Resumo Introdução: Existem redes de cooperação internacional compostas por instituições de segurança pública para promoção, prevenção e repressão de crimes transnacionais organizados, as quais precisam de alguns fatores para que funcionem adequadamente. Objetivo: Analisar a percepção de confiabilidade dos adidos da Polícia Federal no compartilhamento de informações com os atores das instituições congêneres internacionais, em apoio às investigações de crimes. Métodos: A pesquisa é caracterizada como descritiva, transversal com abordagem qualitativa. Por amostragem censitária, foram realizadas entrevistas virtuais com adidos da Polícia Federal de 16 países, com apoio de roteiro semiestruturado. Os dados foram transcritos e submetidos à análise de conteúdo, sendo que algumas categorias foram estabelecidas a priori e outras a posteriori. Resultados: A percepção de confiabilidade da contraparte só é realizada quando a informação é classificada como sensível, e é suprimida quando a instituição tem boa reputação. Percebeu-se extrema relevância da presença física do adido, principalmente nas interações com atores confiáveis de instituições cuja reputação é negativa. Constatou-se a variação nos critérios de análise da percepção de confiabilidade adotadas pelos adidos referentes a competência, integridade e benevolência, sendo que a integridade foi o critério priorizado pela moda. Conclusões: A percepção de confiabilidade dos adidos influencia as investigações de crimes, pelo incremento da disposição para compartilhar informações da contraparte e fomento a disponibilidade e qualidade destas. A abordagem qualitativa contribuiu para o aprofundamento da análise de percepção sobre a relação de confiabildiade e compartilhamento de informações, pois permitiu detalhamento e exemplificação de casos que subsidiaram a criação de categorias temáticas.

Abstract Introduction: There are international cooperation networks composed of public security institutions for the promotion, prevention and repression of transnational organized crimes, which need some factors to function properly. Goals: To analyze the perception of reliability of Federal Police attaches in sharing information with actors from similar international institutions, in support of crime investigations. Methods: The research is characterized as descriptive, transversal with a qualitative approach. By census sampling, virtual interviews were conducted with Federal Police attachés from 16 countries, with the support of a semi-structured script. Data were transcribed and submitted to content analysis, with some categories established a priori and others a posteriori. Results: The counterparty's reliability perception is only realized when the information is classified as sensitive, and is suppressed when the institution has a good reputation. The attache's physical presence was extremely important, especially in interactions with reliable actors from institutions whose reputation is negative. There was a variation in the analysis criteria for the perception of reliability adopted by the attachés referring to competence, integrity and benevolence, integrity being the criterion prioritized by the mode. Conclusions: The attachés' perception of reliability influences the investigation of crimes, by increasing the willingness to share counterpart information and promoting its availability and quality. The qualitative approach contributed to the deepening of the perception analysis on the relationship of reliability and information sharing, as it allowed detailing and examples of cases that supported the creation of thematic categories.

BACKGROUND: South Africa has one of the highest incidences of rape globally. Understanding the epidemiological pattern of rape is needed to inform the design of effective intervention programmes for rape prevention and management of alleged rape cases. AIMS: To investigate important epidemiological patterns associated with rape in Kimberly, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. SETTING: The Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe Hospital (RMSH) forensic unit. METHODS: A descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional clinical audit of rape cases. RESULTS: The majority (93.3%) of the alleged rape victims were women, with a mean age (SD) of 21.6 years (11.3); the male population made up 6.7% of the cases, with a mean age (SD) of 10.5 years (6.9). The highest incidence of alleged rape in the male population was seen in the age group ≤ 16 years (81.8%) and for women 17-30 years (50.3%). Most of the incidents occurred at the perpetrators' homes (42.7%); on the days Fridays (14.6%), Saturdays (29.9%) and Sundays (23.2%); at night up to midnight 20:00-23:59 (32.9%) (p = 0.01) and involved threats of violence (55.5%). The majority (56.0%) of the perpetrators were known to the victims. CONCLUSION: Important information about the victims and circumstances in which rape occurs as reported herein can be used to inform the design of effective intervention programmes for sexual crime prevention and management in Kimberly, South Africa. CONTRIBUTION: This study helped to advance knowledge and understanding of the epidemiological pattern associated with rape in Kimberley, Northern Cape Province of South Africa.

Abstract The object of this legal-scientific article is focused on the exposure, updating and analysis of existing problems in the illicit/crime of money laundering/laundering. This fourth approach - in fifth notes - of the sanctioning regime of the legislation that prevents the laundering of advantages, such as money - laundering of advantages such as v.g. capitals -, in Portugal and in the EU, does not escape the previous ones: it is not possible to forget the duty of formation. Still so despised in Portugal-EU, as well as in several countries around the world. It is necessary to continue to add to the prevention of laundering of advantages, such as capital, the criminal offenses and the administrative offenses contained in the Laundering Law. And this is, once again, due to a problem in continental European legislation: its size is increasing more and more as if it were possible to legislate everything. We had already mentioned this in our last publications and we have strengthened it again. It is urgent here, by the way, to make a note to the Resolution of the Council of Ministers nº 69/2022, of 9/8.10 Now implementing the objectives and methodology. As mentioned before, the objectives continue to be renewedly focused on preserving confidence in the “lawful, i.e. fair, origin of certain facts”. This is approached always considering the perspective of a democratic society, as stipulated in the ECHR-European Convention on Human Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. These are essential assumptions that define a Rule of Law, characterized by being democratic, social, free and true. In this environment, without neglecting the protection of “public peace” and the “realization of justice”, the principle of legality that is enshrined in the Constitution, as well as in the Portuguese criminal code, is also taken into account. This principle is reflected in the corresponding section covering the current criminalization in Portugal of the crime of “laundering”. It is worth mentioning that this legislation was modified again a few months ago. Criminalization, therefore, as we have also published in the past, protects a legal asset with several faces. Insistently, the methodology to be followed goes towards a certain maximum dogmatic and doctrinal comparative investigation, based on previous research, investigations and publications (some previous absences are added), legal (also new in the EU and Portugal), but equally, although brevitatis causa, jurisprudence, which we can analyze on the matter, such as, for example, in countries like Portugal and throughout the EU, which is made up of 27 countries.

Resumo O objecto deste artigo jurídico-científico está concentrado na exposição, actualização e análise problemática existente no ilícito/crime de branqueamento/lavagem. Esta quarta abordagem - numas quintas notas - do regime sancionatório da legislação que previne a lavagem de vantagens, como por exemplo, dinheiro - branqueamento de vantagens como v.g. capitais -, em Portugal e na UE, não foge às anteriores: não é possível esquecer o dever de formação. Ainda tão desprezado em Portugal-UE, bem como em diversos países do mundo. É preciso continuar a somar à prevenção do branqueamento de vantagens, como capitais, os ilícitos criminais e os ilícitos contraordenacionais que constam da Lei do Branqueamento. E isto é, mais uma vez, devido a um problema na legislação continental europeia: o seu tamanho está a aumentar cada vez mais como se fosse possível tudo legislar. Já tínhamos referido isso nas nossas últimas publicações e voltamos a fortalecer. Urge aqui, aliás, fazer uma nota à Resolução do Conselho de Ministros nº 69/2022, de 9/85. Concretizando agora os objectivos e a metodologia. Conforme mencionado antes, os objetivos continuam a ser focalizados de forma renovada na preservação da confiança na «origem lícita, i.e. justa, de certos factos». Isso é abordado considerando sempre a perspetiva de uma sociedade democrática, conforme estipulado na CEDH-Convenção Europeia dos Direitos Humanos e na Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos. Estes são pressupostos essenciais que definem um Estado de Direito, caracterizado por ser democrático, social, livre e verdadeiro. Neste ambiente, sem negligenciar a protecção da «paz pública» e da «realização da justiça», também se leva em consideração o princípio da legalidade que está consagrado na Constituição, bem como no código penal português. Esse princípio está reflectido na secção correspondente que abrange a actual criminalização em Portugal do crime de «branqueamento». Vale ressaltar que essa legislação foi de novo modificada há poucos meses6. Criminalização, por conseguinte, como igualmente já publicámos no passado, que tutela um bem jurídico com várias faces. De forma insistente, a metodologia a ser seguida vai em direcção duma certa investigação comparativa máxime dogmática e doutrinal, com base em pesquisas, investigações e publicações anteriores (acrescenta-se algumas ausências anteriores)7, legal (com novidade também na UE e Portugal)8, mas igualmente, ainda que brevitatis causa, jurisprudencial9, que podemos analisar sobre a matéria, como v.g., em países como Portugal e em toda a UE, a qual é constituída por 27 países.

Abstract Aware of the difficulty in representing and verifying the elements that constitute intent, especially regarding the crime of genocide, and amid discussions about the typical adequacy of the conduct of national leaders adopted during the Covid-19 Pandemic, we sought, in the present study, to present an alternative to existing theories for identifying the key elements of the intent to destroy, an essential element of the crime of genocide, according to the wording of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, replicated in the Rome Statute, through a dialectical method that worked on the combination of two theories proposed for the verification and characterization of intent/dollus: the Twice Twofold Structure proposed by Kai Ambos, and the Cognitive Theory of Intent proposed by Ingeborg Puppe and shared by Luís Greco, which takes the concept of will in the attributive-normative sense, in contrast to the psychological-descriptive concept adopted by traditional volitive theories, in order to demonstrate the special intent/dolus specialis required for the verification of willful conduct, the only admissible form of commission of genocide. Therefore, we have proposed a third theory, which consists of a combination of both presented theories, and, through its concepts, we have analyzed the alleged practice of genocide by national leaders regarding public policies to fight the Covid-19 pandemic, especially in the Brazilian state of Amazonas, based on the Final Report submitted by the Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry on the Pandemic, on October 26, 2021, concluding the possibility of genocide commission only against indigenous people, since it was not possible to identify all requisites regarding other alleged victims.

Resumo Cientes da dificuldade em representar e verificar os elementos que configuram o dolo, especialmente quanto ao crime de genocídio, e em meio às discussões acerca da adequação típica das condutas de dirigentes nacionais adotadas durante a Pandemia de Covid-19, buscamos, no presente estudo, apresentar uma alternativa às teorias existentes para identificação dos quesitos que constituem o intent to destroy, elemento essencial do tipo do crime de genocídio, conforme redação da Convenção para Prevenção e Repressão do Crime de Genocídio, replicada no Estatuto de Roma. De forma dialética, por meio da combinação de duas teorias propostas para a verificação e caracterização do dolo: a Twice Twofold Structure proposta por Kai Ambos, e a Teoria Cognitiva do Dolo na linha proposta por Ingeborg Puppe e compartilhada por Luís Greco, que toma o conceito de vontade no sentido atributivo-normativo, em contraste com o conceito psicológico-descritivo adotado pelas tradicionais teorias volitivas do dolo, apresentou-se uma terceira teoria capaz de melhor demonstrar o special intent/dollus specialis/dolo especial, que é requisito à verificação da conduta dolosa, única forma admissível de comissão do crime de genocídio. Na sequência, analisamos a alardeada suposta prática de genocídio por dirigentes nacionais na condução das políticas públicas de combate à pandemia de Covid-19, especialmente no estado do Amazonas, tomando por base o Relatório Final votado pela Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito da Pandemia, em 26 de outubro de 2021, deduzindo pela possível prática de genocídio em face apenas de populações indígenas, já que para os demais casos mostraram-se ausentes diversos requisitos intrínsecos tanto ao conceito de genocídio quanto à teoria ora elaborada.

Abstract Through this work, the investigation focuses on the development of the Costa Rican police institution from the emergence of the State to the establishment of the Civil Guard with the 1949 Political Constitution. Based on the notion of the police as an institution inherent to modernity and the modern State, an exploratory investigation is conducted using a qualitative documentary approach, presenting works that have discussed the historical development of the Costa Rican police from different fields of study. Throughout this research, two aspects are highlighted within these studies: the locality to which the police function and organization were linked through provincial governments, and the syncretism of the police institution with the military, which entailed that its organization, arrangement, and discipline were regulated according to the army and its regulations. It is concluded that the initial development of the police institution was linked to local governments and eventually acquired the character of a national police force until 1949.

Resumen A través de este trabajo se investiga cómo ha sido el desarrollo de la institución policial costarricense desde el surgimiento del Estado hasta el establecimiento de la Guardia Civil, con la Constitución Política de 1949. Partiendo de la noción de la policía como una institución propia de la modernidad y del Estado moderno, se realiza una investigación exploratoria con un enfoque cualitativo de tipo documental en la que se presentan aquellos trabajos que han discutido el desarrollo histórico de la policía costarricense desde diferentes campos de estudio. A lo largo de esta investigación se señalan dos aspectos presentes dentro de estos estudios: la localidad a la que se vinculó la función y organización policial por medio de los gobiernos provinciales, y sobre el sincretismo de la institución policial con la militar, la cual suponía que en su organización, ordenamiento y disciplina se dispusiera según lo establecía el ejército y su reglamento. Se concluye que el desarrollo inicial de la institución policial estuvo vinculado a los gobiernos locales y adquiere finalmente el carácter de una policial nacional hasta 1949.

Résumé À travers de ce travail on étudie comment a été le développement de l’institution policière costaricienne depuis la naissance de l’État jusqu’à l’établissement de la Garde civile avec la Constitution Politique en 1949. En partant de la notion du concept de police comme une institution propre de la modernité, on mène une recherche documentaire et exploratoire sous une approche qualitative, dans laquelle on présente tous ceux travaux qui ont discuté le développement historique de la police costaricienne à partir des différents champs d’étude. Au cours de cette étude on signale deux aspects qui se trouvent dans toutes ces recherches: la localité à laquelle a été liée la fonction et l’organisation de la police au moyen des gouvernements des provinces; et le syncrétisme de l’institution policière avec le militaire ce qui supposait que concernant son organisation, son ordre et sa discipline, on disposait selon ce qui été établi par l’armée et son règlement. En somme, on a conclu que le développement initial de l’institution policière a été lié aux gouvernements locaux et a acquis finalement le caractère de police national jusqu’à 1949.

Resumen El objetivo de la investigación fue generar una estrategia que les permitiera a las aspirantes a patrulleras de la Escuela de Policía Rafael Reyes la obtención de conocimientos y la adopción de buenas prácticas, para evitar afectaciones por un delito informático, específicamente, phishing, vishing, smishing, suplantación o estafa. Lo anterior, orientado al fortalecimiento del servicio de Policía, con el propósito de que, desde el proceso de formación, se busque que las personas estudiantes adquieran las competencias básicas en este campo y se tenga conocimiento del procedimiento a seguir, en caso de ser víctima o de atender a la ciudadanía afectada por este tipo de delitos. Esta investigación empleó un enfoque mixto que combinó elementos cualitativos y cuantitativos. Inicialmente, se realizó a través de una encuesta aplicada a 220 personas estudiantes del técnico profesional en servicio de policía. Se identificaron los delitos informáticos más comunes, que han afectado a la comunidad académica. Adicionalmente, por medio del servicio del CAI Virtual: ciberincidentes, se conocieron cuáles fueron los delitos que más se denunciaron en el país durante el año 2022. Del mismo modo, se consultaron registros estadísticos de las conductas punibles registradas en el Sistema de Información Estadístico Delictivo y Contravencional de la Policía Nacional de Colombia – SIEDCO y se tomaron como referencia las 5 modalidades más denunciadas. Finalmente, se buscó generar competencias en las aspirantes a patrulleras frente a la atención de delitos informáticos, mediante el diseño de una aplicación móvil, en la cual se encuentra la información sobre estos delitos informáticos y las medidas de protección, además de herramientas en línea e indicaciones para realizar una denuncia. Para este caso de estudio, se logró evidenciar que las instituciones educativas, especialmente las de formación policial, la ciberseguridad debe ser una prioridad e incluirse en el plan de estudios temas de prevención y cuidado digital.

Abstract The objective of the research consisted of developing a strategy through which aspiring police officers of the Rafael Reyes Police School could acquire knowledge and adopt practices to prevent cybercrime, specifically, phishing, vishing, smishing, impersonation, and scamming. This strategy aimed to strengthen the police service by ensuring that students acquire basic competencies in this field and are familiar with the procedures to follow in the event of being a victim or assisting affected individuals. The research employed a mixed-method approach, combining qualitative and quantitative elements. Initially, the researchers surveyed 220 students enrolled in the professional police service technician program to identify the most common cybercrimes that have affected the academic community. Additionally, by using the Virtual CAI (Cyber Incidents) service, the investigators identified the most reported crimes in the country during 2022. Moreover, statistical records of criminal activities registered in the Statistical Criminal and Contraventional Information System of the National Police of Colombia (SIEDCO) were also consulted, focusing on the five most frequently reported modalities. Finally, the authors sought to develop competencies in aspiring police officers to address cybercrimes by designing a mobile application that provides information on these felonies, protective measures, online tools, and instructions to file an official complaint. This case study highlighted the need for educational institutions, especially police training institutions, to prioritize cybersecurity and include topics of prevention and digital safety in their curriculum.

RESUMO Este artigo tem como objetivo explorar a gênese das arenas como sendo um espaço de relação interorganizacional que pode promover ou abrir caminho para a consecução de crimes corporativos. Tomando como base o cenário brasileiro de erradicação da escravidão, argumentamos que há a criação de arenas e contra-arenas dinâmicas como espaços para ora evitar e ora promover crimes corporativos enquanto o Estado desempenha o papel de facilitador de tais crimes. Essa discussão afirma que a promoção e a prevenção de crimes corporativos são legitimadas tanto pelo Estado em seu regime de permissão quanto pelos atores que atuam nesse campo por intermédio da formação de arenas. Para mapear os elementos-chave dessas arenas, nossa pesquisa se baseia nas técnicas de shadowing, entrevistas em profundidade e observação de campo. Após formado o corpus de pesquisa, analisamos os fenômenos principalmente por meio de codificação aberta, axial e seletiva, com base na abordagem da Grounded Theory. escravidão contraarenas contra elementoschave elementos chave shadowing aberta seletiva Theory

ABSTRACT This article aims to explore the genesis of arenas as an interorganizational relation space that can promote, or at least cleave, the path for corporate crimes. Based the scenario in which Brazil eradicated slavery, we argue there has been the creation of dynamic arenas and counter-arenas as spaces for avoiding or promoting corporate crimes, while the state has played the role of facilitator in such crimes. This paper asserts that promotion and prevention of corporate crimes are both legitimate actions by the state in its regime of permission, and every single actor who play in this field through arenas. In order to map the key elements of these arenas, our investigation is based on the techniques of shadowing, in-depth interviews, and field observation. After building our data pool, we analysed the phenomena mostly through open, axial, and selective coding, based on the Grounded Theory approach as a mean for categorization. promote cleave slavery counterarenas counter permission shadowing indepth depth interviews observation pool open axial coding categorization

Abstract: It is said that prevention is better than cure. Hence the idea of preventing crime from occurring is the best for public safety. This can only be achieved if the law enforcement agencies have a prior knowledge of where and when a crime will occur. A crime is an act that is criminal under the law. It is detrimental to society to comprehend crime in order to prevent criminal action. In order to prevent and solve crime, data-driven research is beneficial. Bandit crime has been on the rise in Nigeria, thereby causing public disorder. In this study, from the perspective of artificial intelligence, a novel hybrid deep learning model for crime prediction is proposed. Bandits crime datasets are obtained online through news archives which are less expensive. Spatial crime analysis was carried out on the novel bandit crime dataset obtained and prediction were made using the newly proposed DeCXGBoost model. A comparative analysis was performed with respect to precision, recall, f-measure, and accuracy with other crime predictions algorithms and the proposed model outperformed the other algorithms with accuracy of 99.9999%.

In this contribution, I attempt to show that Pat Carlen S (2013) argument, that the rehabilitation paradigm in the United Kingdom (UK) is redundant, is similarly applicable to the situation in postapartheid South Africa. My point of departure is therefore a shift of emphasis in attempting to apply theory from the developed world to the Third World. Since local conditions obviously differ from those in the UK, I focus my method, in particular, on a critical criminological evaluation of five aspects unique to the South African experience. This is within the context of Piketty's (2014) thesis that deepening inequality will continue exponentially, unless there is effective intervention (which seems unlikely). I consider this idea of possible paradigm redundancy along five axes which appear to be pertinent in criminal justice in the third decade of the 21st century. These referents are fairness, the presence of the prison-industrial complex, Pat Carlen's notion of the obsolescence of the rehabilitation paradigm, Reiman's Pyrrhic Defeat Theory and, finally, Steven Box's valuable concept of crime mystification. Firstly, I attempt to show by way of three well-known cases in local criminal proceedings (namely that of Zuma, Omotoso and Van der Vyver) that fairness does not necessarily benefit all accused in the same manner, as one would expect. In fact, the evidence seems to suggest the contrary, namely, that it is the rich and powerful who are able to draw most advantageously on this resource. Secondly, I argue that the repurposing of the prison from its historical justification as a centre of prevention and rehabilitation to a business model, is nowhere more visible than in the phenomenon which came to be known as the prison-industrial complex. Thirdly, I suggest, by way of application of Reiman's Pyrrhic defeat theory and Box's notion of the mystification of crime, that the marginalisation of floating populations as criminogenic within this context, serves the useful purpose of diverting the popular attention away from the far more monstrous crimes of the state and their corporate partners. I also aim to explore the impact which the "war on crime" is having on our understanding of the public/ private divide as the 21st century progresses. In order to gauge the existing rehabilitative potential of the Department of Correctional Services'sprograms and policy directives, I provide a critical overview of these, even though this consideration could amount to nothing but forced coercion. Said in another way, irrespective of the efficacy or otherwise of DCS's rehabilitation and resettlement mandate, the question is and remains how sustainable and realistic such efforts at rehabilitation are, if the social and economic conditions on the ground are criminogenic. Before heading into a discussion, I reflect on the probable theoretical perspectives which these five trends in criminal justice might give rise to. After a prolonged discussion, in which I weigh the evidence of a blurred private/public demarcation, as the 21st century wears on, I conclude that this dichotomy is likely to become more complex, as it not only deepens, but also becomes more blurred. The emergence of a third space (exile) is also possible in neoliberal government's punitive management of urban marginality. In conclusion, I suggest that the crime rehabilitiation paradigm in South Africa has, to an extent, become redundant, but, considering the partial success which DCS has achieved with its numerous ongoing rehabilitation programs and the repurposing of the Department's mandate from purely punitive to that of a rehabilitation-driven institution, the implications for possible policy reformulation are multi-factoral. The complete rejection of the rehabilitation paradigm in South Africa, even though certainly comprehensible, is not recommended. The question that remains, however, is to what extent rehabilitation and resettlement programs can be defended in view of the wider social and economic conditions which militate against sustainable rehabilitation in principle, and are in fact, criminogenic.

In hierdie bydrae word gepoog om aan te toon dat Carlen (2013) se standpunt dat die rehabilitasieparadigma in Brittanje uitgediend is, eweneens op postapartheid Suid-Afrika van toepassing is. Aangesien omstandighede hier ter plaatse egter uiteraard verskil van dié in die Verenigde Koninkryk, spits ek my metodiek in besonder toe op 'n krities-kriminologiese oorweging van vyf unieke aspekte van die Suid-Afrikaanse ervaring. My vertrekpunt is dus 'n klemverskuiwing. Eerstens poog ek om aan die hand van drie welbekende gevalle in plaaslike strafregverrigtinge (naamlik Zuma, Omotoso en Van der Vyver) aan te toon dat billikheid nie noodwendig alle beskuldigdes tot dieselfde mate begunstig nie, maar hoofsaaklik tot wesenlike voordeel van welgesteldes en gesaghebbendes dien. Tweedens wys ek daarop dat die gebruiksverandering van die gevangenis na 'n besigheidsmodel, nêrens in groter mate sigbaar is as by die verskynsel wat bekend staan as die gevangenis-industriële kompleks nie. Derdens betoog ek, aan die hand van Reiman se pyrrhusnederlaagteorie en Box se gedagte van die versluiering van misdaad, dat die verguising van die uitgeslotenes ("urban marginality") as kriminogenies binne hierdie konteks die nuttige doel dien om aandag van staatsmisdade of dié van die staat se korporatiewe bondgenote af te lei. Teen hierdie agtergrond oorweeg ek die gedeeltelike sukses wat met rehabilitasiebeleid en -praktyke ter plaatse behaal is. Laastens kom ek tot die gevolgtrekking dat die rehabilitasieparadigma wel tot 'n mate in Suid-Afrika uitgediend is, die implikasies vir nuwe beleidsformulering veelvlakkig is en word die algehele verwerping van hierdie paradigma in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks nie aanbeveel nie.

Resumen Se analizó la relación entre la vulnerabilidad social de las microempresas en su desempeño económico ante la presencia de delitos en el vecindario en donde radican, para una muestra de 401 establecimientos en Ixtaczoquitlán y Orizaba, Veracruz, México. Se emplearon dos métodos estadísticos: Análisis de Correspondencias Múltiples y el Modelo Logit, se demostró que el grado de escolaridad y la experiencia del dueño de la empresa ayudan a los micronegocios a disminuir su estado social vulnerable ante la influencia de los impactos negativos de la delincuencia en sus estrategias de venta, fortaleciendo sus capacidades de prevención y recuperación del delito.

Abstract The relationship between the social vulnerability of microenterprises and their economic performance in the presence of crime in the neighborhood where they are located, was analyzed for a sample of 401 establishments in Ixtaczoquitlan and Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico. Using two statistical methods: Multiple Correspondence Analysis and the Logit model, we identified that the degree of schooling and the experience of the owner of the company help micro-businesses reduce their vulnerable social status facing the negative impacts of crime in their sales strategies, strengthening their crime prevention and recovery capabilities.

Abstract Foreign trade in conventional arms and dual-use material is an activity regulated and controlled by the State, which is essential to prevent undesired diversions and avoid misuse by the recipient of the arms. For this reason, in view of the potential danger involved in the export of arms, States adopt the system of prior licensing to authorize their export. This paper explores the general problems of arms exports, highlighting the implications of this activity for peace, security and the prevention of serious human rights violations, and then examines the normative limits that supranational legislation has imposed on States, specifically the Arms Trade Treaty of 2 April 2013 and the European Union Common Position 2008/944/CFSP of 8 December 2008 defining common rules governing the control of exports of military technology and equipment. It will also analyze the arms export regime in Spain, the problem of the secrecy of the export file and the implications that this regulation may have for Spanish criminal law, especially for the crime of smuggling or administrative malfeasance of officials. Additionally, the paper raises the need to assess, de lege ferenda, the inclusion of new criminal offenses in the field of ex post control and monitoring once the weapons have arrived at their destination. The avoidance of undesired diversion to criminal groups and the verification of the final use of the weapons are essential duties of the States and the companies of the sector, taking into account the potentially harmful effects of armament on social coexistence and human rights.

Resumen El comercio exterior de armas convencionales y material de doble uso es una actividad regulada y controlada por el Estado, imprescindible para prevenir desvíos indeseados y evitar un uso indebido por parte del destinatario de las armas. Por esta razón, atendiendo a la peligrosidad potencial que comporta la exportación de armamento, los Estados adoptan el sistema de licencia previa para autorizar su exportación. En el presente trabajo se explora la problemática general de la exportación de armas, subrayando las implicaciones que esta actividad comporta para la paz, la seguridad y la prevención de violaciones graves de los derechos humanos, para seguidamente examinar los límites normativos que la legislación supranacional ha impuesto a los Estados, muy en concreto el Tratado de Comercio de Armas, de 2 de abril de 2013, y la Posición Común de la Unión Europea 2008/944/PESC del Consejo, de 8 de diciembre de 2008, por la que se definen las normas comunes que rigen el control de las exportaciones de tecnología y equipos militares. Asimismo, se analizará el régimen de exportación de armas en España, el problema del secreto del expediente de exportación y las implicaciones que esta regulación puede tener para el Derecho Penal español, especialmente para el delito de contrabando o la prevaricación administrativa de funcionarios. Adicionalmente, el trabajo plantea la necesidad de valorar, de lege ferenda, la inclusión de nuevos tipos penales en el ámbito del control y seguimiento ex post una vez las armas han llegado al lugar de destino. La evitación del desvío indeseado hacia grupos criminales y la comprobación del uso final de las armas son deberes irrenunciables de los Estados y de las empresas del sector, teniendo en cuenta el potencial lesivo del armamento en la convivencia social y en los derechos humanos.

Abstract: In recent decades, concerns about crime in Chile have triggered important transformations in the way the problem is governed. The participatory turn, prevention strategies, and the incorporation of different actors in the provision of security have been added to the classic roles of punishment and control that are typical of the criminal justice system. Rather than a change their approach, the analysis of this trajectory reveals processes that show a sinuous appropriation of elements of the risk management approach that were imported from the Anglo-Saxon north and implemented during Chile's neoliberal democracy. This article analyzes, through a qualitative methodology, how in this process, the participatory turn, and the citizen dimension played a key role in this transformation. Our findings show that the rhetorical use of the concept of citizen security was central to these transformations, since its laxity and conceptual imprecision made it possible for the center-left governments to implement elements of the crime prevention approach and to incorporate new actors in the production of security at different levels of public management, creating a new field of action in Chilean criminal justice policy.

Resumen: Durante las últimas décadas, la preocupación por el delito en Chile ha gatillado transformaciones importantes en la forma de gobernar el problema. El giro participativo, las estrategias de prevención y la incorporación de diferentes actores en la provisión de la seguridad se han sumado a las clásicas tareas de castigo y control que son propias del sistema de justicia criminal. Más que un cambio de paradigma, el análisis de esta trayectoria da cuenta de procesos que evidencian una apropiación sinuosa de elementos del enfoque de gestión de riesgos que fueron importados desde el norte anglosajón e implementados durante la democracia neoliberal chilena. Este artículo analiza, mediante una metodología cualitativa, cómo en este proceso, el giro participativo y la dimensión ciudadana tuvieron un rol clave. Junto a ello, la evidencia da cuenta que el uso retórico del concepto de seguridad ciudadana fue central en estas transformaciones en tanto, su laxitud e imprecisión conceptual hizo posible a los gobiernos de centro izquierda implementaran elementos del enfoque preventivo del delito e incorporar nuevos actores en la producción de la seguridad en distintos niveles de la gestión pública, creando un nuevo campo de acción en la política criminal chilena.

Resumen Con el objetivo de estudiar el recurrente uso de la cárcel como un medio de prevención del delito o de cualquier otra conducta humana en sociedad, se realiza una revisión de esta y de sus métodos o técnicas de captación y enclaustramiento de personas a propósito de la prevención o rehabilitación del criminal. Se recurre a una revisión documental de experiencias desarrolladas a nivel regional, que permite entender la intención perseguida y el internamiento penitenciario, así como las evaluaciones existentes. También se revisa documentación estadística y políticas públicas en materia de uso de la cárcel como una instancia de prevención especial del crimen. Es una investigación descriptiva y racionalizadora del uso de la sanción de privación de libertad y del alojamiento de personas en sitios de encierro total. Como hallazgo principal, muy pocos países en de América Latina y el Caribe contemplan en sus planes de trabajo a la población que tiene en sitios de aislamiento, en la atención a sus problemas de socialización y de criminalidad. En Costa Rica, desde hace algunos años se les ha prestado atención a estas personas que, por múltiples circunstancias, terminan siendo habitantes de los denominados espacios carcelarios de «máxima seguridad». A manera de conclusión, la atención profesional y la implementación de un plan de intervención se hace necesario ante el aislamiento o la segregación total. Esta alternativa de atención facilitaría, en el futuro próximo, la integración al medio carcelario compartido y a la sociedad como destino final de estas personas.

Abstract With the aim of studying the recurrent use of prison as a means of preventing crime or any other human behavior in society, a review of this and its methods or techniques of recruitment and confinement of people regarding prevention or rehabilitation of the criminal is carried out. A documentary review of experiences developed at the regional level is used, which allows to understand the intention pursued and the prison internment, as well as the existing evaluations. Statistical documentation and public policies on the use of jail as a special crime prevention instance are also reviewed. It is a descriptive and rationalizing investigation of the use of the sanction of deprivation of liberty and the accommodation of people in places of total confinement. As a main finding, very few countries in Latin America and the Caribbean contemplate in their work plans the population that is in isolation sites, in attention to their socialization and criminality problems. In Costa Rica, for some years attention has been paid to these people who, due to multiple circumstances, end up being inhabitants of the so-called “maximum security'' prison spaces. In conclusion, professional attention and the implementation of an intervention plan are necessary in the face of isolation or total segregation. This care alternative would facilitate, in the near future, the integration into the shared prison environment and into society as the final destination of these people.

Résumé Dans le but d'étudier le récurrent usage de la prison comme moyen de prévention du délit ou de toute d'autre comportement/conduite humain(e) dans la société, on a effectué une révision de la prison et de ses méthodes ou techniques de capture et d'enfermement de personnes en vue de la prévention ou de la réhabilitation du criminel. Pour se faire, on a fait une révision documentaire des expériences développées à niveau régional afin de comprendre l'intention et la détention pénitentiaire ainsi que des évaluations qui existent. On a aussi examiné les statistiques et les politiques publiques au sujet de l'utilisation de la prison comme instance de prévention spéciale du crime. Il s'agit d'une recherche descriptive et qui analyse l'utilisation de la sanction de privation de liberté et de l'isolement carcéral des personnes. Concernant, la principale découverte, on peut dire que très peu des pays d'Amérique et des Caraïbes envisagent dans leurs plans de travail la population en isolement et l'attention à leurs problèmes de socialisation et de criminalité. Au Costa Rica, depuis quelques années le système est en train de faire attention à ces personnes qui, du fait de multiples circonstances se trouvent dans ces espaces dans les prisons désignées « sécurité maximale ». En guise de conclusion, on peut mentionner que l'attention professionnelle et la mise en place d'un plan d'intervention est nécessaire dans l'isolement total. Cette alternative d'attention faciliterait, dans le futur proche, l'intégration de ces personnes à l'espace pénitentiaire partagé et à la société en tant que destination finale.

Abstract Gender violence against women in the province of Manabí, and the rest of Ecuador, is increasingly alarming. Since 2014, when the crime of femicide was incorporated into the Comprehensive Organic Penal Code (COIP), investigations in this area have increased. In Manabí, measuring violence against women before culminating in femicide is also a task of recent academic interest. For this reason, the objective of this study is to contextualize gender violence by focusing on the patriarchal system and the socio-legal conditions administered in Ecuador. Within the framework of the figures collected by the Manabí Gender Observatory (OVIGEMA), this is qualitative research whose main findings are centered on the fact that the main types of violence that are generated in Manabí are: psychological violence, which is the type of violence with the highest registration, followed by physical violence and sexual violence, as well as violence against women is the result of the macho culture and the fragile legal system prevailing at the national level.

Resumen La violencia de género contra las mujeres en la provincia de Manabí, y el resto de Ecuador, es cada vez más alarmante. Desde el 2014 que se incorporó en el Código Orgánico Integral Penal (COIP) el delito de femicidio, han aumentado las investigaciones en esta materia. En Manabí, medir las violencias contra las mujeres antes de culminar en femicidio es, también, una tarea de reciente interés académico. Por este motivo, el objetivo del presente estudio fue contextualizar la violencia de género enfocando como causalidad el sistema patriarcal y las condiciones socio legales administradas en el Ecuador. En el marco de las cifras recolectadas por el Observatorio de violencia de género contra las mujeres y demás identidades sexo genéricas (OVIGEMA)1 , esta investigación es de tipo cualitativa cuyos principales hallazgos se centralizan en que los principales tipos de violencia que se generan en Manabí son: violencia psicológica, que es el tipo de violencia con mayor registro, seguido de la violencia física y la violencia sexual, así como también, se puede indicar que la violencia contra las mujeres es el resultado de la cultura machista y el frágil sistema legal imperante a nivel nacional.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar la satisfacción con la vida y el malestar psicológico con el afrontamiento frente a la percepción de peligro delictual en universitarios. Método: Se utilizaron tres escalas, la escala de satisfacción con la vida, la escala de malestar psicológico k-10, y la escala de afrontamiento frente a la percepción de peligro. Participaron 370 estudiantes universitarios, de los cuales un 65,4% son mujeres y un 13,8% han sufrido un delito en los últimos 2 años. Resultados: Se encontró una relación positiva, con un tamaño del efecto pequeño entre el afrontamiento frente la percepción de peligro, como evitación prudente (r=0,274, (p ≤ 0,00), afrontamiento preventivo (r=0,344, p ≤ 0,00) y evitación extrema (r=0,207, p ≤ 0,00) con malestar psicológico. En víctimas de delitos, estas relaciones se hacen más fuertes. Las mujeres muestran un mayor malestar psicológico, así como también estrategias de afrontamiento frente al peligro más prudentes, preventivas y extremas que los hombres. Por último, se observa una relación negativa y significativa entre malestar psicológico y satisfacción con la vida. Conclusión: Se videncia que independiente de que, si la persona es víctima de un delito en los últimos dos años, la percepción de peligro y las estrategias llevadas a cabo para prevenir el delito de forma prudente e incluso extrema, se relacionan entre sí.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to relate life satisfaction and psychological distress to coping with the perception of criminal danger in university students. Method: Three scales were used: The Life Satisfaction Scale, the K-10 Psychological Distress Scale, and the Coping with Perceived Danger Scale. A total of 370 university students participated, of whom 65.4% were female, and 13.8% had experienced crime in the previous two years. Result: A positive and statistically significant relationship was found between coping with perceived danger, such as cautious avoidance (r=0.274, p ≤ 0.00), preventive coping (r=0.344, p ≤ 0.00), and extreme avoidance (r=0.207, p ≤ 0.00), with psychological distress. These relationships were even stronger for victims of crime. Women show higher levels of psychological distress and more cautious, avoidant and extreme coping strategies in the face of danger compared to men. Finally, a negative and significant relationship was observed between psychological distress and life satisfaction. Conclusion: It appears that regardless of whether a person has been a victim of crime in the last two years, perceptions of danger and strategies of cautious and even extreme crime prevention are related