RESUMO: Botulismo é causado pela ingestão de toxinas pré-fromadas produzidas por Clostridium botulinum. Este estudo descrevre um surto de botulismo tipo D em um rebanho bovino, com alta taxa de mortalidade (67%), devido ao consumo de silagem mal acondicionada. Os bovinos afetados apresentaram curso clínico hiperagudo e agudo de paralisia flácida progressiva. Cinco animais foram necropsiados e não foram visualizadas alterações macroscópicas e microscópicas. Embora a toxina não tenha sido detectada no alimento, a fonte mais provável de contaminação foi considerada a silagem armazenada inadequadamente. O diagnóstico de botulismo foi baseado nos achados clínicos, epidemiológicos e pela detecção da toxina botulínica no conteúdo intestinal de dois bovinos. O presente estudo enfatiza a morte de muitos bovinos por uma fonte incomum de toxina botulínica e a importância do manejo adequado no fornecimento de ração aos animais. RESUMO préfromadas pré fromadas botulinum bovino 67%, 67 67% , (67%) acondicionada progressiva microscópicas alimento inadequadamente clínicos 6 (67% (67 (6 (

ABSTRACT: Botulism is a condition caused by the ingestion of pre-formed toxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. This study described an outbreak of type D botulism with a high mortality rate (67%) in a cattle herd, caused by the consumption of fermented silage. The affected cattle presented with a hyperacute to acute clinical course with progressive flaccid paralysis. Five animals underwent necropsy with no significant macroscopic and microscopic alterations. A most probable source of contamination was deemed to be an inadequately stored silage; although, the toxin was not detected in the feed. The diagnosis of botulism was based on both clinical and epidemiological findings and the detection of botulinum toxin in the intestinal contents of two of the affected cattle. The present study emphasized the high number of fatally affected cattle, an unusual source of botulinum toxin and the importance of proper management of animal feed supply. ABSTRACT preformed pre formed 67% 67 (67% herd silage paralysis alterations although supply 6 (67 (6 (

Abstract Introduction: Listeria spp. infection is rare. It usually results from the consumption of contaminated food. Although most cases are sporadic, outbreaks of food origin have been reported. The spectrum of clinical manifestations is diverse, particularly bacteriemia, sepsis, and central nervous system (CNS) infection. It mainly affects elderly patients with important comorbidities or immunosuppression states, and pregnant women. Mortality can reach 30%. Material and Methods: We selected the specimens positive for strains of Listeria spp. using the laboratory informatic system database of our hospital center from 2013-2020. The patients’ corresponding processes were reviewed for demo-graphic variables and clinical data as predisposing conditions, type of infection and outcome. Results: Twenty-five cases of Listeria infection were identified, with a mean age of 66.6 years. Most individuals (92%) had some risk factor or predisposing condition, with the most frequent being age > 65 years (64%), followed by the use of proton pump inhibitors, diabetes, alcoholism, neoplasia, and immunosuppressive therapy. Nineteen cases of bacteriemia and 9 cases of CNS infection were observed, and focal forms such as endocarditis, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and infected muscle hematoma were observed. Overall mortality was 16%. No patient with CNS infection has died. Only in one case was there a relationship with a possible food outbreak. Conclusion: In our series, we found data similar to those in the literature, but we highlight the high percentage of patients with multiple predisposing conditions, less common focal forms, and the absence of mortality in patients with CNS infection. The analysis of our data allowed us to understand the importance of clarifying the source of infection, which is why we advise the use of a questionnaire regarding the consumption of suspicious food or an outbreak of food origin.

Resumo Introdução: A infeção por Listeria spp. é rara. Em geral resulta do consumo de alimentos contaminados. Embora a maioria dos casos seja esporádica, têm sido reportados surtos de origem alimentar. O espetro de manifestações clínicas é diversificado, em especial a bacteriemia ou sépsis e a infeção do SNC. Afeta sobretudo doentes idosos, com comorbidades importantes ou imunossupressão, e grávidas. A mortalidade pode chegar aos 30%. Material e Métodos: Selecionámos as amostras em que foram isoladas estirpes de Listeria spp. a partir do sistema informático do laboratório no período 2013-2020. Foram revistos os processos clínicos correspondentes, recolhendo-se variáveis demográficas e dados clínicos, assim como as condições predisponentes, formas da doença e desfecho. Resultados: Foram identificados 25 casos de infeção por Listeria, com média etária de 66,6 anos. A maioria dos doentes (92%) tinha algum fator de risco ou condição predisponente, sendo o principal a idade acima de 65 anos (64%), seguida pela utilização de inibidores da bomba de prótons, diabetes, alcoolismo, neoplasia e terapêutica imunossupressora. Observaram-se dezanove casos de bacteriemia e nove de infecção do sistema nervoso central (SNC), além de algumas formas focais como endocardite, peritonite bacteriana espontânea e hematoma muscular infectado. A mortalidade global foi 16%. Nenhum doente com infeção do SNC faleceu. Apenas num caso houve relação com possível surto alimentar. Conclusão: Na nossa série encontrámos dados semelhantes aos da literatura, mas destacamos a elevada percentagem de doentes com múltiplas condições predisponentes, as formas focais menos comuns, e ainda a ausência de mortalidade nos doentes com infeção do SNC. A análise dos nossos dados permitiu-nos perceber a importância de clarificar a fonte de infeção pelo que aconselhamos a realização de questionário quanto a consumo de alimento suspeito ou surto de origem alimentar.

Abstract Honey is a natural sweetener with importante health benefits. As it has been widely recommended as a substitute of sucrose, it could be perceived as highly safe and healthy. However, it is still unknown what are the metabolic effects when honey is ingested freely and uncontrolled. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of ad libitum access to sweet solutions in hyperglycemic induced rats on the biochemical, anthropometric and feeding pattern of intake. Male wistar rats were assigned to three experimental groups (n=10) with exposure to sucrose solution (SS), honey solution (HS) and fructose/glucose solution (GFS) at 10% along 6 continuous weeks. Fluid intake from solution was lower in HS group (p < 0.05), however, the grams of sweetener ingested from the solution were similar among groups. Solution consumption showed an increasing pattern in HS and GFS groups, leading to an escalating intake and binge drinking. Honey solution intake was highly correlated with glucose (r= 0.87, p=0.001) and total cholesterol (r= 0.74, p=0.013) levels. The serum levels of glucose (322±186 mg/dL), total cholesterol (81.1±22.8 mg/dL), HDL (48.3±15.5 mg/dL), VLDL (31.3±12.4 mg/dL) and triglycerides (156±62.2 mg/dL), were higher in HS group. The ad libitum ingestion protocol led to a high and sustained consumption of honey, exceeding four times the recommended intake of free sugars. This ingestive behavior resulted in deleterious effects in the experimental animals. Therefore, these findings should be taken into account when recommending honey consumption, as it may be perceived as a highly safe and healthy option, potentially leading to addictive behavior similar to that observed with sucrose intake.

Resumen La miel es un edulcorante natural con importantes beneficios para la salud. Como ha sido ampliamente recomendada como sustituto de la sacarosa, podría considerarse altamente segura y saludable. Sin embargo, no hay evidencia que informe cuáles son los efectos metabólicos cuando la miel se ingiere libremente y sin control. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los efectos del acceso ad libitum a soluciones dulces en ratas con hiperglucemia inducida sobre el patrón de ingesta alimentario, valores bioquímicos y antropométricos. Se asignaron ratas wistar macho a tres grupos experimentales (n=10) con exposición a solución de sacarosa (SS), solución de miel (HS) y solución de fructosa/glucosa (GFS) al 10% durante 6 semanas continuas. La ingesta de líquidos de la solución fue menor en el grupo HS (p < 0.05), sin embargo, los gramos de edulcorante ingeridos de la solución fueron similares entre los grupos. El consumo de soluciones mostró un patrón creciente en los grupos HS y GFS, lo que llevó a una ingesta escalonada y de atracón. La ingesta de solución de miel estuvo altamente correlacionada con los niveles de glucosa (r= 0.872, p=0.00) y colesterol total (r= 0.742, p=0.01). Los niveles sericos de glucosa (322±186 mg/dL), colesterol total (81.1±22.8 mg/dL), HDL (48.3±15.5 mg/dL), VLDL (31.3±12.4 mg/dL) y triglicíridos (156±62.2 mg/dL fueron mayores en el grupo HS. El protocolo de ingestión ad libitum resultó en un consumo elevado y mantenido de miel que excedía cuatro veces la ingesta recomendada de azúcares libres. Esta conducta ingestiva causó efectos nocivos en los animales de experimentación. Por ello, estos hallazgos deben ser considerados al recomendar la ingesta de miel, ya que podría percibirse como altamente segura y saludable provocando una conducta adictiva similar a la observada con la ingesta de sacarosa.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effect of various castration protocols through a meta-analysis of indicators of daily feed intake, feed conversion, daily weight gain, slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, and carcass yield. 179 publications from three electronic sources (Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science) were reviewed over a 24-year period, out of which the 26 studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected. The effect was analyzed with six comparisons: C1=surgical castration vs whole; C2=standard immunocastration vs whole; C3= standard immunocastration vs surgical castration; C4= alternative immunocastration vs whole; C5= alternative immunocastration vs surgical castration, and C6= alternative immunocastration vs standard immunocastration. Averages were estimated for feed intake (kg) (0.23, 0.23, -0.05, 0.32, 0.11, -0.09), feed conversion (kg:kg) (0.27, 0.05, -0.16, 0.11, 0.11, 0.11, -0.19), daily weight gain (g) (-9. 54, 39.08, 40.70, 107.63, -53.0, 69.14), carcass weight (kg) (-9.54, 39.08, 40.70, 107.63, -53.0, 69.14), and hot carcass weight (kg) (1.23, 0.85, 0.46, 1.03, 1.02, -0.42) respectively. The indicators of feed consumption, feed conversion, daily weight gain, slaughter weight, and hot carcass weight proved different (P<0.05); only the carcass yield variable exhibited no difference (P>0.05). The conclusion is that immunocastration improves performance in production and carcass indicators; surgical castration improves carcass yield; whole pigs have better feed conversion, and standard and alternative immunocastration differ in their response in terms of production and carcass measurement indicators.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de los diferentes protocolos de castración por medio del meta-análisis de los indicadores del consumo diario de alimento, conversión alimenticia, ganancia diaria de peso, peso al rastro, peso de la canal caliente y rendimiento de la canal. Se revisaron 179 publicaciones de tres fuentes electrónicas (Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science) en un periodo de 24 años, de las cuales se seleccionaron los 26 estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. El efecto se analizó con seis comparaciones: C1=castración quirúrgica vs enteros; C2=inmunocastración estándar vs enteros; C3= inmunocastración estándar vs castración quirúrgica; C4= inmunocastración alternativa vs enteros; C5= inmunocastración alternativa vs castrados quirúrgicamente; y C6= inmunocastración alternativa vs inmunocastración estándar. Las medias obtenidas fueron de consumo de alimento (kg) (0.23, 0.23, -0.05, 0.32, 0.11, -0.09), de conversión alimenticia (kg:kg) (0.27, 0.05, -0.16, 0.11, 0.11, -0.19), ganancia diaria de peso (g) (-9.54, 39.08, 40.70, 107.63, -53.0, 69.14), peso de la canal (kg) (-9.54, 39.08, 40.70, 107.63, -53.0, 69.14), y peso de la canal en caliente (kg) (1.23, 0.85, 0.46, 1.03,1.02, -0.42) respectivamente. Los indicadores de consumo de alimento, conversión alimenticia, ganancia diaria de peso, peso al rastro y peso de la canal caliente fueron diferentes (P<0.05); solo la variable de rendimiento de la canal no mostró diferencia (P>0.05). Se concluye que, la inmunocastración mejora el desempeño en indicadores productivos y de la canal, la castración quirúrgica mejora el rendimiento de la canal, los cerdos enteros tienen mejor conversión alimenticia, y la inmunocastración estándar y alternativa difieren en su respuesta en indicadores de producción y medición de la canal.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the association between the consumption pattern of the last mealtime and the intake of cardioprotective food groups in Chilean adults. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study based on a secondary analysis in 3,587 adults ≥19 years old from the National Food Consumption Survey. They were divided into 4 groups according to the consumption pattern of the last meal: 1) Only “Five o’clock tea”, 2) Only Dinner, 3) Both, 4) None. The association with quantitative consumption of each cardioprotective food was determined through linear regression. The association with compliance of dietary guidelines (GABAs) was calculated with Poisson regression to obtain prevalence ratios (PR). Both models considered survey design clusters and municipalities as random intercept and were adjusted by age, sex, area and socioeconomic level. Results: The group that had only dinner had a greater consumption of cardioprotective foods compared to the group that only ate “Five o’clock tea”, however, this difference only turned out to be significant for fruits and vegetables (+41 g/day; p=0.017). This group also presented greater compliance with GABAs, which was only statistically significant for legumes (PR=1.30; p=0.02). Conclusion: Dinner was associated with higher daily consumption of fruits and vegetables and higher compliance with legume consumption recommendations.

Resumen Objetivo/Propósito: Analizar la asociación entre el patrón de consumo del último tiempo de comida y el consumo de grupos de alimentos cardioprotectores en adultos chilenos. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico a partir de un análisis secundario en 3.587 adultos ≥19 años de la Encuesta Nacional de Consumo Alimentario. Se dividieron 4 grupos según el patrón de consumo de la última comida: 1) Sólo Once, 2) Sólo Cena, 3) Ambos, y 4) Ninguno. Se determinó la asociación entre los grupos y el consumo cuantitativo (gramos/día) de cada alimento cardioprotector a través de una regresión lineal. La asociación con cumplimiento de las guías alimentarias (GABAs) se determinó con regresión de Poisson para obtener razón de prevalencias (RP). Los modelos consideraron los conglomerados y comunas del diseño muestral como intercepto aleatorio y se ajustaron por edad, sexo, área y nivel socioeconómico. Resultados: El grupo que sólo cenaba presentó un mayor consumo de alimentos cardioprotectores comparado al grupo que sólo toma once, sin embargo, sólo resultó ser significativa para frutas y verduras (+41 g/día; p=0,017). Este grupo también presentó un mayor cumplimiento de GABAs, el cual sólo fue estadísticamente significativo para legumbres (RP=1,30; p=0,02). Conclusión: El consumo de cena en reemplazo de las once se asoció con mayor consumo diario de frutas y verduras y un mayor cumplimiento del consumo de legumbres.

Resumen: Los cormos de malanga son tallos subterráneos con alto valor nutrimental por su contenido de carbohidratos y proteínas, además de ser altamente digestivos. El almidón que se extrae de ellos puede ser utilizado en la encapsulación de microorganismos probióticos, de gran importancia para la salud. El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar un suplemento alimenticio con características funcionales, usando bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL) (Lactobacilos casei), encapsuladas en almidón de malanga (Xanthosoma sagittifolium). El suplemento se realizó mezclando 150 mL de pulpa de fruta cocida (mango o manzana) con 400 mL de suero de leche (pH de 6.0), a 45 ± 1 °C, hasta conseguir la consistencia deseada (449.9 mPas/s a una temperatura de 25 ºC). Posteriormente, se adicionaron 1 % o 2 % de almidón de malanga (p/v) y 10 mL de cultivo probiótico por cada 100 mL de mezcla. Se deshidrató a 80 ºC y 150 ºC con flujo de aire de 20 mL/min para manzana y 8 mL/min para mango mediante secado por aspersión. El rendimiento fue de 12 %, con una viabilidad de las BAL en el suplemento deshidratado a los 3 meses de almacenamiento superior a 1 x 108 UFC/g. La ausencia de bacterias coliformes, así como de salmonella y shigella, indican que los suplementos son inocuos y aptos para consumo. La composición nutrimental del suplemento de manzana obtenido fue2.23 % de fibra, 5.93 % de grasa, 4.95 % de proteína y un 79 % de hidratos de carbono; el suplemento de mango, el contenido fue 0.59 % de fibra, 7.6 % de grasa, 4.2 % de proteína y 80.20 % de hidratos de carbono. El almidón de malanga permitió la microencapsulación de las BAL y mantener su viabilidad durante el almacenamiento de los suplementos alimenticios desarrollados con base en suero de leche y fruta.

Abstract: Malanga corms are an underground stem with a high nutritional value as it contains carbohydrates and proteins, in addition to being highly digestive; The starch extracted from them can be used in the encapsulation of probiotic microorganisms, which are of great importance for human health. The objective of this work was to develop a food supplement with functional characteristics, added with lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus casei) (LAB), using malanga (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) starch. The supplement was obtained by mixing 150 mL of cooked fruit pulp (mango or apple) with 400 mL of sweet whey (pH of 6.0), at a temperature of 45 ± 1 °C until the desired consistency (449.9 mPas/s at a temperature of 25 °C) was achieved. Subsequently, 1 % or 2 % of malanga starch (p/v) and 10 mL of probiotic cultures were added per each 100 mL of mixture. it was then dehydrated at 80 ºC and 150 °C with an air flow of 20 mL/min for apple and 8 mL/min for mango by spray drying. The yield was 12 %, with viability of LAB in the dehydrated supplement at 3 months of storage higher than 1 x 108 CFU/g. The absence of coliform bacteria, as well as Salmonella and Shigella, indicate that the supplements are safe and suitable for consumption. The nutritional composition of the apple supplement was 2.23 % fiber, 5.93 % fat, 4.95 % protein and 79 % carbohydrates; the mango supplement content was 0.59 % fiber, 7.6 % fat, 4.2 % protein and 80.20 % carbohydrates. The malanga starch allowed the LAB microencapsulation and the maintenance of their viability during the storage of sweet whey and fruit-based food supplements.

Abstract In the pre-Columbian societies of the Americas, a wide range of food practices was observed. However, several countries shared certain staple foods, such as the potato, which has held a significant place in the diet since ancient times. It is important to note that potatoes contain glycoalkaloids, a class of alkaloids with potential toxicity risks when consumed in high concentrations by both humans and animals. This study aims to offer guidance on the presence of glycoalkaloids in potatoes and proposes further research into these compounds in archaeological remains that were utilized as food across all American countries. This recommendation stems from the dearth of studies on this subject, particularly in cases where archaeological discoveries include potato starch granules. In this study, various databases were examined to discover historical insights into the potato and to elucidate the primary aspects of glycoalkaloid chemistry associated with this tuber. The findings underscore the crucial role played by the potato in pre-Columbian cultures of the Americas, particularly in the regions situated along the Andes mountain range. Furthermore, the analysis of its nutritional composition unveiled the prevalence of two key glycoalkaloids in the tuber: α-solanine and α-chaconine. In this research, a comprehensive review of the chemical properties, botanical functions, human metabolism, potential health effects, toxicity thresholds, and available analytical techniques for the detection and quantification of toxic compounds was conducted. The significance of identifying these molecules in archaeological contexts was highlighted, as their presence may prompt investigations into prevalent diseases among historical populations.

Resumen En todo el continente americano, las sociedades precolombinas mostraron prácticas alimentarias diversas; no obstante, diferentes países compartían alimentos comunes. Un ejemplo es la papa, un tubérculo que ha sido un alimento básico en la dieta desde la antigüedad. Las papas contienen glicoalcaloides, una clase de alcaloides que, cuando se ingieren en concentraciones elevadas, pueden plantear riesgos de toxicidad tanto para los seres humanos como para los animales. El objetivo de este estudio es ofrecer una guía sobre glicoalcaloides presentes en papas, y recomendar que se realice investigación de estos compuestos en materiales arqueológicos que fueron destinados para alimentos en todos los países de América. Esta sugerencia surge de la ausencia de estudios de esta naturaleza, particularmente cuando los hallazgos arqueológicos incluyen gránulos de almidón de papa. Se revisaron varias bases de datos para encontrar información histórica sobre la papa e indicar los principales aspectos de la química de los glicoalcaloides relacionados con el tubérculo. Los principales hallazgos indican la importancia que representó la papa en las culturas precolombinas de América, especialmente en las regiones situadas a lo largo de la cordillera de los Andes. La investigación de la composición nutricional reveló que en el tubérculo se pueden encontrar dos glicoalcaloides predominantes: α-solanina y α-chaconina. Se realizó un análisis bibliográfico de estos compuestos tóxicos para comprender su importancia, propiedades químicas, funciones botánicas, metabolismo en el ser humano junto con los posibles problemas de salud, umbrales de toxicidad y las diversas técnicas analíticas disponibles para su detección y cuantificación. La identificación de estas moléculas adquiere importancia en contextos arqueológicos, ya que su presencia puede dar lugar a investigaciones sobre posibles enfermedades prevalentes en la población de la época.

Abstract Animal carcasses in natural environments are a food source for various organisms, such as fungi, bacteria, and insects. Insects also utilize this ephemeral resource for oviposition and development of their offspring, with the immatures being responsible for the greatest consumption of the resource. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the fauna of necrophagous insects associated with a cow carcass Bos taurus Linnaeus found in the municipality of São Raimundo das Mangabeiras, Maranhão, Brazil. Insects were sampled using forceps and entomological nets for eight days, with the immatures being taken to the Laboratory of Entomology and Vectors (LEV) and subsequently reared at room temperature. A total of 1,149 specimens were sampled, comprising 141 adults and 1,017 immatures. Among the adults, the species Chrysomya albiceps (Widemann), Necrobia rufipes (Fabricius), and Dermestes maculatus (De Geer) were prominent. Regarding immatures, all insects that emerged were of the species C. albiceps. Additionally, we report the first record of Chrysomya putoria (Widemann), Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), and Hemertia illucens (Linnaeus) visiting bovine carcasses in the Neotropical region. The results reveal a late colonization of C. albiceps in advanced stages, confirming the importance of research with carcasses in the context of forensic entomology.

Resumen Las carcasas animales en entornos naturales son una fuente de alimento para diversos organismos, como hongos, bacterias e insectos. Los insectos también utilizan este recurso efímero para la oviposición y el desarrollo de sus crías, siendo los inmaduros responsables del mayor consumo del recurso. Por lo tanto, el objetivo fue conocer la fauna de insectos necrófagos asociados a una carcasa de vaca Bos taurus Linnaeus encontrada en el municipio de São Raimundo das Mangabeiras, Maranhão, Brasil. Los insectos se muestrearon con la ayuda de pinzas y redes entomológicas durante ocho días, y los inmaduros se llevaron al Laboratorio de Entomología y Vectores (LEV) y posteriormente se criaron a temperatura ambiente. Se obtuvo un total de 1.149 especímenes, siendo 141 adultos y 1.017 inmaduros. Entre los adultos, destacaron las especies Chrysomya albiceps (Widemann), Necrobia rufipes (Fabricius) y Dermestes maculatus (De Geer). En cuanto a los inmaduros, todos los insectos que emergieron fueron de la especie C. albiceps. Además, se reporta el primer registro de Chrysomya putoria (Widemann), Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) y Hemertia illucens (Linnaeus) visitando una carcasa bovina en la región neotropical. Nuestros resultados revelan una colonización tardía de C. albiceps en etapas avanzadas, confirmando la importancia de la investigación con carcasas en el contexto de la entomología forense.

Abstract In Mexico, there are few studies on consumer analysis and willingness to pay (WTP) a premium for traditional foods such as tortillas made by hand from local corn. This work aimed to identify the meanings and values associated with the consumption of tortillas and the WTP a premium for specific attributes, in a sample of local consumers. The study was conducted in Monterrey, Nuevo León, in 2021. A survey was designed using Google Forms and applied to 300 consumers, who selected their preferences, the importance of tangible and intangible attributes, the reasons for their willingness to pay, and the WTP in percentages by type of tortillas. Two images and the phrase ‘tortillas from local corn from ejidos in the south of Nuevo León’ were shown; they were asked to write three words for each stimulus shown. The words were grouped into categories and related to a motivational value and product meaning. A k-proportions test and the Marascuilo procedure were applied to the frequencies. The highest percentages were obtained for the symbolic meaning and the values of tradition and stimulation in the image of the artisanal tortilla compared to the conventional one. The phrase evoked values of universalism and tradition. The variables that influenced the WTP were: promoting diversity (the blue tortilla), being artisanal (all except the yellow tortilla), and being a local product (the yellow tortilla). Using a base price of $21.00 per kilogram, the WTP was $25.00 for tortillas with chili and nopal, unlike the blue and yellow tortillas, which showed an 8.3% premium price.

Resumen En México son escasos los estudios sobre el análisis del consumidor y la disposición a pagar (DAP) un sobreprecio por alimentos tradicionales como las tortillas elaboradas artesanalmente a partir de maíces locales. El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación fue identificar los significados y valores asociados al consumo de tortillas y la DAP un excedente por atributos específicos, en una muestra de consumidores locales. El estudio se realizó en Monterrey, Nuevo León durante el año 2021. Se diseñó una encuesta mediante formularios Google Forms, se aplicó a 300 consumidores, quienes seleccionaron sus preferencias, la importancia de atributos tangibles e intangibles, las razones de su disposición a pagar y la DAP en porcentaje por tipo de tortillas. Se mostraron dos imágenes y la frase ‘tortillas de maíces locales de ejidos del sur de Nuevo León’, se solicitó que escribieran tres palabras por cada estímulo mostrado. Las palabras fueron agrupadas en categorías y relacionadas con un valor motivacional y de significado de producto. Se aplicó una prueba de k proporciones y el procedimiento de Marascuilo a las frecuencias. Los mayores porcentajes se obtuvieron para el significado simbólico y para los valores de tradición y estimulación en la imagen de la tortilla artesanal en comparación de la convencional. La frase evocó valores de universalismo y tradición. Las variables que influyeron en la DAP fueron: promover la diversidad (tortilla azul), que sean artesanales (todas excepto la amarilla) y ser un producto local (amarilla). Mediante un precio base de $ 21.00 por kilo, la DAP fue de $25.00 por tortillas con chile y nopal, a diferencia de las azules y amarillas que mostraron 8.3% de sobreprecio.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chamomile infusion in drinking water on the productive performance and survival of laying quail (Coturnix japonica). In total, 270 20-week-old quails were used, distributed into three groups: control (water without chamomile), intermittent treatment (water with chamomile every two weeks) and permanent treatment (water with chamomile throughout the experiment). The study lasted 30 weeks. The results showed that chamomile-infused drinking water supplied intermittently or permanently improved egg mass, laying percentage and feed conversion without affecting egg weight and feed consumption. The provision of chamomile in the drinking water decreased the mortality of the quail, as well as the presence of oviductal prolapse.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la infusión de manzanilla en el agua de bebida sobre el rendimiento productivo y supervivencia de la codorniz ponedora (Coturnix japonica). Se utilizaron 270 codornices de 20 semanas de edad, distribuidas en tres grupos: control (agua sin manzanilla), tratamiento intermitente (agua con manzanilla cada dos semanas) y tratamiento permanente (agua con manzanilla durante todo el experimento). El estudio duró 30 semanas. Los resultados mostraron que el agua de bebida con infusión de manzanilla suministrada de manera intermitente o permanente mejora la masa del huevo, el porcentaje de postura y la conversión alimenticia de la codorniz sin afectar el peso del huevo y el consumo de alimento. El suministro de manzanilla en el agua de bebida disminuyó la mortalidad de la codorniz, así como la ocurrencia de prolapso oviductal.

ABSTRACT The chemical characteristics of Cenchrus clandestinus grass, nutritional base in dairy production systems, demand the energy supplementation. Corn grain is the most used food for this purpose, but considering its demand and prices, the aim of this study was to evaluate its partial replacement by alternative non-fibrous carbohydrates sources on methane emissions, energy and nitrogen balance and productive performance of dairy cows. Sixteen multiparous Holstein cows were fed Cenchrus clandestinus plus one of four concentrate supplements formulated with corn (Zea mays) or a partial replacement of corn with sorghum (Sorghum vulgare), cassava (Manihot esculenta) or citrus pulp (Citrus sp). Inclusion of these ingredients did not affect dry matter intake, dry matter digestibility, enteric methane emissions, energy and nitrogen balance, milk yield or composition. The results allow to conclude that these ingredients can partially replace corn in the diet of lactating dairy cows.

RESUMEN Las características químicas del pasto Cenchrus clandestinus, base alimenticia en los sistemas de producción lechera, hacen necesaria la suplementación energética. El grano de maíz es el alimento más empleado para este propósito, pero dada su demanda y precio, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar su reemplazo parcial por otras fuentes de carbohidratos no fibrosos sobre la emisión de metano, el balance energético-nitrogenado y el desempeño productivo de vacas lecheras. Dieciséis vacas Holstein recibieron Cenchrus clandestinus y uno de cuatro concentrados formulados con maíz (Zea mays) y sorgo (Sorghum vulgare), yuca (Manihot esculenta) o pulpa cítrica (Citrus sp) en reemplazo parcial del maíz. La inclusión de estos ingredientes no alteró el consumo de materia seca ni su digestibilidad, producción de metano, balance energético-nitrogenado, producción de leche o su composición. Los resultados permiten concluir que esos ingredientes pueden reemplazar parcialmente al maíz en la dieta de vacas lecheras.

Abstract Conjugated linoleic acid is considered a functional food since its consumption improves people’s health. This compound is found in the milk of ruminant animals and is synthesized in the rumen and mammary gland using linoleic and α-linolenic acids as substrates, which are widely found in forage plants. Nevertheless, there is little information regarding the content of fatty acids in forages, particularly of native species. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of native forage shrubs that are consumed by goats under extensive grazing in northern Mexico in 2019. For this, forage shrubs consumed by goats were collected. The selected forages were determined: dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, total lipids, and fatty acid profile. The forage shrubs consumed by the goats in the rangeland were huizache [Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wild.], mesquite [Prosopis laevigata (Humb & Bonpl) Wild], gobernadora [Larrea tridentata (Moç. & Seseé DC)] and chaparro prieto [Vachellia constricta (Bentham Siegler & Ebinger Waif)]. Of these, mesquite (CP 148 g kg-1 DM) and chaparro prieto (CP 147 g kg-1 DM) had the best crude protein contents; likewise, mesquite had a high concentration in linoleic (14.21 g 100 g-1 total fatty acids) and α-linolenic (36.22 g 100 g-1 total fatty acids) fatty acids, so these forage shrubs can be considered in the diet of goats that aim to increase the concentration of conjugated linoleic acid in milk or meat of grazing goats.

Resumen El ácido linoleico conjugado es considerado un alimento funcional ya que su consumo mejora la salud de las personas. Este compuesto se encuentra en leche de animales rumiantes y es sintetizado en el rumen y glándula mamaria utilizando como sustratos a los ácidos linoleico y α-linolenico, los cuales se encuentran en forma amplia en plantas forrajeras. Sin embargo, existe poca información respecto al contenido de ácidos grasos en forrajes, en particular, de especies nativas. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la composición química y perfil de ácidos grasos de arbustos forrajeros nativos que son consumidos por cabras bajo pastoreo extensivo en el norte de México, en 2019. Para ello, se realizó una colecta de arbustos forrajeros consumidos por cabras. A los forrajes seleccionados se le determino: materia seca, materia orgánica, proteína cruda, fibra detergente neutro, fibra detergente ácido, lípidos totales y perfil de ácidos grasos. Los arbustos forrajeros consumidos por las cabras en el agostadero fueron: huizache (Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wild.), mezquite (Prosopis laevigata (Humb & Bonpl) Wild), gobernadora (Larrea tridentata (Moç. & Seseé DC) y chaparro prieto (Vachellia constricta (Bentham Siegler & Ebinger Waif). De estos, mezquite (PC 148 g kg-1 de MS) y chaparro prieto (PC 147 g kg-1 de MS) tuvieron los mejores contenidos de proteína cruda, asimismo, mezquite tuvo una alta concentración en los ácidos grasos linoleico (14.21 g 100 g-1 ácidos grasos totales) y α-linolenico (36.22 g 100 g-1 ácidos grasos totales), por lo que estos arbustos forrajeros pueden ser considerados en dieta de las cabras que tengan el objetivo de incrementar la concentración de ácido linoleico conjugado en leche o carne de cabras en pastoreo.

ABSTRACT The goal of this investigation was to study the influence of different values of Temperature-Humidity index (THI) on the duration of lying down and feed consumption, productivity, and heat production by dairy cows in two variants of feedlots (with and without shelters). The study was conducted from February 2007 to early August 2021 in the central part of Ukraine (Kyiv region) in different periods of THI. This index was divided into three categories: 1) 66-71: normal (14 days); 2) 72-79: alert (11 days); 3) ≥ 80: dangerous (9 days). Two variants of feedlots were selected: Open feedlot with shelters and open feedlot without shelters. The largest increase in values of THI affecting the cows was observed in open feedlots without shelters. There, in alert and danger periods duration of feed consumption decreased by 8.0 and 23.1 min, lying down by 17 and 38 min, productivity by 2.3 kg (or 8.77%) and 3.6 kg (or 13.74%), energy consumption by 4.7 and 9.6 MJ, respectively, in comparison to normal period.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la influencia de diferentes valores de Índice temperatura-humedad (IHT) sobre el tiempo de reposo y el consumo de alimento, la productividad y la producción de calor de las vacas lecheras en dos variantes de feedlots (con y sin refugio). El estudio se llevó a cabo desde febrero de 2007 hasta principios de agosto de 2021 en la parte central de Ucrania (región de Kiev) en diferentes períodos de IHT. El índice se dividió en tres categorías: 1) 66-71: normal (14 días); 2) 72-79: alerta (11 días); 3) >80: peligroso (9 días). Se seleccionaron dos variantes de feedlots: abierto con sombra y abierto sin sombra. El mayor aumento en los valores de IHT que afectaron a las vacas se observó en los corrales de engorda abiertos sin sombras. Allí, en periodos de alerta y peligro, la duración del consumo de alimento disminuyó en 8.0 y 23.1 min, acostado en 17 y 38 min, la productividad en 2.3 kg (o 8.77%) y 3.6 kg (o 13.74%), el consumo de energía en 4.7 y 9.6 MJ, respectivamente, en comparación con el periodo normal.

ABSTRACT The effect of three sources of lipids in the diet of fattening turkeys from the Hybrid Converter line on growth, carcass weight and blood metabolites were evaluated. A total of 90 43-day-old male turkeys were randomly distributed into 3 treatments, with 5 repetitions and 6 birds per group. The turkeys received isonutritional diets supplemented with Cajamarca Creole lard (MCCC), soybean oil (AS) or palm oil (AP). Turkeys aged 43 to 70 days with MCCC and AP had better body weight gain, lower feed consumption and better feed conversion (p<0.05) than those with the AS treatment; However, there were no differences between treatments during the finishing phase (71-98 days) nor in the total fattening period (43-98 days). The carcass weight in MCCC and AS was greater than in AP, in addition, they reduced (p<0.05) the relative weight of the liver and the percentage of abdominal fat compared to AP. Triglycerides and total cholesterol in blood were lower (p<0.05) in AS and MCCC than in AP, likewise, MCCC decreased (p<0.05) the malondialdehyde content in blood. It is concluded that MCCC in fattening turkeys from 43 to 98 days of age can replace AS and AP in the diet, since it does not generate negative effects or a decrease in the evaluated indicators.

RESUMEN Se evaluó el efecto de tres fuentes de lípidos en la dieta de pavos de engorde de la línea Hybrid Converter sobre el crecimiento, peso de carcasa y metabolitos sanguíneos. Un total de 90 pavos machos de 43 días de edad se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en 3 tratamientos con 5 repeticiones y 6 aves por grupo. Los pavos recibieron dietas isonutricionales suplementadas con manteca de cerdo criollo cajamarquino (MCCC), aceite de soya (AS) o aceite de palma (AP). Los pavos de 43 a 70 días con MCCC y AP tuvieron mejor ganancia de peso corporal, menor consumo de alimento y mejor conversión alimenticia (p<0.05) que los del tratamiento AS; sin embargo, no hubo diferencias entre tratamientos durante la fase de finalización (71-98 días) ni en el total periodo de engorde(43-98días). El peso de la carcasa en MCCC y AS fue mayor que en AP; además, redujeron (p<0.05) el peso relativo del hígado y el porcentaje de grasa abdominal en comparación con AP. Los triglicéridos y el colesterol total en sangre fueron menores (p<0.05) en AS y MCCC que en AP. Asimismo, el MCCC disminuyó (p<0.05) el contenido de malondialdehído en sangre. Se concluye que la MCCC en pavos de engorde de 43 a 98 días de edad puede reemplazar el AS yAP en la dieta, ya que no genera efectos negativos ni disminución de los indicadores evaluados.

Resumo O artigo trata de problemas relacionados ao abastecimento alimentar. As perdas do processo produtivo e o desperdício no consumo justificam a realização de pesquisas no tema. O objetivo do artigo foi explicar a intenção em desperdiçar alimentos à luz da Teoria do Comportamento Planejado (TPB). Além da medida da influência de atitudes, normas sociais e controle comportamental percebido sobre a intenção, construtos adicionais foram introduzidos no modelo. O afeto, o planejamento de rotina, o reuso de sobras e as preocupações ambientais foram incorporados para o ajuste de um modelo de regressão logística, apresentando a probabilidade de ocorrer desperdício como proxy para a probabilidade da intenção em desperdiçar. A coleta de dados ocorreu com aplicação de questionário online junto a consumidores do Centro Oeste brasileiro. A amostra constituiu de 419 respostas. Como resultado, constatou-se que o desperdício aconteceu mais nos domicílios abastados, menos numerosos, melhor categorizados como “desperdições” pela família/amigos e menos hábeis em reutilizar sobras ou guardar comidas. De modo geral, a memória afetiva do alimento corrobora o desejo por mesa farta, tornando o desperdício aceitável. Essas informações são úteis para a construção de planos de ação, público e privados, visando mudanças de comportamento relacionadas ao desperdício. alimentar tema TPB. TPB . (TPB) atitudes afeto rotina logística brasileiro 41 respostas resultado constatouse constatou se abastados numerosos desperdições “desperdições famíliaamigos família amigos comidas geral farta aceitável ação privados (TPB 4

Abstract The article deals with a relevant theme regarding problems related to food supply. The losses accounted at production process and consumer food waste justify research on the subject. The purpose of this paper is to explain food waste intention using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as a theoretical lens. In addition to measuring the influence of attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control on intention, additional constructs were introduced into the model. Affect, planning routines, food surplus, and environmental concerns were incorporated to fit a logistic regression model, presenting the probability of food waste occurrence as a proxy for the probability of intention to waste. An online questionnaire was developed to collect data from consumers in the Midwest of Brazil. The sample consisted of 419 responses. As a result, it was found that food waste occurred more in affluent households, fewer in number, better categorized as “waste people” by family and friends, and less adept at reusing leftovers or saving food. In general, the affective memory related to food corroborates the desire for an abundant table, making waste acceptable. This information is useful for the construction of action plans, public and private, aimed at behavioral changes related to waste. supply subject TPB (TPB lens attitudes norms model Affect routines surplus Brazil 41 responses result households number people friends general table acceptable plans private 4