As ocean temperatures increase, so does the need for accurate, regular, and widespread temperature data. This is especially important for researchers studying corals, which can be pushed over their bleaching thresholds by small, sustained changes in water temperature. Satellite data products offer longitudinal estimates of sea surface temperature (SST) taken at regular intervals without the ongoing costs and geospatial limits associated with underwater temperature loggers. However, previous work indicates satellite data are sometimes characterized by significant temperature biases, particularly in stratified coastal waters. Here, we compared the foundation sea surface temperature (fSST) estimated from a highly processed, gridded satellite data set (GHRSST MUR L4 Global SST) to in situ temperature (IST) data collected from coral reef habitats in the top 20 m of the water column at 19 sites in Panama. Comparisons between Pacific and Caribbean coasts and between upwelling and non-upwelling seasons provide a robust test of the utility of this product to estimate subsurface temperatures. The mean differences between fSST and IST show that MUR fSST accurately reflects temperatures at shallow (<9 m) depths on the Caribbean coast (mean bias ≤0.55°C ± standard error (SE) 0.01°C) and during the non-upwelling season on the Pacific coast (mean bias ≤0.26°C ± SE 0.03°C). MUR fSST poorly reflects IST during the Pacific upwelling season, especially at sites 12 m and deeper. In such cases, 66% of satellite estimates deviated from ISTs by >1°C. Our findings underscore how highly processed SST data products should be ground-truthed before being used as a substitute for IST, especially in upwelling areas.

Abstract Introduction: The sea urchin Diadema mexicanum, due to its bioerosion activity, is considered of ecological importance. This phenomenon could negatively or positively affect coral reef ecosystems. The bioerosion process varies according to the abundance and size of the sea urchin. Objective: Juvenile organisms possess different metabolic needs compared to adults, so knowing their stomach content according to size allows us to quantify the selection of substrate bioeroded. Methods: To determine this, D. mexicanum individuals were collected in 12 sites from January 2009 to September 2010 along the Eastern Tropical Pacific coast. The stomach content was categorized in Carbonated Fraction (CF), Non-Carbonated Fraction (NCF), and Organic Matter (OM). Stomach content was analyzed according to a) juvenile (< 2.5 cm) or adult (> 2.5 cm) stage and b) locality. Results: Juveniles presented the following stomach content average percentages: 20.7 % OM, 12 % NCF and 67.9 % CF; and adults: 11.4 % OM, 14.8 % NCF and 73.8 % CF. Based on a Wilcoxon test and a Kendall linear regression, the following results were obtained. The carbonated fraction in the stomach increased by 0.47 units on average for every cm of growth (p < 0.05). OM consumed by D. mexicanum increases only 0.05 units for every cm of growth (p < 0.05). We found a difference of stomach content depending on the site (p < 0.05) and life stage (p < 0.05). Localities like Huatulco and Coco presented significant differences that could be related to local oceanographic conditions. Conclusions: We relate these changes of the stomach fractions to the necessity of the juvenile sea urchins for nutrients to maintain their growth. The amount of OM is crucial for the development of early stages, meaning that there is a difference in substrate selection associated with growth.

Resumen Introducción: El erizo de mar Diadema mexicanum, por su actividad de bioerosión, es considerado de importancia ecológica. Este fenómeno podría afectar negativa o positivamente a los ecosistemas de arrecifes de coral. El proceso de bioerosión varía según la abundancia y el tamaño del erizo de mar. Objetivo: Los organismos juveniles poseen diferentes necesidades metabólicas en comparación con los adultos, por lo que conocer el contenido estomacal según el tamaño, nos permite cuantificar la selección de sustrato bioerosionado. Métodos: Para determinar esto, se recolectaron individuos de D. mexicanum en 12 sitios desde enero de 2009 hasta septiembre de 2010 a lo largo de la costa del Pacífico Tropical Oriental. El contenido estomacal se clasificó en Fracción Carbonatada (FC), Fracción No Carbonatada (NCF) y Materia Orgánica (MO). El contenido estomacal se analizó según a) estadio juvenil (< 3 cm) o adulto (> 3 cm) y b) localidad. Resultados: Los juveniles presentaron los siguientes porcentajes promedio del contenido estomacal: 20.7 % OM, 12 % NCF y 67.9 % CF; y adultos: 11.4 % OM, 14.8 % NCF y 73.8 % CF. Con base en una prueba de Wilcoxon y una regresión lineal de Kendall, se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados. La fracción carbonatada en el estómago aumentó en promedio 0.47 unidades por cada cm de crecimiento (p < 0.05). La MO consumida por D. mexicanum aumenta solo 0.05 unidades por cada cm de crecimiento (p < 0.05). Encontramos una diferencia en el contenido estomacal según el sitio (p < 0.05) y el estadio de vida (P < 0.05). Localidades como Huatulco y Coco presentaron diferencias significativas que podrían estar relacionadas con las condiciones oceanográficas locales. Conclusiones: Relacionamos estos cambios de la composición porcentual del contenido estomacal con la necesidad de los erizos de mar juveniles de nutrientes para mantener su crecimiento. La cantidad de MO es crucial para el desarrollo de las primeras etapas, lo que significa que existe una diferencia en la selección de sustrato asociada con el crecimiento.

Abstract Herpyllobiid copepods are highly transformed mesoparasites that infect marine benthic polychaete annelids. The genus Herpyllobius Steenstrup and Lütken, 1861, the most diverse in the family, was known to infect exclusively polychaetes of the family Polynoidae, but it was recently reported also on another family. Species of Herpyllobius have been reported mainly from cold latitudes including Arctic and Antarctic areas, except for two subtropical species. During the taxonomic examination of flabelligerid polychaetes collected from a Western Australian coral reef system, a mesoparasitic copepod was found infecting a specimen of Lamispina horsti (Haswell, 1892). The copepod represents an undescribed species of Herpyllobius. The new species, Herpyllobius paulayi n. sp. belongs to a group of congeneric species (Group III) lacking intergenital processes or sclerotized dots. It diverges from the other species in this group by its possession of a unique combination of characters: 1) a globose ectosoma with pilose surface; 2) elongate, thick cylindrical egg sacs with +10 egg rows; 3) endosoma discoid, short, with two lateral, asymmetrical flattened processes and a medial lobe; 4) it attaches to the host prostomium; and 5) it infects a non-polynoid subtropical polychaete species. annelids Lütken 1861 Polynoidae areas system Haswell, Haswell (Haswell 1892. 1892 . 1892) n sp Group III dots characters 1 surface 2 elongate 10 +1 rows 3 discoid short lateral lobe 4 prostomium 5 nonpolynoid non polynoid 186 189 + 18

Resumo: Corais invasores do gênero Tubastraea apresentam maturidade precoce, rápido crescimento e plasticidade em relação ao substrato que utilizam, o que permitiu ao gênero obter rapidamente sucesso e expandir sua distribuição não nativa. Para o estado de Sergipe existem 23 registros de Tubastraea spp. na zona offshore; aqui relatamos os primeiros registros do coral-sol T. coccinea na costa da zona estuarina do rio Vaza-Barris, expandindo sua área de invasão offshore para o onshore. Plataformas petrolíferas, navios e naufrágios contaminados podem ter fornecido o caminho como vetores, agindo como trampolins que ligam as regiões oceânicas à costa. A dispersão também pode ocorrer através de correntes responsáveis pelo transporte de organismos da plataforma continental para a costa, embora isto pareça menos provável. Assim, reforçamos a importância do monitoramento constante dos vetores e da costa para minimizar os efeitos adversos dos corais invasores sobre a fauna nativa. Resumo precoce utilizam nativa 2 spp coralsol coral sol T VazaBarris, VazaBarris Vaza Barris, Barris Vaza-Barris onshore petrolíferas provável Assim

Abstract: Invasive corals of the genus Tubastraea exhibit early maturity, rapid growth, and plasticity regarding the substrate they use, which has enabled the genus to quickly become successful and expand its non-native range. For the state of Sergipe there are 23 records of Tubastraea spp. on oil platforms; here we report the first records of the sun coral T. coccinea on the coast in the estuarine zone of the Vaza-Barris River, expanding its invasive range from offshore to onshore. Contaminated oil platforms, vessels, and shipwrecks may have provided a pathway as vectors, acting as stepping stones that connect oceanic regions to the coast. Dispersal may also occur through currents responsible for transporting organisms from the continental shelf to the coast, although this seems unlikely. Thus, we reinforce the importance of constant monitoring of vectors and the coast to minimize the adverse effects of invasive corals on native fauna. Abstract maturity growth use nonnative non 2 spp platforms T VazaBarris Vaza Barris River onshore vessels unlikely Thus fauna

Resumo Os sistemas costeiros abrangem uma variedade de ecótonos que são importantes para as espécies de peixes, fornecendo diversos micro-habitats e áreas para alimentação, proteção contra predação, reprodução e áreas para recrutamento. No entanto, a maioria desses sistemas enfrenta grandes ameaças de atividades humanas. Considerando os níveis crescentes de perturbação humana nos ecossistemas costeiros, a compreensão das associações peixe-habitat pode fornecer informações importantes sobre os padrões de ocorrência e distribuição de espécies em sistemas afetados pelo homem, que podem apoiar o desenvolvimento de medidas eficazes de conservação e gestão. Neste contexto, investigamos a relação entre os cavalos-marinhos (Hippocampus reidi) e a complexidade do habitat e diferentes espécies de fixação, para determinar a possível variação entre locais e entre estações do ano. Os dados foram obtidos nos recifes rochosos das baías de Guanabara (Praia da Urca) e Sepetiba (Ilha das Duas Irmãs), no sudeste do Brasil, por mergulho livre ao longo de transectos fixos. Os cavalos-marinhos foram contados, e o substrato usado por cada indivíduo foi registrado e identificado como espécie ou atribuído a um grupo morfofuncional. As praias diferiram quanto à composição e grupos morfofuncionais, embora compartilhando alguns grupos morfofuncionais. Os cavalos-marinhos foram mais frequentemente associados a substratos arborescentes/ramificados em ambos os locais, a foliáceos e maciços. A associação com algas foi particularmente encontrada na Urca, enquanto o coral Carijoa riisei na Ilha de Duas Irmãs. peixes microhabitats micro habitats alimentação predação recrutamento entanto humanas peixehabitat peixe homem gestão contexto cavalosmarinhos cavalos marinhos Hippocampus reidi fixação ano Praia Urca Irmãs, Irmãs , Irmãs) Brasil fixos contados morfofuncional morfofuncionais arborescentesramificados arborescentes ramificados maciços

Abstract Coastal systems encompass a range of ecotones that are important for fish species, providing diverse micro-habitats and grounds for foraging, protection from predation, reproduction and areas for recruitment. However, most of these systems face major threats from human activities. Considering the increasing levels of human disturbance in coastal ecosystems, understanding fish-habitat associations may provide important insights into patterns of species occurrence and distribution in human-impacted systems, which can support the development of effective conservation and management measures. In this context, we investigated the relationship between seahorses (Hippocampus reidi) and both habitat complexity and different holdfast species, to determine possible variation between locations and among seasons. Data were obtained from the rocky reefs of Guanabara (Urca Beach) and Sepetiba (Duas Irmãs Island) bays, in southeastern Brazil. Seahorses were counted, and the holdfast being used by each individual was recorded and identified to species or assigned to a morphofunctional group. The beaches differed in holdfast composition and morphofunctional groups, yet sharing some morphofunctional groups. Seahorses were more frequently associated with branching holdfasts at both sites, and also with foliaceous and massive. Association with algae were particularly found in Urca, while the coral Carijoa riisei in Duas Irmãs Island. microhabitats micro habitats foraging predation recruitment However activities ecosystems fishhabitat humanimpacted impacted measures context Hippocampus reidi seasons Urca Beach Island bays Brazil counted group groups sites massive

ABSTRACT Background. The recruitment of branching corals in the eastern Pacific is poorly understood despite being of paramount importance to the dynamics of coral populations. Experimental studies provide a non-destructive means to evaluate recruitment and compare settlement materials. Goals. To study Pocillopora recruitment on PVC and terracotta tiles in Bahía Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo (Mexican Pacific). Methods. We deployed 40 square (10 x 10 x 0.5 cm) experimental (20 PVC and 20 unglazed terracotta) tiles arranged as Calcification/Accretion Units at the Islote Zacatoso reef. Results. We observed two coral recruits at the edges of terracotta tiles, presumably due to light availability, and no recruits on horizontal sides, which may have been due to siltation stress, predation, or biofouling. No recruits were found on PVC tiles. Conclusions. Our findings indicate that the coral recruitment is low in the study area and that the terracotta tiles may be a better experimental substrate than PVC tiles to assess pocilloporid coral recruitment in the Mexican Pacific; however, further studies are needed to clarify this assumption.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. El reclutamiento de corales ramificados en el Pacífico oriental tropical está poco documentado, a pesar de la importancia que tiene para entender su dinámica poblacional. Los estudios experimentales proporcionan un medio no destructivo para evaluar el reclutamiento y comparar diferentes materiales. Objetivo. Estudiar el reclutamiento de Pocillopora en placas de PVC y de terracota en Bahía Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo, en el Pacífico mexicano. Métodos. Colocamos 40 placas cuadradas (10 x 10 x 0.5 cm), 20 de PVC y 20 de terracota armadas como Unidades de Calcificación/Acreción en el arrecife Islote Zacatoso. Resultados. Observamos dos reclutas de coral en la orilla de las placas de terracota pero ninguno en los lados horizontales, posiblemente debido a la disponibilidad de luz, el estrés por sedimentación, la depredación, o el sobrecrecimiento por biota incrustante. No encontramos reclutas en ninguna de las placas de PVC. Conclusiones. Nuestros hallazgos indican que el reclutamiento coralino es bajo en la zona de estudio y que las placas de terracota pueden ser un mejor sustrato experimental que las de PVC para evaluar el reclutamiento de corales pociloporidos en el Pacífico mexicano; sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios para corroborar esta suposición.

Abstract. Reef-forming cnidarians are essential for maintaining ecological balance. Unfortunately, coral reefs are endangered due to coral bleaching, which interrupts mutualistic symbiosis between Symbiodiniaceae algae and their coral hosts. Bleaching events result in very high coral mortality and the rapid deterioration of reef structures. Studies aimed at explaining the causes, mechanisms, and consequences of coral bleaching have been mainly conducted with anthozoans, while the impacts of thermal stress responsible for coral bleaching have been scarcely studied in hydrozoans, such as Millepora species (phylum Cnidaria, class Hydrozoa), which are the second most important reef-forming cnidarians. In the present study, the effects of thermal stress caused by the 2015-2016 El Niño on symbiont abundance, exoskeleton structure, and the biochemical composition of Millepora alcicornis were analyzed. Unbleached M. alcicornis specimens exhibited a higher abundance of Breviolum and Durisdinium species, which suggests that unbleached hydrocoral colonies might counteract thermal stress by hosting thermotolerant symbionts of the Durisdinium genus. Bleached hydrocorals exhibited lower levels of calcification than unbleached hydrocorals as well as changes in the microstructure of trabeculae and zooid pores. In contrast, thermal stress did not affect total calcium carbonate and carbohydrate content. Bleached tissues showed significantly higher levels of protein and refractory material, whereas their lipid content decreased considerably. The present study provides evidence that bleached M. alcicornis colonies suffered a decline in calcification and changes in the structure of their exoskeletons after being exposed to the 2015-2016 El Niño. The significant decrease in lipid content suggests that M. alcicornis primarily uses energy stores to maintain vital cellular processes at the expense of calcification.

Resumen. Los cnidarios formadores de arrecifes son esenciales en la ecología marina. Desafortunadamente, están amenazados por el fenómeno de blanqueamiento, el cual rompe la simbiosis mutualista entre algas de la familia Symbiodiniaceae y sus hospederos coralinos. El blanqueamiento causa un alto índice de mortalidad de corales y un rápido deterioro de las estructuras arrecifales. Los estudios dirigidos a explicar causas, mecanismos y consecuencias del blanqueamiento se han realizado principalmente con antozoos, mientras que los impactos del blanqueamiento de corales se han estudiado escasamente en especies de Millepora (phylum Cnidaria, clase Hydrozoa), que son los segundos constructores de arrecifes más importantes. En el presente estudio se analizó el efecto del estrés térmico causado por el evento El Niño 2015-2016 sobre la abundancia de simbiontes, la estructura del exoesqueleto y la composición bioquímica de Millepora alcicornis. Los especímenes sin blanquear de M. alcicornis contenían una mayor abundancia de especies de Breviolum y Durisdinium, lo que sugiere que las colonias de hidrocorales sin blanquear podrían estar contrarrestando el estrés térmico al albergar simbiontes termotolerantes del género Durisdinium. Los hidrocorales blanqueados mostraron niveles más bajos de calcificación y cambios en la microestructura de zooides y trabéculas. En contraste, el estrés térmico no modificó el contenido total de carbonato de calcio y carbohidratos en los hidrocorales. Los tejidos blanqueados mostraron niveles significativamente más altos de proteína y material refractario, mientras que su contenido de lípidos disminuyó considerablemente. El presente estudio muestra que las colonias blanqueadas de M. alcicornis sufrieron una disminución en la calcificación y cambios en la estructura de su exoesqueleto después de estar expuestas al estrés térmico provocado por el evento El Niño 2015-2016. La disminución significativa en el contenido de lípidos sugiere que M. alcicornis está utilizando sus reservas de energía principalmente para mantener sus procesos celulares vitales a expensas de la calcificación.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Caribbean is the second most polluted sea by debris in the world. Urban waste from this region goes to open dumps and 85% of its wastewater is not treated, arriving a great proportion to the beaches. The Guanahacabibes National Park is Biosphere Reserve and the sea turtles that nest on its beaches are on the Red List of threatened species, also there are fish associated with the coral reef and seabirds in the area. Objective: To determine the risk of ecological impact of debris that end on the “El Holandés” beach of the Guanahacabibes National Park on animal biota. Materials and Methods: The collected debris was quantified and classified by type, possible origin and color. The risk of its ecological impact on animal biota was determined. Results and Discussion: The areas to the east of the camp are more contaminated with the presence of marine debris. White and blue plastic predominated (mainly lids and containers); the number of fragments whose function cannot be identified is large. There is a risk that the plastic material may be swallowed by sea turtles, birds and fish by being confused with food or hinder their normal behavior. The presence of sargassum in large quantities is a source of entry of marine debris. Conclusions: The importance of carrying out the systematic collection of marine debris is corroborated, since it is risky for the life of sea turtles, fish and birds. There is a base line for a longitudinal study.

RESUMEN Introducción: El Caribe es el segundo mar más contaminado por basura del mundo. Los residuos urbanos de esta región van a basureros a cielo abierto y el 85% de sus aguas residuales no son tratadas, arribando gran parte de estas a las playas. El Parque Nacional Guanahacabibes de Cuba es Reserva de la Biosfera y las tortugas marinas que anidan en sus playas están en la Lista Roja de especies amenazadas, existiendo peces asociados al arrecife coralino y aves marinas en el área. Objetivo: Determinar el riesgo de impacto ecológico de basura recalada en la playa “El Holandés” del Parque Nacional Guanahacabibes sobre la biota animal. Materiales y Métodos: La basura recolectada se cuantificó y clasificó por tipología, posible origen y color. Se determinó el riesgo de su impacto ecológico sobre la biota animal. Resultados y Discusión: Las áreas al este del campamento están más contaminadas. Predomina plástico blanco y azul (fundamentalmente tapas y envases); el número de fragmentos cuya función no fue identificada es grande. Existe riesgo de que el material plástico sea ingerido por tortugas marinas, aves y peces al ser confundidos con alimentos u obstaculice su comportamiento normal. La presencia de sargazo en grandes cantidades es una fuente de entrada de basura marina. Conclusiones: Se corrobora la importancia de realizar la recogida sistemática de basura marina, al ser riesgosa para la vida de tortugas marinas, peces y aves. Se cuenta con una línea base para un estudio longitudinal.

Abstract Introduction: The descending thoracic aorta (DTA) has been used as inflow mostly as a secondary option for revascularization after either graft failure/infection or other intra-abdominal pathologies contraindicating a standard abdominal aortic approach. The objective of this review is to summarize current evidence on the use of this inflow site for revascularization procedures. Methods: A comprehensive electronic literature search was performed, using PubMed and Embase databases. All literature published in English in the last 30 years was considered. The main goal was to assess the feasibility and practicality of implementing this approach in cases of severe and complex aortoiliac lesions. Results: Our review comprised 11 articles. DTA has been used predominately as a secondary option. The 30-day mortality rate was 4% (9/222). Secondary graft patency at 5-years was generally high across all studies. The use of DTA as inflow has been shown to be a safe and effective option for aorto-iliac reconstruction. Conclusion: DTA can be used safely as an inflow for lower-limb revascularization and it remains an important tool in the vascular surgeon's armamentarium.

ABSTRACT Background. Corals play a fundamental role in reef structure and function because of their ability to deposit calcium carbonate and contribute to the formation of complex three-dimensional structures. However, the functioning potential of a reef community, in terms of its building capacity, is affected by the relative abundance of coral species on the reef. Objectives. Evaluate the physical functionality of coral reefs at six sites in the Parque Nacional Zona Marina del Archipiélago Espíritu Santo (PNZMAES). Methods. The Reef Functional Index (RFI) was implemented as a metric of physical functionality; this tool considers the calcification rate, structural complexity, and abundance of coral species at each site. Results. Las Navajas and San Gabriel sites had the highest coral cover, with 74.72 % and 60.14 %, respectively, while La Ballena was the site with the lowest coral cover (6.77 %). In terms of IFA, the sites with the highest index were Las Navajas (0.68) and San Gabriel (0.65), dominated by Pocillopora meandrina and Pocillopora verrucosa corals, respectively. The site with the lowest IFA was La Ballena (0.35), with Pocillopora verrucosa being the predominant coral. Coral species of the genus Pocillopora were predominant in all sites and contributed the most to the Reef Function Index. Conclusions. The Reef Function Index helped to complement the information on the coral assemblage in the PNZMAES and to understand the performance of coral species in the reef functioning of the Mexican Pacific.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. Los corales desempeñan un papel fundamental en la estructura y función del arrecife debido a su capacidad para depositar carbonato de calcio y contribuir con la formación de estructuras tridimensionales complejas. Sin embargo, el potencial de funcionamiento de una comunidad arrecifal, en términos de su capacidad de construcción, es afectado por la abundancia relativa de las especies de coral que se encuentran en el arrecife. Objetivos. Evaluar la funcionalidad física de los arrecifes de coral en seis sitios del Parque Nacional Zona Marina del Archipiélago Espíritu Santo (PNZMAES). Métodos. Se implementó el Índice Funcional Arrecifal (IFA) como métrica de funcionalidad física; esta herramienta considera la tasa de calcificación, la complejidad estructural y la abundancia de las especies de coral en cada sitio. Resultados. Los sitios Las Navajas y San Gabriel presentaron la cobertura de coral mayor con 74.72 % y 60.14 %, respectivamente, mientras que La Ballena fue el sitio con menor cobertura coralina (6.77 %). En cuanto al IFA, los sitios que presentaron el mayor valor fueron Las Navajas (0.68) y San Gabriel (0.65), dominados por los corales Pocillopora meandrina y Pocillopora verrucosa, respectivamente. El sitio con menor IFA fue La Ballena (0.35), donde Pocillopora verrucosa predominó. Las especies de coral del género Pocillopora son los que predominaron en todos los sitios y los que tuvieron una mayor contribución al IFA. Conclusiones. El IFA ayudó a complementar la información del ensamblaje de corales en el PNZMAES y a entender el desempeño que tienen las especies de coral en el funcionamiento arrecifal del Pacífico mexicano.

ABSTRACT Background. Ecological Network Analysis has been used for defining aspects concerning the structure, health, and dynamics of marine ecosystems. Objectives. Evaluate the ecosystem’s structure, organization, and maturity in the shallow rocky reef ecosystem in Yelapa. Also, we determine the most affected functional groups by disturbances simulated and those which generate less resilience in the ecosystem. Methods. A mass-balance trophic model Ecopath with Ecosim, was constructed, and Ascendency›s theory was used to evaluate the ecosystem properties. A Mixed Trophic Impacts matrix was used to assess direct and indirect trophic effects on the network. The functional groups more sensitive to disturbances were determined using Ecosim dynamics simulations in the short and long term with two mortality scenarios (an increase of 25 % and 50 %). Finally, the System Recovery Timewas used as a measure of resilience. Results. The Yelapa rocky-reef ecosystem exhibits the feature of a mature, organized, and developing ecosystem but is less resistant to disturbances. Several fish groups, zooplankton, and phytoplankton produced the most remarkable effects in the trophic network. In addition, the phytoplankton, chlorophyta, and the group of other benthic invertebrates propagated more effects on other model components. Conclusions. Yelapa rocky reef would lose resilience if the functional groups eels & morays, other benthic invertebrates, snappers, and phytoplankton were disturbed.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. Los análisis ecológicos de redes han sido usados para definir aspectos relacionados a la estructura, salud y dinámica de los ecosistemas marinos. Objetivos. Evaluar la estructura, organización y madurez en el ecosistema de Yelapa, un arrecife rocoso somero. También, se determinaron los grupos funcionales que podrían ser más sensibles a perturbaciones simuladas y aquellos que generan menor resiliencia en el ecosistema. Métodos. Se construyó un modelo trófico de balance de masas Ecopath con Ecosim y se usó la teoría de Ascendency para evaluar las propiedades ecosistémicas. La matriz de Impacto Trófico Mixto evaluó los efectos tróficos directos e indirectos en la red. Se determinaron los grupos funcionales más sensibles a perturbaciones usando simulaciones dinámicas Ecosim de corto y largo tiempo con dos escenarios de mortalidad (incremento del 25 % y 50 %). Finalmente, se empleó el Tiempo de Recuperación del Sistema como una medida de resiliencia. Resultados. El ecosistema arrecifal rocoso de Yelapa exhibió características de un ecosistema maduro, organizado y desarrollado, pero a su vez menos resistente a perturbaciones. Diferentes grupos de peces, zooplancton y fitoplancton generaron los mayores efectos en la red trófica. Además, el fitoplancton, clorofitas y el grupo de otros invertebrados bentónicos propagaron los mayores efectos hacia los otros componentes del sistema. Yelapa es menos resiliente cuando son perturbados los grupos funcionales de anguilas y morenas, otros invertebrados bentónicos, pargos y fitoplancton. Conclusiones. Grupos funcionales de distintos niveles tróficos fueron prioritarios para preservar la integridad estructural del ecosistema, las condiciones de madurez, desarrollo y resiliencia. Este estudio representa el primer paso para analizar las propiedades de la red trófica y especies ecológicamente relevantes entre el ecosistema de coral somero y profundo en Yelapa.

ABSTRACT Background. Corals and coral reefs of the eastern Pacific are distributed discontinuously from the Gulf of California to Huatulco, Mexico, and from Los Cóbanos, El Salvador, to northern Peru. The most southeastern coral community in the Mexican Pacific was Tejoncito (Huatulco Bays); however, recent surveys extend the distribution to La Blanca Island. Objective. To make known the characteristics, conditions, and fauna associated with the coral community of La Blanca Island. Methods. During 2016, surveys were conducted around La Blanca Island, where a small coral community was in the northern portion but not in the east and west. Results. The coral community is located at approximately 3 m depth and under a strong current; it is small and characterized by a relatively low coral cover (10 %) of the species Pocillopora damicornis, Pocillopora capitata, and Pocillopora verrucosa. Three coral species, 13 echinoderm species, and 50 fish species were recorded, all commonly associated with coral communities and reefs of the eastern tropical Pacific. The presence of corals on La Blanca Island is relevant because it corresponds to the most southeastern record in the Mexican Pacific (55 km East of Tejoncito, in the area of Huatulco Bays); the record is striking because it is located in a region with strong upwelling, high productivity, drastic changes in water temperature and low pH and Ωarag values, all of which are not very favorable for larval settlement, coral growth, and the development of coral communities. Conclusions. The current record not only broadens the spatial distribution range of corals and coral communities in the Mexican Pacific but also represents an opportunity to study the development of reef-building corals under harsh environmental conditions.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. Los corales y arrecifes coralinos del Pacífico oriental se distribuyen de manera discontinua desde el Golfo de California hasta Huatulco, México y de Los Cóbanos, El Salvador hasta el norte de Perú. Se consideraba que la comunidad coralina más suroriental en el Pacífico mexicano era El Tejoncito (bahías de Huatulco); sin embargo, recientes prospecciones extienden la distribución a isla La Blanca. Objetivo. Dar a conocer las características, condición y fauna asociada a la comunidad coralina de isla La Blanca. Métodos. Durante 2016 se realizaron prospecciones alrededor de isla La Blanca en donde se ubicó una pequeña comunidad coralina en la porción norte, no así en su parte este y oeste. Resultados. La comunidad coralina se encuentra aproximadamente a 3 m de profundidad y bajo una fuerte corriente, es pequeña y está caracterizada por una relativa baja cobertura de coral (10 %) de las especies Pocillopora damicornis, Pocillopora capitata y Pocillopora verrucosa. Se registraron tres especies de corales, 13 de equinodermos y 50 de peces, todos ellos comúnmente asociados a comunidades y arrecifes coralinos del Pacífico oriental tropical. La presencia de corales en isla La Blanca es de relevancia pues corresponde al registro más suroriental en el Pacífico mexicano (55 km al oriente de Tejoncito, en el área de bahías de Huatulco); el registro llama la atención por ubicarse en una región con fuertes surgencias, alta productividad, cambios drásticos en la temperatura del agua y con valores bajos de pH y Ωarag, características, todas ellas, poco favorables para el asentamiento de larvas, crecimiento de corales y el desarrollo de comunidades coralinas. Conclusiones. El presente registro no solo amplía el rango de distribución espacial de los corales y comunidades coralinas del Pacífico mexicano, representa una oportunidad para estudiar el desarrollo de corales formadores de arrecifes en condiciones ambientales poco propicias.

ABSTRACT Background. Conferences are scientific meetings where the advances and results of recent studies are presented. In Mexico, the first conference on coral reefs was held in 2000 in Veracruz, and since then they have been held biannually until completing eleven editions in 2022. Objectives. Make a report and analyze the most relevant trends of the works that have been presented at the Mexican Coral Reef Conferences in order to understand the history of these meetings and the studies on coral reefs in Mexico. Methods. The abstract book and documents produced during the eleven Mexican Coral Reef Conferences, held in Mexico from 2000 to 2022, were reviewed to analyze the studies presented, keynote speakers, venues and other aspects related to the conferences. Results. Eleven conferences have been held and almost 1,600 studies have been presented in them, with an average of almost 150 works per conference, presented both orally and as a poster. The number of presentations in each format has varied, but in the last two editions they have been closely similar. The number of authors per paper has increased, as has the participation of women. The keynote speakers have been mostly men, but in the last two conferences there has been a change in the values and gender equality is currently being sought. Conclusions. The number of collaborators and women participating in the studies presented has increased. The current critical situation of coral reefs and their organisms requires greater efforts, different approaches, and paradigm shifts in several areas of knowledge. These efforts, as well as the exchange of ideas and knowledge, are favored in these conferences, so it is essential that they continue to be carried out and supported in the future.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. Los congresos son reuniones científicas donde se presentan los avances y resultados de estudios recientes. En México, el primer congreso sobre arrecifes coralinos se realizó en 2000 en Veracruz, y desde entonces se han realizado bianualmente hasta completar once ediciones en 2022. Objetivos. Realizar una relatoría y analizar las tendencias relevantes de los trabajos que se han presentado en los Congresos Mexicanos de Arrecifes Coralinos con el fin de entender la historia de estas reuniones y los estudios sobre arrecifes coralinos en México. Métodos. Se revisaron las memorias y documentos producidos en los once Congresos Mexicanos de Arrecifes Coralinos, celebrados en México desde 2000 hasta 2022, para analizar los trabajos presentados, conferencias magistrales, sedes y demás aspectos relacionados con los congresos. Resultados. Se han realizado once congresos y en ellos se han presentado casi 1,600 trabajos, con un promedio de casi 150 trabajos por congreso, presentados en forma oral y como poster. El número de presentaciones en cada formato ha variado, pero en las dos últimas ediciones han sido cercanamente similares. Se ha incrementado el número de autores por trabajo, así como la participación de mujeres. Las conferencias magistrales han sido impartidas mayoritariamente por hombres, pero en los últimos dos congresos ha habido un cambio en los valores y actualmente se procura la equidad de género. Conclusiones. El número de colaboradores y mujeres participantes en los trabajos presentados ha aumentado. La situación actual crítica de los arrecifes coralinos y sus organismos requiere mayores esfuerzos, diferentes aproximaciones y cambios de paradigmas en varias áreas del conocimiento. Estos esfuerzos, así como el intercambio de ideas y conocimiento, se favorecen en estos congresos, por lo que es indispensable que se sigan realizando y apoyando en el futuro.

ABSTRACT Background. Coral reefs are one of the most biodiverse marine ecosystems, in addition to providing highly valuable geo-ecological functions. However, they are affected by various environmental stressors, as well as those of anthropogenic origin. In response to the above, active restoration measures have been implemented, as in the case of the coral community of the Islas Marietas National Park (PNIM). Goals. This work aims to evaluate the effect of coral restoration on physical functionality (FF) by using the reef functional index (IFA), in PNIM reefs in the years 2014 and 2021. Methods. The IFA was used as a FF metric, since it is a more complete way of evaluating it. The IFA considers three ecological attributes: coral cover (CC), calcification rate, and structural complexity. The IFA was calculated at two sites within the PNIM, differentiating between restored (R) and unrestored (NR) transects. Results. The reefs showed a greater increase (%) in the R transects for both sites, both in the CC and in the FF, the CC increased between 139-173% and the FF between 31-34%. In contrast to the NR transects where the increase was 9-31% in CC and 8-25% in FF. Conclusion. The data from this study reveal that the restoration in the PNIM using fragments of pociloporids is being effective in terms of physical functionality. Due to the high contribution to the FF that the genus has, the reef structure is being recovered to a greater extent in transects with active restoration compared to transects in which there is no intervention.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. Los arrecifes coralinos constituyen uno de los ecosistemas marinos más biodiversos, además de proveer funciones geo-ecológicas de gran valor. Sin embargo, son afectados tanto por diversos estresores ambientales, como por aquellos de origen antrópico. En respuesta a lo anterior, se han implementado medidas de restauración activa, como en el caso de la comunidad coralina del Parque Nacional Islas Marietas (PNIM). Objetivos. Este trabajo pretende evaluar el efecto de la restauración coralina en la funcionalidad física (FF) mediante el uso del índice de función arrecifal (IFA), en arrecifes del PNIM en los años 2014 y 2021. Métodos. Se utilizó el IFA como métrica de la FF, puesto que es una manera más completa de evaluarla. El IFA considera tres atributos ecológicos: cobertura coralina (CC), tasa de calcificación y complejidad estructural. Se calculó el IFA en dos sitios dentro del PNIM, diferenciando transectos restaurados (R) y no restaurados (NR). Resultados. Los arrecifes mostraron un mayor incremento (%) en los transectos R para ambos sitios, tanto en la CC como en la FF, la CC aumentó entre 139-173% y la FF entre 31-34%. En contraste con los transectos NR donde el incremento fue de 9-31% en CC y de 8-25% en FF. Conclusión. Los datos de este estudio revelan que la restauración en el PNIM utilizando fragmentos de pocilopóridos está siendo efectiva en términos de funcionalidad física. Debido al alto aporte a la FF que tiene el género se está logrando recuperar la estructura arrecifal en mayor medida en transectos con restauración activa comparados con los transectos en los que no hay intervención.

ABSTRACT Background. The control of lionfish in the Tuxpan reef is limited due to a lack of knowledge. In addition to its registration in 2012, there is information on feeding and scattered data on its abundance and size that need to be revised to define local management strategies. Objectives. To determine some population aspects (density, biomass, size distribution) of lionfish and their relationship with environmental variables and prey density in the Tuxpan reef, Veracruz. Methods. 122 censuses were carried out in six depth strata of the reef slopes. In each census, the environment (rugosity, coral cover, wave intensity, and depth) was characterized; the abundance, size, and biomass of lionfish were estimated, as well as the abundance of its potential prey. The information was compared and related to the environmental variables using two scales: slope and depth strata. The size distribution was obtained from 43 fish captured. Results. The density of lionfish in the Tuxpan reef was 24.6 ind/ha and the biomass of 4 440 g/ha. No differences in density and biomass were detected at the slope scale, but analysis by depth strata related density with rugosity in windward (r= 0.81, p= 0.05) and to coral cover (r= 0.76, p= 0.08) in leeward. The abundance of potential prey showed no relationship with lionfish density and biomass. The lionfish population has a size range of 7.4 to 35.6 cm. Conclusions. The lionfish population at Tuxpan reef is represented by juveniles and adults whose density is related at the depth strata scale to rugosity and coral cover.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. El control del pez león en el arrecife Tuxpan está limitado por falta de conocimiento. Además de su registro en 2012, existe información sobre alimentación y datos dispersos sobre su abundancia y talla que son insuficientes para definir las estrategias de manejo local. Objetivos. Determinar algunos aspectos poblacionales (densidad, biomasa, distribución de tallas) del pez león y su relación con las variables ambientales y la densidad de presas en el arrecife Tuxpan, Veracruz. Métodos. Fueron realizados 122 muestreos en seis estratos de profundidad de las pendientes arrecifales. En cada censo, se caracterizó el ambiente (rugosidad, cobertura coralina, oleaje y profundidad) y se estimaron la abundancia, talla y biomasa del pez león, así como la abundancia de sus presas potenciales. La información fue comparada y relacionada con las variables ambientales, usando dos escalas: pendientes y estratos de profundidad. La distribución de tallas se obtuvo a partir de 43 peces capturados. Resultados. La densidad del pez león en el arrecife Tuxpan fue de 24.6 ind/ha y la biomasa de 4 440 g/ha. A escala de pendientes no se detectaron diferencias en la densidad y biomasa, pero el análisis por estratos de profundidad relacionó la densidad con la rugosidad en barlovento (r = 0.81, p = 0.05) y con la cobertura coralina (r = 0.76, p = 0.08) en sotavento. La abundancia de presas potenciales no mostró relación con la densidad y biomasa del pez león. La población de esta especie posee un rango de tallas de 7.4 a 35.6 cm. Conclusiones. La población de pez león en el arrecife Tuxpan está representada por juveniles y adultos cuya densidad se relaciona a escala de estratos de profundidad con la rugosidad y la cobertura coralina.