Abstract This investigation aims to determine the components of the organizational innovation in Chilean bottled wine SMEs, to strengthen the internationalization strategy in global markets, concerning the leading countries with international recognition. These results should help enhance competitiveness in cosmopolitan markets with wine tradition. In operational terms, it includes five stages: data collection from wine SMEs, instrument design (questionnaire), application of this instrument in companies through personalized field work, processing, analysis, and systematization of the collected data through office automation instruments-mainly the SPSS statistical program for a validation-and delivery of these results to each of the participant companies. As one of the primary outcomes, wine SMEs are gaining legitimacy through organization innovation as a corporate strategy to have opportunities to stay in national and international markets.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar los componentes de la innovación organizacional en pymes vitivinícolas chilenas elaboradoras de vino embotellado, a fin de permitir el fortalecimiento de estrategias de internacionalización en mercados globales en relación a los principales países de referencia internacional del sector, y con ello robustecer la competitividad en mercados cosmopolitas con tradición vitivinícola. En términos operativos se acoge a cinco etapas, definidas como levantamiento de la base de datos de pymes vitivinícolas, diseño del instrumento (cuestionario) y aplicación del instrumento a empresas en un trabajo de campo, continuando con una etapa de procesamiento, análisis y sistematización de la información recogida mediante herramientas de ofimática -principalmente el programa estadístico SPSS 21- y, finalmente, una etapa de entrega de resultados a cada una de las empresas componentes del estudio. Como principales resultados es posible señalar que las pymes vitivinícolas ganan legitimidad a través de la innovación organizacional como estrategia corporativa para contar con las oportunidades de permanencia en los mercados nacionales e internacionales, que se traduce de manera práctica en la aplicación de un nuevo modelo de internacionalización.

Resumo O objetivo desta investigação é determinar os componentes da inovação organizacional em pymes vitivinícolas chilenas elaboradoras de vinho em garrafa, para permitir o fortalecimento de estratégias de internacionalização em mercados globais em relação aos principais paises de referência internacional do setor, e com isso robustecer a competitividade em mercados cosmopolitas com tradição vitivinícola. Em termos operativos acolhe-se a cinco etapas, definidas como levantamento da base de dados de PMEs vitivinícolas, desenho do instrumento (questionário) e aplicação do instrumento a empresas num trabalho de campo, continuando com uma etapa de processamento, análise e sistematização da informação recolhida mediante ferramientas de ofimática -principalmente o programa estadístico SPSS 21- e, finalmente, uma etapa de entrega de resultados a cada uma das empresas componentes do estudo. Como principais resultados é possível apontar que as PMEs vitivinícolas ganham legitimidade através da inovação organizacional como estratégia corporativa para contar com as oportunidades de permanência nos mercados nacionais e internacionais, o que se traduz na práctica na aplicação de um novo modelo de internacionalização.

This article highlights the critical importance of research and innovation in higher education, using South Africa (SA) as a case study. It analyses discourses that enable and constrain research and innovation. Margaret Archer's social realist theory and stratified construct of structure, culture and agency is employed to understand various emerging transformation discourses exerting enabling or constraining causal powers for research and innovation. The interplay between structural, cultural, and agential milieus is investigated to better understand the urgency towards research and innovation. With this understanding, academics might locate their agency in the global and local contexts, create ideal conditions and build corporate agency for strengthening research and innovation. Universities with limited resources, should not reinvent what already exists, but should responsibly borrow key aspects that would thrive in their own contexts. However, it must be cautioned that no system of the world can exist as an end without deficits and flaws.

Abstract The demands of the fashion market and the current challenges of designers have led them to reinvent themselves within an industry that is becoming increasingly strong. The legal knowledge of their business organization is vital for its operation, the choice of a good corporate model and the identification of resources are the key at the moment zero. The use of Intellectual Property and technology in your business will give a seal of distinction in the market that will result in a better positioning. Having intangible assets, exclusively, and knowing how to manage them will give the entrepreneur additional points in the race to get customers.

Resumen Las exigencias del mercado de la moda y los retos actuales de los diseñadores han llevado a que estos se reinventen dentro de una industria que toma cada vez más fuerza. El conocimiento jurídico de su organización empresarial es vital para su funcionamiento, la elección de un buen modelo societario y la identificación de los recursos son la clave en el momento cero. El aprovechamiento de la Propiedad Intelectual y la tecnología en su negocio dará un sello de distintividad en el mercado que resultará en un mejor posicionamiento. Contar con activos intangibles, de forma exclusiva, y saberlos gestionar dará al emprendedor puntos adicionales en la carrera por conseguir clientes.

Resumo As demandas do mercado da moda e os desafios atuais dos designers os levaram a se reinventar em um setor que vem ganhando força. O conhecimento jurídico da sua organização empresarial é vital para o seu funcionamento, a escolha de um bom modelo empresarial e a identificação dos recursos são a chave no momento zero. A utilização da Propriedade Intelectual e da tecnologia no seu negócio dará um selo diferenciado no mercado que resultará em um melhor posicionamento. Ter ativos intangíveis, exclusivamente, e saber gerenciá-los dará ao empreendedor pontos adicionais na corrida pela conquista de clientes.

RESUMEN En este artículo se analizan los resultados de la primera etapa de un proyecto de innovación social cuyo objetivo central consistió en favorecer la empleabilidad de las mujeres víctimas de violencia de género egresadas de los programas del Servicio Nacional de la Mujer y Equidad de Género (SernamEG) de la Región de la Araucanía, sur de Chile. Dieciséis empresas participaron de una encuesta estructurada e inspirada en la norma chilena NCh 3262-2012, que regula el Sistema de Gestión de Igualdad de Género y Conciliación de la Vida Laboral, Familiar y Personal. Los resultados sugieren que las empresas son lideradas por hombres, están integrada por personal que apenas cuenta con formación y/o sensibilización sobre violencia de género, suelen reproducir los roles de género y cuentan con ínfimo interés en implementar políticas de igualdad de género en el ámbito organizacional, incluidas aquí las direccionadas a la inserción de las mujeres víctimas de violencia por parte del compañero o ex compañero íntimo. La investigación demuestra que hay que seguir trabajando para que las empresas asuman - dentro del abordaje integral - su rol como multiplicadoras del derecho a una vida libre de violencia de género.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the results of the first stage of a social innovation project whose main objective was to promote the employability of women victims of gender-based violence who finished a SernamEG programs in the Araucanía Region, southern Chile. Sixteen companies participated in a structured survey inspired on NCh3262-2012, which regulates the Gender Equality and Work-Life Balance Management System. The results suggest that the companies are led by men, are composed of personnel with little training and/or awareness of gender violence, tend to reproduce gender roles and have little interest in implementing gender equality policies in the organizational environment, including those aimed at the inclusion of women who have suffered violence by a partner or former intimate partner. The research show that it is necessary to continue working so that companies assume - within the integral approach - their role as multipliers of the right to a life free of gender violence.

ABSTRACT Objective to analyze the possibility of using golf as a metaphor for teaching finance. Study reports on a pilot experience of teaching finance using golf as a metaphor.Golf can be a means of promoting the engagement of finance students. Theoretical framework: a normative and positive economic decision theory is used as a framework. Sports can be a means of engaging students in finance education programs. Golf, in particular, can fulfill this role and serve as a powerful tool for building and maintaining social networks relevant to high-level professionals. Methods: thirty undergraduate students voluntarily participated in a pilot teaching program over five days. The program included sessions (in the field) on the fundamentals of golf and financial decisions, and students looked for synergies between these two domains. Participants showed a high level of interest in both the sports practice sessions and the finance activities. Results: the results suggest that psychological errors common to golf and financial behavior-for example, overoptimism, overconfidence, and emotional judgments-can be diagnosed and addressed through sports practice. In addition, the participants’ self-assessment indicates the possibility that the program can induce behaviors in line with the corporate environment. Conclusions: Despite golf’s contribution to the teaching of business subjects, it is still absent from formal curricula. metaphorGolf Golf framework programs particular highlevel professionals Methods days field decisions domains activities Results behaviorfor behavior example overoptimism overconfidence judgmentscan judgments addition participants selfassessment self assessment environment Conclusions golfs s subjects curricula

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a possibilidade do emprego do golfe como metáfora para o ensino de finanças. Este estudo relata uma experiência piloto de ensino de finanças com o emprego da prática do golfe como metáfora. O golfe pode ser um meio para promover o engajamento de estudantes de finanças. Marco teórico: teoria normativa e positiva da decisão econômica. A prática esportiva pode ser um meio de engajar estudantes em programas de ensino de finanças. O golfe, em especial, pode desempenhar esse papel, além de constituir uma poderosa ferramenta de construção e manutenção de redes sociais relevantes ao profissional de alto nível. Métodos: trinta estudantes, em nível de graduação, voluntariamente inscritos participaram do programa piloto de ensino ao longo de cinco dias, com sessões (em campo) de fundamentos do golfe e de decisões financeiras, buscando sinergias entre esses dois domínios. Constata-se o interesse elevado dos participantes tanto nas sessões de prática esportiva como nas atividades de finanças. Resultados: os resultados sugerem que erros psicológicos comuns ao golfe e ao comportamento financeiro, e.g., excesso de otimismo, excesso de confiança e julgamentos emocionais, podem ser diagnosticados e endereçados por meio da prática esportiva. Em adição, a autoavaliação realizada pelos participantes sugere a possibilidade de que o programa possa induzir comportamentos alinhados com o ambiente corporativo. Conclusões: em que pese a contribuição do golfe para o ensino de disciplinas da área de negócios, ele ainda é ausente dos currículos formais. Objetivo teórico econômica especial papel Métodos graduação dias campo financeiras domínios Constatase Constata se Resultados financeiro eg g e.g. otimismo emocionais adição corporativo Conclusões negócios formais e.g

Abstract Innovation affects a nation’s sovereignty. In this paper, we look at Science and Technology indicators as proxies for Innovation using databases such as WIPO, INPI, Sucupira and Scival, and including patents registered, academic-corporate collaborations, patents citing Brazilian articles (Number of patents and documents) and technical production in Brazilian higher education institutions. We also look at two major previously state-owned companies (Embraer and Petrobras) to see their patenting and citation behaviour compared to other companies worldwide. Brazilian science is a citation basis for patenting in companies and universities worldwide, but Brazil does not use its own publications to support patent proposals. While USP is the major cited university, Unicamp has more patents. Academic-corporate collaboration exists between Brazilian and foreign universities, especially in the US and Europe. The Brazilian companies show low patenting behaviour, but Embraer has a higher impact than Petrobras. As a consequence of the dynamics of science and technology, we suggest that the analyses of the innovation processes could focus on the generation of startups and, in particular, academic spin-offs. nations nation s sovereignty paper WIPO INPI Scival registered academiccorporate corporate collaborations Number documents institutions stateowned state owned Petrobras worldwide proposals university Academiccorporate Academic Europe technology particular spinoffs. spinoffs spin offs. offs spin-offs

ABSTRACT Motivated by the desire to generate social transformation, Larissa created the Match & Matters platform to connect agents focused on businesses with a positive socio-environmental impact, aiming to align profit with socio-environmental benefits. Despite the support of senior management at Deloitte, the company where she worked and where she decided to become an intrapreneur, and despite M&M’s potential to integrate business areas, Larissa faced challenges regarding the profitability of the platform compared to the business models already consolidated in the organization. However, she felt anxious about the platform’s future within the company and about how to demonstrate its business potential in an organization with already established niches. Thus, the dilemma was how to maximize the platform’s opportunities and overcome challenges to maintain its viability, balancing positive impact and open innovation within a traditional corporate environment. This teaching case presents Larissa’s journey, highlighting the concepts of: entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship to achieve professional goals; open innovation to create effective solutions; and Sustainability to promote positive transformations, considering the economic, social, and environmental aspects within an innovative business model. transformation socioenvironmental socio benefits Deloitte intrapreneur M&Ms MMs M&M s M areas However platforms niches Thus viability environment Larissas journey goals solutions transformations economic model Ms MM

RESUMO Motivada pelo desejo de gerar transformação social, Larissa criou uma plataforma para conectar agentes focados em negócios com impacto socioambiental positivo, a fim de alinhar lucro com benefícios socioambientais, a Match & Matters. Apesar do apoio da alta liderança da Deloitte, empresa em que trabalhava e onde decidiu intraempreender, e apesar do potencial da M&M para integrar áreas de negócios, Larissa enfrentava desafios quanto à rentabilidade da plataforma frente aos modelos de negócios já consolidados na organização. Contudo, sentia-se angustiada sobre o futuro da plataforma dentro da empresa e sobre como evidenciar seu potencial de negócio em uma organização com nichos já estabelecidos. Desse modo, o dilema era maximizar as oportunidades da plataforma e superar os desafios para mantê-la viável, conciliando impacto positivo e inovação aberta dentro de um ambiente corporativo tradicional. Este caso de ensino apresenta a trajetória de Larissa, destacando os conceitos de: empreendedorismo e intraempreendedorismo para alcançar objetivos profissionais; inovação aberta para criar soluções assertivas; e sustentabilidade para promover transformações positivas, considerando os aspectos econômicos, sociais e ambientais dentro de um modelo de negócio inovador. social socioambientais Matters Deloitte intraempreender MM M Contudo sentiase sentia se estabelecidos modo mantêla mantê la viável tradicional profissionais assertivas positivas econômicos inovador

This article analyzes the trajectory of Nissan in order to advance the construction of a model for analyzing the profit trend strategies of automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), which have been undergoing a profound process of manufacturing de-verticalization and business model restructuring in recent decades. The basic question to be answered is to understand how processes of innovation and product diversification are defined and included within the scope of the profit strategies of automotive corporations and how this fits in with the restructuring of the automotive market. The results show that automotive multinationals do not reorganize themselves and do not use the same action strategies, and that in contexts of institutional regulation, such as the implementation phase of the Inovar-Auto program in Brazil, demonstrate the ability to adapt to local circumstances and rules. OEMs, OEMs , (OEMs) deverticalization de verticalization decades market regulation InovarAuto Inovar Auto Brazil rules (OEMs

Cet article analyse la trajectoire de Nissan dans le but de faire progresser la construction d’un modèle d’analyse des stratégies d’évolution des bénéfices des équipementiers automobiles, qui ont connu un profond processus de déverticalisation de la fabrication et de restructuration du modèle d’entreprise au cours des dernières décennies. La question fondamentale à laquelle il faut répondre est de comprendre comment les processus d’innovation et de diversification des produits sont définis et inclus dans le champ d’application des stratégies de profit des entreprises automobiles et comment cela s’inscrit dans la restructuration du marché de l’automobile. Les résultats indiquent que les multinationales de l’automobile ne se réorganisent pas et n’utilisent pas les mêmes stratégies d’action et que, dans des contextes de régulation institutionnelle, comme dans la phase de mise en œuvre du programme Inovar-Auto au Brésil, démontrer la capacité de s’adapter aux circonstances et aux règles locales. dun d danalyse dévolution évolution dentreprise entreprise décennies dinnovation innovation dapplication application sinscrit s inscrit lautomobile. lautomobile l automobile. automobile nutilisent n utilisent daction action institutionnelle InovarAuto Inovar Auto Brésil sadapter adapter locales

Este artigo analisa a trajetória da Nissan com o propósito de avançar na construção de um modelo de análise das estratégias tendenciais de lucro das Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) automotivas, as quais vêm passando, nas últimas décadas, por um profundo processo de desverticalização da manufatura e de reestruturação do seu modelo de negócios. A questão de fundo a ser respondida é entender como processos de inovação e diversificação de produtos são definidos e incluídos no âmbito das estratégias de lucro das corporações automotivas e de que forma isso se coaduna com a restruturação do mercado automotivo. Os resultados apontam que as multinacionais automotivas não se reorganizam e não se valem das mesmas estratégias de ação e que elas, em contextos de regulação institucional, como na fase de vigência do programa Inovar-Auto no Brasil, demonstram capacidade de se adaptar às conjunturas e regras locais. OEMs (OEMs passando décadas negócios automotivo elas institucional InovarAuto Inovar Auto Brasil locais

Resumen La presente investigación tiene el objetivo de mostrar evidencia referencial y empírica de cómo la no discriminación laboral por motivo de embarazo, constituye un elemento fundamental para la innovación social y permite avanzar en procesos que lleven a la conformación de organizaciones más justas y equitativas. La metodología se fundamenta en la aplicación de 14 entrevistas semiestructuradas a igual número de exportadoras de uva de mesa. El diseño de la investigación es no experimental, con un enfoque mixto; es de tipo intencional y correlacional (asociación). Los resultados revelan que en el sistema de vid de mesa existen organizaciones que ya han implementado estrategias de innovación social, mientras que hay algunas que están en el tránsito de su realización, y otras que apenas inician el proceso. Se concluye que aquellas organizaciones que presentan un mayor nivel de no discriminación laboral por motivo de embarazo, son las que tienen mayor nivel de innovación social.

Abstract The objective of this research is to show how non-discrimination in the workplace due to pregnancy, constitutes a fundamental element for social innovation and allows progress in processes that lead to the construction of fairer and more equitable organizations. The methodology is based on the application of 14 semi-structured interviews to the same number of table grape exporters. The research design is non-experimental, with a mixed approach; it is intentional and correlational (association). The results reveal that in the table grape system there are organizations that have already implemented social innovation strategies, while there are some that are in the process of being carried out, and others that are just beginning the process. It is concluded that those organizations that present a higher level of non-discrimination in the workplace due to pregnancy, are the ones that have a higher level of social innovation.

Abstract Objective: This article aims to analyze the corporate social responsibility and innovation initiatives of five Multinational Companies (MNCs) established in Mexico. Methodology: The methodology employed involved field visits in 2021 and 2022 to the areas where these MNCs implemented their projects, as well as the compilation of secondary sources. In addition, 21 qualitative interviews were conducted with individuals responsible for these initiatives, stakeholders, and beneficiaries. The data were systematized with Atlas.ti through the creation of codes and indexes to analyze the practices that distinguish corporate social responsibility from social innovation, the scaling processes, and their proximity conditions. Results: Results suggest that three initiatives fall under corporate social responsibility since they are not aligned with the MNCs business model, while one initiative fully falls within the scope of social innovation due to direct alignment; another one exhibits indirect alignment. Limitations: A limitation of the study is that only 5 MNCs were examined over a two year period, thus lacking a longitudinal approach that would allow corroborating the processes of evolution regarding social responsibility and innovation. Findings: The main finding is that corporate social innovation does not necessarily entail direct alignment with the MNC’s business model; It can also be indirect. Further, a responsibility initiative could evolve into social innovation.

Resumen Objetivo: Este artículo tiene por objetivo analizar las iniciativas de responsabilidad e innovación social corporativa de cinco Empresas Multinacionales (EMN) establecidas en México. Diseño metodológico: La metodología utilizada implicó visitas de campo en 2021 y 2022 a los territorios donde dichas EMN implementaron sus proyectos, así como la compilación de fuentes de segunda mano. Además, se realizaron 21 entrevistas cualitativas con las personas a cargo de dichas iniciativas, involucrados y beneficiarios. Los datos fueron sistematizados con Atlas.ti a partir de la creación de códigos e índices para analizar las prácticas que distinguen a la responsabilidad de la innovación social corporativa, los procesos de escalamiento y sus condiciones de proximidad. Resultados: Los resultados sugieren que tres iniciativas son de responsabilidad social corporativa por no estar alineadas con el modelo de negocio de la EMN, en tanto que una entra de forma plena al ámbito de la innovación social por estar alineada de forma directa, y una más presenta una alineación indirecta. Limitaciones de la investigación: Una limitación del estudio es que solo se trabajó con 5 EMN a lo largo de dos años, por lo que hace falta una aproximación longitudinalita que permita corroborar los procesos de evolución de la responsabilidad y la innovación social. Hallazgos: El principal hallazgo es que la innovación social corporativa no necesariamente implica una alineación directa con el modelo de negocio de la EMN, sino que esta puede ser indirecta, y una iniciativa de responsabilidad podría evolucionar a innovación social.

Abstract Currently, organizations seek to develop and promote knowledge management, with the aim of improving performance and results, constantly implementing innovation, as a strategy that allows corporate agility. Within organizations, new knowledge is generated day by day and experiences are constantly accumulated, which need to be analyzed to build a shared organizational learning base that enhances the exchange of knowledge for the correct work execution. Goal of this article is getting an approximation for validating if the high volatility of the economic environment coupled with the wide competition that exists today, force organizations to implement corporate agility; taking the theory of knowledge management as a reference, and thereby determining if volatility generates a flow of new knowledge within organizations, thus allowing the coexistence between corporate agility, knowledge management and intellectual capital.

Resumen Hoy en día las organizaciones buscan desarrollar e impulsar la gestión del conocimiento, con el objetivo de mejorar el rendimiento y los resultados, implementando constantemente la innovación, como estrategia que permita la agilidad corporativa. Dentro de las organizaciones se generan nuevos conocimientos día a día y se acumulan experiencias de manera constante, que requieren ser analizadas para construir una base compartida de aprendizaje organizacional, que potencialice el intercambio de conocimiento para la ejecución correcta del trabajo. El presente artículo, tiene como objetivo, una aproximación a validar si la alta volatilidad del entorno económico aunado a la amplia competencia existente hoy en día, obligan a las organizaciones a implementar el principio de agilidad corporativa; tomando como referente la teoría de la gestión del conocimiento, y con ello determinar si la volatilidad genera un flujo de nuevos conocimientos dentro de las organizaciones, permitiendo con ello, la coexistencia entre el principio de agilidad corporativa, gestión del conocimiento y capital intelectual.

ABSTRACT The study is related to technological innovation and its uses to apply communication strategies at the level of Ecuadorian and foreign universities. Its objective was to provide a theoretical basis for the relationship between technological innovation, organizational communication and corporate social image of the Catholic University of Cuenca, Ecuador. In addition, to analyze the contents and tools used by communicators of higher education institutions to relate to and inform their audiences. The methodology applied in this study was a bibliographic review that allowed us to know in detail what communicators say in reference to this topic or problem and the alternatives that can be used with the objective of improving the social image and reputation of universities in the social context in which they develop.

RESUMEN El estudio se relaciona con la innovación tecnológica y sus usos para aplicar estrategias comunicativas a nivel de las universidades ecuatorianas y del extranjero. Su objetivo fue fundamentar teóricamente la relación entre innovación tecnológica, comunicación organizacional e imagen social corporativa de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Ecuador. Además, analizar los contenidos y herramientas que utilizan los comunicadores de las instituciones de educación superior para relacionarse e informar a sus públicos. La metodología que se aplicó en este estudio fue una revisión bibliográfica que permitió conocer a detalle qué dicen los comunicólogos en referencia a este tema o problemática y las alternativas que se pueden utilizar con el objetivo de mejorar la imagen social y reputación de las universidades en el ámbito y contexto social en el que se desarrollan.

Abstract Several papers have connected management controls to strategic commitment, innovation, and corporate governance, among other organizational outcomes. There are few studies that relate the levers of control framework proposed by Simons (1995) to strategic alignment. This paper aims to evaluate the relationships between Simons´ strategic levers of control with the vertical strategic alignment at Itaipu Binacional. Data collected through a survey of 341 respondents and analysed through structural equation modelling by the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method revealed that the levers of control are associated, exerting a positive influence, with the strategic alignment, with diagnostic, beliefs, and interactive systems showing significant statistical associations. commitment innovation governance outcomes 1995 (1995 Binacional 34 PLS (PLS associated influence diagnostic beliefs associations 199 (199 3 19 (19 1 (1 (

Resumo Diversos estudos têm vinculado controles de gestão ao comprometimento estratégico, inovação, governança corporativa, dentre outros outcomes organizacionais. No entanto são escassos os estudos que relacionam o modelo das alavancas de controle estratégico (MAC) proposto por Simons (1995) ao alinhamento estratégico. O presente estudo objetiva avaliar os relacionamentos entre as alavancas de controle estratégico de Simons (1994) com o alinhamento estratégico vertical na Itaipu Binacional. Dados coletados por meio de um survey junto a 341 respondentes e analisados por meio da modelagem de equações estruturais pelo método PLS (Partial Least Squares) revelaram que as alavancas (MAC) se associam, exercendo influência positiva, com o alinhamento estratégico vertical, com destaque para os sistemas diagnóstico, de crenças e interativo, que produziram associações estatísticas significativas. inovação corporativa organizacionais MAC (MAC 1995 (1995 1994 (1994 Binacional 34 Partial Squares associam positiva diagnóstico interativo significativas 199 (199 3 19 (19 1 (1 (

Resumen Basado en las teorías de la agencia y de la información asimétrica el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar si la transparencia de gobierno corporativo está determinada por las estrategias adoptadas por el consejo de administración (liquidez, inversión, estructura de capital, innovación). La muestra de estudio está conformada por 826 observaciones de empresas latinoamericanas durante 2004-2010 (128 empresas únicas). Se adoptan los métodos Cluster y GMM para realizar el análisis econométrico. Se evidencia que la transparencia de gobierno corporativo se atribuye a cambios en las decisiones del consejo con respecto a aspectos financieros y de innovación. Sin embargo, el impacto de la composición del consejo (presencia de mujeres consejeras, su independencia y su tamaño) son atribuibles a los efectos de la industria y/o del país. Aunque la limitación principal del estudio se centra en el periodo de análisis, los resultados aportan implicaciones importantes para el sector empresarial, demostrando que la composición del consejo de administración y las estrategias financieras y de innovación adoptadas por éste motivan a una mayor transparencia corporativa, lo cual incrementa la confianza en los mercados.

Abstract Based on agency and asymmetric information theories, the objective of this paper is to investigate whether the transparency on corporate governance is determined by strategies followed by the board of directors (liquidity, investment, capital structure, innovation and board composition impact on the corporate governance transparency). The study sample is composed by 826 observations from Latin American firms during the period 2004-2010 (128 unique firms). A two-way cluster standard errors and GMM methods have been adopted to perform the econometric analysis. Results suggest that corporate governance disclosure is attributable to changes on firm’s decisions made by the board with respect to financial aspects and innovation. However, the impact upon transparency of board composition with regards to female directors, independence and size of boards are attributable to industry and/or country effects. Although the main limitation of the study is focused on the period of analysis, the results provide important implications for the business sector, demonstrating that the board composition and the financial and innovation strategies adopted by the board encourage greater corporate transparency, thus increasing confidence in the markets.

Resumen: De la mano de la aceleración del cambio tecnológico, las grandes empresas se han visto forzadas a revisar sus estrategias de innovación, buscando ser más flexibles, incorporar nuevos conocimientos más rápido y no perder así ventaja frente a sus competidores. En este marco, la vinculación con startups aparece como un candidato natural para estas estrategias de innovación abierta corporativa. Los resultados obtenidos en este artículo muestran que se trata de un fenómeno muy reciente pero en expansión, aunque con una fuerte concentración espacial en las economías más grandes de la región. Su principal motivación es la de innovar de forma más ágil y flexible, asumiendo múltiples formas y actividades pero sin estar circunscripto a empresas de sectores tecnológicos ni de capital extranjero. Asimismo, la mirada en profundidad sobre los casos estudiados muestra la existencia aún de tensiones y desafíos a nivel corporativo para poder incorporar al trabajo con startups dentro de las rutinas y procesos ya existentes así como la importancia de una alineación de expectativas de uno y otro lado de la relación en cuanto a los compromisos y resultados esperados. Además, aquellos casos que están más avanzados en estas iniciativas muestran la importancia de que éstas sean concebidas como emprendimientos en sí mismos y tengan una fuerte alineación estratégica con su ''organización madre'' (la corporación). Varias líneas de investigación futura se desprenden de estos resultados para nutrir un campo de investigación aún por despegar en América Latina.

Abstract: The acceleration of the technological progress forces corporations to review their innovation strategies, looking for a greater flexibility and faster knowledge acquisition to sustain their competitive advantages. In this context, collaboration with startups seems a plausible and effective way to pursuing open innovation strategies. Results show that collaborations between large firms and startups are a very recent though growing phenomenon but with a clear spatial concentration around the largest economies of the region. Its main motive refers to agile and flexible innovation, assuming multiple forms and activities. Interestingly, this phenomenon is neither restricted to certain technological industries nor to foreign-owned corporations. In addition, in-depth insights from case studies reveal some tensions and challenges at the corporate level to accommodate these collaborations with startups within the existing repertory of established routines and processes, as well as the importance of matching and aligning expectations between the corporation and the startups in terms of results and commitments. The cases showed the relevance of conceiving these collaborations as an entrepreneurial project itself within the organization and with a strong alignment with the parent company's strategy. Several future research avenues are derived from these results, aiming at nurturing this still emerging research field in Latin America.