Abstract (Introduction): Vinasse is generated as a residue in the production of ethanol by fermentation-distillation of molasses/sugar cane juice, at a rate of 13 L/L of ethanol. It is an acid liquid, brown in color, characterized by high mineralization and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) values of up to 150 000 mg/L, being highly polluting. (Objective): The objective of this research was to evaluate a vinasse treatment process with hydrogen peroxide as a source of hydroxyl radicals at laboratory scale. (Methodology): The vinasse samples, from different distilleries in the province of Tucumán, were characterized following standardized techniques of Standard Methods. The oxidation tests were carried out with different peroxide/vinasses ratios, in a semi-batch reactor, under ambient conditions, measuring COD as an indicator parameter of the treatment. (Results): After 5 days, an 85 % decrease in COD and an increase in the Biodegradability Index were achieved. The kinetics of the oxidative reaction was first order with respect to COD, with an apparent rate constant of 0.3694 1/day. (Conclusions): Although the COD values allowed by local regulations (250 mg/L) were not reached, the proposed treatment is encouraging due to its simplicity, representing a potential option to the environmental challenge represented by vinaze in Latin America.

Resumen (Introducción): La vinaza se genera como residuo en la producción de etanol por fermentación-destilación de melazas/jugos de caña de azúcar, a razón de 13 L/L de etanol. Es un efluente líquido, ácido caracterizado por una elevada mineralización y valores de demanda química de oxígeno (DQO) de hasta 150 000 mg/L, siendo altamente contaminante. (Objetivo): Ealuar un proceso de tratamiento de vinazas con peróxido de hidrógeno, como fuente de radicales hidroxilos, en escala laboratorio. (Metodología): Las muestras de vinazas, de destilerías de la provincia de Tucumán, se caracterizaron según técnicas normalizadas de Standard Methods. Los ensayos de oxidación se realizaron con distintas relaciones de peróxido/vinaza, en un reactor semibatch, en condiciones ambientales, midiendo DQO como parámetro indicador del tratamiento. (Resultados): Al cabo de cinco días se logró una disminución de DQO del 85 % y un aumento del Índice de Biodegradabilidad. La cinética de la reacción oxidativa fue de primer orden respecto de DQO, con una constante aparente de velocidad de 0.3694 1/día. (Conclusiones): Si bien no se lograron los valores de DQO permitidos por la normativa local (250 mg/L), el tratamiento propuesto es alentador por su simpleza, representando una opción potencial al desafío ambiental que representan las vinazas en América Latina.

Abstract Alternatives have been studied in order to minimize the major environmental impacts arising from the production of cement and steel. Alternatives include adopting composite cements with the incorporation of alternative materials, to reduce the need for cement in the mixtures. Therefore, this study worked on the viability of incorporating steel residues in the mechanical performance of mortar and durability, evaluating the partial and total replacement of Portland Cement (PC) by granulated blast furnace slag (EGAF) and residue from the Desulfurization process of flue gases (FGD). The results found show that the association of these residues in place of cement improved the mechanical performance of the mortars by around 40%. In addition to having a lower modulus of elasticity and lower absorption of water by capillarity, properties that significantly increase the durability of the matrices. The contaminant leaching results did not show any contaminants in harmful amounts. The studies presented demonstrate that the simultaneous use of FGD and EGAF to replace Portland cement were satisfactory, obtaining better mechanical and durability performances than the reference ones, enabling the use of these residues in the production of mortars with low cement content. materials mixtures Therefore PC (PC (EGAF FGD. . (FGD) 40 40% capillarity matrices amounts satisfactory ones content (FGD 4

Resumo Alternativas vêm sendo estudadas com o intuito de minimizar os grandes impactos ambientais provenientes da produção do cimento e aço. Inclusive, adotando cimentos compostos, com incorporação de materiais alternativos, diminuindo a necessidade de cimento nas misturas. Por conseguinte, este trabalho estudou a viabilidade de incorporação de resíduos siderúrgicos no desempenho mecânico e de durabilidade de argamassas, avaliando a substituição parcial e total do Cimento Portland por escória granulada de alto-forno moída (EGAF) e resíduo proveniente do processo de Dessulfurização de Gases de Combustão (FGD). Os resultados encontrados mostram que a associação desses resíduos em substituição ao cimento melhorou cerca de 40% o desempenho mecânico das argamassas. Além de apresentarem um menor módulo de elasticidade e menor absorção de água por capilaridade, propriedades que aumentam significantemente a durabilidade das matrizes. Os resultados de lixiviação de contaminantes não apresentaram nenhum contaminante em quantidade prejudicial. Os estudos apresentados demonstram que a utilização de FGD e EGAF simultâneos para substituir o Cimento Portland foram satisfatórios, obtendo desempenhos mecânicos e de durabilidade superiores aos de referência, viabilizando a utilização desses resíduos na produção de argamassas com baixo teor de cimento. aço Inclusive compostos alternativos misturas conseguinte altoforno alto forno (EGAF FGD. . (FGD) 40 capilaridade matrizes prejudicial satisfatórios referência (FGD 4

ABSTRACT Plastic transformation enterprises are of great importance due to their impact on others belonging to strategic sectors. However, the high consumption of electrical energy in the processing of these materials contributes negatively to the environment. The objective of this research is to determine the indirect emissions of greenhouse gases based on carbon dioxide, from the fixed consumption of energy in a plastics factory in the province of Holguín, Cuba. The methods used were the techniques for recording and processing data, direct observation, work with groups of experts and surveys, as well as documents analysis. A procedure based on the Tangram Technology methodology was designed to determine the amount of equivalent carbon dioxide that is emitted into the atmosphere. The study was carried out in the period between 2020 and 2022. The main results include the following: energy management at the Holguín Plastics Factory was improved based on the identification of energy saving opportunities in administrative areas, departments and attached premises, implementing an action plan that allowed a decrease in the pollutant load to the atmosphere in the analyzed stage.

RESUMEN Las fábricas de transformación de plásticos poseen gran importancia por su incidencia en otras pertenecientes a sectores estratégicos. Sin embargo, el alto consumo de energía eléctrica en el procesamiento de estos materiales, contribuye negativamente al medio ambiente. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar las emisiones indirectas de gases de efecto invernadero en base al dióxido de carbono, a partir del consumo fijo de energía en una fábrica de plásticos de la provincia de Holguín, Cuba. Los métodos utilizados fueron las técnicas para registro y procesamiento de datos, la observación directa, el trabajo con grupos de expertos y encuestas, así como el análisis de documentos. Se diseñó un procedimiento basado en la metodología de Tangram Technology, para determinar la cantidad de dióxido de carbono equivalente que se emite a la atmósfera. El estudio se realizó en el periodo comprendido entre el 2020 al 2022. Como principales resultados, destacan los siguientes: se logró mejorar la gestión energética en la Fábrica Plásticos Holguín a partir de la identificación de oportunidades de ahorro de energía en las áreas administrativas, departamentos y locales anexos, implementando un plan de acción que permitió una disminución de la carga contaminante a la atmósfera en la etapa analizada.

RESUMEN: El BPA es un disruptor endocrino multifuncional con presencia ubicua en los ecosistemas acuáticos. La Meseta Central mexicana habitada por peces vivíparos endémicos, es una zona severamente impactada por la contaminación. Sin embargo, los esfuerzos por comprender los efectos del BPA en especies nativas como Goodea atripinnis son inexistentes. Este estudio se centró en proporcionar evidencia in vivo de alteraciones en los testículos de machos de G. atripinnis debido a la exposición aguda al BPA en concentraciones de prueba de 1 mg/L, 10 mg/L y 50 mg/L durante 96 h. La exposición a BPA 1 mg/L y 10 mg/L mostró degeneración y desorganización en el tejido germinal. Además, hubo una disminución notable de los espermatozoides dentro de los túbulos seminíferos de machos expuestos a 10 mg/L de BPA. En todos los tratamientos las células somáticas presentaron alteraciones por engrosamiento del tejido conectivo y aumento de las fibras de colágeno. Además, se produjo inflamación y sangrado en los testículos de machos expuestos a 1 y 10 mg/L de BPA. Las alteraciones en los testículos de G. atripinnis están relacionadas con la toxicidad del BPA, lo que puede provocar apoptosis en las células germinales aumentando el tejido conectivo. Finalmente, si bien los cambios producidos por el BPA se hicieron evidentes en la exposición aguda (96 h), sus efectos probablemente sean irreversibles, comprometiendo la reproducción de G. atripinnis.

SUMMARY: BPA is a multifunctional endocrine disruptor with ubiquitous presence in aquatic ecosystems. The Mexican Central Plateau is an area severely impacted by pollution, inhabited by endemic viviparous fish. However, efforts to understand the effects of BPA on native species such as Goodea atripinnis are non-existent. This study focused on providing in vivo evidence of alterations in the testes of G. atripinnis males due to acute exposure to BPA at test concentrations of 1 mg/L, 10 mg/L, and 50 mg/L for 96 h. BPA exposition 1 mg/L and 10 mg/L showed degeneration and disorganization in germinal tissue. Furthermore, there was a notable decrease in sperm within the seminiferous tubules of males exposed to 10 mg/L of BPA. In all treatments, somatic cells had alterations by connective tissue thickening and an increase in collagen fibers. Additionally, inflammation and bleeding occurred in the testes of males exposed to 1 and 10 mg/L BPA. The alterations in the testes of G. atripinnis are related to BPA toxicity, which can lead to apoptosis in germ cells increasing connective tissue. Finally, even though the changes produced by BPA became evident in acute exposure (96 h), its effects are probably irreversible, compromising the reproduction of G. atripinnis.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nowadays the pollutants produced in water exceed the capabilities of its decontamination mechanisms. It is necessary to evaluate the wastewater belonging to the Central Refinería Ecuador (Sugar Refinery Ecuador). Objective: To evaluate the quality of the wastewater from the Central Refinería Ecuador (Sugar Refinery Ecuador) for its possible use in agricultural irrigation. Materials and Methods: The quality of the wastewater was evaluated through physical, chemical and microbiological tests. Results and Discussion: The main physical, chemical and microbiological results evaluated at two points in time were: temperature 46.6 and 43.6 ºC, electrical conductivity 2 359 and 1 366 µS cm-1, sedimentable solids 8 and 3.50 mL L-1. pH 5.8 and 6.3 pH units, total phosphorus 5 and 3.75 mg L-1, total nitrogen 4.20 and 6.45 mg L-1, chemical oxygen demand 1 832 and 1 742 mg L-1, biochemical oxygen demand 1 671 and 1 451 mg L-1, fats and oils 296.90 and 30.90 mg L-1; cadmium 0.06 and 0.16 mg L-1, total chromium 0.10 and 0.20 mg L-1, copper 1.19 and 1.80 mg L-1, lead 0.43 and 0.55 mg L-1, zinc 1.37 and 2.33 mg L-1, total coliforms 8 800 000 and 160 000 mg L-1 and fecal coliforms 8 800 000 and 1 070 000 mg L-1. Conclusions: The effluent does not comply with the discharge requirements of NC 27, (2012) and is classified of poor quality to be used for sugarcane irrigation according to NC 855, (2011).

RESUMEN Introducción: Hoy en día los contaminantes producidos en el agua superan las capacidades de sus mecanismos de descontaminación. Siendo necesario evaluar las aguas residuales pertenecientes al Central Refinería Ecuador. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad del agua residual del Central Refinería Ecuador, para su posible aprovechamiento en riego agrícola. Materiales y Métodos: La calidad del agua residual se evaluó mediante ensayos físicos, químicos y microbiológicos. Resultados y Discusión: Los principales resultados físico, químicos y microbiológicos evaluados en dos momentos fueron: temperatura 46,6 y 43,6 ºC, conductividad eléctrica 2 359 y 1 366 µS cm-1, sólidos sedimentables 8 y 3,50 mL L-1. pH 5,80 y 6,30 unidades de pH, fósforo total 5 y 3,75 mg L-1, nitrógeno total 4,20 y 6,45 mg L-1, demanda química de oxígeno 1 832 y 1 742 mg L-1, demanda bioquímica de oxígeno 1 671 y 1 451 mg L-1, grasas y aceites 296,9 y 30,9 mg L-1; cadmio 0,06 y 0,16 mg L-1, cromo total 0,10 y 0,20 mg L-1, cobre 1,19 y 1,80 mg L-1, plomo 0,43 y 0,55 mg L-1, zinc 1,37 y 2,33 mg L-1, coliformes totales 8 800 000 y 1 60 000 mg L-1 y coliformes fecales 8 800 000 y 1 070 000 mg L-1. Conclusiones: El efluente no cumple con los requisitos de vertimiento de la NC 27, (2012)y es clasificada de mala calidad para ser aprovechada en el riego de la caña de azúcar según NC 855, (2011).

Abstract This paper examines the heterogeneity in the environmental field, specifically in the emission of the main of the greenhouse gases, CO2, within the 3 countries composing the North American region. On the one hand, the United States is a large emitter of CO2 (19% of global emissions accumulated in 1990-2020), only surpassed by China as of 2005. On the other hand, Canada and Mexico are relatively small emitters on a global scale (1.8% and 1.4% of global emissions accumulated in 1990-2020, respectively), but with large economic and technological differences. Under these conditions, the objective of this research is to find differences and similarities between the three countries regarding CO2 emissions trends and their driving structural factors: scale, technological and composition effects, based on annual data from 2001 to 2014. With a structural decomposition analysis, we found that, in general, the scale effect was polluting and dominating in the period, while the technological effect was anti-polluting, in addition to a small and ambivalent composition effect (positive in some years and negative in others). It is concluded that there is a process of convergence in the intensity of emissions per GDP value and with respect to the three mentioned effects. It is also concluded that the characteristics of the three effects in Mexico were like those of the United States, while Canada approached along the analysis period.

Resumen Este artículo examina la heterogeneidad, en el ámbito ambiental, de los 3 países que componen la región de Norteamérica, específicamente en la emisión de CO2, el principal gas efecto invernadero. Por un lado, Estados Unidos es un gran emisor de CO2 (19% de las emisiones globales acumuladas en 1990-2020), solamente superado por China a partir de 2005. Por otro lado, Canadá y México son emisores relativamente pequeños a escala global (respectivamente 1.8% y 1.4% de las emisiones globales acumuladas en 1990-2020), pero con grandes diferencias económicas y tecnológicas. En estas condiciones, el objetivo de la investigación es encontrar diferencias y similitudes entre los tres países respecto de las tendencias de emisiones de CO2 y sus factores estructurales conductores: los efectos escala, tecnológico y composición, con base en datos anuales de 2001 a 2014. Con un análisis de descomposición estructural, se encontró que, en general, el efecto escala fue contaminante y dominó en el periodo, mientras que el efecto tecnológico resultó anticontaminante, además de un efecto composición pequeño y ambivalente (positivo en unos años y negativo en otros). Se concluye que hay un proceso de convergencia en la intensidad de emisiones por valor del PIB y respecto de los tres efectos mencionados. También se concluye que las características de los tres efectos en México fueron parecidas a las de Estados Unidos, a las cuales Canadá se aproximó durante el periodo de análisis.

Resumen En el presente artículo aborda la modelación de las concentraciones de Dióxido de Azufre (SO2) emitidas por dos industrias ubicadas en la ciudad Santiago de Cali. Estas industrias emplean distintos tipos de combustible en sus calderas: la caldera 1 utiliza Fuel Oil y la caldera 2 utiliza Diésel. Con el objetivo de evaluar y comparar el comportamiento de las concentraciones de SO2, se propone la sustitución de estos combustibles por Gas natural. Mediante el uso de Aermod View se realizó la modelación de la dispersión de este contaminante y se obtuvo que para un tiempo de exposición de una hora la concentración máxima SO2 proveniente de las calderas con Fuel Oil y Diésel fue de 1440.32 µg/m3. Para un tiempo de exposición de 24 horas se alcanzó una concentración de SO2 de 178.56 µg/m3. Estos niveles, exceden los límites establecidos en la resolución 2254 de 2017, donde el valor máximo permisible para una hora es 100 µg/m3 y para 24 horas es 50 µg/m3. En contraste al usar Gas natural como combustible se observa que las concentraciones son considerablemente más bajas. Para un tiempo de exposición de una hora la máxima concentración es de 0.74 µg/m3 y para un tiempo de exposición de 24 horas, de 0.04 µg/m3. Estos resultados cumplen con la normatividad vigente. Se puede concluir que el Gas natural se presenta como una alternativa más favorable, generando concentraciones significativamente menores de SO2. Este cambio en el tipo de combustible no solo favorecerá el cumplimiento de las normativas ambientales, sino que también contribuirá de manera efectiva a la reducción de la concentración de SO2 en el aire.

Abstract This article deals with modeling sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations emitted by two industries in Santiago de Cali. These industries use different fuel types in their boilers: Boiler 1 uses Fuel Oil, and Boiler 2 uses Diesel. To evaluate and compare the behavior of SO2 concentrations, the substitution of these fuels by natural gas is proposed. Using Aermod View, this pollutant's dispersion was modeled and obtained that the maximum SO2 concentration from the boilers with Fuel Oil and Diesel was 1440.32 µg/m3 for an exposure time of one hour. For a 24-hour exposure time, the SO2 concentration reached 178.56 µg/m3. These levels exceed the limits established in resolution 2254 of 2017, where the maximum permissible value for one hour is 100 µg/m3, and for 24 hours is 50 µg/m3. In contrast, when using Natural Gas as fuel, it is observed that the concentrations are considerably lower. The maximum concentration is 0.74 µg/m3 for a one-hour exposure time, and for a 24-hour exposure time, 0.04 µg/m3. These results comply with current regulations. It can be concluded that natural gas is a more favorable alternative, generating significantly lower SO2 concentrations. This change in the fuel type will favor compliance with environmental regulations and effectively contribute to reducing SO2 concentration in the air.

Abstract Mexico’s cheese artisanal production is similar or higher than industrial production, approximately 100 L cow’s milk are used to made 10 Kg of cheese and 90 L of whey, that could be considered like an environmentally harmful by product because it has a high content of organic matter that promotes the growth and development of Enterococcus. In this study, Enterococcus strains were identified in whey from four locations of Puebla. Bacterial gram positive were isolated, furthermore their metabolism shown negative catalase, growth at different temperature (10, 40 and 45 °C), pH values (9.2 and 9.6) and NaCl concentrations (4 and 6.5%). Endpoint PCR tests were made to confirm detection of Enterococcus faecium (19 strains) and Enterococcus faecalis (six strains) in whey from three locations, these results suggest that a better sanitary control of whey is necessary to avoid the proliferation of potentially pathogenic microorganisms.

Resumen La producción de queso artesanal en México iguala o supera a la producción formal, aproximadamente por cada 100 L de leche de bovino se obtienen 10 kg de queso y 90 L de lactosuero, este residuo es considerado como contaminante por su alta carga orgánica que además favorece el desarrollo de Enterococcus. En este trabajo se identificaron Enterococcus en muestras de lactosuero de cuatro localidades en Puebla. Se aislaron bacterias Gram positivas, catalasas negativas, con capacidad para crecer a diferentes temperaturas (10, 40 y 45 °C), valores de pH (9.2 y 9.6), y concentración de NaCl (4 y 6.5%). Se hicieron pruebas de PCR de punto final para confirmar la detección de Enterococcus faecium (19 cepas) y Enterococcus faecalis (seis cepas) en lactosuero de tres localidades, estos resultados sugieren que es necesario una mejor vigilancia sanitaria del lactosuero, para evitar la proliferación de microorganismos potencialmente patógenos.

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the relationship between agricultural methane and nitrous oxide emissions as a function of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and its quadratic term in 26 Latin American and Caribbean countries (1990-2019). It also considers the stock of foreign investment to test the polluting paradise hypothesis, agricultural land (AL), and, additionally, methane for nitrous function. The study comprised unit root and cointegration tests. Coefficients were estimated using fully modified least squares (FMOLS), correlated common effects (CCE), and augmented mean group (AMG). Results by FMOLS show statistical evidence of an environmental Kuznets curve in the set of countries for methane and support the polluting paradise hypothesis. However, results from CCE and AMG show the opposite. For nitrous oxide, FMOLS support a U-shaped curve. The above supports a joint environmental policy for both gases, where al is a key element. The previous results must be corroborated with other methods and the studies extended to other countries over time.

Resumen Este trabajo analiza la relación de emisiones agrícolas de metano y óxido nitroso en función del producto interno bruto per cápita y su término cuadrático en 26 países latinoamericanos y del Caribe (1990-2019); considera también el stock de inversión extranjera para probar hipótesis del paraíso contaminante, la superficie agrícola (SA) y el metano para la función de óxido nitroso. El estudio comprendió pruebas de raíz unitaria y cointegración. La estimación de coeficientes se realizó por mínimos cuadrados completamente modificados (FMOLS), efectos comunes correlacionados (CCE) y grupo medio aumentado (AMG). Los resultados por FMOLS muestran evidencia de una probable curva ambiental de Kuznets en el conjunto de países para metano, además sustentan un paraíso contaminante. Los resultados por CCE y AMG indican lo contrario. Para óxido nitroso los resultados de FMOLS apoyan una curva en U. Lo anterior sostiene una política ambiental conjunta de ambos gases, donde la SA es un elemento clave. Los resultados anteriores se tienen que corroborar con otros métodos y extender los estudios a otros países en el tiempo.

ABSTRACT The bisphenol A (BPA) is a raw material in plastic manufacturing and is known as an endocrine disruptor. The development and validation of a voltammetric method for BPA determination were carried out, based on disposable carbon sensors modified with carbon black. Square-wave voltammetry was selected for BPA determination in mineral water samples, marketed in plastic bottles, and this method was validated using figures of merit. A linear response was observed in the concentration range of 6.10 to 27.4 µmol L–1, with detection and quantification limits values of 0.137 µmol L–1 and 0.416 µmol L–1, respectively. The method demonstrated adequate selectivity and good precision, with relative standard deviations ranging from 0.59 to 9.89%, which were below the indicated limit for this concentration range. Accuracy estimation, in terms of average recovery, ranged from 58.16 to 118.79%, falling within the limits established by regulatory agencies. Thus, the results obtained in this study are viable compared to other studies reported in the literature for BPA determination, presenting themselves as a rapid and cost-effective alternative for monitoring this contaminant. (BPA disruptor out black Squarewave Square wave samples bottles merit 610 6 10 6.1 274 27 4 27. L1 L 1 0137 0 137 0.13 L– 0416 416 0.41 respectively precision 059 59 0.5 989 9 89 9.89% estimation recovery 5816 58 16 58.1 11879 118 79 118.79% agencies Thus costeffective cost effective contaminant 61 6. 2 013 13 0.1 041 41 0.4 05 5 0. 98 8 9.89 581 58. 1187 11 7 118.79 01 04 9.8 118.7 9. 118.

RESUMO O bisfenol A (BPA) é utilizado como matéria prima na fabricação do plástico e apresenta-se como um desregulador endócrino. Foi realizado o desenvolvimento e a validação de um método voltamétrico para determinação de BPA e o método foi baseado em sensores descartáveis de carbono modificados com carbon black. A voltametria de onda quadrada foi selecionada para a determinação do BPA em amostras de água mineral, comercializadas em garrafas plásticas, e este método foi validado por meio das figuras de mérito. Observou-se uma resposta linear no intervalo de concentração de 6,10 a 27,4 µmol L–1, com valores de limites de detecção e de quantificação iguais a 0,137 µmol L–1 e 0,416 µmol L–1, respectivamente. O método demonstrou seletividade adequada e boa precisão, com desvios padrão relativos entre 0,59 e 9,89%, estando abaixo do limite indicado para esta faixa de concentração. A estimativa da exatidão, em termos de recuperação média, foi obtida na faixa de 58,16 e 118,79%, estando dentro dos limites estabelecidos por órgãos reguladores. Deste modo, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho são viáveis frente a outros trabalhos já reportados na literatura para a determinação de BPA, apresentando-se como uma alternativa rápida e de baixo custo para o monitoramento deste contaminante. (BPA apresentase apresenta se endócrino black mineral plásticas mérito Observouse Observou 610 6 10 6,1 274 27 4 27, L1 L 1 0137 0 137 0,13 L– 0416 416 0,41 respectivamente precisão 059 59 0,5 989 9 89 9,89% exatidão média 5816 58 16 58,1 11879 118 79 118,79% reguladores modo apresentandose apresentando contaminante 61 6, 2 013 13 0,1 041 41 0,4 05 5 0, 98 8 9,89 581 58, 1187 11 7 118,79 01 04 9,8 118,7 9, 118,

ABSTRACT Among the impurities that are harmful to the energy conversion of biogas generated in landfills is hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The present study compared the efficiency of H2S removal with the use of granular activated carbon (GAC) of two commercial brands, Norit GAC and Pelegrini GAC, and with the use of granular iron oxide from mineral residues. The tests were conducted on a laboratory scale, in a glass column, filled with filtering material, applying an inlet flow of gas and monitoring the outlet concentration. The best removal efficiencies occurred with the use of Norit GAC, which presented longer rupture times. Wet gas tests were also carried out, in which rupture and equilibrium times increased with the use of Norit GAC, while with the use of Pelegrini GAC the same adsorptive behavior was not observed. Tests with iron oxide showed low potential for H2S removal due to reduced specific surface values, although it provided removal of the contaminant. Knowledge of the saturation time and adsorption equilibrium data is essential for a better understanding and planning of adsorption systems, in addition to the conduction of studies on the influence of external factors and variations in initial concentration. H2S. HS . H S (H2S) (GAC brands residues scale column material concentration out observed values contaminant systems (H2S

RESUMO Dentre as impurezas prejudiciais à conversão energética do biogás gerado em aterros sanitários, encontra-se o sulfeto de hidrogênio (H2S). Este trabalho comparou a eficiência de remoção de H2S com o uso de carvão ativado granular (CAG) de duas marcas comerciais, CAG Norit e CAG Pelegrini, e com o uso de óxido de ferro granular proveniente de resíduos minerais. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em escala laboratorial, em coluna de vidro, preenchida com material filtrante, aplicando-se fluxo de entrada de gás e monitorando-se a concentração de saída. As melhores eficiências de remoção ocorreram com o uso do CAG Norit, que apresentou maiores tempos de ruptura. Também foram realizados ensaios com gás úmido, em que os tempos de ruptura e de equilíbrio aumentaram com o uso do CAG Norit, enquanto com o uso de CAG Pelegrini não se visualizou o mesmo comportamento adsortivo. Os ensaios com óxido de ferro mostraram baixo potencial de remoção de H2S, devido aos valores reduzidos de superfície específica, embora tenham proporcionado a remoção do contaminante. O conhecimento sobre dados de equilíbrio é fundamental para melhor entendimento e planejamento de sistemas de adsorção, além da inclusão de estudos de influência de fatores externos e de variações de concentração inicial. sanitários encontrase encontra H2S. HS . H S (H2S) (CAG comerciais minerais laboratorial vidro filtrante aplicandose aplicando monitorandose monitorando saída úmido adsortivo específica contaminante adsorção inicial (H2S

Resumo Contaminação por microplásticos (MPs) é um impacto bem estabelecido nos oceanos, embora sejam escassos enfoques combinando análises simultâneas dos componentes bióticos e abióticos. Este estudo foi direcionado para esta lacuna, demonstrando a ingestão de MPs por Atherinella brasiliensis (espécie de peixe) e comparando com a presença do contaminante na água e sedimento. Três praias de Ubatuba (exposta, calma e estuário abrigado) foram amostradas para os componentes peixe, água e sedimento durante o verão e o inverno. Dados ambientais evidenciaram diferenças espaciais e sazonais (ACP/ANOVA). A presença de partículas sintéticas (PSs) em peixes foi alta (~38%). Concentrações máximas ocorreram no estuário, para água (490 PSs/m³), e na praia exposta, para sedimento (62 PSs/50g). O formato fibra predominou em todos os componentes. Preferência dos peixes pela cor azul parece ocorrer. Relações estatísticas significativas foram determinadas para comprimento dos peixes e tamanho das PSs e entre concentrações de PSs na água e nos peixes. As identidades químicas (μ-FTIR spectra), polipropileno, polietileno, poliamida, poliéster e celulose/papelão predominaram. Influências da hidrodinâmica local (e.g., tamanhos das PSs) e da redução do turismo durante a epidemia de Covid-19 (e.g., menos PSs no verão) são discutidas. Este estudo confirma a contaminação por PSs (a maioria MPs) nas praias de Ubatuba, afetando os peixes através da ingestão direta na coluna d’água. Ações urgentes por parte das autoridades e mudanças de hábitos dos usuários locais são cruciais. (MPs oceanos abióticos lacuna espécie peixe exposta (exposta abrigado inverno ACP/ANOVA. ACPANOVA ACP/ANOVA . ACP ANOVA (ACP/ANOVA) (PSs ~38%. 38 ~38% (~38%) 490 (49 PSs/m³, PSsm³ PSsm PSs/m³ , m³ m PSs/m³) 62 (6 PSs/50g. PSs50g PSsg PSs/50g 50g g PSs/50g) ocorrer μFTIR μ FTIR spectra, spectra spectra) polipropileno polietileno poliamida celulosepapelão celulose papelão predominaram e.g., eg (e.g. Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 discutidas dágua. dágua d água. d’água cruciais (ACP/ANOVA 3 ~38 (~38% 49 (4 PSs/m 6 ( e.g. (e.g Covid1 1 Covid- ~3 (~38 4 e.g ~ (~3 (~

Abstract Microplastics (MPs) contamination is a well-established impact in oceans, but integrated approaches combining simultaneous analyzes of biotic and abiotic components are scarce. This study addresses this gap, demonstrating Atherinella brasiliensis (fish species) ingestion of MPs and comparing with the contaminant presence in water and sediment. Three Ubatuba beaches (exposed, calm and sheltered estuary) were surveyed for fish, water, and sediment components in summer and winter. Environmental data evidenced spatial and seasonal differences (PCA/ANOVA). Presence of synthetic particles (SPs) in fish was high (~38%). Maximum concentrations occurred in the estuary, for water (490 SPs/m³), and in the exposed beach, for sediment (62 SPs/50g). Fibers format predominated in all components. Fish preference for blue color seems to occur. Significant statistical relationships were determined for fish length and SPs size and between SPs concentrations in water and fish. The chemical identities (μ-FTIR spectra) polypropylene, polyethylene, polyamide, polyester, and cardboard/cellulose predominated. Influences of local hydrodynamics (e.g., SPs sizes) and reduction in tourism during Covid-19 epidemic (e.g.,less SPs in summer) are discussed. This study confirms environmental contamination by SPs (mostly MPs) in Ubatuba beaches, affecting fish through direct water column ingestion. Urgent actions from authorities and changes in local user’s habits are crucial. (MPs wellestablished well established oceans scarce gap species exposed, (exposed estuary winter PCA/ANOVA. PCAANOVA PCA/ANOVA . PCA ANOVA (PCA/ANOVA) (SPs ~38%. 38 ~38% (~38%) 490 (49 SPs/m³, SPsm³ SPsm SPs/m³ , m³ m SPs/m³) beach 62 (6 SPs/50g. SPs50g SPsg SPs/50g 50g g SPs/50g) occur μFTIR μ FTIR spectra polypropylene polyethylene polyamide polyester cardboardcellulose cardboard cellulose e.g., eg e (e.g. sizes Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 e.g.,less egless less discussed mostly users user s crucial (PCA/ANOVA 3 ~38 (~38% 49 (4 SPs/m 6 ( e.g. (e.g Covid1 1 Covid- ~3 (~38 4 e.g ~ (~3 (~

RESUMEN La fitorremediación es una alternativa para limpiar suelos contaminados utilizando plantas y sus microorganismos asociados. El presente trabajo evaluó la fitotoxicidad y la fitorremediación de un suelo contaminado con gasolina por plantas de girasol (Helianthus annuus L.) asistida con bacterias rizosféricas nativas. Esta investigación contempló tres fases experimentales partiendo de un suelo artificialmente contaminado con gasolina. La primera fase evaluó la germinación de semillas de girasol y su crecimiento en un suelo contaminado (0, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 2400 y 3200 mg/kg), observándose la germinación y la tolerancia de las plántulas en todas las concentraciones de gasolina, a los 20 días. En la segunda fase se aislaron bacterias totales del suelo contaminado y se caracterizaron mediante pruebas bioquímicas relacionadas con el crecimiento vegetal y se identificaron molecularmente. La gasolina inhibió el crecimiento bacteriano, y se seleccionaron 10 cepas con capacidad promotora del crecimiento vegetal, sobresaliendo los géneros Bacillus, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Priestia, Massilia y Sphingobium. La tercera fase consistió en un bioensayo de fitorremediación del suelo contaminado (0, 1600 y 3200 mg/kg) inoculando plantas con las 10 bacterias aisladas de la fase 2, aplicadas en consorcio. A los 60 días, a pesar de no influir en el crecimiento vegetal, las bacterias disminuyeron significativamente la presencia del contaminante en el suelo (~50 % remoción). La inoculación de girasol con bacterias nativas es una alternativa para reducir la contaminación de gasolina en el suelo.

ABSTRACT Phytoremediation is an alternative for cleaning contaminated soils using plants and associative microorganisms. This study evaluated the phytotoxicity and phytoremediation of a gasoline-contaminated soil by sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L.) assisted with native rhizosphere bacteria. The research consisted of three experimental phases based on artificially gasoline-contaminated soil. The first phase evaluated the seed germination and seedling emergence under contaminated soil (0, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 2400, and 3200 mg/kg); for 20 days, seed germination and seedling tolerance were achieved at all concentrations. The second phase of the study isolated bacteria from the contaminated soil, characterized by biochemical tests related to plant growth promotion, and molecularly identified. Gasoline inhibited bacterial growth, and ten potential plant growth-promoting bacteria were isolated, which belonged to Bacillus, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Priestia, Massilia, and Sphingobium. The third phase consisted of a bioassay for phytoremediation of gasoline-contaminated soil (0, 1600, and 3200 mg/kg) by inoculating sunflower plants with the ten bacteria obtained from phase 2 as a bacterial consortium. After 60 days, despite not having influenced plant growth, bacterial inoculation significantly diminished the soil contaminant (~50 % removal). The inoculation of the sunflower plants with ten native bacteria reduced the gasoline-contamination in soil.

ABSTRACT The dispersion of atmospheric NH3 constitutes the most common passive polluting system in cattle stables. Although the studies carried out through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are focused on improving the environmental conditions in situ to increase the productivity of stables, they do not refer to determining the environmental impact of NH3 emissions into the atmosphere. This work evaluated the distribution of the NH3 flux inside a barn using CFD and its relationship with environmental conditions through probabilistic analysis by the K2 algorithm. The initial data on environmental conditions were wind speed and direction, maximum temperature, and humidity from the nearest weather station in a region characterized by hot weather conditions during summer. The vertical trajectory was used to analyze the impact of long-range transport on the spatial distribution, where 75% is between 0 and 5 m in height, and 25% is between 10 and 20 m outside the eaves. The work concluded that temperature is the main parameter of influence.

RESUMEN La dispersión del NH3 atmosférico constituye el sistema contaminante pasivo más común en los establos. Si bien los estudios realizados a través de dinámica de fluidos computacional (CFD, por su sigla en inglés) están enfocados a mejorar las condiciones ambientales in situ para aumentar la productividad de los establos, no se refieren a la determinación del impacto ambiental de las emisiones de NH3 a la atmósfera. Este trabajo evaluó la distribución del flujo de NH3 dentro de un establo usando modelación con CFD y su relación con las condiciones ambientales a través de un análisis probabilístico usando el algoritmo K2. Se establecieron las condiciones ambientales iniciales: velocidad y dirección del aire, temperatura máxima y humedad, a partir de los datos obtenidos de la estación meteorológica más cercana en una región caracterizada por condiciones climáticas cálidas durante el verano. Se tomó en cuenta la trayectoria vertical para analizar el impacto del transporte de largo alcance en la distribución espacial, donde el 75% se encuentra entre 0 y 5 m de altura, y el 25% entre 10 y 20 m fuera de los aleros. El trabajo concluyó que la temperatura es el principal parámetro de influencia.

RESUMEN La contaminación atmosférica es uno de los grandes problemas a nivel global. Dentro de los contaminantes ambientales más importantes están las partículas suspendidas, las cuales han sido clasificadas dentro del Grupo 1 como carcinógenas para humanos por la Agencia Internacional sobre la Investigación en Cáncer. A las partículas suspendidas se adosan componentes con relevancia toxicológica como los metales a los que se les atribuyen, al menos en parte, los efectos adversos que las partículas generan en los organismos. Uno de los metales presentes en las partículas es el vanadio, metal que se encuentra como elemento traza abundante en el petróleo mexicano y que se emite a la atmósfera principalmente por la quema de sus derivados, como la gasolina. Sin embargo, aunque el vanadio está presente en la atmósfera, sus concentraciones no se monitorean, ya que ni éste ni algún otro metal están considerados como contaminantes criterio. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo es darle visibilidad a este elemento como contaminante ubicuo adosado a las partículas suspendidas, ya que representa un potencial peligro para la salud de los habitantes de las ciudades contaminadas como la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México y, por otro lado, enfatizar la casi nula de normatividad en México sobre la contaminación por metales, ya que el vanadio es solo un ejemplo de ésta.

ABSTRACT Air pollution is a major global problem. Among the most important environmental pollutants is particulate matter, which has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a human carcinogen within Group 1. Toxicologically relevant components such as metals are added to suspended particulate matter, which is at least partly responsible for the adverse effects of particulate matter on organisms. One of the metals present in particulate matter is vanadium, which is found as an abundant trace element in Mexican petroleum and is emitted into the atmosphere mainly by burning its derivatives, such as gasoline. However, although vanadium is present in the atmosphere, its concentrations are not monitored since neither vanadium nor any other metal are considered criteria pollutants. Therefore, the objective of this work is to give visibility to this element as a ubiquitous pollutant attached to suspended particles, which represents a potential danger to the health of the inhabitants of polluted cities such as the Metropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico; and, on the other hand, to emphasize the near absence of regulations in Mexico on metal pollution, since vanadium is only one example.