Abstract Introduction. The main control measure for brown spot (BS) caused by Septoria glycines is through the application of foliar fungicide. However, the management of the disease could be accomplished through cultural and genetic practices. Objective. To analyze the evolution of BS in soybean under different production systems. Materials and methods. This study was conducted for two consecutive years (2020 and 2022), in Pergamino, Buenos Aires, using the soybean cultivar DM46i20. The management variables studied were cover crops (CC), rotations (Rt), and timing of foliar fungicide application (MAFF). The evaluated pathometric variable was the area under the progress curve of plant height with symptoms (ABCPAPS), and the quantitative physiology variable was grain yield (R) in kg/ha. Results. Agronomic management practices had a significant effect (p≤0.05) on R and ABCPAPS. CC and MAFF were independent variables and showed a significant response (p<0.0001) on R. On the other hand, there was a significant triple interaction (p<0.0001) among CC, Rt, and MAFF for ABCPAPS, and therefore, the data were explained based on this relationship. Conclusions. The implementation of cover crops, crop rotations, and foliar fungicide significantly reduced (p≤0.05) the evolution of BS in soybean cultivation. There was a significant negative correlation (p≤0.05) between soybean yield and the area under the progress curve of the plant height with BS symptoms.

Resumen Introducción. La principal medida de control de la mancha marrón (MM) causada por Septoria glycines, se realiza mediante la aplicación de fungicida foliar, sin embargo, el manejo de la enfermedad podría realizarse con prácticas de manejo cultural y genético. Objetivo. Analizar la evolución de la MM de la soja en diferentes sistemas de producción. Materiales y métodos. Este estudio se llevó a cabo durante dos años consecutivos (2020 y 2022), en la localidad de Pergamino, Buenos Aires, sobre un cultivar de soja DM46i20. Las variables de manejo fueron cultivos de cobertura (CC), rotaciones (Rt), momento de aplicación del fungicida foliar (MAFF). La variable patométrica evaluada fue el área bajo la curva de progreso de la altura de la planta con síntomas (ABCPAPS) y como variable cuantitativa fisiología sobre el cultivo el rendimiento (R) en granos en kg/ha. Resultados. Las prácticas de manejo agronómico tuvieron un efecto significativo (p≤0,05) sobre el R y el ABCPAPS. Las variables CC y MAFF fueron independientes y presentaron una repuesta significativa (p<0,0001) sobre el R. En cambio, hubo una triple interacción significativa (p<0,0001) entre los CC, las Rt y el MAFF para el ABCPAPS y, por lo tanto, los datos fueron explicados con base en esta relación. Conclusiones. La implementación de cultivos de cobertura, de rotaciones de cultivo y de fungicida foliar, redujeron significativamente (p≤0,05) la evolución de la MM en el cultivo de soja. Hubo una correlación negativa y significativa (p≤0,05) entre el rendimiento en soja y el área bajo la curva de progreso de la altura de la planta con síntomas de la MM.

Resumen La desnutrición infantil constituye un desafío de gran importancia en el ámbito de la salud pública. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la influencia de los factores sociales y culturales en el estado nutricional en niños menores ecuatorianos de 2 años, en la ciudad de Portoviejo, Provincia de Manabí, durante el año 2023. Se realizó una investigación prospectiva, descriptiva, transversal y observacional. La población pediátrica incluyó 169 menores de dos años, cuyas madres proporcionaron los datos pertinentes. Los factores sociales predominantes fue el nivel educativo del cuidador del niño comprendida entre 7 a 12 años de estudios con la presencia de casos de desnutrición crónica en un 83,9%; además, la limitada contribución financiera del progenitor para la alimentación del infante con casos de desnutrición aguda en un 88,6%. Dentro de los factores culturales, se encontró que los niños con esquema de vacunación incompleto presentaban desnutrición crónica con un 88,7%, la falta de los controles prenatales, al igual que la inasistencia al primer control prenatal antes del quinto mes con casos de desnutrición aguda en un 95,5%; además, se evidenció que la estimulación para la ingesta de alimentos y la falta de práctica de la lactancia materna exclusiva con la presencia de desnutrición crónica en los menores, con un 98,4% y un 96,8%, respectivamente. En este entorno, el estado nutricional de mayor tendencia fue la desnutrición crónica con un 34,3%. Además, se identificó una asociación significativa de relación de dependencia (p<0,05) entre los factores sociales, culturales y el estado nutricional.

Abstract Child malnutrition constitutes a challenge of great importance in the field of public health. The objective of the research was to evaluate the influence of social and cultural factors on the nutritional status in Ecuadorian children under 2 years of age in the city of Portoviejo, Province of Manabí, during the year 2023. A prospective, descriptive, crooss-sectional and observational research was carried. The pediatric population included 169 children under two years of age, whose mothers provided the relevant data. The predominant social factors were the educational level of the child's caregiver, ranging from 7 to 12 years of education, with the presence of cases of chronic malnutrition in 83.9%; in addition, the limited financial contribution of the parent to feeding the infant with cases of acute malnutrition in 88.6%. Within the cultural factors, it was found that children with an incomplete vaccination presented chronic malnutrition with 88.7%, the lack of prenatal check-ups, as well as non-attendance at the first prenatal check-up before the fifth month with cases of malnutrition acute in 95.5%; Furthermore, it was evidenced that the stimulation of food intake and the lack of practice of exclusive breastfeeding with the presence of chronic malnutrition in minors, with 98.4% and 96.8%, respectively. In this environment, the most trending nutritional status was chronic malnutrition with 34.3%. In addition, a significant association of dependency relationship (p<0.05) was identified between social and cultural factors and nutritional status.

Abstract This study is set within the realm of community education, focusing on teachers working with Tseltal communities in Chiapas, Mexico. Historically, interactions between learning assessment and indigenous communities have been contentious due to the past use of assessment as a tool for control and accountability, creating inequities in these settings. This research aims to bridge these dimensions, investigating how Tseltal teachers understand the notion of learning assessment from their own cultural and linguistic context. The aim was to understand this process through the unique assessment concepts and practices of community educators. Thus, the main purpose is to comprehend how, from culture and language, Tseltal community teachers in Chiapas conceptualize learning assessment. A qualitative methodological approach was used, taking the systematization of experiences as the main interpretive and analytical reference. It is important to note that this study presents information from an initial immersion in the field.

Resumen Este estudio se sitúa en el ámbito de la educación comunitaria y se enfoca en los docentes que trabajan con comunidades tseltales en Chiapas, México. Tradicionalmente, las interacciones entre la evaluación del aprendizaje y las comunidades indígenas han sido conflictivas debido al histórico uso de la evaluación como herramienta de control y rendición de cuentas, generando inequidades en estos contextos. Esta investigación intenta establecer un puente entre estas dimensiones, indagando en cómo entienden los maestros tseltales la noción de la evaluación del aprendizaje a partir de su propio contexto cultural y lingüístico. Se buscó entender este proceso a través de las concepciones y prácticas de evaluación propias de los educadores comunitarios. Así, el propósito principal es entender cómo, desde la cultura y el idioma, los docentes comunitarios tseltales en Chiapas conceptualizan la evaluación del aprendizaje. Se utilizó un enfoque metodológico cualitativo, tomando la sistematización de experiencias como principal referencia interpretativa y analítica. Es importante señalar que este estudio presenta información de una primera inmersión en el campo.

Abstract This article aims to map the global scientific production on social or cultural representations and breast cancer in Public Health and discuss how it is presented in the literature. We conducted a scoping review guided by the question: “How are cultural or social representations in the context of breast cancer described in the global scientific Public Health production?”. We searched for works in five scientific literature sources and included 45 studies. The analytical process followed the content analysis technique in the thematic modality. The analyzed collection can be thematized into the following categories: (1) Compromised body image and interactions, (2) Spirituality, (3) Loss of control over life, (4) Going on with life, and (5) Association with ethnic-racial issues. Despite advances in biomedicine, we observed that representations of breast cancer still have metaphors associated with cancer in the last century. We conclude that, among other aspects, care for women with breast cancer cannot be guided only by biomedical and epidemiological approaches since this disease is traversed by knowledge that competes with these approaches. question How production. . production?” 4 studies modality categories 1 (1 interactions 2 (2 Spirituality 3 (3 life (4 5 (5 ethnicracial ethnic racial issues biomedicine century aspects production? (

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é mapear a produção científica global sobre representações sociais ou culturais e câncer de mama no campo da saúde coletiva e discutir como esse fenômeno se apresenta na literatura. Foi realizada uma revisão de escopo, tendo como norte a seguinte pergunta: “Como representações culturais ou sociais no contexto do câncer de mama são descritas na produção científica global no âmbito da saúde coletiva?”. As buscas foram realizadas em cinco fontes de literatura científica, sendo incluídos 45 estudos. O tratamento analítico seguiu a técnica de análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática. O acervo analisado pode ser tematizado nas seguintes categorias: (1) Comprometimento na imagem corporal e nas interações; (2) Espiritualidade; (3) Perda do controle da vida; (4) Seguir com a vida e (5) Associação a questões étnico-raciais. Apesar dos avanços da biomedicina, observa-se que nas representações do câncer de mama ainda permanecem metáforas associadas ao câncer no século passado. Conclui-se que, dentre outros aspectos, a atenção a mulheres com câncer de mama não pode ser pautada apenas pelas abordagens biomédica e epidemiológica, uma vez que essa doença é atravessada por saberes que competem com essas abordagens. escopo pergunta Como coletiva. . coletiva?” 4 estudos temática categorias 1 (1 interações 2 (2 Espiritualidade 3 (3 (4 5 (5 étnicoraciais. étnicoraciais étnico raciais. raciais étnico-raciais biomedicina observase observa passado Concluise Conclui aspectos epidemiológica coletiva? (

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é mapear a produção científica global sobre representações sociais ou culturais e câncer de mama no campo da saúde coletiva e discutir como esse fenômeno se apresenta na literatura. Foi realizada uma revisão de escopo, tendo como norte a seguinte pergunta: “Como representações culturais ou sociais no contexto do câncer de mama são descritas na produção científica global no âmbito da saúde coletiva?”. As buscas foram realizadas em cinco fontes de literatura científica, sendo incluídos 45 estudos. O tratamento analítico seguiu a técnica de análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática. O acervo analisado pode ser tematizado nas seguintes categorias: (1) Comprometimento na imagem corporal e nas interações; (2) Espiritualidade; (3) Perda do controle da vida; (4) Seguir com a vida e (5) Associação a questões étnico-raciais. Apesar dos avanços da biomedicina, observa-se que nas representações do câncer de mama ainda permanecem metáforas associadas ao câncer no século passado. Conclui-se que, dentre outros aspectos, a atenção a mulheres com câncer de mama não pode ser pautada apenas pelas abordagens biomédica e epidemiológica, uma vez que essa doença é atravessada por saberes que competem com essas abordagens.

Abstract This article aims to map the global scientific production on social or cultural representations and breast cancer in Public Health and discuss how it is presented in the literature. We conducted a scoping review guided by the question: “How are cultural or social representations in the context of breast cancer described in the global scientific Public Health production?”. We searched for works in five scientific literature sources and included 45 studies. The analytical process followed the content analysis technique in the thematic modality. The analyzed collection can be thematized into the following categories: (1) Compromised body image and interactions, (2) Spirituality, (3) Loss of control over life, (4) Going on with life, and (5) Association with ethnic-racial issues. Despite advances in biomedicine, we observed that representations of breast cancer still have metaphors associated with cancer in the last century. We conclude that, among other aspects, care for women with breast cancer cannot be guided only by biomedical and epidemiological approaches since this disease is traversed by knowledge that competes with these approaches.

Abstract Introduction: The discussion on palliative care in high-tech environments and interventional practice represents one of the various aspects to be considered in the challenge of providing a continuum of wellness in living and dying for the elderly. Objective: To map and identify the existing works in the literature on nursing actions that focus on palliative care for elderly patients in surgical hospitalization settings. Materials and methods: This scoping review was conducted on eight databases, following the Joanna Briggs Institute and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review-Scoping Review guidelines. The following descriptors were used: nursing care; palliative care; elderly; surgery. The inclusion criteria were the following: primary research, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical trials. The search was performed in three stages: database listing / pilot test; broad search/ application of the "PCC" strategy (population, concept, context); and full reading of the content. A total of 509 productions were retrieved and then managed using the Rayyan® software, of which 13 studies were selected. The protocol was registered in the Open Science Framework. Results: The total population consisted of 10,417 people aged from 60 to 109. The most frequent interventions included the physical dimension, for symptomatic control; the cultural dimension, in which the dilemmas present in an environment with a high expectation for recovery and rigid interventionist protocols were highlighted, as well as the communication dimension, which is a basic tool of palliative care. Conclusions: Elderly people with serious conditions can benefit from palliative care in the perioperative setting. However, there is a need for training nurses in pain management, empowerment to participate in ethical decisions, and training for better communication. It should be noted that evidence on interventions to improve palliative care is still limited by methodological flaws, so rigorous evaluations are needed to measure significant results for patients and care.

Resumen Introducción: La discusión sobre los cuidados paliativos en ambientes de alta tecnología y prácticas intervencionistas es uno de los muchos aspectos a considerar en el desafío de proporcionar un continuum de vivir y morir bien a los ancianos. Objetivo: Mapear e identificar la literatura existente sobre las acciones de enfermería dirigidas a los cuidados paliativos de los pacientes ancianos en el contexto de la hospitalización quirúrgica. Materiales y método: Se realizó una revisión exploratoria en ocho bases de datos, siguiendo las directrices del Instituto Joanna Briggs y los Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review-Scoping Review. Se utilizaron los siguientes descriptores: cuidados de enfermería; cuidados paliativos; ancianos; cirugía. Se seleccionaron como criterios de inclusión investigaciones primarias, revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis y ensayos clínicos. La búsqueda se realizó en tres etapas: listado base/ aplicación de prueba piloto; búsqueda amplia/aplicación de la estrategia "PCC" (population, concept, context); lectura completa de los materiales. Se devolvieron 509 producciones, gestionadas mediante el software Rayyan®, y se seleccionaron 13 estudios. El protocolo se registró en el Open Science Framework. Resultados: La población única total fue de 10 417 personas de entre 60 y 109 años. Las intervenciones más frecuentes se refieren a la dimensión física, de control sintomático; la dimensión cultural, en la que destacan los dilemas presentes en un entorno con altas expectativas de curación y rígidos protocolos intervencionistas, así como la dimensión comunicativa, herramienta básica de los cuidados paliativos. Conclusiones: Los ancianos con enfermedades graves pueden beneficiarse de los cuidados paliativos en el entorno perioperatorio. Sin embargo, es necesario formar al equipo de enfermería en el control del dolor, capacitarlo para participar en decisiones éticas y capacitarlo para una mejor comunicación. Cabe señalar que las pruebas sobre las intervenciones para mejorar los cuidados paliativos siguen estando limitadas por defectos metodológicos, por lo que se necesitan evaluaciones rigurosas para medir resultados significativos para los pacientes y la atención.

Resumo Introdução: A discussão sobre cuidados paliativos em ambientes de alta tecnologia e prática intervencionista representa um dos muitos aspectos a serem considerados no desafio de proporcionar um continuum de viver e morrer bem para a pessoa idosa. Objetivo: Mapear e identificar na literatura as produções existentes sobre as ações de enfermagem voltadas ao cuidado paliativo ao paciente idoso no contexto de hospitalização cirúrgica. Materiais e método: Revisão de escopo, realizada em oito bases de dados, seguindo as diretrizes do Joanna Briggs Institute e do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review-Scoping Review. Foram utilizados os seguintes descritores: cuidados de enfermagem; cuidados paliativos; idosos; cirurgia. Como critério de inclusão, foram selecionadas pesquisas primárias, revisões sistemáticas, metanálises e ensaios clínicos. A busca foi realizada em três etapas: arrolamento das bases/aplicação de teste-piloto; busca ampla/aplicação da estratégia "PCC" (population, concept, context); leitura completa dos materiais. Foram retornadas 509 produções, gerenciadas no software Rayyan®, das quais 13 estudos foram selecionados. O protocolo foi registrado no Open Science Framework. Resultados: A população total única foi de 10 417 pessoas, entre 60 e 109 anos. As intervenções mais frequentes dizem respeito à dimensão física, de controle sintomático; à dimensão cultural, na qual se destacam os dilemas presentes em ambiente com alta expectativa de cura e rígidos protocolos intervencionistas, bem como à dimensão da comunicação, ferramenta básica do cuidado paliativo. Conclusões: Pessoas idosas com doenças graves podem se beneficiar do cuidado paliativo no ambiente perioperatório. No entanto, há necessidade de aperfeiçoamento de enfermeiros no controle da dor, no empoderamento para a participação em decisões éticas e na capacitação para uma melhor comunicação. Ressalta-se que as evidências sobre intervenções para melhorar os cuidados paliativos ainda são limitadas por falhas metodológicas, portanto são necessárias avaliações rigorosas que meçam resultados significativos para os pacientes e para a assistência.

Resumen La criminología cultural es una perspectiva que indaga la interrelación entre la experiencia individual, los significados culturales y el poder social presente en los actos de transgresión y desviación social. Desde esta mirada se cuestiona la noción de infractores de ley como sujetos esencialmente desviados y carentes de toda relación con la sociedad abierta, proponiendo la posibilidad de pensar en márgenes culturales difuminados y la compartición extendida de prácticas y comprensiones acerca de la realidad social. Así cobra relevancia la noción de convencionalismo, el cual es observado en comportamientos y miradas congruentes con las normas establecidas. A partir de la mirada de la criminología cultural, este artículo explora la noción de convencionalismo en infractores de ley, para lo cual se presenta como caso de estudio el relato a un joven encarcelado en tiempos de covid-19, recopilado a través de una entrevista semiestructurada, en la cual se abordaron los temas de: identidad, familia y pareja, política y posición social, consumismo, y percepción de futuro desde la mirada convencional, para concluir con una discusión dedicada al control social y la delincuencia. Esta revisión, permite establecer puentes humanizadores con el fenómeno de la "delincuencia común", permitiendo con ello, comprenderlo desde perspectivas diferentes.

Abstract Cultural criminology is an approach that investigates the interplay between individual experience, cultural meanings, and the social power present in transgression and social deviation. From this viewpoint, the idea of offenders as essentially deviant subjects devoid of any affiliation with open society is questioned, proposing the possibility of thinking about blurred cultural boundaries, mainstream practices and shared understandings about social reality. Thus, the notion of conventionalism becomes relevant, which is observed in behaviors and attitudes consistent with established norms. From the point of view of cultural criminology, this article explores the notion of conventionalism in offenders, for which the account of a young man imprisoned during covid-19 is presented as a case study, collected through an semi-structured interview in which the following topics were addressed: identity, family and couple, politics and social position, consumerism, and perception of the future from a conventional perspective, to conclude with a discussion dedicated to social control and crime. This review allows to establish humanizing bridges with the phenomenon of "common crime", thus allowing to understand it from different perspectives.

Introduction: Malnutrition is an inpatient complication associated with increased morbidity and mortality, modifiable by improving nutritional intake. For this, it is essential to know the patient's satisfaction regarding intra-hospital feeding. Currently there is no validated and adapted tool for the Chilean population to evaluate this area. Aim: to develop a cross-cultural adaptation of the validated ACHFPSQ questionnaire, which has shown to be capable of identifying aspects to improve in the quality and planning of intrahospital feeding and applying corrective measures based on its observations with a positive impact on the food service. Materials and methods: The methodology of this process, applied in an internal forum between the authors, was based on a series of translations from the original language and reverse into Chilean Spanish that were unified in a consensus instrument with which a pilot test was carried out in 30 patients. After this test, the respondents’ suggestions were collected to apply modifications and a quality control for cross-cultural adaptations to define the final version of the instrument. Results: the authors’ forum evaluated the translations positively, having to apply a single explanatory modification to the instrument. In the pilot test, 93% required assistance to complete the survey. Only two respondents made suggestions, with no impact on the final instrument. Discussion and conclusion: the questionnaire becomes a new tool available to evaluate service quality standards and other nutritional indicators, allowing to objectify the impact of possible changes in food services.

Resumen Introducción: La malnutrición es una complicación hospitalaria asociada a mayor morbimortalidad, modi- ficable al mejorar la ingesta nutricional. Para esto es fundamental conocer la satisfacción del paciente sobre la alimentación intrahospitalaria. Actualmente, no existe una herramienta validada y adaptada a población chilena para evaluar dicha esfera. Objetivo: elaborar una adaptación transcultural del cuestionario validado ACHFPSQ, que ha demostrado ser capaz de identificar aspectos a mejorar en calidad y planificación de la alimentación intrahospitalaria y aplicar medidas correctivas a partir de sus observaciones con un impacto positivo en el servicio de alimentación. Materiales y métodos: La metodología de este proceso, aplicada en un foro interno entre los autores, se basó en una serie de traducciones desde el idioma original e inversas al español de Chile que fueron unificadas en un instrumento consenso con el cual se realizó una prueba piloto en 30 pacientes. Tras dicha prueba, se recogieron las sugerencias de los encuestados para aplicar modificaciones y un control de calidad de adaptaciones transculturales para definir la versión final del instrumento. Resultados: el foro de autores evaluó positivamente las traducciones, debiendo realizar una sola modificación aclarativa al instrumento. En la prueba piloto, un 93% requirió asistencia para completar la encuesta. Solo dos encuestados hicieron sugerencias, sin impacto en el instrumento final. Discusión y conclusión: el cuestionario se convierte en una nueva herramienta disponible para evaluar estándares de calidad de servicio y otros indicadores nutricionales, permitiendo objetivar el impacto de posibles cambios en los servicios de alimentación.

Resumen Los modelos de socialización de la niñez narrados en cuentos costarricenses del siglo XX posibilitan mostrar patrones culturales de socialización y su historicidad. La reflexión se orienta hacia la interrogante sobre cómo representa la narrativa costarricense nociones de niñez y modelos de socialización de la niñez en cuentos costarricenses de las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Con base en el análisis desde la Hermenéutica Profunda, se identificaron patrones de socialización, sobre todo de la niñez femenina, como recurso para intensificar el dramatismo de procesos sociales en boga durante la época que cubren. Los hallazgos se contrastan con premisas teóricas derivadas de estudios que tratan la historicidad de la niñez y los procesos socioculturales subyacentes. Los resultados develan una niñez ajena a procesos protagónicos en sus entornos de interacción sujeta a un control vertical ejercido por figuras de autoridad. Se tienden a sobrevalorar características deseables como la sumisión y la obediencia infantil y sobresale la carencia de la caracterización de un lugar social de la niñez con identidad propia. La noción de niñez es una metonimia que representa la calamidad y la decadencia, sin un auténtico cuestionamiento de su lugar sociofamiliar.

Abstract The models of childhood socialization narrated in Costa Rican tales of the 20th century make it possible to depict cultural patterns of socialization and their historicity. The reflection is oriented on the question of how the Costa Rican narrative represents notions of childhood and models of childhood socialization, in Costa Rican tales of the 20th century. The analysis from the in-depth Hermeneutics identified patterns of socialization, especially of female childhood, as a resource to intensify the drama of social processes in vogue during the time they cover. The findings are contrasted with theoretical premises derived from studies dealing with the historicity of childhood and the underlying sociocultural processes. The results reveal a childhood alien to leading processes in their interaction environments; subject to vertical control exercised by authority figures. Desirable characteristics such as child submission and obedience tend to be overestimated, and the lack of characterization of a social place in childhood with its own identity stands out. The notion of childhood is a metonymy that represents calamity and decadence, without a genuine questioning of its socio-familiar place.

Abstract Since colonial times, the Province of Guayana became an area of high political and military value, due to the potential offered fundamentally by the Orinoco River. Thus, during the Venezuelan independence process, this geographical setting progressively became a space coverted by both royalists and republicans, contenders who aspired to control the considerable resources offered by the region and the river communication routes to obtain victory. For these reasons, in this work we study, from a historical and historiographic perspective, Venezuelan Guyana as a geostrategic scenario in the war of independence between 1810 and 1817. It is a historical study with a qualitative perspective based on Cultural History as a historiographical current. Consequently, the article proposes an analysis that brings into dialogue the political, economic and socio-cultural aspects present in Venezuelan Guiana during the period (1810-1819), emphasizing a review of primary and secondary sources, applying documentary research techniques.

Resumen Desde tiempos coloniales, la provincia de Guayana se convirtió en una zona de alto valor político y militar, gracias a las potencialidades que ofrecía fundamentalmente el río Orinoco. Así, durante el proceso de independencia venezolano, este escenario geográfico se constituyó progresivamente en un espacio codiciado tanto por realistas como por republicanos, contendientes que aspiraban controlar los cuantiosos recursos que ofrecían la región y las vías de comunicación fluviales para obtener la victoria. Por tales motivos, en este trabajo se estudia, desde una perspectiva histórica e historiográfica, la Guayana venezolana como escenario geoestratégico en la guerra de Independencia entre 1810 y 1817. Se trata, entonces, de un estudio histórico con una perspectiva cualitativa fundamentado en la Historia Cultural como corriente historiográfica. En consecuencia, el artículo propone un análisis que pone en diálogo los aspectos político-económicos y socioculturales presentes en la Guayana venezolana durante el periodo (1810-1819), a partir de una revisión de fuentes primarias y secundarias aplicando técnicas de investigación documental.

Resumo Desde os tempos coloniais, a Província da Guiana tornou-se uma área de alto valor político e militar, devido ao potencial oferecido fundamentalmente pelo río Orinoco. Assim, durante o processo de independência da Venezuela, este cenário geográfico tornou-se progressivamente um espaço cobiçado tanto pelos monarquistas como pelos republicanos, contendores que aspiravam controlar os consideráveis recursos oferecidos pela região e as vias de comunicação fluviais para obter a vitória. Por estes motivos, este trabalho estuda, desde uma perspectiva histórica e historiográfica, a Guiana Venezuelana como cenário geoestratégico na guerra de independência entre 1810 e 1817. Trata-se de um estudo histórico com perspectiva qualitativa baseado na História Cultural como corrente historiográfica. Consequentemente, o artigo propõe uma análise que coloca em diálogo os aspectos políticos, econômicos e socioculturais presentes na Guiana Venezuelana no periodo (1810-1819), enfatizando uma revisão de fontes primárias e secundárias, aplicando técnicas de pesquisa documental.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las barreras de acceso a los servicios de salud primario conforman estructuras sociales que agravan la situación de salud de los adolescentes, impactando negativamente en el ejercicio pleno de la salud sexual reproductiva, situando a los adolescentes en una población de riesgo social. Objetivo: Determinar las barreras en el acceso a los servicios primarios de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva de atención diferenciada a los adolescentes del Centro de Salud I - 4 Pampa Grande Tumbes 2018. Metodología: Estudio analítico de caso control, se entrevistaron a 288 adolescentes del tercero, cuarto y quinto de secundaria de la institución educativa pública Túpac Amaru del centro poblado Pampa Grande de Tumbes en el año 2019, entre experimento y control con una razón de 1 a 1. Se aplicaron cuestionarios anónimos para evaluar las barreras de accesibilidad a los servicios primarios de salud. Se recogieron variables: características sociodemográficas y culturales que son consideradas, como barreras de acceso a los servicios de salud. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo e inferencial con el programa SPSS® v.23. Resultados: La edad, sexo e ingreso económico están directa y significativamente relacionadas con la accesibilidad a los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva (p<0.01 IC 95 %); La disposición de recursos económicos para asumir los costos de traslado al centro de salud (OR = 4,23); la utilización del transporte público (OR = 1,58), el conocimiento de los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva (OR = 1,15) incrementan la probabilidad de acceder a los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva de los adolescentes. Discusión: Las barreras socioeconómicas a los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva de los adolescentes son modificables y dependen de la gestión en salud pública.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The barriers to access to primary health services make up social structures that aggravate the health situation of adolescents, negatively impacting the full exercise of reproductive sexual health, placing adolescents in a population at social risk. Objective: To determine the barriers in the access to the primary services of Sexual and Reproductive Health of differentiated attention to the adolescents of the Health Center I - 4 Pampa Grande Tumbes 2018. Methods: Analytical case control study, 288 adolescents from the third, fourth and fifth grade of secondary school of the public educational institution Túpac Amaru in the Pampa Grande de Tumbes town center were interviewed in 2019, between experiment and control with a ratio of 1 to 1. Anonymous questionnaires were applied to assess accessibility barriers to primary health services. Variables were collected: sociodemographic and cultural characteristics that are considered as barriers to access to health services. A descriptive and inferential analysis was carried out with the SPSS® v.23 program. Results: Age, sex and economic income are directly and significantly related to accessibility to sexual and reproductive health services (p<0.01 95% CI); The availability of economic resources to assume the costs of transportation to the health center (OR = 4.23); the use of public transport (OR = 1.58), knowledge of sexual and reproductive health services (OR = 1.15) increase the probability of accessing sexual and reproductive health services for adolescents. Discussion: Socioeconomic barriers to sexual and reproductive health services for adolescents are modifiable and depend on public health management.

RESUMEN La convivencia social diaria en una asociación rural de mujeres yuqueras es generadora de violencia intra- e intergénero como reproducción de su formación cultural “normadas”, socializadas, aceptadas y arraigada en su imaginario y subconsciente hasta convertirlo en algo natural que no tiene comprensión ni contestatario en las relaciones entre las mujeres que forman parte de esta rallandería. El discurso cultural atribuido a esa violencia, y las implicaciones que este tiene sobre las identidades de su propio género-poder, está dado por su nivel académico, edad, relación social y económico, que provoca dominación y opresión. La metodología empleada fue de corte cuanti-cualitativo, a través de encuestas y entrevistas a todas las socias y técnicos más informantes clave. Los resultados demostraron que la cotidianidad y la relación frecuente apuntan hacia la invisibilización social de la violencia, las múltiples formas de control y presión social y familiar, donde las contradicciones se generan en la reproducción de relaciones asimétricas entre mujeres hacia el interior de sus hogares, entre ellas y la comunidad, y los técnicos no estaban preparados para trabajar con mujeres. La investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar que el crecimiento económico provoca asimetrías y resquebrajamiento en sus relaciones al final de la intervención externa.

ABSTRACT The daily social coexistence in a rural association of yuquera women is a generator of intra and inter gender violence as a reproduction of their "normed" cultural formation, socialized, accepted and rooted in their imaginary and subconscious until it becomes something natural that has no understanding or opposition. in the relations between the women who are part of this ranlanderia, the cultural discourse attributed to this violence, and the implications that it has on their own gender identities-power, is given by their academic level, age, social relationship and economic causing domination and oppression. The methodology used is quantitative-qualitative through surveys and interviews with all the members and technicians plus key informants, the results showed that daily life and frequent relationships point towards the social invisibility of violence, the multiple forms of control and social and family pressure, where the contradictions are generated in the reproduction of asymmetrical relationships between women within their homes, between them and the community and, the technicians were not prepared to work with women, research that aims to determine that the economic growth causes asymmetries and breakdown in their relations at the end of external intervention.

Abstract Fashion as a cultural expression involves a great amount of goods that circulate internationally. The designs, shapes, and utilities are the result of the creative work of people, interdisciplinary teams, researchers, and companies. The fruit obtained in this activity is protected by the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Intangible rights are an integral part of the value of goods and therefore have an impact on Customs Law since they are the basis of valuation for the purposes of applying taxes to foreign trade. The protection of copyright and the correct use of commercial and industrial trademarks has been presented as a control activity of the customs and in that mission the World Customs Organization made recommendations to optimize the control and thus prevent the flow of infringing goods. In Argentina, according to these parameters, a mechanism has been implemented to prohibit the circulation of goods in trademark fraud or pirated or unauthorized copies.

Resumen La moda como expresión cultural involucra a una gran cantidad de mercaderías que circulan internacionalmente. Los diseños, formas, utilidades son el fruto de un trabajo creativo de personas, equipos interdisciplinarios, investigadores, y de empresas. El fruto obtenido en esa actividad tiene tutela en virtud del Acuerdo de la OMC sobre los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio (ADPIC). Los derechos intangibles son una parte integrante del valor de las mercaderías y por tal motivo tiene impacto en el Derecho Aduanero ya que integran la base de valoración a los fines de la aplicación de los tributos al comercio exterior. La tutela de respetar los derechos de autor y el uso correcto de las marcas comerciales e industriales se ha presentado como una actividad de control propia de las aduanas y en esa misión la Organización Mundial de Aduanas realizó recomendaciones para optimizar el control y de esta manera impedir el flujo de mercaderías en infracción. En la Argentina conforme a estos parámetros ha implementado un mecanismo de prohibición de circulación de mercaderías en fraude marcario o copia pirata o no autorizada.

Resumo A moda, como expressão cultural, envolve uma grande quantidade de bens que circulam internacionalmente. Os desenhos, formas e utilidades são o resultado do trabalho criativo de pessoas, equipes interdisciplinares, pesquisadores e empresas. Os frutos obtidos desta atividade são protegidos pelo Acordo da OMC sobre Aspectos dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados ao Comércio (TRIPS). Os direitos intangíveis são parte integrante do valor das mercadorias e, por esta razão, têm um impacto no Direito Aduaneiro, pois são a base da avaliação para fins de aplicação de impostos ao comércio exterior. A proteção dos direitos autorais e o uso correto das marcas comerciais e industriais foi apresentada como uma atividade de controle da alfândega e, nesta missão, a Organização Mundial das Alfândegas fez recomendações para otimizar o controle e assim evitar o fluxo de mercadorias infratoras. De acordo com estes parâmetros, a Argentina implementou um mecanismo para proibir a circulação de mercadorias em fraudes de marcas ou cópias piratas ou não autorizadas.

Resumen Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck se reproduce sexualmente por semillas y asexualmente por bulbilos aéreos e hijuelos del rizoma; sin embargo, esta especie es monocárpica, y el número de hijuelos es reducido. Por lo anterior, se propuso como objetivo evaluar el número, altura y diámetro de roseta de hijuelos del rizoma de plantas de A. salmiana que se sometieron a diferentes tratamientos. En el año 2021 se seleccionaron al azar 240 plantas de A. salmiana de una plantación en Temascalapa, Estado de México, México, y se aplicaron ocho tratamientos: testigo, AIB (ácido indol-3-butírico), cajeteo, aporque, cajeteo-aporque, cajeteo-AIB, aporque-AIB y aporque-cajeteoAIB, con 30 repeticiones en un diseño completamente al azar. Entre julio y noviembre de 2021 se registró mensualmente el número de hijuelos, y se hizo el último registro en mayo 2022. Se midieron la supervivencia, altura y diámetro de roseta de los hijuelos en noviembre de 2022 (17 meses después de aplicar los tratamientos). Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos para el número de hijuelos, altura y diámetro de roseta. El número promedio de hijuelos por planta fue 2.4 con 99 % de supervivencia y los valores promedios de altura y diámetro de roseta fueron 14.5 y 15.9 cm, respectivamente. Las plantas testigo desarrollaron 1.4 hijuelos en promedio, mientras que las plantas en el cajeteo-AIB produjeron 3.7 hijuelos. La altura de hijuelos osciló entre 13.2 cm en el tratamiento de cajeteo y 16.0 cm en el de cajeteo-AIB. El diámetro de roseta varió entre 14.3 cm en el testigo y 18.3 cm en el tratamiento de cajeteo-AIB. Las labores culturales en combinación con AIB incrementaron el número de hijuelos del rizoma e influyeron positivamente en la altura y diámetro de roseta.

Summary Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck is sexually reproduced by seeds and asexually by aerial bulbils and offshoots from the rhizomes; however, this species is monocarpic, and the number of offshoots is small. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the number, height and diameter of rosette of offshoots from the rhizome of A. salmiana plants exposed to different treatments. In 2021, 240 plants of A. salmiana were randomly selected from a plantation in Temascalapa, State of Mexico, Mexico, and eight treatments were applied: control, IBA (indole-3-butyric acid), watering basin, hilling, watering basin-hilling, watering basin-IBA, hilling-IBA and hilling-watering basin-IBA, with 30 replications in a completely randomized design. Between July and November 2021 the number of offshoots was recorded monthly, and the last record was made in May 2022. Survival, height and rosette diameter of the offshoots were measured in November 2022 (17 months after the treatments were applied). Significant differences were found between treatments for the number of offshoots, height and rosette diameter. The average number of offshoots per plant was 2.4 with 99 % of survival, and the average values of height and rosette diameter were 14.5 and 15.9 cm, respectively. The plants in the control group developed 1.4 offshoots on average, while the plants in the watering basin-IBA produced 3.7 offshoots. The height of offshoots ranged between 13.2 cm in the watering basin treatment and 16.0 cm in the watering basin-IBA. The rosette diameter varied between 14.3 cm in the control group and 18.3 cm in the watering basin-IBA treatment. Cultural practices in combination with IBA increased the number of offshoots from the rhizome and positively influenced the height and diameter of the rosette.

Summary Cover crops (CC) are plants grown to provide regulating, supporting, and cultural ecosystem services in managed environments. Numerous studies have investigated the impact of cover crops on weeds. Winter cover crops suppressed both weed biomass and weed population density in spring crops, particularly early in the cash crop growing season. However, to effectively use weed suppression services from cover crops, farmers must carefully select species that fit within their rotations and suppress their problematic weeds. Field experiments investigated the weed suppression potential of winter CCs and their effects on processing-tomato grown with underground irrigation in non-tillage system. Treatments were: Lolium multiflorum -A, pea (Pisum sativum) - E; faba bean (Vicia faba) - F; wheat (Triticum aestivum) - T, Control No CC+ No tillage - Tsm; Control No CC+ tillage - Tcm. CC aboveground biomass ranged from 580 kg ha−1 (T. aestivum) to 2393 kg ha−1 (Vicia faba). Main weeds in tomato crop ranked in importance Cyperus rotundus, Setaria verticillata, Digitaria sanguinalis, Portulaca oleracea and Heliotropium europaeum. Weed density was reduced between 44 % and 70 % with cover crop relative to tillage. Lolium multiflorum and Vicia faba were also more effective in reducing the weed biomass. Tomato productivity ranged from 84 t ha-1 (T) to 123 t ha-1 (F). Contrary to expectations, Poaceae cover crops were not the most effective in suppressing weeds, compared to Fabaceae. The Vicia faba species had the greatest effect on weed population density compared to the control in bare soil and also contributed to greater productivity of processed tomatoes.

Resumo As culturas de cobertura (CC) são plantas cultivadas para fornecer serviços dos ecossistemas reguladores, de apoio e culturais em ambientes geridos. Numerosos estudos investigaram o impacto das culturas de cobertura nas infestantes. As culturas de cobertura de inverno suprimiram a biomassa de infestantes e a sua abundância nas culturas de primavera, particularmente no início do ciclo cultural. No entanto, para as culturas de cobertura serem eficazes na supressão das infestantes, os agricultores devem selecionar cuidadosamente as espécies que se enquadram nas suas rotações. Neste estudo avaliou-se a eficácia das culturas de cobertura de inverno na redução da abundância e biomassa das infestantes e o efeito na produtividade do tomate de indústria, cultivado em sementeira directa com rega enterrada. Os tratamentos foram: Lolium multiflorum - A, ervilha (Pisum sativum) - E; fava (Vicia faba) - F; trigo (Triticum aestivum) - T, Testemunha Sem CC e sem mobilização - Tsm; Testemunha Sem CC e com mobilização - Tcm. A biomassa das culturas de cobertura variou de 580 kg ha-1 (T. aestivum) a 2393 kg ha-1 (Vicia faba). As principais infestantes da cultura do tomate foram por ordem decrescente de importância Cyperus rotundus, Setaria verticillata, Digitaria sanguinalis, Portulaca oleracea e Heliotropium europaeum. A densidade de infestantes foi reduzida entre 44% e 70% com as culturas de cobertura em relação à Testemunha total (Tsm). As espécies Lolium multiflorum e Vicia faba foram as CC mais eficazes na redução da biomassa das infestantes. A produtividade do tomate variou de 84 t ha-1 (T) a 123 t ha-1 (F). Contrariamente às expetativas, as culturas de cobertura Poaceae não foram as mais eficazes na redução das infestantes, em comparação com as Fabaceae. A Vicia faba teve o maior efeito na redução da abundância das infestantes em relação à Testemunha total (Tsm) e também contribuiu para uma maior produtividade no tomate de indústria.