Abstract: Effective weed control in crop fields at an early stage is a crucial aspect of modern agriculture. Nonetheless, detecting and identifying these plants in environments with unpredictable conditions remain a challenging task for the agricultural industry. Thus, a two-stage deep learning-based methodology to effectively address the issue is proposed in this work. In the first stage, multi-plant image segmentation is performed, whereas regions of interest (ROIs) are classified in the second stage. In the segmentation stage, a Deep learning model, specifically a UNet-like architecture, has been used to segment the plants within an image following two approaches: resizing the image or dividing the image into patches. In the classification stage, four architectures, including ResNet101, VGG16, Xception, and MobileNetV2, have been implemented to classify different types of plants, including corn and weed plants. A large image dataset was used for training the models. After resizing the images, the segmentation network achieved a Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) of around 84% and a mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of around 74%. On the other hand, when the images were divided into patches, the segmentation network achieved a mean DSC of 87.48% and a mIoU of 78.17%. Regarding the classification, the best performance was achieved by the Xception network with a 97.43% Accuracy. Then, According to the results, the proposed approach is a beneficial alternative for farmers as it offers a method for detecting crops and weeds under natural field conditions.

Abstract Currently, there is technology available to develop treatments at variable rates on crops. The difficulty is to properly identify the weed species and thus be able to adjust the doses of herbicide to the species present at each point of the plot. For this reason, the objective of this work is to carry out a field trial to study the potential of the integration of the available technology: remote sensing using UAV and image analysis, design of variable application maps based on IPMWise recommendations and finally, application with a sprayer capable of applying variable rates nozzle by nozzle. The trials were carried out in two corn fields located at NE Spain. A pre-emergence treatment was carried out with different products to force variability and subsequently, a UAV flight at 40m height using an RGB camera and a multi-spectral camera. AgrisoftPhotoscan software was used to align the images and they were processed using an advanced OBIA algorithm. The dose of herbicide to be applied was calculated according to species and density using the IPMwise DSS for a 1x1m2 grid and the generated map was loaded into an AGRIFAC Condor sprayer. Considering a treatment threshold of 1 plant/m2, herbicide savings of more than 38% were achieved. The effectiveness evaluation was 22 days after the treatment and it was found that the efficiencies obtained were in line with those predicted, although in areas with very low density, no weeds were detected within the crop line.

Resumen En la actualidad existe tecnología disponible para realizar tratamientos a dosis variable en los cultivos. La dificultad es identificar adecuadamente las especies de malas hierbas y así poder ajustar las dosis de herbicida a las especies presentes en cada punto de la parcela. Por esto, el objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar un ensayo en campo para estudiar el potencial de la integración de la tecnologia disponible: detección remota utilizado UAV y analisis de imagen, diseño de mapas de aplicación variable basados en las recomendacioens de IPMWise y finalmente, aplicación con un pulverizador capaz de aplicar dosis variable boquilla a boquilla.Los ensayos se llevaron a cabo en dos parcelas de maiz situadas en el NE de España.Se realizó un tratamiento de pre-emergencia con productos diferentes para forzar la variabilidad y posteriormente, un vuelo con UAV a 40m de altura utilizando una camara RGB y otra multi-espectral. Posteriormente se utilizó el software AgrisoftPhotoscan para alinear las imágenes y se procesaron utilizando un algoritmo OBIA avanzado. La dosis de herbicida a aplicar se calculó por especie y densidad utilizando el DSS IPMwise para una cuadrícula de 1x1m2 y el mapa generado se cargó en un pulverizador AGRIFAC Condor. Considerando un umbral de tratamiento de 1planta/m2 se consiguió un ahorro de herbicida superior al 38%. La evaluación de eficacia fue 22 días tras el tratamiento y se constató que las eficacias obtenidas estuvieron en línea con las previstas aunque en zonas con muy baja densidad, no se detectaron malas hierbas en la misma linea del cultivo.

Resumo A cultura do milho é utilizada na alimentação humana, pecuária e avícola, bem como na panificação, flocos de milho, xarope de milho, amido de milho e óleos de milho. O estudo de campo consistiu em um ensaio experimental sobre a incidência desse complexo de insetos-praga na cultivar de milho Azam durante a temporada de Kharif 2020 na Estação de Pesquisa Agrícola, Baffa, Mansehra. O ensaio foi estabelecido no Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) e, em seguida, dividido em três repetições. O resultado obtido no ensaio mostrou que várias espécies de pragas foram registradas durante o período experimental; no entanto, foi observado um baixo nível da população. As espécies de insetos obtidas foram pulgão-da-folha-do-milho (6,90 ± 5,5) – por polegada quadrada –, cigarrinha-do-milho (1,32 ± 0,63), broca-do-caule-do-milho (0,63 ± 0,29), besouro-da-pulga-do-milho (0,43 ± 0,28), tripses (0,38 ± 0,22), lagarta-cabeluda (0,21 ± 0,22), gafanhoto (0,17 ± 0,11) e mosca (0,11 ± 0,08) ao longo da temporada

Abstract The maize crop is used as food for humans, livestock and poultries forms, it is also used in bread making, corn flakes, corn syrup, corn starch and corn oils. The field study consisted of one experimental trial, about the incidence of that insect pest complex on maize cultivar Azam during the Kharif season 2020 at the Agricultural, Research Station, Baffa, Mansehra. The trial was laid out in the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), and then it was divided into three replications. The result obtained from the trial showed that a number of the pest species were recorded during the experimental period; however, the population was noticed at a low level. The obtained insect species were corn leaf aphid (6.90 ± 5.5) per square inch, corn leafhopper (1.32 ± 0.63), maize stem borer (0.63 ± 0.29), corn flea beetle (0.43 ± 0.28), Thrips (0.38 ± 0.22), Hairy caterpillar (0.21 ± 0.22), Grasshopper (0.17 ± 0.11) and shoot fly (0.11 ± 0.08) throughout the season

ABSTRACT Most studies concerning biochar, which can enhance chemical, physical, and biological soil qualities and increase crop yields, are short-term experiments in controlled environments with temperate regions and sandy soils. Biochar amendment benefits for clayey soils in tropical climate regions are uncertain. Herein, field conditions in clayey soil were investigated for 28 months. Eucalyptus biochar was obtained from charcoal production and incorporated in soil with disc plows (0.00–0.20 m). Treatments comprised six single biochar application amounts–0 (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 Mg·ha-1. The experiments were conducted in April 2016, and corn was cultivated in 2016/17 and 2017/18. Soil samples were collected in 2018 for macro/micronutrient, bulk density, porosity, macroporosity, microporosity, water availability, and soil penetration resistance evaluations in the 0.00–0.05-, 0.05–0.10-, 0.10–0.20-, 0.20–0.30-, and 0.30–0.40-m layers. Chemicals P, K and Ca increased compared to the control. The K and Ca increases were related to the biochar composition (6% K and 2% Ca). Soil bulk density decreased by 0.07 kg·dm-3, and macro/microporosity (total porosity) increased linearly by 2.5% in the 0.05–0.10-m layer with increasing biochar application amount. Soil penetration resistance was unaffected. For each 1 Mg·ha-1 of biochar applied, a 500-L·ha-1 increase in available water occurred, which may be important for crops with low water demand and to overcome water restriction periods. chemical physical yields shortterm short term uncertain Herein 2 months 0.00–0.20 000020 0 00 20 (0.00–0.2 m. m . m) amounts0 amounts amounts– control, control , (control) 10 30 40 5 Mg·ha1. Mgha1 Mgha Mg·ha 1. Mg ha 2016 201617 17 2016/1 201718 2017 18 2017/18 201 macromicronutrient macro micronutrient macro/micronutrient porosity macroporosity microporosity availability 0.00–0.05, 000005 0.00–0.05 05 0.00–0.05- 0.05–0.10, 005010 0.05–0.10 0.05–0.10- 0.10–0.20, 010020 0.10–0.20 0.10–0.20- 0.20–0.30, 020030 0.20–0.30 0.20–0.30- 0.30–0.40m 030040m 0.30–0.40 layers P 6% 6 (6 Ca. Ca) 007 07 0.0 kg·dm3, kgdm3 kgdm kg·dm 3, kg dm 3 kg·dm-3 macromicroporosity total 25 2.5 0.05–0.10m 005010m amount unaffected Mg·ha1 Mg·ha- applied 500L·ha1 500Lha1 Lha 500 L·ha L 500-L·ha- occurred periods 0.00–0.2 00002 (0.00–0. (control 4 ha1 20161 2016/ 20171 2017/1 00000 0.00–0.0 00501 0.05–0.1 01002 0.10–0.2 02003 0.20–0.3 40m 030040 0.30–0.4 ( 0. dm3 kg·dm3 kg·dm- 2. 10m 500L 500L·ha 500Lha 500-L·ha 0.00–0. 0000 (0.00–0 2017/ 0050 0.05–0. 0100 0.10–0. 0200 0.20–0. 03004 0.30–0. 0.00–0 000 (0.00– 005 0.05–0 010 0.10–0 020 0.20–0 0300 0.30–0 0.00– (0.00 0.05– 01 0.10– 02 0.20– 030 0.30– 0.00 (0.0 0.05 0.10 0.20 03 0.30 (0. 0.1 0.2 0.3 (0

Abstract: Background: Weeds pose a significant challenge to Argentine crops, leading to herbicide resistance and environmental concerns. Objective: To identify key weed problems, assess management practices, and herbicide use. Methods: A web-based survey system, with closed questions, was distributed from March to August 2020 among 147 agricultural stakeholders related to soybean, corn, wheat, and sunflower crops in Argentina. Results: Notable troublesome weeds included Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq., Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Amaranthus hybridus L., and Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Herbicide usage was as follows: 86% used burndown fallow chemical control, 51% adhered to labeled application rates, 40% applied herbicides at the labeled growth stage, and 37% rotated modes of action. Non-chemical controls were also employed, with 67% favoring crop rotation and 36% focused on preventing weed seed production. Glyphosate was the dominant herbicide, employed by over 90% of respondents. For summer crops, frequently used herbicides included paraquat, 2,4-D (80% of respondents), atrazine (60% of respondents), sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, S-metolachlor (60% of respondents), and clethodim (65% of respondents). In winter cereals, 2,4-D, flurochloridone, flumioxazin, and pyroxasulfone were the top choices. Conclusions: This survey underscores the high reliance on chemical control in Argentina's major crops. The findings provide crucial insights for regional policy planning, emphasizing the importance of integrating diverse weed management tactics. It also highlights the need for proactive integrated management strategies at the field level to mitigate and prevent weed issues in Argentina, offering a valuable approach for analyzing weed problems in extensive crops worldwide. Abstract Background concerns Objective practices use Methods webbased web based system questions 202 14 soybean corn wheat Argentina Results L. L (L. Cronq Cronq. Scop Scop. Gaertn Gaertn. Pers follows 86 51 rates 40 stage 37 action Nonchemical Non 67 36 production 90 respondents paraquat 2,4D 24D D 2,4 2 4 80% 80 (80 respondents, , respondents) 60% 60 (60 sulfentrazone flumioxazin Smetolachlor S metolachlor 65% 65 (65 . cereals 2,4D, D, flurochloridone choices Conclusions Argentinas s planning tactics worldwide 20 1 (L 8 5 3 6 9 4D 24 2, (8 (6 (

RESUMO: Um experimento foi conduzido para avaliar a produtividade, a composição nutricional e a contaminação por micotoxinas em diferentes híbridos de milho. Essas medidas também foram correlacionadas com o impacto do custo do milho na formulação de ração inicial para frangos de corte. Um total de 150 amostras de 50 híbridos de milho foram obtidas em experimento de campo. As variáveis nutricionais foram preditas via NIRS e as micotoxinas foram analisadas por HPLC-MS/MS. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e os híbridos agrupados pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de significância. Correlação de Pearson foi realizada entre as principais variáveis. A maioria das variáveis foi diferente entre os híbridos de milho (P < 0,05), com exceção de fósforo disponível, grãos avariados e contaminações por DON e ZEA (P > 0,05). A produtividade teve correlação positiva (P < 0,05) com o custo de formulação da ração (r = 0,35) e correlação negativa (P < 0,05) com proteína bruta (-0,42), Tre digestível (dig.) (-0,42) e Met+Cis dig. (-0,42). O custo da formulação de rações apresentou correlação positiva (P < 0,05) com FUM (0,33) e ZEA (0,29), e negativa (P < 0,05) com proteína bruta (-0,74). Diferentes híbridos de milho variam em produtividade, conteúdo nutricional e contaminação por micotoxinas. Foi demonstrado que um aumento no rendimento à campo pode estar relacionado com redução no conteúdo nutricional e na qualidade do milho, resultando em um aumento no custo da formulação de ração. RESUMO corte 15 5 HPLCMS/MS. HPLCMSMS HPLC MS/MS. MS HPLC-MS/MS ScottKnott Scott Knott significância P 0,05, 005 0,05 , 0 05 disponível 0,05. . r 0,35 035 35 0,42, 042 0,42 42 dig (dig. (-0,42 MetCis Met Cis 0,42. 0,33 033 33 (0,33 0,29, 029 0,29 29 (0,29) 0,74. 074 0,74 74 (-0,74) 1 HPLCMS HPLCMS/MS MSMS MS/MS 00 0,0 0,3 03 3 04 0,4 4 (dig (-0,4 (0,3 02 0,2 2 (0,29 07 0,7 7 (-0,74 0, (-0, (0, (0,2 (-0,7 (-0 (0 (- (

ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted to assess the crop yield, nutritional composition, and mycotoxin contamination in different corn hybrids. The impact of these variables on the feed formulation cost of starter diets for broilers was also evaluated. A total of 150 samples from 50 corn hybrids was obtained from a field experiment. Nutrients were predicted by NIRS and mycotoxins were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and corn hybrids were grouped using Scott-Knott test at 5% significance. Pearson correlation analysis was performed among the main variables. Most of the variables were different among corn hybrids (P < 0.05), with exception of available phosphorus (Av. P), damaged grains, and DON and ZEA contaminations (P > 0.05). Crop yield had a positive correlation (P < 0.05) with feed formulation cost (r = 0.35) and a negative correlation (P < 0.05) with crude protein (-0.42), digestible (dig.) Thr (-0.42), and dig. Met+Cys (-0.42). The feed cost correlated positively (P < 0.05) with FUM (0.33) and ZEA (0.29), and negatively (P < 0.05) with crude protein (-0.74). Different corn hybrids vary in their productivity, nutritional content and mycotoxins contamination. It was demonstrated that an increase in the crop yield might be related to a reduction in corn nutritional content and quality, resulting in an increase in feed formulation cost. ABSTRACT composition evaluated 15 5 HPLCMS/MS. HPLCMSMS HPLC MS/MS. MS HPLC-MS/MS ScottKnott Scott Knott significance P 0.05, 005 0.05 , 0 05 Av. Av (Av P, P) grains 0.05. . r 0.35 035 35 0.42, 042 0.42 42 (-0.42) dig (dig. MetCys Met Cys 0.42. 0.33 033 33 (0.33 0.29, 029 0.29 29 (0.29) 0.74. 074 0.74 74 (-0.74) productivity quality 1 HPLCMS HPLCMS/MS MSMS MS/MS 00 0.0 0.3 03 3 04 0.4 4 (-0.42 (dig (0.3 02 0.2 2 (0.29 07 0.7 7 (-0.74 0. (-0.4 (0. (0.2 (-0.7 (-0. (0 (-0 ( (-

Abstract Climate change and its impact on agriculture are important issues. The study aims to assess the effect of biological fertilizers on enzymatic activity, soil chemistry, and corn growth. Field experiments were conducted in the period from 2021 to 2023 in the Almaty region, Kazakhstan. The authors studied the P1241 corn variety and analyzed the content of chemical elements in the soil and the structural characteristics of plants. Field experiments were conducted in the village of Baltabai in 2021-2023. The P1241 corn variety was studied, and the factors of biological fertilizers, the content of chemical elements in the soil, structural indicators of plant growth and development, as well as yield were analyzed. The statistical analysis was carried out using the nonparametric Kruskall-Wallis criterion in the R Studio software. The results of the study confirm the positive effect of biological fertilizers on metabolic processes, soil chemical composition, and structural indicators of crop growth. The authors also identified the influence of the climate on the yield and structure of corn plants. The obtained data can be useful for the development of agricultural strategies and for practicing agronomists and soil scientists. issues activity chemistry 202 region Kazakhstan P P124 plants 20212023. 20212023 2023. 2021-2023 KruskallWallis Kruskall Wallis software processes composition scientists 20 P12 2021202 2021-202 2 P1 202120 2021-20 20212 2021-2 2021-

Resumo As mudanças climáticas e seu impacto na agricultura são questões importantes. O objetivo do estudo é avaliar o efeito dos fertilizantes biológicos na atividade enzimática, na química do solo e no crescimento do milho. Foram realizados experimentos de campo no período de 2021 a 2023 na região de Almaty, no Cazaquistão. Os autores estudaram a variedade de milho P1241 e analisaram o conteúdo de elementos químicos no solo e as características estruturais das plantas. Foram realizados experimentos de campo na aldeia de Baltabai em 2021-2023. A variedade de milho P1241 foi estudada, e os fatores de fertilizantes biológicos, o conteúdo de elementos químicos no solo, os indicadores estruturais de crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas, bem como a produtividade, foram analisados. A análise estatística foi realizada usando o critério não paramétrico de Kruskall-Wallis no software R Studio. Os resultados do estudo confirmam o efeito positivo dos fertilizantes biológicos nos processos metabólicos, na composição química do solo e nos indicadores estruturais do crescimento da cultura. Os autores também identificaram a influência do clima no rendimento e na estrutura das plantas de milho. Os dados obtidos podem ser úteis para o desenvolvimento de estratégias agrícolas e para a prática de agrônomos e cientistas do solo. importantes enzimática 202 Almaty Cazaquistão P P124 20212023. 20212023 2023. 2021-2023 estudada produtividade analisados KruskallWallis Kruskall Wallis Studio metabólicos cultura 20 P12 2021202 2021-202 2 P1 202120 2021-20 20212 2021-2 2021-

RESUMEN La huella de carbono (HC) representa la sumatoria de gases de efecto invernadero emitidos por una persona, institución, programa o producto, y es la medida de uno de los impactos que provocan las actividades de la humanidad sobre el ambiente. El objetivo general de este trabajo fue estimar la HC del maíz producido en Córdoba, Argentina. El objetivo específico fue analizar la diferencia de HC a través de un manejo sitio-específico de la fertilización nitrogenada. La unidad declarada es: 1 t de grano en la puerta del campo. Los métodos utilizados siguen las normas ISO 14067 y las directrices del Panel Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático. Se utilizó información provista por la Bolsa de Cereales de Córdoba y de un ensayo a campo en Alejandro Roca, Córdoba. La HC resultó en 156,5 kg CO2 eq t-1 de maíz, promedio ponderado por departamento de la provincia de Córdoba. En el ensayo a campo, la dosis variable de N permitió reducir un 21,45% la HC, de 150,75 kg CO2 eq t-1 a 124,13 kg CO2 eq t-1. Los resultados están en un rango bajo, con respecto a la bibliografía, utilizando los mismos métodos. Una posible explicación es el bajo nivel de insumos que se aplican al cultivo, en términos comparativos, como así también la siembra directa, con menor consumo de combustible. En el ensayo, se explica por un uso más eficiente del fertilizante. the literature using the same methods. A possible explanation is the low level of inputs applied to the crop, in comparative terms, as well as the use of no-tillage which reduces fuel consumption. The lower impact observed in the field test was due to a more efficient use of fertilizer.

ABSTRACT The carbon footprint (CF) represents the sum of greenhouse gases emitted by a person, institution, project or product, and is a measure of one of the impacts on the environment caused by human activities. The general objective of this research was to estimate the CF of corn produced in Córdoba, Argentina. The specific objective was to analyze the difference in CF by using Precision Agriculture. The declared unit is 1 t of grain at the farmgate. The methods used follow the ISO 14067 standards and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines. The information was obtained from the Córdoba Grain Exchange and from a field trial in Alejandro Roca, Córdoba. The CF resulted in 156.5 kg CO2 eq t-1 of corn, weighted average per department of the province of Córdoba. In the field trial, N variable rate allowed the CF to be reduced by 21.45%, from 150.75 kg CO2 eq t-1 to 124.13 kg CO2 eq t-1. The results are below the average reported in

Resumen: La programación del riego es un factor clave para el manejo eficiente del agua en la agricultura. El objetivo del estudio fue programar los riegos con el uso del atmómetro y el coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) en maíz (Zeamays L.) forrajero para evaluar su efecto en la altura de planta, índice de área foliar, rendimiento de materia seca (MS) y eficiencia en el uso del agua (EUA) bajo diferentes tratamientos de riego. El estudio se realizó en el Campo Experimental la Laguna del INIFAP ubicado en Matamoros, Coahuila, México. Se utilizaron tres híbridos de maíz (H-431, H-383 y SB-302) con un sistema de riego por goteo subsuperficial, donde se aplicaron los tratamientos del 60, 80 y 100% de la evapotranspiración (ET) y un testigo (riego por gravedad). El diseño experimental fue bloques completamente al azar con parcelas divididas y cuatro repeticiones. La programación del riego con el atmómetro y el Kc del maíz propiciaron un mayor rendimiento de MS (18.83 t ha-1) y EUA (3.66 kg de MS m-3) en los tres híbridos con el 100% de ET. La EUA en el 100% de ET fue 1.36, 1.63 y 40% mayor con respecto al 60%, 80% de ET y riego por gravedad, respectivamente. Por lo tanto, programar el riego mediante el uso del atmómetro y el Kc del cultivo en un sistema de riego por goteo subsuperficial ayuda a obtener un mayor uso eficiente del agua en maíz forrajero.

Abstract: Irrigation scheduling is a key factor for efficient water management in agriculture. The objective of the study was to program the irrigations with the use of the atmometer and the crop coefficient (Kc) in forage corn (Zea mays L.) to evaluate its effect on plant height, leaf area index, dry matter yield (DM) and water use efficiency (WUE) under different irrigation treatments. The study was carried out in the Experimental Field La Laguna of INIFAP located in Matamoros, Coahuila, Mexico. Three corn hybrids (H-431, H-383 and SB-302) were used with a subsurface drip irrigation system, applying 60, 80 and 100% evapotranspiration (ET) treatments and a control (gravity irrigation). The experimental design was completely randomized blocks with divided plots and four replications. Irrigation scheduling with the atmometer and Kc of corn led to a higher DM yield (18.83 t ha-1) and WUE (3.66 kg DM m-3) in the three hybrids with 100% ET. The WUE in 100% ET was 1.36, 1.63 and 40% higher with respect to 60%, 80% ET and irrigation by gravity, respectively. Therefore, scheduling irrigation using the atmometer and crop Kc in a subsurface drip irrigation system helps to obtain more efficient water use in forage corn.

Resumen Dada la diversidad de efectos observados en la infiltración del agua por el riego, resulta de interés profundizar este proceso en un suelo bajo riego complementario y su relación con las propiedades edáficas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar los cambios en el proceso de infiltración, como consecuencia del riego complementario (pivote central), a través del análisis y modelado de las variables físicas involucradas. Se realizaron veinte ensayos de infiltración (doble anillo), en lotes pertenecientes a la misma unidad cartográfica (serie Chacabuco), con el agua proveniente de las perforaciones. Los tratamientos fueron con riego, y sin riego (secano), en dos momentos del cultivo de maíz (Zea mays L.) (antes de la campaña y posteriores a la cosecha). Se determinó la humedad inicial edáfica, textura, densidad aparente, y se calificó la calidad del agua de riego. Para el análisis se ajustaron los datos de campo a los modelos teóricos de Kostiakov (1932), Kostiakov-Lewis (1937), Green and Ampt (1911) y Philip (1957). Se realizó una Prueba t para un diseño apareado de la infiltración básica, conductividad hidráulica y sortividad. Los modelos aplicados y los parámetros obtenidos reflejaron las características texturales de los suelos en estudio. La infiltración ajustada por los modelos de Kostiakov y Kostiakov-Lewis, fue coincidente. Inicialmente la tasa de infiltración básica fue mayor en el sector de riego, luego de la campaña disminuyó a valores similares a los de secano. Las mejoras en la infiltración acumulada en el sector de riego debido al cultivo antecesor (trigo (Triticum aestivum L.)) no se conservan en el período de tiempo estudiado. La disminución de la tasa de infiltración en el primer minuto se podría explicar por el predominio de iones bicarbonato y sodio del agua de riego y su baja concentración salina, que incrementa el porcentaje de socio intercambiable en los primeros centímetros de los lotes regados. No se observaron efectos del riego sobre la conductividad hidráulica y la sortividad de los suelos.

Abstract Given the diversity of effects on water infiltration observed under irrigation, it is of interest to deepen the understanding of this process and its relationship with soil properties. The objective of this work was to determine changes in the infiltration process as a consequence of supplementary irrigation (central pivot) through the analysis and modeling of the physical variables involved. Twenty infiltration tests (double ring) were carried out in sites from the same cartographic unit (Chacabuco series) under irrigation with water from the aquifer. The treatments were with and without irrigation (rainfed) at two moments (before corn (Zea mays L.) crop season and after corn harvest). Initial water content, texture, and bulk density were determined, and the quality of water was assessed. For the analysis, field data were adjusted to the theoretical models of Kostiakov (1932), Kostiakov-Lewis (1937), Green and Ampt (1911), and Philip (1957). A t-test was performed for a paired design of the steady infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity, and sortivity. The applied models and the obtained parameters reflected the textural characteristics of the soils under study. The infiltration adjusted by the Kostiakov and Kostiakov-Lewis models was coincident. Initially the steady infiltration rate was higher in the sector under irrigation, but decreased to values similar to those under rainfed conditions at the end of the season. Improvements in the cumulative infiltration in the sector under irrigation due to the preceding crop (wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)) were not preserved in the period under study. The decrease in the infiltration rate during the first minute could be explained by the predominance of bicarbonate and sodium ions in the irrigation water and its low saline concentration, increasing of the exchangeable sodium percentage in the first centimeters of the irrigated sites. No effects of irrigation on the hydraulic conductivity and sortivity of the soils were observed.

Abstract Waste generated from agribusiness, such as swine production, can be used in agricultural soil; however, certain technical criteria should be followed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different depths of irrigation with swine wastewater (SW), associated with the soil management system, on soil chemical attributes after two corn crop cycles. The experiments were conducted in the field, in an arrangement with two soil management systems (conventional tillage system – CTS and no-tillage system – NTS) and five depths of irrigation with SW (50%, 75%, 100%, 125% and 150% of evapotranspiration from the crop – ETc). Soil samples were collected at depths of 0–0.1 and 0.1–0.2 m to determine the pH, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Al, P, Fe, Cu and Zn at the end of each crop cycle. Soil nutrient contents increased with the application of SW irrigation in the two crop cycles and in the depths of 0–0.1 and 0.1–0.2 m, mainly with an increase of irrigation depths. No effect of the management systems was observed for the majority of the nutrients evaluated. The content of the heavy metals Cu and Zn remained below the critical limits established by the Brazilian Regulations. agribusiness production however followed SW, , (SW) field conventional notillage no NTS 50%, 50 (50% 75 75% 100 100% 125 150 ETc. ETc . ETc) 001 0 1 0–0. 0102 2 0.1–0. pH Ca Mg K Na Al P Fe cycle evaluated Regulations (SW 50% 5 (50 7 10 12 15 00 0–0 010 0.1–0 (5 0– 01 0.1– ( 0.1 0.

Abstract The fall armyworm [FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)], is considered a serious invasive pest that poses a serious threat to world food security. It can completely devastate a whole country's cereal crops. Therefore, the present work is the 1st field trial in Egypt to elucidate some ecological aspects of S. frugiperda on maize plants (Single-Hybrid 168 Yellow Corn cultivar) at Esna district, Luxor Governorate, Egypt, throughout two sequential growing seasons of maize (2021-2022). Three insect parameters were used, i.e., egg masses, number of larvae, and percentage of damaged corn plants. Effects of certain climatic conditions and corn plant ages on S. frugiperda seasonal activity and damaged plants percentage were also estimated. S. frugiperda population initiated to attack maize plants from the 3rd week of June until the harvest in every season. S. frugiperda had two seasonal activity peaks in terms of egg masses numbers and three peaks regarding the larval population density/season. Its damage percentage increased with increasing plant age weekly. The mean of S. frugiperda egg masses were 2.83 ± 0.40 and 2.96 ± 0.45 mass /10 corn plants in 2021 and 2022, respectively. While, the overall mean larval populations were 13.41 ± 0.52 and 13.03 ± 0.46 larvae/10 plants, during the two growing seasons, respectively. Corn plant damage percentages reached 68.54 ± 2.71 and 60.42 ± 2.92% in 2021 and 2022, respectively. The combined effects of both the weather conditions and maize plant ages were highly significant on egg masses, larvae population density, and damage percentage, and varied from one season to another. The mean daily maximum temperature was the most effective variable on egg masses and the larval population. Maize plant age had a clear effect on the damage percentage caused by the larvae in the field during the two years of the study. The dramatic spread of FAW and the consequent damage (that appeared in different countries of America, Africa, and Asia) mean that different management approaches must be sought for the small and large-scale producers by using available technologies for smallholder farmers will eliminate pest damage without access to reach to an economic Injury level. This information may assist the decision maker when planning the S. frugiperda IPM program for maize plants and its surveillance. [FAW Smith (Smith Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Noctuidae, Noctuidae , Noctuidae)] security countrys country s crops Therefore st S SingleHybrid Single Hybrid 16 cultivar district Governorate 20212022. 20212022 2022 . (2021-2022) used ie i e i.e. estimated rd densityseason density density/season weekly 283 2 83 2.8 040 0 40 0.4 296 96 2.9 045 45 10 /1 202 respectively While 1341 13 41 13.4 052 52 0.5 1303 03 13.0 046 46 larvae10 larvae/1 6854 68 54 68.5 271 71 2.7 6042 60 42 60.4 292 92 2.92 another study America Africa Asia largescale large scale level surveillance Noctuidae) 1 2021202 (2021-2022 i.e 28 8 2. 04 4 0. 29 9 / 20 134 13. 05 5 130 larvae1 larvae/ 685 6 68. 27 7 604 60. 202120 (2021-202 20212 (2021-20 (2021-2 (2021- (2021 (202 (20 (2 (

Resumo A lagarta-do-cartucho [FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)], é considerada uma séria praga invasora que representa uma séria ameaça à segurança alimentar mundial. Essa espécie pode devastar completamente as plantações de cereais de um país inteiro. Portanto, o presente trabalho é o primeiro ensaio de campo no Egito para elucidar alguns aspectos ecológicos de S. frugiperda em plantas de milho (Single-Hybrid 168 Yellow Corn cultivar) no distrito de Esna, Luxor Governorate, Egito, ao longo de duas estações de crescimento sequencial de milho (2021 a 2022). Três parâmetros de insetos foram utilizados, isto é, massas de ovos, número de larvas e porcentagem de plantas de milho danificadas. Também foram estimados os efeitos de certas condições climáticas e idades das plantas de milho na atividade sazonal de S. frugiperda e na porcentagem de plantas danificadas. A população de S. frugiperda começou a atacar as plantas de milho a partir da terceira semana de junho até a colheita em todas as estações. S. frugiperda apresentou dois picos sazonais de atividade como o número de massas de ovos e três picos em relação à densidade populacional larval/estação. Seu percentual de dano aumentou semanalmente a partir do aumento da idade da planta. A média das massas de ovos de S. frugiperda foi de 2,83 ± 0,40 e 2,96 ± 0,45 massa/10 plantas de milho em 2021 e 2022, respectivamente. Enquanto, as populações larvais médias gerais foram de 13,41 ± 0,52 e 13,03 ± 0,46 larvas/10 plantas, durante as duas estações de crescimento, respectivamente. As porcentagens de danos às plantas de milho atingiram 68,54 ± 2,71 e 60,42 ± 2,92% em 2021 e 2022, respectivamente. Os efeitos combinados das condições climáticas e da idade das plantas de milho foram altamente significativos nas massas de ovos, densidade populacional de larvas e porcentagem de danos, e variaram de uma estação para outra. A temperatura média diária máxima foi a variável mais efetiva sobre as massas de ovos e a população larval. A idade da planta de milho influenciou visivelmente o percentual de dano causado pelas larvas no campo durante os dois anos de estudo. A propagação dramática da LFM e os danos consequentes (que apareceram em diferentes países da América, África e Ásia) significam que devem ser utilizadas diferentes abordagens de gestão para os pequenos e grandes produtores, a partir de tecnologias disponíveis para os pequenos agricultores eliminarem os danos causados pelas pragas sem acesso para chegar a um nível de dano econômico. Essas informações podem auxiliar o tomador de decisão no planejamento do programa MIP de S. frugiperda para plantas de milho e o seu monitoramento. lagartadocartucho lagarta cartucho FAW [FAW Smith (Smith Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Noctuidae, Noctuidae , Noctuidae)] mundial inteiro Portanto S SingleHybrid Single Hybrid 16 cultivar Esna Governorate (202 2022. 2022 . 2022) utilizados danificadas larvalestação larval larval/estação 283 2 83 2,8 040 0 40 0,4 296 96 2,9 045 45 massa10 massa 10 massa/1 202 respectivamente Enquanto 1341 13 41 13,4 052 52 0,5 1303 03 13,0 046 46 larvas10 larvas/1 6854 68 54 68,5 271 71 2,7 6042 60 42 60,4 292 92 2,92 outra estudo América Ásia produtores econômico monitoramento Noctuidae) 1 (20 28 8 2, 04 4 0, 29 9 massa1 massa/ 20 134 13, 05 5 130 larvas1 larvas/ 685 6 68, 27 7 604 60, (2 (

ABSTRACT Sequential crops may be affected by herbicide residuals in the soil. In corn crop there are reports of problems when the crop is sown soon after application of ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. The aim of this study was to evaluate safety intervals for the application of ACCase-inhibiting herbicides before sowing corn in different soils. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, and in the field conditions. In both, the experimental design were completely randomized in factorial scheme 6x4+1 (6 periods of application x 4 herbicides + 1 control) with five replications. The treatments were: haloxyfop-P-methyl (124.7 g ha-1), clethodim – formulation 1 (192 g ha-1), quizalofop-P-ethyl (100 g ha-1) and clethodim formulation 2 (192 g ha-1) in applications at 15, 10, 5, 3, 1 and 0 days before sowing in sandy and clayey soil. In the greenhouse, formulations based on clethodim were more safety in both types of soils, and safety intervals for clethodim-based herbicides were 5 days and greater than 15 days for quizalofop-P-ethyl and haloxyfop. Haloxyfop should not be applied on day of sowing in clay soil. In the field none of the treatments compromised the development and yield of the crop, even when applied on the day of sowing. soil ACCaseinhibiting ACCase inhibiting soils greenhouse conditions 6x41 6x4 6x4+ 6 ( control replications haloxyfopPmethyl haloxyfop P methyl 124.7 1247 124 7 (124. ha1, ha1 ha , 192 (19 quizalofopPethyl quizalofop ethyl 100 (10 ha-1 10 3 clethodimbased 6x 124. 12 (124 19 (1 ha- (12

ABSTRACT The fava bean crop makes an important socioeconomic contribution to the Northeast region of Brazil. However, in this region, there is a quantitative and qualitative shortage of water, being necessary the use of brackish water for irrigation. This study aimed to evaluate the saline stress on the yield and water-use efficiency in fava bean crop cultivated under monoculture and intercropping systems. The experiment was conducted under field conditions, using a randomized blocks experimental design, in a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement, with four replications. The first factor corresponded to five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 dS m−1) and the second comprised two cropping systems: fava bean grown in monoculture and intercropped with corn. The salt stress negatively affected the number of pods in the intercropped system, but with less intensity. The increase of salts in the irrigation water reduces the pod length, diameter and mass, as well as the yield and water-use efficiency, while the monoculture system is less affected by these effects. Brazil However wateruse systems conditions design arrangement replications 1.0, 10 1 0 (1.0 20 2.0 30 3 3.0 40 4 4. 50 5. m−1 m1 m corn intensity length mass effects 1.0 (1. 2. 3. m− 1. (1 (

RESUMO A cultura da fava desempenha importante contribuição socioeconômica para a região Nordeste do Brasil. Contudo, nessa região, há escassez quantitativa e qualitativa de água, sendo necessária a utilização de água salobra para a irrigação. Objetivou-se avaliar o estresse salino na produtividade e eficiência do uso de água na cultura de fava cultivada em sistemas de monocultivo e consorciado. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo, com delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 5 × 2, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator correspondeu a cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (1,0; 2,0; 3,0; 4,0; e 5,0 dS m−1) e o segundo compreendeu dois sistemas de cultivo: fava cultivada em monocultivo e em consórcio com milho. O estresse salino afetou negativamente o número de vagens no sistema consorciado, porém com menor intensidade. O aumento dos sais da água de irrigação reduz o comprimento, diâmetro e massa de vagens, produtividade e eficiência no uso da água, sendo que o sistema de monocultivo é menos afetado por esses efeitos. Brasil Contudo Objetivouse Objetivou se consorciado campo acaso 2 repetições 1,0 10 1 0 (1,0 2,0 20 3,0 30 3 4,0 40 4 50 5, m−1 m1 m cultivo milho intensidade comprimento efeitos 1, (1, 3, 4, m− (1 (

Abstract Background Corn marigold (Glebionis segetum) is a serious weed of cereal and pulse crops in many parts of Ethiopia. However, there is a lack of information on its management in wheat fields in the country. Objective The current work was designed with the objectives of evaluating integrated management of the weed and determining the most economical integrated weed management options in wheat fields. Methods The field experiments were conducted in naturally corn marigold infested fields in the Cheliya and Woliso districts of Western and Southwestern Ethiopia, respectively, during 2020 to 2021 cropping seasons using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were 1) Halauxifen-methyl 100 g kg-1 + Florasulam 100 g kg-1 + hand weeding, 2) Pyroxsulam 45 g L-1 + hand weeding, 3) Flurasulam 75 g L-1 + Flumetsulam 100 g L-1 + hand weeding, 4) twice hand weeding 5) weed free, and 6) weedy check. Results Different corn marigold management practices resulted in different responses to all measured for the crop and weed parameters. Application of Halauxifen-methyl 100 g kg-1 + Florasulam 100 g kg-1 at a rate of 50 g ha-1 supplemented with a single hand weeding and Pyroxsulam 45 g L-1 sprayed at a rate of 0.50 L ha-1 supplemented with a single hand weeding increased grain yield by 87 and 74%, respectively, as compared to the weedy check. The marginal revenue and benefit-cost ratio obtained from the marketing of goods for the application of Halauxifen-methyl 100 g kg-1 + Florasulam 100 g kg-1 with a single supplementary hand weeding of corn marigold increased by about 149% and 165%, respectively, as compared to the weedy check. Conclusions The present study revealed the role of integrated management of corn marigold in improving wheat production and productivity. Future research should be directed towards scaling up and expanding these technologies among growers. Glebionis segetum Ethiopia However country respectively 202 replications 1 Halauxifenmethyl Halauxifen methyl 10 kg1 kg kg- 2 4 L1 L- 3 7 5 free 6 check parameters ha1 ha ha- 050 0 0.5 8 74 74% benefitcost benefit cost 149 165 165% productivity growers 20 05 0. 14 16