Abstract: Conversational agents (CAs) have come a long way since their first appearance in the 1960s. Ongoing technological advances, such as statistical computing and large-scale language models, have made human-to-human interaction increasingly natural and effortless. The present study conducted a bibliometric re- view of the use of chatbots in educational contexts by collecting scientific papers from the Scopus database. The results highlight the gaps in research knowledge and suggest several directions that can be taken for future research based on collaborative learning, embodied conversational agents, pedagogical conversational agents, natural language processing, and rational agents. The research contributes to the scientific theory of chatbots and their impact on education by providing a bibliometric review of the topic and shows practical implications by highlighting research opportunities and knowledge gaps.

Resumo: Os agentes conversacionais (CAs) percorreram um longo caminho desde a sua primeira aparição na década de 1960. Os avanços tecnológicos contínuos, como a informática estatística e os grandes modelos de linguagem, estão a alcançar uma interação cada vez mais natural e sem esforço entre os seres humanos. O presente estudo realizou uma revisão bibliométrica sobre a utilização de chatbots no contexto educativo, compilando documentos científicos da base de dados Scopus. Os resultados destacam as lacunas de conhecimento na investigação; da mesma forma, múltiplas direções são evidentes para investigações futuras baseadas na aprendizagem colaborativa (collaborative learning), agentes conversacionais encarnados (embodied conversa- tional agents), agentes conversacionais pedagógicos (pedagogical conversational agents), processamento de linguagem natural (natural language processing) e agentes racionais (rational agents). A investigação contribui para a teoria científica sobre chatbots e a sua incidência na educação ao estabelecer uma revisão bibliométrica do tema e mostrar implicações práticas ao destacar oportunidades de investigação e lacunas de conhecimento.

Resumen: Los agentes conversacionales (CAs) han recorrido un largo camino desde su primera aparición en la década de 1960. Avances tecnológicos continuos, como la informática estadística y los grandes modelos del lenguaje, vienen logrando una interacción cada vez más natural y sin esfuerzo entre humanos. El presente estudio realizó una revisión bibliométrica sobre el uso de los chatbots en el contexto educativo, recopilando los documentos científicos de la base de datos Scopus. Los resultados destacan los vacíos de conocimiento de la investigación; asimismo, se evidencian múltiples direcciones para futuras investigaciones basadas en aprendizaje colaborativo (collaborative learning), agentes conversacionales encarnados (embodied conversational agents), agentes conversacionales pedagógicos (pedagogical conversational agents), procesamiento del lenguaje natural (natural language processing) y agentes racionales (rational agents). La investigación contribuye a la teoría científica sobre los chatbots y su incidencia en la educación al establecer un repaso bibliométrico del tema y mostrar implicaciones prácticas al resaltar las oportunidades de investigación y vacíos de conocimiento.

The study is aimed at better understanding responsiveness of contact universities to technology-assisted education Post-Covid-19 pandemic. The suggestion is that a strong relationship exists between positive technology application in teaching and disciplines acceptance of technology. Without disciplines acceptance of technology, its application in teaching poses a challenge. When compelled, force majeure, to rely on technology to save an academic year, contact universities showed resilience. Students' laptops were hastily organised and synchronous online learning ensued. The application of technology in a particular context and this way is called a factor set 1. Two such factors appear in literature as the first factor set which entails synchronous technology-as-utility factor set 1 (FS-1) and asynchronous technology-as-essence factor set 2 (FS-2). There was, however, a need to develop a framework to better understand how technology is applied within the education context. Furthermore, we employed Peer Conversational Interviews with five teachers with less than five years of teaching experience and those possessing more than fifteen years teaching experience. These data were supplemented with data drawn from exploratory descriptive analysis of literature. These data collection efforts were intended to find out whether contact universities applied technology using FS-1 or FS-2 and implications of such decisions in reimagining contact universities beyond Covid-19 pandemic. Results show a strong relationship between disciplines such as IT and Engineering and the positive application of technology in terms of FS-2. They also show that post-pandemic, students are gradually warming to online teaching offerings. There is a need to provide more support to disciplines that show a lackadaisical attitude towards technology application in their areas.

Abstract: The aim of this work was to investigate the sense of place of 35 mexican second grade elementary school students as a fundamental element to improve teaching and learning processes, especially in socio-environmental topics. Methodologically, an interpretative perspective is used. The students were asked to draw three pictures: the environment, their favorite places at school and their favorite places at home. Based on their individual drawings, three separate individual interviews were conducted with 35 students. All data was analyzed using Atlas.ti software and an inductive approach to data analysis was used. A compositional interpretation was used to analyze the drawings. The principles of conversational analysis were used to analyze the text of the interviews. The results show that a sense of place is a complex concept in which not only the biophysical and spatio-temporal, but also the psychological, socio-cultural, economic, and emotional aspects are present. The students explain environmental degradation by the lack of rules or sanctions related to environmental care. The students' gender as an indicator of the sense of place was also different for boys and girls. Finally, emotions, freedom and autonomy are three important aspects that explain students’ attachment to place. Consequently, these aspects could be considered when designing and developing teaching strategies to strengthen the sense of place.

Resumen: El propósito de este estudio fue explorar el sentido de lugar de 35 estudiantes mexicanos de segundo grado de primaria como un elemento básico para mejorar los procesos de enseñanza y de aprendizaje, especialmente en temas socioambientales. Metodológicamente, utilizamos una perspectiva interpretativa. A los estudiantes se les pidió que realizaran tres dibujos: el medioambiente, los lugares favoritos de su escuela y los de su casa. Con base en sus tres dibujos, se hicieron tres entrevistas individuales a los 35 estudiantes. Todos los datos fueron analizados utilizando el software ATLAS.ti y un enfoque inductivo. Para analizar los dibujos aplicamos la interpretación de sus elementos composicionales y para analizar el texto producto de las entrevistas usamos los principios del análisis conversacional. Los resultados indican que el sentido de lugar es una noción compleja en la que no solo están presentes los aspectos biofísicos de espacio y tiempo sino también aspectos psicológicos, socioculturales, económicos y emocionales. Los estudiantes explican la degradación ambiental indicando que faltan normas o sanciones asociadas con el cuidado del medioambiente. Asimismo, el género de los estudiantes como indicador de sentido de lugar, marcó diferencias entre niños y niñas. Finalmente, las emociones, la libertad y la autonomía son tres aspectos importantes que explican el apego al lugar de los estudiantes. En consecuencia, estos aspectos podrían considerarse en el diseño y desarrollo de estrategias de enseñanza que fortalezcan el sentido de lugar.

Abstract When you think about the interview and the survey, you think of social research instruments, but with different characteristics and in some cases attached to incompatible paradigms. However, they share a fundamental common characteristic that makes them part of the same continuum: they are dialogic-conversational. Thus, here it is stated that they are a specific epistemological moment within the dialogue, and that, as such, their characteristics will be determined by the restriction and freedom to ask, and by the restriction and freedom to answer. Consequently, interviews and surveys are expressions of a conversational continuum that conditions the interaction between those who ask and those who answer. This could even disrupt the paradigmatic ascription of each instrument. Every social scientist should be aware of this.

Resumen Cuando se piensa en la entrevista y en la encuesta, se piensa en instrumentos de investigación social, pero de características diferentes y, en algunos casos, adscritos a paradigmas incompatibles. Sin embargo, comparten una característica común fundamental que las hace parte de un mismo continuo: son dialógicas, conversacionales. Así, aquí se plantea que son un momento epistemológico específico dentro del diálogo, y que, como tal, sus características estarán determinadas por la restricción y libertad para preguntar, así como por la restricción y libertad para responder. En consecuencia, entrevista y encuesta son expresiones de un continuo conversacional que condiciona la interacción entre quien pregunta y quien responde. Ello pudiera trastocar, incluso, la adscripción paradigmática de cada instrumento. De ello debe tener conciencia todo cientista social.

Abstract In this article I present neo-extractivist forms of authoritarianism in the region of Carajás (southeast Pará, Brazil), which depend on extensive corporate influence on multiple scales of state governance and on multiple state powers. Based on secondary data and qualitative research carried out in Canaã dos Carajás, I discuss Vale’s operations in the municipality after the implementation of the S11D mining project. I present these contemporary forms of neo-extractivist authoritarianism in three distinct geographies: city, countryside and forest. The first is based on the production of urban space using mining royalties’ resources and the so-called “corporate social responsibility policies”; the second refers to the dispossession mechanisms of landless encampments and villages in the rural area of the municipality; and the third refers to the operationalization of the forest through conversational units and environmental legislation. neoextractivist neo extractivist southeast Pará Brazil, Brazil , Brazil) powers Vales Vale s SD S D project geographies city royalties socalled so called policies policies” legislation

Resumo Neste artigo, apresento formas neoextrativistas de autoritarismo na região de Carajás, no sudeste paraense, que dependem de uma extensa influência corporativa nas múltiplas escalas de governança estatal e nos múltiplos poderes do Estado. A partir de dados secundários e de pesquisa qualitativa realizada em Canaã dos Carajás, discuto a atuação da Vale no município após a instalação do Projeto Ferro Carajás S11D. Apresento essas formas contemporâneas de autoritarismo neoextrativista em três geografias distintas: cidade, campo e floresta. A primeira é baseada na produção do espaço urbano a partir dos recursos da Compensação Financeira pela Exploração de Recursos Minerais (CFEM) e das chamadas políticas de responsabilidade social corporativa; a segunda se refere aos mecanismos de despossessão de vilas e acampamentos sem-terra na zona rural do município; e a terceira trata da operacionalização da floresta através de unidades de conservação e da legislação ambiental. artigo paraense Estado S11D SD S D distintas cidade CFEM (CFEM semterra sem terra ambiental

Abstract This research aimed to analyze dialogues in Brazilian Portuguese (hereinafter BP) consisting of open questions or wh-questions and their corresponding complete or partial answers. Specifically, this work sought to investigate the inferences involved in each type of answer: entailments, presuppositions, and conversational implicatures. Additionally, the study aimed to develop a scale of possible answers to constituent questions, ranging from the most informative, or most assertive, to the least informative. Our hypothesis is that there is a scalar relationship between the diversity of answers to constituent questions, as well scalar implicatures. The theoretical foundation is based on studies in formal semantics and pragmatics, such as the semantics and pragmatics of questions, the Cooperative Principle, and scalar implicatures. The methodology employed was introspective, involving the creation of dialogues with wh-questions and various complete or partial responses, including prosodic focus marking, contrastive topic marking, universal and existential quantifiers, among others. After analyzing the dialogues, it can be concluded that depending on the type of answer, diverse types of inferences are triggered, ranging from entailments and presuppositions of exhaustiveness to conversational implicatures of exhaustiveness and speaker's lack of knowledge. Furthermore, the study proposes a logical scale, ranging from the most informative answers with entailment to the least informative, with a generalized conversational implicature of the speaker's lack of knowledge. hereinafter BP whquestions wh Specifically answer Additionally assertive Principle introspective responses marking quantifiers others triggered speakers speaker s knowledge Furthermore

Resumo Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar diálogos do português brasileiro, doravante PB, que sejam formados por perguntas de constituinte ou abertas e apresentem respostas completas ou parciais. Mais especificamente, este trabalho se propôs a investigar quais inferências estão envolvidas em cada tipo de resposta: acarretamento, pressuposição, implicatura conversacional. Ainda, buscou-se desenvolver uma escala de respostas possíveis para as perguntas de constituinte, das mais informativas, ou mais assertivas, às menos informativas. Nossa hipótese é que há uma relação escalar entre a diversidade de respostas para as perguntas de constituinte, assim como as implicaturas escalares. Tem como base teórica estudos em Semântica e Pragmática formais, como a semântica e a pragmática de perguntas, o Princípio Cooperativo e as implicaturas escalares. A metodologia utilizada foi a introspectiva, com criação de diálogos de perguntas de constituinte e respostas completas ou parciais das mais variadas, com marcação prosódica de foco, marcação de tópico contrastivo, quantificadores universais e existenciais, entre outras. Após análise dos diálogos, pode-se concluir que, a depender do tipo de resposta, diferentes tipos de inferências são disparados, desde acarretamentos e pressuposição de exaustividade, até implicaturas conversacionais de exaustividade e de desconhecimento do falante. Ainda, propomos uma escala lógica de informatividade, que vai desde a resposta mais informativa, que apresenta o fenômeno do acarretamento, até a menos informativa, com implicatura conversacional generalizada de desconhecimento do falante. brasileiro PB especificamente acarretamento Ainda buscouse buscou informativas assertivas escalares formais introspectiva variadas foco contrastivo existenciais outras podese pode disparados falante informatividade informativa

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to analyse reformulation as a discursive strategy in the specific context of teaching and learning Portuguese, to contribute to the extant knowledge of the verbal interactions that take place in the classroom. To this end, we used the interactional sociolinguistics framework to analyse the conversational mechanism of reformulation, in a pedagogical context. More specifically, we look at the co-construction of the learning and teaching of European Portuguese, in two 5th grade classes, which total 44 students. Results show that reformulation occurs very frequently in the development phase of the lesson and is part of the verbal routines of the participants − teacher and students −, constituting a strategy of conversational involvement, which is fundamental for all linguistic understanding in pedagogical interactions. In class, reformulation aims to repair communicative problems, such as errors or misunderstandings, and to improve understanding of the meaning of texts for the effective learning of Portuguese as a mother tongue. classroom end specifically coconstruction co construction th classes 4 involvement class problems misunderstandings tongue

RESUMO O presente texto tem como objetivo analisar a reformulação enquanto estratégia discursiva no contexto específico de ensino-aprendizagem do Português, à luz do modelo da Sociolinguística Interacional. Pretende-se contribuir para o conhecimento das interações verbais que aí se desencadeiam. Adotando a perspetiva daquele modelo teórico, analisa-se o mecanismo conversacional de reformulação, em contexto pedagógico, na coconstrução da aprendizagem do Português Europeu, em duas turmas do 5.º ano de escolaridade, num total de quarenta e quatro alunos. Os resultados do estudo revelam que a reformulação ocorre com muita frequência na fase de desenvolvimento da aula e faz parte das rotinas verbais dos participantes - professor e alunos - na sala de aula, constituindo uma estratégia de envolvimento conversacional, fundamental para toda a compreensão linguística nas interações pedagógicas. Nas aulas, a reformulação visa reparar problemas comunicativos, como erros ou mal-entendidos, e melhorar a compreensão do sentido dos textos para uma efetiva aprendizagem da língua portuguesa enquanto língua materna. ensinoaprendizagem ensino Interacional Pretendese Pretende desencadeiam teórico analisase analisa pedagógico Europeu 5º º 5 escolaridade pedagógicas aulas comunicativos malentendidos, malentendidos mal entendidos, entendidos mal-entendidos materna

Abstract Background In today's contemporary world, relationships take a prominent role in the lives of adolescents. However, challenges related to mutual understanding and a lack of inclusive environments can often lead to autistic teens feeling excluded. Objective In order to assess the impact of naturalistic interventions on interpersonal relationships, we conducted an experimental test utilizing Dialogic Reading for Comprehension (LuDiCa) in online reading circles with groups comprising both autistic and neurotypical adolescents. Our focus was on exploring its relevance for enhancing social interaction, particularly in terms of conversational acts, sharing experiences, initiations, and questions. Methods Five autistic and five neurotypical students between 11 and 15 years old from a public school in Brasilia, Federal District, participated. We paired groups A and B (made up of trios of teenagers) and groups C and D (made up of pairs) in a multiple baseline design per reading group, in which all groups went through the baseline conditions (BL), intervention (LuDiCa) and maintenance. Results LuDiCa increased the frequency of conversational acts of both autistic participants and neurotypical peers. In addition, the intervention favored initiations, questions, and sharing experiences, through the shared activity of reading and talking about a work of fiction. Participants rated the intervention in relation to the platform, the book, the reading facilitator, and interaction with peers. We discuss the potential of the facilitator's role in favoring interactions and the potential of LuDiCa as a joint activity for the engagement of adolescents. We also include suggestions for future research focused on the online context and discuss some limitations of the LuDiCa intervention. Conclusion In summary, our study offers initial experimental evidence demonstrating the positive impact of LuDiCa on social interaction behaviors among both autistic and neurotypical adolescents within an inclusive setting. todays today s world However excluded (LuDiCa experiences initiations questions 1 Brasilia District participated made teenagers pairs group BL, BL , (BL) maintenance peers addition fiction platform book facilitator facilitators summary setting (BL

Resumo Neste artigo discutimos características semânticas e aspectos pragmáticos do item lexical ‘já’ e, assim, procuramos entender o(s) seu(s) significado(s). Nosso objetivo é explorar alguns dos aspectos linguísticos de ‘já’, pois esse item é pouco discutido nas gramáticas tradicionais. As bases teóricas utilizadas são Gritti (2013), Lopes (2003) e Morais (2004), que abordam aspectos da semântica do item, e algumas considerações gerais de gramáticas descritivas (Perini, 2008; Neves, 2011). A partir da revisão bibliográfica, verificamos que ‘já’ pode ter valor temporal (localizando eventos na linha do tempo), aspectual (modificando o aspecto do evento) e conjuntivo (ligando orações) e concluímos que o item apresenta aspectos pragmáticos relevantes que o caracterizam e que não foram analisados na literatura consultada, tais como leituras de contraexpectativa e de promessa. A presença dessas leituras e a natureza das inferências que as geram foram investigadas neste artigo em sentenças no modo indicativo (presente, passado e futuro) e imperativo, estando as leituras de contraexpectativa e de promessa ausentes do último. Após testes de acarretamento e pressuposição e de cancelamento de implicatura, as leituras de contraexpectativa e de promessa revelaram-se implicaturas conversacionais, sendo, assim, inferências de natureza pragmática. ‘já já assim os s o(s seus seu seu(s significados. significados significado . significado(s) ‘já, , tradicionais 2013, 2013 (2013) 2003 (2003 2004, 2004 (2004) Perini, Perini (Perini 2008 Neves 2011. 2011 2011) bibliográfica localizando tempo, tempo tempo) modificando evento ligando orações consultada presente, presente (presente futuro imperativo último implicatura revelaramse revelaram se conversacionais sendo pragmática significado(s 201 (2013 200 (200 (2004 20 (201 (20 2 (2 (

Abstract In this paper, we discuss semantic characteristics and pragmatic aspects of the lexical item ‘já’; thus, our goal is to understand its meaning(s). We aim to explore some linguistic aspects of ‘já’, as this item is rarely discussed in traditional grammar. The theoretical bases used are Gritti (2013), Lopes (2003), and Morais (2004), who address semantic aspects of the item, and some descriptive grammar (Perini, 2008; Neves, 2011). From the literature review, we verified that the item could have temporal (locating events on the timeline), aspectual (modifying the aspect of events), and conjunctive (linking sentences) values, and we concluded that ‘já’ has some relevant pragmatic aspects that characterize it, such as readings of counter-expectation and promise. These readings and the nature of the inferences were investigated here in sentences in the indicative (present, past, and future) and imperative mood, being absent from the latter. After implication, presupposition, and implicature cancellation tests, the counter-expectation and promise readings were revealed to be conversational implicatures, thus being pragmatic. paper ‘já já meanings. meanings meaning s . meaning(s) ‘já, , 2013, 2013 (2013) 2003, 2003 (2003) 2004, 2004 (2004) Perini, Perini (Perini 2008 Neves 2011. 2011 2011) review locating timeline, timeline timeline) modifying events, events) linking values it counterexpectation counter expectation present, present (present past future mood latter implication presupposition tests implicatures meaning(s 201 (2013 200 (2003 (2004 20 (201 (200 2 (20 (2 (

RESUMEN El estudio del humor verbal lleva recorrido ya un largo camino, lo que ha propiciado que, en el siglo xxi, sea atendido, con perspectivas multidisciplinares, como un fenómeno pragmático de gran interés. Hace ya más de una década que se extendió la investigación sobre el humor a contextos y géneros no puramente humorísticos, desarrollándose el acercamiento que se conoce como humor interactivo (Chovanec y Tsakona, 2018). El grupo GRIALE ha sido pionero en analizar el humor conversacional en español en este marco y ha ofrecido un modelo analítico que permite acercarse a diversas dimensiones de la estrategia pragmático-discursiva, partiendo del proceso de producción, pero sin olvidar el de recepción (Ruiz Gurillo, 2012, 2014, 2019, 2021, 2022a, 2022b; Alvarado Ortega, 2012, 2014, 2017, 2022). Tomando los hallazgos y las propuestas de GRIALE como base, se ha iniciado una investigación con el objetivo de conocer el uso y funcionamiento del humor en interacciones en registro medio de lengua, así como de documentar patrones sociopragmáticos y geolecta-les en su empleo. En este artículo, se presentan los planteamientos teóricos y metodológicos básicos para abordar el estudio coordinado del humor en conversaciones semidirigidas, interacciones en registro semiformal, y se adelantan resultados de los primeros análisis realizados. Los datos revelan que quienes más recurren a esta estrategia son las mujeres y que el mecanismo más rentable en el tipo de actividad es la incongruencia, así como que el marcador de humor habitual es la risa y el indicador más frecuente, el empleo de unidades fraseológicas.

ABSTRACT The study of verbal humor has come a long way and it remains the interest of several disciplines, which has fostered the appearance in the 21st century of multidisciplinary approaches that consider humor a pragmatic phenomenon with great interest. More than a decade has passed since the investigation about humor extended to non-humoristic contexts and genres, developing into the perspective known as interactive humor (Chovanec & Tsakona, 2018). The research group GRIALE has been groundbreaking in analyzing conversational humor in Spanish within this framework and has offered an analytical model that allows for the study of different dimensions of humor as a pragmatic-discursive strategy, attending both the process of production and reception (Ruiz Gurillo, 2012, 2014, 2019, 2021, 2022a, 2022b; Alvarado Ortega, 2012, 2014, 2017, 2022). Taking GRIALE's findings and proposals as the core of our research, we have initiated an in vestigation with the objective of studying in more detail the uses and functions of verbal humor in interactions in a semiformal register of language, as well as documenting sociopragmatic and geolectal patterns in its employment. In this article, we present the theoretical and methodological foundations required to start the coordinated study of humor in semidirected conversations, interactions in a semiformal register of language, and we provide results from the first analysis. The data reveals that the most frequent users of this strategy are women and that the most profitable mechanism for producing humor in this type of activity is incongruence, as well as that the common humor marker is laughter and the most used indicator is phraseological units.

Abstract Modern agricultural extension services help as a source of information for farmer queries. One of its applications are local hot lines where expert agents in specific crops or fields assist in farmer agricultural practices and decisions. As an already established technology in the field of customer services, conversational agents can help this solution by covering for experts when users have difficulties contacting them. These artificial agents can answer general queries at any hour, increasing the extension service accessibility. The creation of a contextualized solution is possible with the advancements of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and its accessibility in cloud services. We write this paper to collect state-of-the-art research on agricultural conversational agents and tools used for its design and deployment. General knowledge on current applications is gather and can later be used to help in the design of a localized solution when agricultural services are difficult to access. Lastly, we describe and analyze a chatbot prototype in the specific field of banana farming using IBM Watson services and the messaging platform Telegram App.

Abstract. The traditional definition of grammaticalization assumes a notion of unidirectionality; however, studies have identified changes that present a different directionality, such as changes from verbs to discourse markers. In the Ecuadorian Quiteño variety, the expression ve there is a shift from syntax to discourse as in ¿Qué más, ve? ¡Achachay, qué frío, ve! ¡Calla, ve! Based on a corpus of 51 cases retrieved from social media, this study aims to describe the semantic and functional behavior of ve following the Subjectification criteria and to examine if it meets the characteristics of discourse markers. Through a detailed analysis, the data suggest that the particle ve reflects the loss of the lexical value of the verb ver and has been recategorized as a conversational discourse marker that has acquired new values in discourse.

Resumen. La definición tradicional de gramaticalización supone una noción de unidireccionalidad; sin embargo, algunos estudios han identificado cambios que presentan una direccionalidad diferente como los cambios de verbos a marcadores discursivos. En la variedad quiteña ecuatoriana se identifica la expresión deverbal ve en la que se da un cambio de la sintaxis al discurso como en ¿Qué más, ve? ¡Achachay, qué frío, ve! ¡Calla, ve! Con base en un corpus de 51 casos recuperados de redes sociales, este estudio se propone describir el comportamiento semántico y funcional de ve siguiendo los postulados de la subjetivización, y determinar si cumple con las características de los marcadores discursivos. A través de un análisis detallado, los datos sugieren que la partícula ve refleja la pérdida del valor léxico del verbo ver y se ha recategorizado como un marcador conversacional que ha adquirido nuevos valores en el discurso.

ABSTRACT For many decades, urbanization in Latin America has been characterized mainly by a dispersed pattern. Particularly in this article, it is of interest to investigate the interface territories formed by urban expansion over rural territories, taking into account the concept of ‘frontier’ as a theoretical anchor. In this context, questions arise about the singularities that characterize the interface areas of urban-rural borders and how to identify these particularities empirically. For this reason, the objective of this paper is to elaborate a proposal defining basic criteria to address urban-rural interface areas in drylands. For this purpose, the Vertientes del Pedemonte district, Luján de Cuyo, located in the foothills of the Mendoza Metropolitan Area (Argentina), was selected as a case study. A mostly qualitative methodology was adopted, combining documentary, conversational and observational techniques. Field trips, in situ surveys, field notes and informal conversations with local inhabitants were carried out to identify socio-environmental dimensions and criteria. It is argued that the definition of socio-environmental criteria for the approach to interface territories at the urban-rural border is a useful tool for public policies of land use planning.

RESUMEN Desde hace varias décadas, la urbanización en Latinoamérica se caracteriza principalmente por presentar un patrón disperso. Particularmente en este artículo, resulta de interés indagar los territorios de interfaz conformados por la expansión urbana sobre territorios rurales teniendo en cuenta el concepto de ‘frontera’ como anclaje teórico. En este contexto, surgen interrogantes acerca de las singularidades que caracterizan las áreas de interfaz de las fronteras urbano-rurales y cómo identificar estas particularidades de manera empírica. Por esto, el objetivo del presente trabajo es elaborar una propuesta en la que se definen criterios básicos para abordar las áreas de interfaz urbano-rural en tierras secas. Para esto, se seleccionó como caso de estudio el distrito Vertientes del Pedemonte, Luján de Cuyo, localizado en el piedemonte del Área Metropolitana de Mendoza (Argentina). Se adoptó una metodología mayormente cualitativa ya que se combinaron técnicas documentales, conversacionales y observacionales. Se realizaron salidas a campo, relevamientos in situ, notas de campo y conversaciones informales con habitantes locales para identificar dimensiones y criterios socioambientales. Se sostiene que la definición de criterios socioambientales para el abordaje de los territorios de interfaz en la frontera urbano-rural es una herramienta útil para las políticas públicas de ordenamiento territorial.

Abstract This paper analyzes the experience of 100 individuals (50 Brazilians and 50 Portuguese) in the context of a conversational system with an automated voice assistant. The UX evaluation consisted of calculating descriptive statistics, analyzing the phrases spoken by users during the tests and applying the SUS scale. This methodological approach made it possible to verify that the conceptual prototype simulates a product with great potential for facilitating the daily lives of professionals working in beauty salons. However, there are features that need to be redesigned, such as the choice of button names and the accessibility of the tool. Another contribution is the confirmation that there are divergent opinions between the Brazilian and Portuguese sample populations, showing that the solution was better accepted by the Portuguese. This last issue is one of the most relevant aspects of this study's findings, as it could jeopardize the success of such an assistant.

Resumo Este artigo analisa a experiência de 100 indivíduos (50 brasileiros e 50 portugueses) no contexto de um sistema conversacional com assistente de voz automatizado. A avaliação da UX foi realizada em diferentes etapas: cálculo da estatística descritiva, análise das frases ditas pelos utilizadores e aplicação da escala SUS. Esta abordagem metodológica permitiu verificar que o protótipo conceptual simula um produto com grande potencial para facilitar o dia a dia dos profissionais que atuam em salões de estética e beleza. No entanto, há funcionalidades que devem ser redesenhadas, como a escolha dos nomes dos botões e a acessibilidade da ferramenta. Outra contribuição do estudo é a confirmação de que há opiniões divergentes entre as populações da amostra, brasileira e portuguesa, mostrando que a solução teve melhor aceitação entre os portugueses. Esta última questão é um dos aspetos mais relevantes dos achados deste trabalho, pois pode comprometer o sucesso de tal assistente.

Resumen Las reivindicaciones en materia de derechos humanos se vuelven cada vez más complejas incorporando distintas dimensiones de la vida social. El disfrute del tiempo libre y la recreación en tanto derecho humano no solo ha sido objeto de internacionalización sino también de constitucionalización. El derecho a la recreación comprendido en los discursos de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales (DESC), nos plantea una relación bidimensionalmente conflictiva entre su reconocimiento simbólico formal y su operatividad o garantía de ejercicio. En este contexto nos hemos planteado el proyecto de investigación titulado “Derecho a la Recreación: ¿sólo una cuestión declarativa? Discusiones entre normas y prácticas”. En este artículo exponemos dos líneas temáticas desarrolladas en el marco de dicho proyecto: (a) el reconocimiento de la recreación como derecho a partir de los discursos1, y (b) las prácticas recreativas en clave de derecho. El método utilizado se corresponde con el abordaje cualitativo y la implementación de distintos dispositivos conversacionales grupales e individuales aplicados a actores del quehacer recreativo local.

Abstract Human rights claims are becoming increasingly complex, incorporating different dimensions of social life. The enjoyment of leisure and recreation as a human right has not only been an object of internationalization but also of constitutionalization. The right to recreation included in the discourses of economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR) poses a two-dimensionally conflictive relationship between its formal, symbolic recognition and its operation or the guarantee of its exercise. In this context the research project entitled “Right to Recreation: Is it only a declarative question? Discussions between norms and practices” has been proposed. This article presents two thematic lines developed within the framework of said project: (a) the recognition of recreation as a right based on discourses, and (b) recreational practices in terms of rights. The method used corresponds to the qualitative approach and the implementation of different group and individual conversational devices employed with actors of the local recreational activity.

Resumo As reivindicações dos direitos humanos estão se tornando cada vez mais complexas, incorporando diferentes dimensões da vida social. O gozo do tempo livre e da recreação como um direito humano tem sido objeto não apenas de internacionalização, mas também de constitucionalização. O direito à recreação, incluído no discurso dos direitos econômicos, sociais e culturais (DESC), nos apresenta uma relação de conflito bidimensional entre seu reconhecimento simbólico formal e sua operatividade ou garantia de exercício. É nesse contexto que se insere o projeto de pesquisa intitulado "O direito à recreação: apenas uma questão declarativa? Discussões entre normas e práticas". Neste artigo, apresentamos duas linhas temáticas desenvolvidas no âmbito desse projeto: (a) o reconhecimento da recreação como um direito baseado em discursos e (b) as práticas recreativas em termos de direitos. O método utilizado corresponde à abordagem qualitativa e à implementação de diferentes dispositivos de conversação em grupo e individuais aplicados aos agentes locais de recreação.