspectives.

Abstract: This article aims to present a contemporary theoretical debate, based on an extensive literature review, in the field of social and political psychology on the configuration of prejudice and interspecies domination -speciesism- and between human social groups, as well as its inevitable analytical overlapping. To this end, this text is divided into three sections. The first, as an introduction, presents pioneering research from the fields of psychology and criminology, which from the 1980s onwards began to study the relationship between cruelty to animals and interpersonal violence. In the second, the most relevant theoretical models for the study of speciesism are outlined, based on the Social Domination Theory, together with other relevant analytical categories such as: perpetration-induced traumatic stress, moral stress, and psychic numbing, which allow explaining psychosocial processes underlying speciesist violence. Finally, the masculinization of this type of violence and the mechanisms of genderization behind social domination are exposed.

Resumen: Este artículo busca presentar un debate teórico contemporáneo, a partir de una extensa revisión de literatura especializada, en el campo de la psicología social y política sobre la configuración del prejuicio y la dominación interespecie -especismo- y entre grupos sociales humanos, así como su irreductible imbricación analítica. Para ello, este texto se divide en tres apartados. En el primero, a modo de introducción se presentan investigaciones pioneras desde el campo de la psicología y la criminología, las que a partir de los años ochenta empezaron el estudio de la relación entre la crueldad hacia los animales y la violencia interpersonal. En el segundo, se esbozan los modelos teóricos más relevantes para el estudio del especismo, que toman como base la teoría de la dominación social, junto con otras categorías analíticas relevantes como: estrés traumático inducido por perpetración, estrés moral y adormecimiento psíquico, que permiten explicar procesos psicosociales subyacentes a la violencia especista. Finalmente, se expone la masculinización de este tipo de violencia y los mecanismos de genderización detrás de la dominación social.

Resumo: Este artigo procura apresentar um debate teórico contemporâneo a partir de uma extensa revisão de literatura especializada no campo da psicologia social e política sobre a configuração do preconceito e a dominação interespécie -especismo- e entre grupos sociais humanos, assim como sua irredutível imbricação analítica. Para tanto, este texto divide-se em três partes. Na primeira, a modo de introdução apresentam-se pesquisas pioneiras desde o campo da psicologia e a criminologia, que a partir dos anos oitenta iniciaram o estudo da relação entre a crueldade com os animais e a violência interpessoal. Na segunda, esboçam-se os modelos teóricos mais relevantes para o estudo do especismo, baseados na Teoria da Dominação Social, junto com outras categorias analíticas relevantes como: estrese traumático induzido por perpetração, estrese moral e adormecimento psíquico, que permitem explicar processos psicossociais subjacentes à violência especista. Finalmente, expõe-se a masculinização desse tipo de violência e os mecanismos de genderização por trás da dominação social.

Resumen Este artículo analiza la ejecución de las penas alternativas desde una perspectiva gerencial y criminológica, a partir de criterios de eficiencia y eficacia. Para esto, nos basamos en una investigación documental de procesos judiciales descargados entre 2015 y 2016 que abarcaran las unidades judiciales del estado de Tocantins, Brasil, así como en revisiones sistemáticas de literatura y jurisprudencia. El análisis crítico de los dados sigue supuestos teóricos de los modelos de administración pública gerencial y de la criminología de tercera generación de las interrelaciones sociales, especialmente la teorización de la criminología clínica de la inclusión social. Al final, se pueden extraer pruebas concretas de la ineficiencia y de la ineficacia gerencial y criminológica de la ejecución de penas alternativas. Esto pone en crisis el modelo de responsabilidad penal en medio abierto, dados sus métodos e instrumentos actuales, porque son incapaces de romper con la racionalidad punitiva vigente. eficacia esto 201 Tocantins Brasil jurisprudencia sociales social final abierto actuales vigente 20 2

Abstract This paper analyzes the execution of alternative sentences, under managerial and criminological approaches, based on the criteria of efficiency and efficacy. To do so, we had as a basis documentary research of lawsuits filed between 2015 and 2016 that covered the judicial units of the State of Tocantins, Brazil, as well as systematic reviews of literature and jurisprudence. The critical analysis of the data follows theorical assumptions of models of managerial public administration and third generation criminology of social interrelations, especially the theorization of clinical criminology of social inclusion. In the end, it is possible to extract concrete evidence about the managerial and criminological inefficiency and inefficacy of the execution of alternative sentences. This puts the open-ended criminal accountability model in crisis, due to the use of methods and instruments that are not able to break with the current punitive rationality. sentences approaches efficacy so 201 Tocantins Brazil jurisprudence interrelations inclusion end openended open ended crisis rationality 20 2

Resumo Este artigo analisa a execução das penas alternativas, sob os enfoques gerencial e criminológico, a partir dos critérios da eficiência e da eficácia. Para tanto, baseamo-nos em pesquisa documental de processos judiciais baixados entre os anos de 2015 e 2016 e que abrangiam as unidades judiciárias do estado do Tocantins, bem como em revisões sistemáticas de literatura e de jurisprudência. A análise crítica dos dados segue pressupostos teóricos dos modelos da administração pública gerencial e da criminologia de terceira geração das inter-relações sociais, especialmente a teorização da criminologia clínica de inclusão social. Ao final, podem-se extrair evidências concretas acerca da ineficiência e da ineficácia gerencial e criminológica da execução das penas alternativas. Isso coloca em crise o modelo de responsabilização em meio aberto, diante de seus métodos e instrumentos vigentes, pelo fato de não serem capazes de romper com a atual racionalidade punitiva. alternativas criminológico eficácia tanto baseamonos baseamo nos 201 Tocantins jurisprudência interrelações inter relações sociais social final podemse podem se aberto vigentes punitiva 20 2

Abstract This article discusses militarized racial control, focusing on the subcultural dynamics of meaning that facilitate police action prone to human rights violations. The text uses bibliographical research and employs the triadic methodology of Cultural Criminology and the critical literature of contemporary black intelligentsia to face racist military police action at three levels of analysis: micro, meso, and macro, contemplating the existential and phenomenological foreground of crime, the subcultural dynamics of status negotiation and structures of greater scope, such as the permanence of colonial power aimed at racial domination and control, ontological insecurity in late modernity and the Brazilian racist reality. At the end of the analysis, it was possible to conclude that, through performances staged for themselves and for third parties, military police officers engaged in racist practices of violation of human rights rebuild their image in terms of self-esteem and belonging to the group, so that a process of formation and identification, which in itself violates human rights, contributes decisively to members of the militarized police subculture becoming prone to staging racist practices that violate human rights, through which they acquire a series of subjective rewards that give purpose and meaning to their lives. control violations analysis micro meso macro crime scope reality parties selfesteem self esteem group identification lives

Resumo O presente artigo discute o controle racial militarizado, com foco direcionado para as dinâmicas subculturais de significado que facilitam a atuação policial propensa à violação de direitos humanos. O texto utiliza uma pesquisa bibliográfica e emprega a metodologia triádica da Criminologia Cultural e a literatura crítica da intelectualidade negra contemporânea para enfrentar a atuação policial militar racista em três níveis de análise: micro, meso e macro, contemplando o primeiro plano existencial e fenomenológico do crime, as dinâmicas subculturais de negociação de status e a sua inserção em estruturas de maior escopo, como a permanência do poder colonial que visa o domínio e o controle racial, a insegurança ontológica na modernidade tardia e a realidade racista brasileira. Ao final da análise, foi possível concluir que, mediante performances encenadas para si próprios e para terceiros, os policiais militares engajados em práticas racistas de violação de direitos humanos reconstroem a própria imagem em termos de autoestima e pertencimento ao grupo, de forma que um processo de formação e identificação que em si mesmo é violador de direitos humanos contribui decisivamente para que os integrantes da subcultura policial militar(izada) naturalizem e se tornem propensos a encenar práticas racistas de violação de direitos humanos, por meio das quais eles adquirem uma série de recompensas subjetivas que conferem propósito e significado às suas vidas. militarizado análise micro macro crime escopo brasileira terceiros grupo militarizada izada militar(izada vidas

Abstract The lawfare, understood as the judicial war to satisfy strategic geopolitical and military ends, has begun a tough campaign in Latin America in recent years to annihilate the main political figures of the so-called progressive line. In this work, we will proceed to review the concept and context of lawfare in the region; its relationship with preventive and globalized criminal law; the link between corruption as a justification for the interventionism of lawfare within the framework of media criminology; some exemplary cases of lawfare in the region; and the impact that lawfare has on the democratic system.

Resumen El lawfare, entendido como la guerra judicial para satisfacer fines estratégicos en geopolítica y militar, ha empezado una dura campaña en Latinoamérica en los últimos años para aniquilar a las principales figuras políticas de la denominada línea progresista. En este trabajo se procederá a revisar cual el concepto y contexto del lawfare en la región; su relación con el derecho penal preventivo y globalizado; el vínculo entre la corrupción como justificación del intervencionismo del lawfare en el marco de la criminología mediática; algunos casos ejemplares del lawfare en la región; y, el impacto que tiene el lawfare al sistema democrático.

Abstract Theories of criminality - such as the Systems Theory, the Neutralization Theory, and the Opportunity Theory - are fundamental to understanding, preventing, and combating political corruption. These theories make it possible to analyse the risk factors and opportunities that arise in the political context for the commission of crimes against the public administration. To this end, the aim is to study them in order to strengthen crime prevention measures in the political sphere.

Resumen Las teorías de la criminalidad -como la Teoría sistémica, la Teoría de la neutralización y la Teoría de la oportunidad-, son fundamentales para comprender, prevenir y combatir la corrupción política. Estas teorías permiten analizar los factores de riesgo y las oportunidades que se presentan en el contexto político para la comisión de delitos contra la Administración pública. A tal efecto, el objeto es estudiarlas para fortalecer las medidas de prevención de la criminalidad en la esfera política.

ABSTRACT The modern political unit known as the State is currently experiencing a significant crisis, particularly in Latin America. The purpose of this paper is to revisit the concept of state crisis as presented in Julien Freund's 1982 political science article, “The Crisis of the State”. Specifically, this paper will examine the crisis of rationality, violence, and sovereignty, and use these theoretical approaches to analyze current public issues such as criminality, violence, and insecurity. These issues pose significant challenges for Latin American countries with a history of state fragility. It is important to note that this paper aims to maintain a balanced and objective perspective throughout. The article presents the notion of State crisis, its intervening factors, and its current validity. It is based on a methodology of theoretical and critical analysis of the position of the French sociologist and other authors related to the theory of the State. Additionally, the article discusses the significance of examining the State's deviation from its primary function of ensuring internal concord, order, and external security, which results in a decline in its political power.

RESUMEN El Estado, como unidad política moderna, mantiene una profunda crisis, especialmente en el ámbito hispanoamericano. El presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de realizar una relectura de la noción de crisis estatal a partir de la pieza politológica de Julien Freund del año 1982 (“La crisis del Estado”), en especial, de aquellos elementos más significativos: crisis de racionalidad, de violencia y de soberanía, y desde estas aproximaciones teóricas reflexionar sobre los fenómenos interrelacionados y concebidos como problemas públicos actuales: criminalidad, violencia e inseguridad; desafíos de enorme magnitud para las capacidades de los países hispanoamericanos que poseen una longeva fragilidad estatal. Sobre la base de una metodología de análisis teórico y crítico de la postura del sociólogo francés, así como de otros autores relacionados con la teoría del Estado, se presenta la noción de crisis estatal, los factores intervinientes y su vigencia actual. Además, el artículo teoriza sobre la importancia de estudiar la desviación del Estado de su función primordial, esto es, garantizar la concordia y el orden internos y la seguridad externa, perdiendo su significación y haciendo decaer la expresión máxima de su poder político.

Abstract The article aims to investigate the contemporary model of conflict resolution within the context of Brazilian criminal policy, given the crisis in the penal system and the existence of seemingly contradictory reforms. The analysis is qualitative, within an interdisciplinary dialogue involving law, criminology, sociology, and criminal policy. Therefore, the article contextualizes the retributive perspective of the criminal justice system and the legitimation of penal social control through legal dogma. It then problematizes the empirical failure of the preventive functions of punishment and the normalization of violence within the penal system against marginalized social classes. It concludes that, despite the methodological diversity within the system, the hegemony of the ideology of social defense and the dogma of penal social control hinder significant reforms in the approach to situations marked by social negativity. This contributes to the ongoing expansion of a warlike combat against crime, targeting those deemed as enemies of society, stripped of citizenship. policy qualitative law criminology sociology Therefore classes that negativity crime society citizenship

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo investigar o modelo contemporâneo de resolução de conflitos da política criminal brasileira contemporânea diante da crise do sistema penal e da existência de reformas aparentemente antagônicas. A análise é qualitativa, com base na pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, num diálogo interdisciplinar entre direito, criminologia, sociologia e política criminal. Para tanto, este artigo contextualiza a perspectiva retributiva do sistema de justiça criminal e a legitimação do controle social penal por meio da dogmática jurídica para então problematizar o fracasso empírico das funções preventivas da pena e a naturalização da violência do sistema penal contra as classes sociais marginalizadas. Conclui que, apesar da diversidade metodológica do sistema, a hegemonia da ideologia da defesa social e do dogma do controle social penal dificultam reformas significativas no modelo de enfrentamento de situações dotadas de negatividade social, colaborando para a contínua expansão do combate bélico da criminalidade contra os inimigos da sociedade despidos de cidadania. antagônicas qualitativa documental direito criminologia tanto marginalizadas que cidadania