RESUMEN Dyophthorinae es una subfamilia con varias especies asociadas principalmente al consumo de monocotiledóneas, siendo consideradas en Colombia plaga en cultivos de palmas, musáceas y granos como maíz, trigo, sorgo y arroz. En este documento se presenta un listado de las especies de Dryophthorinae para los departamentos de la costa Caribe colombiana, construido a partir de las visitas a colecciones entomológicas y de la revisión de literatura. Para la región se registraron 11 especies: Cosmopolites sordidus, Dynamis borassi, Mesocordylus striatus, Metamasius hemipterus, M. hebetatus, Polytus mellerborgii, Rhynchophorus palmarum, Rhodobaenus sp., Rhinostomus barbirostris, Sitophilus zeamais y S. oryzae, algunas de las cuales se documentan por primera vez para esta zona. Se discute la importancia de realizar muestreos sistemáticos de este grupo y estudios tendientes a mejorar el conocimiento sobre su distribución y biología, así como su impacto en producciones agrícolas y su potencial como plagas en el país.

ABSTRACT Dryophthorinae is a relatively small weevil subfamily associated mainly with monocots. There are species in Colombia considered pests in the palm and Musaceae crops. In this document, a list of the species of Dryophthoridae for the departments of the Colombian Caribbean coast is presented, based on data from entomological collections and literature review. For the region, 11 species were recorded: Cosmopolites sordidus, Dynamis borassi, Mesocordylus striatus, Metamasius hemipterus, M. hebetatus, Polytus mellerborgii, Rhynchophorus palmarum, Rhodobaenus sp., Rhinostomus barbirostris, Sitophilus zeamais and S. oryzae, some of which are registered for the first time for the area. The importance of systematically sampling this group, and studies leading to improve knowledge about their distribution and biology, as well as its impact on agricultural production and their potential as pests in the country, are discussed.

Resumen Introducción: En Costa Rica el banano es uno de los cultivos más importantes en términos de producción y exportaciones, que requiere la aplicación de agroquímicos para controlar el efecto de plagas como el picudo negro, Cosmopolites sordidus. Debido a los efectos dañinos en la salud humana y ambiental, y la posibilidad de que las plagas presenten resistencia a estas sustancias, es necesario investigar alternativas amigables con el medio ambiente como potenciales controladores biológicos. Los nemátodos entomopatógenos (NEPs) de los géneros Heterorhabditis y Steinernema presentan una relación simbiótica con bacterias de los géneros Photorhabdus y Xenorhabdus respectivamente y este complejo ha sido ampliamente estudiado como controlador biológico debido a su capacidad de eliminar insectos hospederos en horas. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia de nemátodos de los géneros Heterorhabditis y Steinernema en suelos de plantaciones de banano del Caribe costarricense y zonas aledañas y caracterizar su hábitat. Metodología: Se tomaron muestras de suelo en plantaciones y áreas circundantes, a partir de las cuales, se llevó cabo aislamiento de NEPs y análisis químicos, físicos y microbiológicos (pH, acidez, materia orgánica, Ca, K, Mg, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, textura del suelo, biomasa y respiración microbiana). Se encontraron diferencias entre sitios de muestreo, y muestras con presencia y ausencia de NEPs, y se realizó un análisis de componentes principales utilizando las variables con mayor influencia en ambas categorías para encontrar combinaciones de las mismas que explicaran la presencia según condiciones del hábitat. Se efectuó un análisis discriminante para determinar la eficiencia de las variables seleccionadas en el diagnóstico de presencia. Resultados: Se mostró que las variables relacionadas con la presencia de NEPs corresponden a materia orgánica, biomasa microbiana de carbono y respiración microbiana. Se encontró que el 38.4 % de las muestras fueron positivas con respecto a la presencia de los mismos, de las cuales el 95 % corresponde al género Steinernema y el 5 % restante a Heterorhabditis. Según la ecuación discriminante cuadrática, de un 81.2 % de las muestras sin nemátodos, seis deberían pertenecer al grupo con presencia de los mismos; mientras que para aquellas que contenían NEPs, un 55.0 % (nueve de 20) al grupo de ausencia. Conclusiones: No se observaron diferencias estadísticas entre los hábitats de muestreo seleccionados (P = 0.4296), por lo que se determinó que las tres variables mencionadas anteriormente influyen en la presencia de NEPs y valores altos indican condiciones favorables para su persistencia.

Abstract Introduction: In Costa Rica the banana is one of the most important crops in terms of production and exports; the application of pesticides is hence necessary to control the effect of pests on the plantation, such as the Cosmopolites sordidus black weevil. Because of the harmful effects of pesticides on human and environmental health, and the possibility that pests become resistant to these substances, alternatives compatible with the environment, as potential biological controllers, have been investigated to complement the effect of agrochemicals. The entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) of genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema have become a focus of study in the field of biological control because of their symbiotic relation with bacteria of genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, which are a complex capable of eliminating host insects in hours. Objective: The objective was to determine the presence of EPN of genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema in soil samples taken from banana plantations in the Caribbean region of Costa Rica, and to characterize their habitat. } Methods: Sampling points were selected within the plantations and surrounding areas; physicochemical and microbiological analyses were undertaken (pH, acidity, organic matter, Ca, K, Mg, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, texture, biomass and microbial respiration of the soil, EPN isolation). Variables were analyzed statistically to determine differences between them, in sampling sites, and samples with presence and absence of EPN. A principal-component analysis (PCA) was undertaken using the variables of greater influence in both categories to find their combinations that would explain their presence according to habitat conditions. A discriminant analysis was undertaken to determine the efficiency of the variables selected in the diagnosis of nematode occurrence. Results: The variables related to the presence of EPN were shown to correspond to organic matter, carbon biomass and microbial respiration. Of the samples 38.4 % were found to be positive with respect to the presence of EPN, of which 95 % correspond to genus Steinernema and the remaining 5 % to Heterorhabditis. According to the quadratic discriminant equation, from 81.2 % of the samples without nematodes, six belong to the group with their presence, whereas for those with EPN, 55.0 % (nine of 20) belong to the absence group. Conclusions: No statistical difference was found between the selected sampling habitats (P= 0.4296); the three variables mentioned above were thus determined have an influence on the presence of EPN; their large values indicate favorable conditions for their persistence.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro susceptibility of weevil adults (Cosmopolites sordicus Germar) to infective juveniles (IJ) of Heterorhabditis amazonenesis Andaló et al. (Cuban strain HC1). The adults were collected in the field with sandwich and modified disc traps and kept in quarantine in the laboratory until their use in the tests. The insects were inoculated with suspensions of infective juveniles at the dosage of 125, 250, 500, 2500, and 5000 JI.ml-1. Controls without inoculation were included. Mortality was evaluated from 12 hours to 21 days after inoculation. Lethal dose values (LD50, DL90) and lethal times (LT50 and LT90) were determined through Probit Analysis and the percentage of mortality by performing an Variance Analysis. The weevil adults killed by the effect of the nematodes became stiff and hard, maintained coloration and shrank their legs. The LD 50 and LD 90 determined were 1872 and 6061 IJ / ml-1, respectively. The LT values estimated using the concentration of 5000 IJ / ml-1 for the control of 50 and 90 % of a population of C. sordidus were 17 and 28 days, respectively. The highest percentage of mortality was 86.7 using the highest dose at 21 days.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la susceptibilidad in vitro de adultos del picudo negro (Cosmopolites sordidus Germar) a los juveniles infectivos (JI) de Heterorhabditis amazonenesis Andaló et al. (Cepa HC1). Los adultos colectados en campo con trampas Sándwich y de Disco Modificada, se mantuvieron en cuarentena en el laboratorio hasta su uso en los ensayos. Se prepararon suspensiones de juveniles infectivos (125, 250, 500, 2500, 5000 JI.ml-1) con las que se inocularon los insectos y se mantuvieron testigos sin inocular. Se evaluó la mortalidad desde las 12 horas hasta 21 días posteriores a la inoculación. Se determinaron los valores de Dosis letales (DL50, DL90) y Tiempos letales (DL50 y DL90) a través de Análisis Probi y el porcentaje de mortalidad a través del Análisis de Varianza. Por el efecto de los nematodos, los adultos de picudos muertos se ponen rígidos y duros, mantienen la coloración y encogen las patas. Las DL50 y DL90 determinadas fueron 1 872 y 6 061 JI/ml-1, respectivamente. Con la dosis de 5000 JI/ml-1 para el control del 50 y 90 % de una población de C. sordidus, los TLs estimados fueron 17 y 28 días, respectivamente. El mayor porcentaje de mortalidad fue 86,7 y a la dosis más alta, a los 21 días.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate two types of traps with attractants for monitoring of the black boll weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus Germar) and the striped weevil (Metamasius spp.) in the plantain crop. The treatments resulted from the combination of the two types of trap (one handmade canister 4 L and the other with pseudostem), with the four types of natural attractants, plus a control treatment. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block bifactorial arrangement (DBCA) with nine treatments and four repetitions. The monitoring of the adults captured and the reactivation of all the traps was carried out weekly. The pseudostem trap was found to have a better catch average of 3.11 black weevils and 7.81 of striped weevils. The combination of the trap of pseudostem and ripe banana fruit as attractant, turned out to be the one with the highest capture with an average of 10.82 specimens and differs significantly with the rest of the combinations. The number of specimens captured of the black boll weevil increases as temperatures decrease in the locality of El Carmen.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar dos tipos de trampas con atrayentes para el monitoreo del picudo negro (Cosmopolites sordidus Germar) y picudo rayado (Metamasius spp.) en el cultivo de plátano. Los tratamientos resultaron de la combinación de dos tipos de trampa (una artesanal con garrafa de 4 L y la otra con pseudotallo), con cuatro tipos de atrayentes naturales, más un tratamiento control. El diseño experimental fue un arreglo bifactorial en bloque completo al azar (DBCA) con nueve tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. El monitoreo de los adultos capturados y la reactivación de todas las trampas se realizó semanalmente. La trampa de pseudotallo resultó tener un mejor promedio de captura 3,11 ejemplares de picudo negro y 7,81 de picudos rayados. La combinación de la trampa de pseudotallo y de plátano maduro como atrayente, resultó ser la de mayor captura con un promedio de 10,82 ejemplares aunque difiere significativamente con el resto de las combinaciones. Los ejemplares capturados del picudo negro se incrementan en la medida que disminuyen las temperaturas en la localidad de El Carmen.

RESUMO Novos genótipos híbridos de bananeira têm sido inseridos no mercado brasileiro, embora ainda não existam informações consistentes sobre seus possíveis impactos em relação às pragas da cultura. O moleque-da-bananeira (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) é fortemente atraído pelos voláteis do rizoma da bananeira e acredita-se que sua atração pelos genótipos híbridos seja diferente da observada para variedades. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a resposta olfativa do moleque-da-bananeira, Cosmopolites sordidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) a 20 genótipos de bananeira, em laboratório. De acordo com a semelhança genética e comercial dos genótipos, foram estabelecidos quatro agrupamentos: 1) Cavendish; 2) Prata; 3) Maçã/Conquista e 4) Ouro/Terra/Caipira/Figo. No bioensaio 1, a atração do moleque-da-bananeira foi avaliada entre os genótipos do mesmo agrupamento e, no bioensaio 2, os genótipos previamente selecionados foram comparados entre si. Em ambos os bioensaios, a testemunha foi representada pela ausência do rizoma. O estudo foi repetido com insetos e rizomas coletados em abril (primeira época) e julho (segunda época) do ano agrícola de 2011. Na primeira época, os genótipos selecionados foram: Nanicão (AAA); FHIA 18 (AAAB); Princesa (AAAB); Ouro (AA) e Prata anã (AAB) (bioensaio 1). Na segunda época, os genótipos selecionados foram FHIA 17 (AAAA), PA 9401 (AAAB), Thap Maeo (AAB), além de Nanicão e Ouro (bioensaio 1). No geral, apenas as variedades Nanicão (AAA) e Ouro (AA) foram mais atrativas que a testemunha (primeira e segunda épocas, respectivamente) (bioensaio 2). No entanto, não foi observada clara influência do genótipo sobre a resposta olfativa de C. sordidus, indicando que os híbridos de bananeira apresentam atratividade semelhante à das variedades.

ABSTRACT New banana plant hybrids have been cultivated in the Brazilian fields, although there is no consistent information about the possible impacts on banana pests. The banana root weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is strongly drawn to the volatile rhizome of banana, and it is believed that its attractiveness for hybrid genotypes is different than that observed on banana plant varieties. This study aimed to evaluate the olfactory response of banana root weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to 20 banana genotypes in laboratory. According to the genetic and commercial similarity of plants, the genotypes were divided into four groups: 1) Cavendish; 2) Prata; 3) Maçã/Conquista, e 4) Ouro/Terra/Caipira/Figo. In the bioassay 1, the attractiveness of the banana root weevil was evaluated for genotypes of the same group. In bioassay 2, the pre-selected genotypes were compared among themselves. The study was replicated with insects and rhizomes in April (first season) and July (second season) of 2011 agricultural year. In the first season, the selected genotypes were Nanicão (AAA), FHIA 18 (AAAB), Princesa (AAAB), Ouro (AA), and Prata anã (AAB) (bioassay 1). In the second season, the selected genotypes were FHIA 17 (AAAA), PA 9401 (AAAB), and Thap Maeo (AAB), besides Nanicão and Ouro (bioassay 1). In both bioassays, the control was represented by absence of rizome. Overall, only Nanicão (AAA) and Ouro (AA) genotypes were more attractive than the control (in the first and second seasons, respectively) (bioassay 2). Nevertheless, we observed no clear influence of genotypes on olfactory response of C. sordidus, indicating that banana plants hybrids and varieties have similar attractiveness to banana root weevil.

RESUMO: Este artigo empreende uma análise intercultural dos textos de Paulo Freire e John Dewey, tendo em conta os seus contextos culturais e epistemológicos, no enquadramento de duas matrizes (pós)-coloniais distintas, que constituíram os cenários intelectuais e as bagagens sócio-históricas das obras desses autores. Procura, assim, acrescentar uma perspectiva intercultural e pós-colonial sobre os seus fundamentos filosóficos e epistemológicos aos estudos comparativos das suas obras que se têm concentrado apenas nos seus axiomas em relação à educação e à pedagogia como se constituíssem universais culturais e epistemológicos. Desse modo, tenciona recuperar os seus legados teórico-práticos para as pedagogias interculturais de uma educação para a cidadania nas sociedades cosmopolitas contemporâneas.

ABSTRACT: This article undertakes an intercultural analysis of Paulo Freire’s and John Dewey’s texts, having in mind their cultural and epistemological contexts, within the framework of two distinct (post)colonial matrices, that constituted the intellectual backcloth and the sociohistorical baggage of both authors’ works. It intends to add an intercultural and postcolonial perspective about their philosophical and epistemological foundations to the comparative studies that have merely focused on their axioms related to education and pedagogy as if they were cultural and epistemological universals. Therefore, it attempts to recuperate their theoretical and practical legacies for the purpose of the intercultural pedagogies of citizenship education in contemporary cosmopolitan societies.

RÉSUMÉ: Cet article fait une analyse interculturelle des textes de Paulo Freire et John Dewey en tenant compte leurs contextes culturelles et épistémologiques, par reférénce à deux matrices post (coloniales) distinctes qui ont constitué les scénarios intellectuels et les bagages socio-historiques de ces auteurs. On essaye d’ajouter une perspective interculturelle et postcolonial sur leurs fondements philosophiques et epistemologiques vis à vis les études comparatives concentrés seulement dans leurs theories educatives et pédagogiques comme si celles-ci étaient des universels culturels et epistemologiques. Enfin, nous cherchons de mettre en évidence cet héritage inestimable pour les pédagogies interculturelles d’une éducation pour la citoyennneté dans les sociétés cosmopolites contemporaines.

ABSTRACT: The banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus is an important pest in plantain and banana crops throughout the world. The objective was to evaluate a mass trapping system based on traps baited with synthetic pheromone (sordidin) + plantain corm tissue to reduce C. sordidus populations and damage in the Centro-Chontalpa region of Tabasco state, Mexico. The experiment was carried out on plots of about two to three hectares of Horn plantain Musa AAB infested by C. sordidus. Treatments were four traps ha-1, eight traps ha-1 and a control (without traps). Population density and damage in corms of small plants (suckers) were reduced after six months of mass trapping, while damage in corms of mature plants (freshly harvested) only decreased significantly after 13 months of trapping. By doubling the number of traps, the reduction in the C. sordidus population and damage was not significant. The use of four traps ha-1 baited with synthetic pheromone + plantain corm is a technically feasible strategy that provides at least partial control of this pest under local Horn plantain production conditions.

RESUMEN: El picudo del plátano Cosmopolites sordidus es una plaga importante en los cultivos de plátano y banano en el mundo. El objetivo fue evaluar un sistema de captura masiva basado en trampas cebadas con feromona sintética (sordidin) + tejidos de cormo de plátano para reducir las poblaciones y daños de esta plaga en la región Centro-Chontalpa del estado de Tabasco, México. El experimento se llevó acabo en parcelas de dos a tres hectáreas de plátano Macho Musa AAB Plantain infestadas de C. sordidus. Los tratamientos fueron cuatro trampas ha-1, ocho trampas ha-1 y un testigo (sin trampas). La densidad poblacional y el daño en cormos de plantas pequeñas (retoños) se redujeron después de seis meses de captura masiva, mientras que el daño en cormos de plantas maduras (recién cosechadas) solo disminuyó de forma significativa a los 13 meses de captura. Al duplicar el número de trampas, la reducción poblacional y los daños de C. sordidus no fue significativa. El uso de cuatro trampas ha-1 cebadas con feromona sintética + cormo de plátano es una estrategia técnicamente factible que proporciona al menos un control parcial de esta plaga, bajo las condiciones locales de producción de plátano macho.

RESUMO: Neste estudo, objetivamos investigar a infestação de Cosmopolites sordidus ( Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae ) em diferentes genótipos de bananeira, em um pomar comercial de bananeira, com idade de 30 meses. Para isso, comparou-se a infestação da broca-da-rizoma em 20 genótipos de bananeira, sendo cinco variedades e quinze híbridos. No geral, foi observado que 94,17% da infestação da praga ocorreu na região do córtex do rizoma, e apenas 5,83% das plantas apresentaram infestação no cilindro central. Os materiais menos sensíveis à infestação foram as variedades Prata Anã (AAB) e Pacovan (AAB), nas quais não foi registrada ocorrência da praga. Entre os genótipos híbridos, de forma geral, os materiais PV 9401 e BRS FHIA 18 foram os que apresentaram sensibilidade intermediária, enquanto os híbridos BRS Tropical (AAAB), PA 9401 (AAAB), BRS Vitoria (AAAB), YB-4203 (AAAB) e Bucaneiro (AAAA) foram os mais sensíveis ao ataque da broca-do-rizoma. Este estudo demonstra que a infestação da broca-do-rizoma varia de acordo com o genótipo, e a seleção de materiais menos suscetíveis auxilia na redução da infestação de C. sordidus.

ABSTRACT: In this study, we aimed to investigate Cosmopolites sordidus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae ) infestation among different banana genotypes in a commercial banana orchard over the course of 30 months. Banana root borer infestation was compared in 20 banana genotypes, including five varieties and 15 hybrids. Overall, we observed that 94.17% of pest infestation cases occurred in the cortex region, and only 5.83% occurred in the central cylinder. Genotypes least sensitive to infestation were the Prata Anã (AAB) and Pacovan (AAB) varieties, where no damage was recorded. Among the hybrid genotypes, PV 9401 and BRS Fhia 18 showed intermediate levels of sensitivity, while BRS Tropical hybrids (AAAB), PA 9401 (AAAB), BRS Vitoria (AAAB), YB 4203 (AAAB), and Bucaneiro (AAAA) were the most sensitive to attack by banana root borer. This study demonstrated that the infestation of the banana root borer varies according banana plant genotype, and the utilization of less susceptible genotypes could reduce infestation rates of C. sordidus.

ResumenEl objetivo del estudio fue comprobar el efecto en el plátano de las capturas masivas de adultos con feromonas y de la aplicación de hongos entomopatógenos sobre Cosmopolites sordidus. La investigación se realizó en el Carmen, Manabí, Ecuador, de diciembre 2013 a octubre 2014 en una parcela de nueva plantación de plátano Barraganete y se valoró el efecto de la eliminación de restos vegetales de las parcelas. El diseño experimental fue al azar con tres repeticiones. En laboratorio se comprobó la infectividad de la cepa de Beauveria bassiana sobre adultos del picudo negro y del picudo café (Metamasius hemipterus) (92,80 y 100% en M. hemipterus frente a 46,70 y 16,20% en C. sordidus). Las capturas de adultos fueron continuas a lo largo del ensayo, con una media de 0,37 adultos/trampa/día. Los datos agronómicos indicaron una diferencia positiva y significativa (análisis de la varianza) de los tratamientos frente al control en el perímetro del pseudotallo (F de 4,982) y en el peso de los racimos entre las parcelas limpias con feromonas y con hongos limpias frente al control (F= 3,994). Al comparar los tratamientos el peso del racimo y la longitud de los dedos fueron significativamente mayores en las parcelas de feromonas frente a las de hongos (F = 4,508). Las capturas de adultos con feromonas no estuvieron condicionadas por la limpieza de las parcelas, aunque esta sí incidió en la altura de las plantas (F= 4,245).

AbstractThe aim of this study was to test the effect of mass capture of adults using pheromone traps and applying entomopathogenic fungi on Cosmopolites sordidus. The research was conducted in El Carmen, Manabí, Ecuador, from December 2013 to October 2014, in a plot of new Barraganete plantain plantation. The effect of plant remains removal from the plots was also assessed. The experimental design was randomized complete block with three repetitions. The infectivity of Beauveria bassiana on adults of black weevil and brown weevil (Metamasius hemipterus) was evaluated in the laboratory (92.80 and 100% in M. hemipterus versus 46.70 and 16.20% in C. sordidus). Adult catches were continuous throughout the experiment, with an average of 0.37 adults/trap/day. Agronomic data indicated a positive and significant (analysis of variance) difference of treatment versus control at the perimeter of the pseudostem (4.982 F *) and bunch weight between plots with pheromones and plots with clean fungi versus control (F = 3.994 **). When comparing treatments, bunch weight and finger length were significantly higher in the plots treated with pheromones compared to the ones treated with fungi (F = 4.508 **). Catches of adults with pheromones were not conditioned by the cleaning of plots, though this did affect the plant height (F = 4.245 *).

Abstract: The article deals with the microstory of two men between Africa and the Americas (Cuba): a doctor and captain/ slaver born in Germany and his slave born in the region or the hinterland of the Gambia river. Both have extraordinary knowledge of the slave Atlantic (hidden Atlantic) "from below", especially on Africa. The doctor becomes a rich merchant with this knowledge and marries within the framework of an old elite of Cuba (not without conflicts). His slave and African cosmopolite is trying to acquire his freedom (against his cosmopolitan master). The article shows the agency of both by three legal cases.

Resúmen: El artículo trata de la historia micro de dos hombres entre Africa y las Américas (Cuba): un médico y capitán/ negrero nacido en Alemania y su esclavo nacido en la región o el hinterland del Gambia. Ambos tienen saberes extraordinarios del Atlántico esclavista (hidden Atlantic) "desde abajo", sobre todo sobre Africa. El médico se hace comerciante rico con estos conocimentos y se casa dentro de los marcos de una vieja élite de Cuba (no sin conflictos). Su esclavo y cosmopolita africano trata de adquirir la libertad (encontra de su amo cosmopolita). El artículo demuestra la actuación de ambos mediante tres casos legales.

ResumenEntre las especies de barrenadores del banano, el picudo negro (Cosmopolites sordidus) es la plaga de mayor importancia económica en Costa Rica y a nivel mundial. El control de C. sordidus en sistemas intensivos de producción se basa principalmente en la aplicación de insecticidas, por lo que se necesita buscar alternativas biológicas, como el uso de nematodos entomopatógenos (NEP). Se evaluó la susceptibilidad de Cosmopolites sordidus a Heterorhabditis atacamensis CIA-NE07. Se midió el efecto de inocular juveniles infectivos (JI) de H. atacamensis sobre larvas y adultos de C. sordidus, in vitroy en cormos artificialmente infectados. Las larvas inoculadas con NEP presentaron mortalidad de 88% al segundo día y 100% al tercer día; no se observó mortalidad de adultos. Los tratamientos de 100, 500 y 1000 JI.larva-1 presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas con respecto al control y la DL50 fue de 52 JI.larva-1. Cuando las larvas se colocaron dentro de los cormos, la DL50 aumentó a 375 JI.larva-1. Los resultados indican que la cepa H. atacamensis CIA-NE07 es capaz de localizar e infectar larvas de picudo dentro del cormo de banano y alcanzar porcentajes de infección superiores al 80%, a 10 días de la inoculación en dosis de 1000 y 2000 JI.larva-1. Los nematodos entomopatógenos constituyen una alternativa viable a considerar dentro de los programas de manejo integrado del picudo negro, en cultivos como banano y plátano.

AbstractAmong the species of banana borers, black weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus) is the most economically important pest in Costa Rica and worldwide. The control of C. sordidus in intensive production systems is mainly based on application of insecticides; therefore the search for biological alternatives, such as the use of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), is needed. The susceptibility of Cosmopolites sordidus to Heterorhabditis atacamensis CIANE07 was evaluated. The effect of inoculating H. atacamensis on larvae and adults of C. sordidus, in vitro and in artificially infected corms, was evaluated. Larvae inoculated with EPN had a mortality of 88% on the second day and 100% on the third day; no mortality was observed in adults. The treatments of 100, 500 and 1000 IJ.larvae-1 showed statistically significant differences from the control and theLD50 was 52 IJ.larvae-1. When the larvae were placed within the corms the LD50 increased to 375 IJ.larvae-1. The results indicate that the strain H. atacamensis CIA-NE07 is capable of locating and infecting weevil larvae within the banana corm and reach infection levels over 80%, 10 days after inoculation at doses of 1000 and 2000 IJ.larvae-1. The entomopathogenic nematodes are a viable alternative to be considered in the Integrated Pest Management programs of black weevil, in crops such us banana and plantain.

En una finca del municipio de Andes (Antioquia, Colombia), estuvieron sembrados lotes con plátano Dominico Hartón asociado con café variedad Caturra y en los cuales se registraron daños por picudos (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae) en el 100% de las plantas de plátano, se sembraron cormos de aproximadamente 2 kg, bajo el mismo sistema de asocio. A los cormos se les aplicó desde la siembra y cada dos meses hasta la cosecha del racimo, seis productos distintos para el manejo de estos insectos: químico de la región (Clorpirifós y Carboxin + Thiram), Carbofurán, Beauveria bassiana y extractos de jatrofa, ají y neem. Como testigo se utilizaron cormos sin aplicación de productos para el manejo de picudos. Para el análisis estadístico se empleó un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con siete tratamientos, cuatro repeticiones y seis plantas como unidad experimental. Al momento de la cosecha, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre tratamientos para las variables: altura, diámetro, número de manos, peso del racimo y porcentajes en la calidad extra y segunda del plátano. Se presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas para: número de semanas desde la siembra hasta la cosecha, donde el testigo y Beauveria bassiana fueron los de mayor y menor tiempo promedio (75,3 y 69,3 semanas, respectivamente); hojas funcionales al momento de la cosecha, donde el químico de la región y el Carbofurán presentaron el valor más alto y bajo (aproximadamente 8 y 7); y porcentaje en la calidad primera del plátano, donde el testigo presentó el valor más alto y fue diferente estadísticamente a los extractos.

In a farm in the municipality of Andes (Antioquia, Colombia), parcels were planted with Dominico Hartón plantain associated with Caturra-type coffee, where weevil damage (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae) occurred in 100% of the plantain plants, corms of approximately 2 kg were planted under the same association system. From the sowing until harvest, six types of products were applied every two months on these plantations: chemical of the region (Clorpirifos and Carboxin + Thiram), Carbofurán, Beauveria bassiana, and jatropha, pepper, and neem extracts. As a control, corms without any application of chemicals were used. For the statistical analysis, a randomized complete block design was employed with seven treatments, four replicates, and six plants as experimental units. At the moment of harvest no significant statistical differences were found among treatments for these variables: height, diameter, number of cluster branches, total weight, and percentages in the extra and second quality plantains. Statistically significant differences were found in: weeks from sowing to harvest, with the control and B. bassiana presenting the highest and lowest average times (75.3 and 69.3 weeks, respectively); functional leaves at the time of harvest, in which the chemical of the region and Carbofurán presented the highest and lowest values (approximately 8 and 7); and the percentage in first quality plantain, in which the control presented the highest value and was statistically different from the extracts.

A broca-da-bananeira (Cosmopolites sordidus) é a principal praga dos cultivos de banana, acarretando perdas significativas na produtividade da cultura, sendo recomendados inseticidas químicos para seu controle, os quais causam impacto ambiental. Por outro lado, os nematoides entomopatogênicos podem ser uma alternativa para o controle da praga, principalmente devido aos seus hábitos. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar isolados de nematoides entomopatogênicos em condições de laboratório e a interação com inseticida químico (carbofurano), visando a sua utilização no controle da broca. Foram testados 16 isolados das famílias Sterinernematidae e Heterorhabditidae, aplicados sobre pseudocaule de banananeira (100 JIs/cm²) e comparados entre si quanto à mortalidade causada em indivíduos adultos de C. sordidus. Os isolados mais infectivos foram submetidos a experimentos de multiplicação in vivo no hospedeiro Galleria mellonella e de interação com o inseticida carbofurano incluindo, neste caso, análise de viabilidade e infectividade dos nematoides expostos ao produto, bem como o efeito do inseticida sobre as bactérias simbiontes dos nematoides entomopatogênicos. Os experimentos dessa fase foram conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo os dados submetidos à ANOVA, com aplicação do teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). Os isolados mais virulentos foram o IBCBn24 e IBCBn40 (respectivamente 33,3% e 36,7% de mortalidade confirmada), os quais também apresentaram elevada multiplicação em cadáveres. O inseticida não afetou a viabilidade do isolado IBCBn40, mas prejudicou sua infectividade, porém, não afetou o desenvolvimento da bactéria simbionte.

The banana weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus) is the main pest of banana crops, causing significant losses in productivity, being recommended control by chemical insecticides which cause several environmental impacts. On the other hand, entomopathogenic nematodes can be an alternative to the pest control, mainly because of their habits. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating isolated entomopathogenic nematodes under laboratory conditions and also their interaction with a chemical insecticide (carbofuran), aiming at their use for the weevil borer control. Sixteen Sterinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae isolates were evaluated, applied over the banana tree pseudo stem (100 JIs/cm²) and they were compared to one another concerning mortality caused in adults individual of C. sordidus. The most infective isolates were subjected to in vivo multiplication at the host Galleria mellonella and interaction with the insecticide carbofuran, including in this case, viability and infectivity analysis of the entomopathogenic nematodes exposed to the product, as well as the effect of the insecticide on the symbiotic bacteria of the entomopathogenic nematodes. The experiments at this stage were conducted in completely randomized design and the data were subjected to ANOVA, with application of the Tukey test (p < 0.05). The most virulent isolates were IBCBn24 and IBCBn40 (respectively 33.3% and 36.7% of confirmed mortality), which also showed high multiplication in corpses. The insecticide did not affect the viability of the isolate, but it really harmed its infectivity, although it did not affect the development of the symbiotic bacterium.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da torta de mamona sobre a infestação por Cosmopolites sordidus e o desenvolvimento de mudas de bananeira cultivar Terra. Avaliaram-se diferentes dosagens da torta de mamona (0 g, 12 g, 15 g, 18 g e 24 g) aplicadas a cada dois meses, a partir do plantio em mudas de bananeira dispostas num delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com dez repetições. Avaliou-se a evolução vegetativa das mudas pela altura da planta, pelo diâmetro do pseudocaule e pelo número de folhas verdes. Efetuou-se a infestação das plantas com 25 adultos de C. sordidus em cada muda. Os danos causados foram avaliados por meio da percentagem de galerias no rizoma, número de adultos vivos e mortos, número de larvas e número de pupas. Determinou-se também o efeito dos tratamentos sobre o valor de absorbância relativo ao teor de clorofila nas folhas por meio do uso de um clorofilômetro. Observou-se baixa infestação da broca-do-rizoma nas mudas tratadas com a torta de mamona. O crescimento e a absorbância foram afetados positivamente pela aplicação da torta de mamona. Assim, a torta de mamona reduz a população de C. sordidus nos rizomas de bananeira cv. Terra, favorece o crescimento das plantas e aumenta o valor de absorbância.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of castor bean pie on the infestation by Cosmopolites sordidus and on the development of banana plants cv. Terra. To observe the dose-response relationship, each treatment focused on a different dosage of castor bean pie (0 g, 12 g, 15 g, 18 g, 24 g) applied every two months to the banana plants, starting from the planting date. The experimental design was completely randomized with ten replicates. Plant vegetative growth was evaluated by measuring plant height, pseudostem diameter, and counting alive (or green) leaves. The infestation of plants was undertaken by using 25 adults of C. sordidus per plant. Six months after planting, the percentage of damage caused was scored on rhizomes and the number of adults (alive and died), larvae, and pupae was registered. Absorbance related to the leaf chlorophyll content was also determined by a chorophyllometer. In plants treated with castor bean pie there was a low infestation of the banana weevil borer. Vegetative growth and absorbance were also positively affected by applying castor bean pie. Therefore, castor bean pie reduces C. sordidus population in rhizomes of bananas cv. Terra, improving vegetative growth and chlorophyll content in leaves.