In this contribution, I attempt to show that Pat Carlen S (2013) argument, that the rehabilitation paradigm in the United Kingdom (UK) is redundant, is similarly applicable to the situation in postapartheid South Africa. My point of departure is therefore a shift of emphasis in attempting to apply theory from the developed world to the Third World. Since local conditions obviously differ from those in the UK, I focus my method, in particular, on a critical criminological evaluation of five aspects unique to the South African experience. This is within the context of Piketty's (2014) thesis that deepening inequality will continue exponentially, unless there is effective intervention (which seems unlikely). I consider this idea of possible paradigm redundancy along five axes which appear to be pertinent in criminal justice in the third decade of the 21st century. These referents are fairness, the presence of the prison-industrial complex, Pat Carlen's notion of the obsolescence of the rehabilitation paradigm, Reiman's Pyrrhic Defeat Theory and, finally, Steven Box's valuable concept of crime mystification. Firstly, I attempt to show by way of three well-known cases in local criminal proceedings (namely that of Zuma, Omotoso and Van der Vyver) that fairness does not necessarily benefit all accused in the same manner, as one would expect. In fact, the evidence seems to suggest the contrary, namely, that it is the rich and powerful who are able to draw most advantageously on this resource. Secondly, I argue that the repurposing of the prison from its historical justification as a centre of prevention and rehabilitation to a business model, is nowhere more visible than in the phenomenon which came to be known as the prison-industrial complex. Thirdly, I suggest, by way of application of Reiman's Pyrrhic defeat theory and Box's notion of the mystification of crime, that the marginalisation of floating populations as criminogenic within this context, serves the useful purpose of diverting the popular attention away from the far more monstrous crimes of the state and their corporate partners. I also aim to explore the impact which the "war on crime" is having on our understanding of the public/ private divide as the 21st century progresses. In order to gauge the existing rehabilitative potential of the Department of Correctional Services'sprograms and policy directives, I provide a critical overview of these, even though this consideration could amount to nothing but forced coercion. Said in another way, irrespective of the efficacy or otherwise of DCS's rehabilitation and resettlement mandate, the question is and remains how sustainable and realistic such efforts at rehabilitation are, if the social and economic conditions on the ground are criminogenic. Before heading into a discussion, I reflect on the probable theoretical perspectives which these five trends in criminal justice might give rise to. After a prolonged discussion, in which I weigh the evidence of a blurred private/public demarcation, as the 21st century wears on, I conclude that this dichotomy is likely to become more complex, as it not only deepens, but also becomes more blurred. The emergence of a third space (exile) is also possible in neoliberal government's punitive management of urban marginality. In conclusion, I suggest that the crime rehabilitiation paradigm in South Africa has, to an extent, become redundant, but, considering the partial success which DCS has achieved with its numerous ongoing rehabilitation programs and the repurposing of the Department's mandate from purely punitive to that of a rehabilitation-driven institution, the implications for possible policy reformulation are multi-factoral. The complete rejection of the rehabilitation paradigm in South Africa, even though certainly comprehensible, is not recommended. The question that remains, however, is to what extent rehabilitation and resettlement programs can be defended in view of the wider social and economic conditions which militate against sustainable rehabilitation in principle, and are in fact, criminogenic.

In hierdie bydrae word gepoog om aan te toon dat Carlen (2013) se standpunt dat die rehabilitasieparadigma in Brittanje uitgediend is, eweneens op postapartheid Suid-Afrika van toepassing is. Aangesien omstandighede hier ter plaatse egter uiteraard verskil van dié in die Verenigde Koninkryk, spits ek my metodiek in besonder toe op 'n krities-kriminologiese oorweging van vyf unieke aspekte van die Suid-Afrikaanse ervaring. My vertrekpunt is dus 'n klemverskuiwing. Eerstens poog ek om aan die hand van drie welbekende gevalle in plaaslike strafregverrigtinge (naamlik Zuma, Omotoso en Van der Vyver) aan te toon dat billikheid nie noodwendig alle beskuldigdes tot dieselfde mate begunstig nie, maar hoofsaaklik tot wesenlike voordeel van welgesteldes en gesaghebbendes dien. Tweedens wys ek daarop dat die gebruiksverandering van die gevangenis na 'n besigheidsmodel, nêrens in groter mate sigbaar is as by die verskynsel wat bekend staan as die gevangenis-industriële kompleks nie. Derdens betoog ek, aan die hand van Reiman se pyrrhusnederlaagteorie en Box se gedagte van die versluiering van misdaad, dat die verguising van die uitgeslotenes ("urban marginality") as kriminogenies binne hierdie konteks die nuttige doel dien om aandag van staatsmisdade of dié van die staat se korporatiewe bondgenote af te lei. Teen hierdie agtergrond oorweeg ek die gedeeltelike sukses wat met rehabilitasiebeleid en -praktyke ter plaatse behaal is. Laastens kom ek tot die gevolgtrekking dat die rehabilitasieparadigma wel tot 'n mate in Suid-Afrika uitgediend is, die implikasies vir nuwe beleidsformulering veelvlakkig is en word die algehele verwerping van hierdie paradigma in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks nie aanbeveel nie.

Resumen: El presente artículo forma parte de la investigación doctoral titulada Estudio de Pertinencia de los Programas de Formación y Ejercicio Profesional de los Criminólogos en Nuevo León, desarrollada en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, con el financiamiento del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) en México. En este artículo se resalta la importancia de la investigación científica en las áreas de la criminología y criminalística y se apuntan cuatro áreas pendientes de desarrollo: epistemología y metodología; filosofía criminológica; investigación científica; y enseñanza. En México, el organismo encargado de la rectoría de la actividad científica y tecnológica es el CONACYT, del cual aquí se presentan varias áreas en las que se vincula con la criminología y la investigación científica. También se muestra el proceso de involucramiento en la formación en ciencias y metodología para incorporarse en el ejercicio de investigación y desarrollo de conocimiento, mediante los estudios de posgrados de calidad. Finalmente, se listan a los criminólogos que en México son distinguidos por el gobierno nacional como investigadores.

Abstract: This article is part of the doctoral research entitled Estudio de Pertinencia de los Programas de Formación y Ejercicio Profesional de los Criminólogos en Nuevo León, developed at the Facultad de Filosofía y Letras of the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, with funding from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) in Mexico. This article highlights the importance of scientific research in the areas of criminology and criminalistics and points out four pending areas of development: epistemology and methodology; criminological philosophy; scientific research; and teaching. In Mexico, the organization in charge of guiding scientific and technological activity is CONACYT, of which several areas in which it is linked to criminology and scientific research are presented here. It also shows the process of involvement in the training in science and methodology to be incorporated into the exercise of research and development of knowledge, through quality postgraduate studies. Finally, criminologists in Mexico who are distinguished by the national government as researchers are listed.

Resumo: Este artigo é parte da pesquisa de doutorado intitulada Estudio de Pertinencia de los Programas de Formación y Ejercicio Profesional de los Criminólogos en Nuevo León, realizada na Facultad de Filosofía y Letras da Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, com financiamento do Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) no México. Neste artigo se destaca a importância da pesquisa científica nas áreas de criminologia e criminalística e se sinaliza quatro áreas pendentes de desenvolvimento: epistemologia e metodologia; filosofia criminológica; pesquisa científica; e ensino. No México, o órgão encarregado de orientar a atividade científica e tecnológica é o CONACYT, do qual são apresentadas aqui várias áreas com as quais está vinculado à criminologia e à pesquisa científica. Mostra-se também o processo de envolvimento na formação em ciência e metodologia para incorporar-se no exercício da pesquisa e desenvolvimento do conhecimento por meio de estudos de pós-graduação de qualidade. Finalmente, são listados os criminologistas que no México são distinguidos pelo governo nacional como pesquisadores.

Abstract This paper presents, based on specialized literature, some of the central concepts for the debate on political radicalization processes, offering an overview of the evidence found in systematic reviews on risk factors for this phenomenon. The objective of the work is to systematize knowledge that should be considered for the development of a public policy of de-radicalization. The issue is particularly relevant given the ongoing threats to democracy in several countries, including Brazil, notably by the actions of far-right groups. We selected for examination the five systematic reviews published in English by the Google Scholar platform, in the last 10 years, best ranked according to the bibliometric criteria of the Publish or Perish (PoP) software. Despite the methodological differences of the examined reviews and the presence of risk factors already identified by contemporary criminological studies, the studies also found risk factors specific to radicalization processes, such as the feeling of injustice that can translate real or imagined situations, activism, the perception of superiority of the group and the perceived distance in relation to other people, which brings up to date the need to build a Latin American research agenda on the topic.

Resumo O artigo apresenta, com base na literatura especializada, alguns dos conceitos centrais para o debate sobre processos de radicalização política, oferecendo uma visão global a respeito das evidências encontradas em revisões sistemáticas sobre fatores de risco para o fenômeno. O objetivo do trabalho é o de sistematizar conhecimentos que devam ser considerados para o desenvolvimento de uma política pública de desradicadicalização. O tema apresenta especial relevância tendo em conta as ameaças à democracia em curso em vários países, incluindo o Brasil, notadamente pela ação de grupos de extrema direita. Selecionamos para exame as cinco revisões sistemáticas publicadas em inglês pela plataforma Google Scholar, nos últimos dez anos, melhor ranqueadas segundo os critérios bibliométricos do software Publish or Perish (PoP). Em que pese as diferenças metodológicas das revisões examinadas e a presença de fatores de risco já identificados pelos estudos criminológicos contemporâneos, os estudos também encontraram fatores de risco específicos aos processos de radicalização, como o sentimento de injustiça, que podem traduzir situações reais ou imaginárias, o ativismo, a percepção de superioridade do grupo e a distância percebida em relação a outras pessoas, o que atualiza a necessidade da construção de uma agenda de pesquisas latino-americanas sobre o tema.

Resumen Este trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar un análisis exploratorio sobre las actividades de los equipos profesionales abocados al tratamiento penitenciario en la ciudad de Santa Fe durante el 2019. Para ello, se ocupa de las tareas de los Equipos de Acompañamiento para la Reintegración Social (EARS) de la cárcel de varones, y del Organismo Técnico Criminológico provincial (OTC). Durante la investigación nos interesamos por recomponer los elementos que se relacionaban a un contexto de cambios que tenía a estos equipos en el centro de la disputa. Nuestra premisa asume que la constitución de los EARS en las cárceles de Santa Fe, tuvieron como propósito correrse de la tensión existente entre un “paradigma correccionalista” y el modelo de “cárcel depósito” a partir de una reforma en las políticas penitenciarias llevada a cabo entre 2008-2011. Sin embargo, el proceso de declinación de la reforma, los sucesivos cambios institucionales, así como el propio giro hacia políticas de tendencias punitivas, supuso adaptaciones, resistencias y/o tensiones en las funciones de los equipos que son el centro de interés de este trabajo. Se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo, donde se emplearon distintas técnicas de investigación: por un lado, un análisis de contenido de normas y documentos de política pública y por otro entrevistas en profundidad a las integrantes de los equipos referidos. En este escrito describimos el escenario con el que nos encontramos en la investigación, las tensiones subyacentes y las tareas y sentidos de las prácticas profesionales en la cárcel de varones de la ciudad de Santa Fe.

Abstract This project has the aim of exposing an exploratory analysis about the different activities that the professionals dedicated to the prison treatment in Santa Fe City developed during 2019. For it, focuses on the tasks of the Accompaniment Teams for Social Reintegration (EARS - Equipos de Acompañamiento para la Reintegración Social) from the man’s prison, and the Provincial Criminological Technical Agency (OTC - Organismo Técnico Criminológico). During the investigation we were interested in recomposing the elements that were related to a change context which had these teams at the center of the dispute. Our premise assumes that the constitution of the EARS in the prisons of Santa Fe had as a purpose, the intention to move out of the existing tension between a «correctionalist paradigm» and the model of «deposit-prison» from a reform in prison policies carried out between 2008-2011. However, the process of decline of the reform, the successive institutional changes, as well as the turn towards policies of punitive tendencies, implied adaptations, resistances and/or tensions in the functions of the teams which are the center of interest of this project. A qualitative focus was used, where different investigation techniques were utilized: On one hand a content analysis of norms and public policy documents and on the other hand in-depth interviews with the members of the referred teams. In this writing we described the scene which found in the investigation, the underlying tensions, tasks and Senses of professional practices in the men's prison of the city of Santa Fe.

Abstract The author analyzes the reality of the criminal matter and exposes his certainty that there is a relational process in the genesis of criminality caused by the effect of the structures and the functioning of economic power in human interaction, which stimulates personal factors for acting negatively; a situation that is not handled by the absent State and dwarfed by neoliberalism which hampers both - individual and society - from seeing the criminal matter through scientific knowledge and building an effective criminological policy assuming, on the contrary, a purely repressive penal policy, that constitutes a comprehensive security criminal policy, of confrontation, not of convergence and cooperation.

Resumen El autor analiza la realidad de la cuestión criminal y expone su convencimiento de que hay un proceso relacional en la génesis de la criminalidad causado por el efecto de las estructuras y el funcionamiento del poder económico en la interacción humana, que estimula los factores personales para accionar negativamente; situación que no encara el Estado ausente y empequeñecido por el neoliberal ismo, lo que impide a ambos -individuo y sociedad- ver la cuestión criminal a través del conocimiento científico y construir una política criminológica eficaz, asumiendo por el contrario una política penal, puramente represiva, que constituye una criminal política de seguridad integral, de enfrenta miento, no de encuentro y cooperación.

This exploratory project deals with a topic not common in the subject literature, namely an attempt to break with the traditional approach to the management of crime, which is seen as protracted (Galtung) or deep-rooted (Burton) social conflict. The traditional approach to the phenomenon of crime is to fight violence with violence, which can be described with the well-known military metaphor of waging a trench war against crime. By blending one of the branches of critical criminology, known as peacemaking criminology (the seminal work of Quinney and Pepinsky, in particular), with the broader movement of peace-building in conflict transformation, I argue that fighting violence by peaceful means instead is arguably a worthwhile effort, even though it would require a considerable paradigm shift. The alternative - attempting to combat crime with violence - has failed repeatedly. In this contribution, the question is raised whether or not the prison service as a public institution in South Africa is capable of being transformed from an institution propagating negative peace (in the form of the absence of crime) into one advocating positive peace (in the sense of achieving peace by peaceful means). The idea of positive, as opposed to negative, peace is especially Galtung 's. I contend that South Africa's relatively conservative climate makes the suggestion of de-incarceration unlikely to fall on sympathetic ears, even though the case for decriminalising petty crime (with its unmistakable colonial roots) and alternative models to imprisonment is a compelling one. The South African view is conditioned by issues such as the politicisation of crime, the corruption of our understanding of crime by phenomena such as the prison-industrial complex (PIC) and the profit motive embedded in crime management as it has come to shape the PIC. The endless recycling of ex-offenders in our stigmatising shaming culture is an important, though certainly not exclusive, driver of South Africa's alarmingly high rates of incarceration and recidivism. I argue that the idea of open prisons (as found in some European countries, in particular Finland, and in countries such as Zimbabwe and the Seychelles), may well take root, but that the further-reaching objective of prison abolition should be postponed indefinitely. I am sceptical, along with academic authors from both the East and the West, about the possibility of academic knowledge - even if it is supported by evidence - influencing public policy formulation in the field of crime management. My argument is built around Eugene McLaughlin's contention that mainstream conventional criminology is complicit in the state's uncritical fusing of its electoral mandate with the agenda of Big Business, which causes far more injury and death than so-called conventional crime; and that the influence of academic criminological discourse on the formulation of public policy on crime control and management has waned, while vested interests in criminal justice and the privatisation of the "crime control industry" have in fact filled the gap. Add to these disturbing trends the view of both Colin Leys and Colin Crouch that while government embraces neo-liberal interests, it pays mere lip service to the academic recommendations of experts in the field. My research design, conceptual and theoretical framework, and research question and objectives are meant to stimulate debate along the lines suggested. Central to these proposals is the idea that the transformation of the prison system in South Africa would be feasible only if ex-offenders'basic human needs are realised. It is worth noting that Burton has contributed substantially to the theory that realising basic human needs would prevent prolonged social conflict. Against the background of Pat Carlen's warning that the rehabilitation paradigm has become redundant because of political reluctance to effect fundamental change, concerns over the widening of the so-called "carceral spread" (Foucault) are highlighted in the context of the broad prison transformation discourse in South Africa. I justify my scepticism about the possibility of public policy formulation being influenced in any meaningful way by an academic discourse such as this, but nonetheless offer seven recommendations in this regard. The recommendations range from urgently addressing the worst features of this country's harshly stigmatising shaming culture - which leads to the endless recycling of those who are subject to that culture and form a very marginalised group - to arguing in favour of criminalising the stigmatisation of ex-offenders by having it declared hate speech and an offence that carries both civil and criminal sanctions. I conclude the article by expressing the hope that this exploratory approach to a decidedly novel view of conflict management and crime transformation would stimulate debate and new thinking about the notion of addressing the issue of crime by peaceful means rather than the outmoded methods and repeated failures of attempting to fight violence with violence.

Tradisionele benaderings in hoofstroomkriminologie formuleer misdaadbekamping as 'n voortdurende of voortslepende konflik waarin geweld as 't ware met geweld beveg moet word. In teenstelling hiermee word nuwer rigtings in kritiese kriminologie in hierdie artikel verken en onderskryf - benaderings wat positiewe vrede beskou as 'n effektiewe en blywende(r) "antwoord", selfs al is dit net ten dele, op die probleem van misdaad. Die ietwat onkonvensio-nele benadering in rigtings wat krities teenoor hoofstroomkriminologie staan, in die besonder die vertakking bekend as "vredemakende kriminologie" (Quinney en Pepinsky se bydrae), word in samehang met belangrike werk in die breër konfliktransformasiebeweging beskou. Op grond daarvan word betoog dat vrede wat op vreedsame wyse bewerkstellig word, groter voordeel inhou as die mislukte pogings tot dusver om geweld met geweld te (probeer) beveg. Dit verg egter 'n paradigmaverskuiwing. In hierdie bydrae word daar spesifiek gevra na die wenslikheid daarvan om die Suid-Afrikaanse gevangeniswese te transformeer van 'n openbare instelling wat negatiewe vrede (in die vorm van die afwesigheid van misdaad) verskans, tot 'n instelling wat positiewe vrede as 'n waardestelsel onderskryf. Hierdie waardevolle gedagte staan sentraal by Galtung. Daar word veral aan die hand gedoen dat die bekendstelling van oop gevangenisse (soos in Zimbabwe, Mosambiek en die Seychelle) en ander modelle wat in Suid-Afrika ondersoek word, 'n goeie tussentydse maatreël is. Wat sentraal staan in my redenasie rakende die trans-formasie van die gevangeniswese in Suid-Afrika, is dat so 'n voorstel slegs haalbaar is indien daar aan (vrygelate) gevangenes se basiese menslike behoeftes (Burton se belangrike bydrae) - werkverskaffing, respek, ens. - voldoen word. Teen die agtergrond van Pat Carlen se waarskuwing dat die rehabilitasieparadigma ontoereikend geword het weens politieke onwilligheid om grondliggende veranderinge aan te bring, word enkele besware oor die gevaar van 'n sogenaamde oorkoepelende "carceral spread" (aldus Foucault), gemik teen alternatiewe vir gevangenisstraf, oorweeg. Hierdie bespreking vind plaas in die konteks van die breër gevangenistransformasiediskoers hier te lande. Hoewel ek skepties staan teenoor die moont-likheid dat akademiese diskoers, soos hierdie bydrae, beleidsoorwegings wesenlik kan beïnvloed, doen ek nietemin aanbevelings in die hoop dat hierdie verkennende studie belangstelling in 'n vreedsame alternatief vir misdaadbekamping sal prikkel.

Resumen El hurto figura entre los comportamientos delictivos que más afectan los bienes particulares y que mayor incidencia tiene en la precepción de inseguridad ciudadana. La política criminal estatal ha resultado ineficaz en su labor de reducir este delito y garantizar la protección de los bienes de sus habitantes, conforme al mandato constitucional y, por el contrario, se observa una tendencia al alza. Esta situación revela la necesidad de establecer las diferentes causas que lo generan y las políticas públicas que se vienen implementando para la garantía del patrimonio económico. Para ello, este estudio analiza desde una perspectiva criminológica el abordaje del tema en el país y su conformidad con las garantías y derechos fundamentales de los infractores. Se concluye que la política criminal en esta materia ha sido principalmente represiva, aunque en los últimos años se observa un incremento en las medidas jurídicas y sociales de carácter preventivo e integral.

Abstract The crime of theft is among the criminal behaviors that most affect private assets and that has the greatest impact on the perception of citizen insecurity. The state criminal policy has been ineffective in its work to reduce this crime and guarantee the protection of the property of its inhabitants, in accordance with the constitutional mandate and, on the contrary, there is an upward trend. This situation reveals the need to establish the different causes that generate it and the public policies that are being implemented to guarantee the economic heritage, a legal asset affected by this criminal behavior. For this, this study analyzes from a criminological perspective the approach given to the subject in the country and its conformity with the fundamental rights and guarantees of the offenders. It is concluded that criminal theft policy has been mainly repressive, although in recent years there has been an increase in preventive and comprehensive legal and social measures.

Resumen La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo indagar sobre el conocimiento, las características y la utilidad de la técnica de perfilación criminológica dentro de una muestra de actores judiciales en Colombia, quienes, por sus funciones profesionales en la investigación criminal, se encontraban en posibilidad de aplicar la técnica. La metodología incluyó la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas a 155 funcionarios pertenecientes a las principales instituciones de administración de justicia colombiana (Fiscalía, Policía Nacional, Defensoría del Pueblo, Instituto Nacional Penitenciario y Carcelario, y miembros de la rama judicial). Entre los resultados se encuentra que los actores judiciales consideran útil la técnica por la noción de cientificidad que tienen sobre ella. Asimismo, aunque se percibe útil, es poco usada debido al desconocimiento general derivado del poco entrenamiento recibido para su ejecución. Estos resultados se discuten frente a la historia reciente del estudio en materia criminológica en el país, la formación de sus profesionales y las brechas entre la investigación académica y su uso en la práctica de investigación criminal. Se concluye que la técnica en el contexto colombiano está aún en desarrollo, actualmente cuenta con algunas guías y protocolos al interior de cada institución y requiere de mayores ejercicios de evaluación de impacto y análisis exhaustivos de su relevancia y cientificidad.

Abstract This research study's objective was to explore the knowledge, characteristics and usefulness of the criminal profiling technique within a sample of judicial actors in Colombia who, due to their professional functions in criminal investigations, could possibly apply the technique. The methodology included performing semi-structured interviews on 155 officials belonging to Colombia's main institutions for the administration of justice (Prosecutor's Office, National Police, Ombudsman's Office, National Penitentiary and Prison Institute, and members of the judicial branch). Among the results, it was observed that judicial actors consider the technique useful due to the scientific notion they have regarding it. Furthermore, although it is perceived as being useful, it is seldom used because of a general lack of knowledge derived from scant training for its execution. These results are discussed in light of the recent criminological study carried out in the country, its professionals' education and the gaps in academic research and its use in criminal investigations. It was concluded that the technique is still being developed in the Colombian context. It currently have some guides and protocols within each institution, and requires more impact assessments and comprehensive analyses regarding its relevance and scientific nature.

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi indagar sobre o conhecimento, as características e a utilidade da técnica de perfil criminológico dentro de uma amostra de atores judiciais na Colômbia que, devido às suas funções profissionais na investigação criminal, são capazes de aplicar a técnica. A metodologia incluiu a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 155 funcionários pertencentes às principais instituições de administração de justiça colombiana (Procuradoria, Polícia Nacional, Defensoria do povo, Instituto Nacional Penitenciário e Carcerário, e membros do poder judiciário). Entre os resultados, encontra-se que os atores judiciais consideram a técnica útil devido à noção de cientificidade que possuem sobre ela. Da mesma forma, embora seja percebida como útil, é pouco utilizada por causa do desconhecimento geral derivado do pouco treinamento recebido para sua execução. Esses resultados são discutidos à luz da história recente do estudo da criminologia no país, da formação de seus profissionais e as brechas entre a pesquisa acadêmica e sua utilização na prática da investigação criminal. Conclui-se que a técnica, no contexto colombiano, ainda está em desenvolvimento. Atualmente possui alguns guias e protocolos dentro de cada instituição e requer maiores exercícios de avaliação de impacto e análise exaustiva de sua relevância e cientificidade.

Resumen El establecimiento penitenciario Ancón II fue designado como "modelo" para reorientar el tratamiento penitenciario basado en técnicas modernas; por ello, recibió internos por tráfico ilícito de drogas de difícil readaptación que llegaron desde el establecimiento penitenciario del Callao. En el diagnóstico criminológico se observó renuencia a participar en las acciones psicológicas, desinterés por actividades laborales o educativas, e inadecuado arreglo personal. La investigación aplicada tuvo como objetivo proporcionar el tratamiento penitenciario. Usó como metodología la técnica de reforzamiento positivo y modelamiento. La población estuvo conformada por 67 internos, quienes decidieron participar voluntariamente en el proyecto. Los resultados muestran que el 91% de los internos alcanzó un cambio conductual significativo durante y después de participar en el proyecto Programa Integral de Tratamiento para Extranjeros en Reclusión (P.I.T.E.R.). Se concluyó que la aplicación de las técnicas conductuales facilita la participación en el tratamiento penitenciario por parte de internos extranjeros de difícil readaptación por tráfico ilícito de drogas.

Abstract The Ancón II detention facility was designated as the "model" for redirecting penitentiary treatment based on modern techniques: for this reason, it received inmates imprisoned due to illegal drug trafficking with Rehabilitation Difficulties from the Callao detention facility. Reluctance to participate in psychological actions, a lack of interest in work or educational activities and inadequate personal grooming were observed in the criminological diagnosis. The objective of the applied research was to provide penitentiary treatment. It used the positive reinforcement and modeling techniques as its methodology. The population was 67 inmates, who voluntarily decided to participate in the project. The results showed that 91% of inmates achieved a significant behavioral change while and after participating in the Comprehensive Treatment for Imprisoned Foreigners Program (P.I.T.E.R.) project. It was concluded that applying behavioral techniques facilitates the participation of foreign inmates imprisoned due to illegal drug trafficking with rehabilitation difficulties in penitentiary treatment.

Resumo A penitenciária Ancón II foi designada como "modelo" para reorientar o tratamento penitenciário com base em técnicas modernas; por isso, recebeu presos por tráfico ilícito de drogas de difícil readaptação que chegaram da penitenciária de Callao. No diagnóstico criminológico observou-se relutância em participar nas ações psicológicas, desinteresse pelas atividades de trabalho ou educacionais e cuidados pessoais inadequados. A pesquisa aplicada teve como objetivo proporcionar o tratamento penitenciário. Usou como metodologia a técnica de reforço positivo e a técnica de modelagem. A população esteve composta por 67 presidiários que decidiram participar voluntariamente do projeto. Os resultados mostram que 91% dos reclusos conseguiram uma mudança comportamental significativa durante e após a participação no projeto Programa Integral de Tratamento para Estrangeiros em Reclusão (P.I.T.E.R.). Concluiuse que a aplicação de técnicas comportamentais facilita a participação em tratamento penitenciário de presidiários estrangeiros de difícil readaptação pelo tráfico ilícito de drogas.

Resumen Colombia se encuentra en proceso de implementación del servicio educativo del Sistema de Responsabilidad para Adolescentes y en este contexto, el presente artículo describe las características académicas de adolescentes con conducta delictiva, determina las relaciones que se presentan entre los factores académicos y analiza cuáles tienen efecto en el fracaso escolar. Para ello se desarrolló un estudio predictivo transversal en el que participaron 248 adolescentes de Bogotá y Cundinamarca, 85.5% chicos y 14.5% chicas, entre los 14 y 20 años (M=16.72, D.E.= 1.128). Los resultados evidencian altos niveles de fracaso académico y relaciones moderadas entre los factores académicos con el fracaso escolar. Las variables académicas que mejor ayudan a predecir el fracaso escolar fueron el bajo desempeño y los déficits en las oportunidades de participación escolar, las recompensas por participación escolar y las habilidades sociales. Las implicaciones de estos hallazgos son un tema de discusión.

Abstract Colombia is implementing the Adolescent Responsibility System educational service. In this context, this article describes the academic characteristics of adolescents with criminal conducts, determines the relationships between academic factors and analyzes which ones affect academic failure. A predictive, cross-sectional study was developed to do so, in which 248 adolescents from Bogotá and Cundinamarca participated. 85.5% were male and 14.5% were female, between 14 and 20 years of age (A=16.72, S.D.= 1,128). The results show high levels of academic failure and moderate relationships between academic factors and academic failure. The academic variables that best helped predict academic failure were low performance, deficiencies in school participation opportunities, rewards for school participation and social skills. These findings' implications was a topic of discussion.

Resumo A Colômbia está em processo de implementação do serviço educativo do Sistema de Responsabilidade para Adolescentes e, neste contexto, este artigo descreve as características académicas de adolescentes com comportamento delinquente, determina as relações entre os fatores académicos e analisa quais tém efeito no fracasso escolar. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo de previsão transversal no qual participaram 248 adolescentes de Bogotá e Cundinamarca, 85,5% meninos e 14,5% meninas, entre 14 e 20 anos (M = 16,72, DP = 1.128). Os resultados mostram altos níveis de fracasso escolar e relações moderadas entre fatores académicos e fracasso escolar. As variáveis académicas que melhor ajudam a prever o fracasso escolar foram o baixo desempenho e os déficits nas oportunidades de participação na escola, recompensas pela participação na escola e habilidades sociais. As implicações destas constatações são matéria de discussão.

Resumen En este artículo se realiza, por una parte, un análisis criminológico de los registros administrativos sobre delitos sexuales en contra de menores de edad en Colombia y, por otra, un ejercicio hermenêutico que tiene por objeto de estudio las formas de criminalización de estos comportamientos, con la finalidad de mostrar cómo la respuesta punitiva del Estado colombiano se corresponde con un derecho penal del enemigo. Así, luego de exponer los retos que persisten en materia de prevención de violencias sexuales y protección a las víctimas menores de edad, se pone en evidencia que el derecho penal en Colombia, en esta materia, se ha construido en torno al concepto de enemigo.

Abstract This article, on one hand, is a criminal analysis of the administrative records on sex crimes against minors in Colombia. On the other hand, it is also a hermeneutical exercise that seeks to study the ways these behaviors are criminalized, in order to show how the Colombian State's punitive response corresponds to criminal law of the enemy. In this way, after presenting the challenges that persist in terms of preventing sexual violence and protecting minors, the fact is demonstrated that criminal law in Colombia on this matter has been developed around the concept of the enemy.

Resumo Este artigo realiza, por um lado, uma análise criminológica dos autos administrativos dos crimes sexuais contra menores na Colômbia e, por outro, um exercício hermenêutico que visa estudar as formas de criminalização dessas condutas. O objetivo ê mostrar como a resposta punitiva do Estado colombiano corresponde a uma lei penal do inimigo. Assim, após expor os desafios que persistem na prevenção da violência sexual e na proteção de crianças vítimas, pode-se evidenciar que o direito penal na Colômbia, nesta matéria, foi construído em torno do conceito de inimigo.

It is considered that in modern society, the exercise of police violence is an inevitable consequence of the function of reproduction of a particular social order and also, in order to fulfill that function, you need to carry out a process of selection of people who come forward as conflicting. This is what frequently in criminal and criminological literature is referred to as a stereotype of criminality, but about which there is little production about its definition. Therefore, first, the process of social differentiation that operates and the characteristics associated with it is analyzed, to then investigate which are the relevant brands in the application of the police conflict stereotype in a specific case, according to the view of the same addressees. The application of stereotype is analyzed from the look of young people from popular sectors organized, grouped in the Collective of Youth for Our Rights, analyzing two different moments (2003-2013 / 2015-2017), in order to investigate changes and continuities in those processes of stereotyping in the city of Córdoba.

Se considera que, en la sociedad moderna, el ejercicio de la violencia policial es una consecuencia inevitable de la función de reproducción de un orden social determinado y que, además, para poder cumplir con esa función, necesita realizar un proceso de selección de personas que se presenten como conflictivas. Esto es lo que frecuentemente en la literatura penal y criminológica se refiere como «estereotipo de criminalidad», pero sobre el que existe poca producción acerca de su definición. Por ello, en primer lugar, se analiza el proceso de diferenciación social que opera y las características asociadas al mismo, para indagar luego cuáles son las marcas relevantes en la aplicación del «estereotipo de conflictividad policial» en un caso concreto, según la perspectiva de los mismos destinatarios. Se analiza la mirada de jóvenes de sectores populares organizados sobre la aplicación del estereotipo, nucleados en el Colectivo de Jóvenes por Nuestros Derechos analizando dos momentos distintos (2003-2013 / 2015-2017), a los fines de indagar sobre los cambios y continuidades en esos procesos de estereotipación en la ciudad de Córdoba.

RESUMEN La presente investigación se orienta a analizar el impacto que la globalización planetaria genera sobre la política criminal y el derecho penal en la denominada sociedad del riesgo. Tal problemática constituye uno de los aspectos que mayor preocupación despierta en la agenda criminológica actual, con motivo de los peligros que estas tendencias suponen para el respeto de los derechos y las garantías fundamentales de los ciudadanos, tradicionalmente interpretados como límites al ius puniendi en el contexto de un Estado de derecho. El análisis teórico que aquí se desarrolla representa una investigación a nivel básico, cuyo principal resultado es la caracterización de la política criminal y del derecho penal de nuestros días, y concluye con la formulación de algunas propuestas que se estiman útiles en el propósito de configurar una política criminal coherente y razonable, las cuales pueden generalizarse a cualquier contexto en el que rija un sistema penal de corte democrático.

ABSTRACT This research aims at examining the impact that globalization has on criminal policy and criminal law in the so-called risk society. Such a problem constitutes one of the greatest concerns on the current criminological agenda due to the dangers these trends pose for the respect of the citizens’ fundamental rights and guarantees, traditionally interpreted as limits to ius puniendi under the rule of law. The theoretical analysis represents basic level research whose main result is the characterization of today’s criminal policy and criminal law. It concludes with some proposals that are deemed useful to shape a coherent and reasonable criminal policy, which can be generalized to any context governed by a democratic criminal system.

RESUMO Esta pesquisa está orientada a analisar o impacto que a globalização planetária gera sobre a política criminal e o direito penal na denominada sociedade do risco. Essa problemática constitui um dos aspectos que mais preocupação desperta na agenda criminalística atual, devido aos perigos que essas tendências supõem para o respeito dos direitos e das garantias fundamentais dos cidadãos, tradicionalmente interpretados como limites ao ius puniendi no contexto de um Estado de direito. A análise teórica desenvolvida representa uma pesquisa de nível básico, cujo principal resultado é a caracterização da política criminal e do direito penal de nossos dias. Concluise com a formulação de algumas propostas que são consideradas úteis no propósito de configurar uma política criminal coerente e razoável, as quais podem ser generalizadas para qualquer contexto em que um sistema penal de corte democrático opere.

Abstract This paper aims to address the necessity to find solutions for forced marriages beyond Criminal Law. To do this, this paper presents the main results of empirical research that has been carried out in order to know in greater detail the criminological reality of this phenomenon; specifically, on the typology of victims and offenders, their nationality, the forms of committing the crime and the reporting mechanisms that victims use. Subsequently, a brief presentation is made of the legal mechanisms that have been adopted by the European States, according to whether these are criminal law, immigration law, or civil law. Finally, some brief conclusions are presented, proposing an alternative to the current criminalising policy, taking into account both the reality of forced marriages and the needs of the victims.

Resumen En el presente trabajo se pretende dar cuenta de la necesidad de buscar soluciones para los casos de matrimonios forzados más allá del Derecho Penal. Para ello, se presentan los principales resultados de las investigaciones empíricas que se han realizado con el fin de conocer con más detalle la realidad criminológica de este fenómeno; en concreto, sobre la tipología de víctimas y ofensores, su nacionalidad, las formas de cometer el delito y los mecanismos de delación que adoptan las víctimas. Posteriormente, se realiza una breve exposición de los mecanismos jurídicos que han sido adoptados por parte de los estados europeos según si estos son enmarcables en el derecho penal, el derecho de extranjería o el derecho civil. Finalmente, se presentan unas breves conclusiones en las que se propone una alternativa a la actual política criminalizadora en la que se pretende tener en cuenta tanto la realidad de los matrimonios forzados como las necesidades de las víctimas.

Resumo O texto explora o conceito da desistência criminal, cada vez mais empregado na literatura criminológica contemporânea, a discutir o tema da estabilidade e da mudança comportamental a partir de novas bases teóricas. O trabalho discute as contribuições de diferentes teorias criminológicas e oferece uma síntese sobre as principais evidências encontradas em estudos longitudinais, destacando a relevância do fator etário para a desistência considerada na hipótese da “reforma de maturação”. A partir da “perspectiva do curso de vida” (Sampson & Laub, 1995), são indicados os chamados “pontos de virada” representados por eventos especiais correlacionados à desistência como o casamento, o nascimento do primeiro filho, a conquista de um emprego formal, entre outros. Com base na experiência internacional, sustenta-se que o fenômeno da desistência pode ser amplamente estimulado com políticas públicas e programas específicos, o que tenderia a produzir impactos positivos quanto à segurança pública. Em sua parte final, esse desafio é situado na realidade brasileira, com a sugestão de caminhos para a prevenção terciária, particularmente no que tange à integração comunitária dos egressos do sistema prisional.

Abstract The text explores the concept of desistance from crime, which has been increasingly used in contemporary criminological literature, debating the subject of stability and behavioural change from new theoretical principles. The work discusses the contributions of different criminological theories and offers an overview on the main evidence found in longitudinal studies, highlighting the relevance of the age factor for the desistance considered by the “maturational reform” hypothesis. The “life-course perspective” (Sampson & Laub, 1995) indicates the so-called “turning points”, represented by special events correlated to desistance, such as marriage, birth of the first child, first formal job experience, amongst others. The international experience sustains that the phenomenon of desistance can be broadly stimulated through public policy and specific programs, which would most likely achieve positive results as to the overall safety of the population. In its final part, this challenge is applied to the Brazilian context, and paths to tertiary prevention, specifically regarding the community integration of former inmates, are suggested.