RESUMO Objetivos. Este estudo teve dois objetivos: primeiro, estimar as tendências da viabilidade financeira de bebidas açucaradas e alimentos não essenciais com alta densidade energética no México entre 2010 e 2022, tanto em âmbito nacional quanto por nível de renda familiar. O segundo foi simular os efeitos de diferentes aumentos nos impostos incidentes sobre esses alimentos e bebidas para observar a variação da sua viabilidade financeira em comparação com o cenário atual. Métodos. Adotamos as rodadas de 2010 a 2022 da Pesquisa Nacional de Renda e Despesas Familiares do México. O índice de viabilidade financeira foi estimado como a proporção da renda mensal necessária para comprar 16 litros de bebidas açucaradas e 2,8 kg de alimentos não essenciais com alta densidade energética, valores que refletem o consumo mensal mediano por domicílio. São apresentadas as tendências do índice de viabilidade financeira e seus componentes (por exemplo, renda e custos). Além disso, foram simulados diferentes aumentos nos impostos para o período de 2014 a 2022. Resultados. Em âmbito nacional e entre as famílias de baixa renda, não houve variações significativas na viabilidade financeira dos alimentos e bebidas incluídos no estudo antes e depois da cobrança de impostos sobre esses itens alimentícios, introduzidos em 2014. Os cenários de simulação mostraram que um imposto de 3 pesos/litro sobre bebidas açucaradas e 32% sobre alimentos não essenciais com alta densidade energética reduziria a acessibilidade para todos os níveis de renda. Conclusões. O patamar atual dos impostos não é suficiente para reduzir consideravelmente a viabilidade financeira desses alimentos e bebidas. Para as famílias de baixa renda, os aumentos de renda foram maiores que os aumentos de preços; portanto, as bebidas açucaradas e os alimentos não essenciais com alta densidade energética não se tornaram menos acessíveis, mesmo após a introdução dos impostos em 2014. As alíquotas dos impostos precisariam sofrer um aumento significativo para reduzir a viabilidade financeira, e devem ser corrigidas pelo crescimento econômico a fim de compensar os aumentos na renda familiar.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Este estudio tuvo dos objetivos. En primer lugar, estimar las tendencias en la asequibilidad de las bebidas azucaradas y los alimentos no esenciales de alto contenido calórico del 2010 al 2022 en México, tanto a nivel nacional como según nivel de ingresos de los hogares. En segundo lugar, simular los efectos de diferentes aumentos de los impuestos para estos alimentos y bebidas a fin de observar en cuánto cambiaría su asequibilidad en comparación con la situación actual. Métodos. Utilizamos las rondas del 2010 al 2022 de la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares de México. La razón de asequibilidad se calculó mediante la proporción de los ingresos mensuales necesaria para comprar 16 litros de bebidas azucaradas y 2,8 kg de alimentos no esenciales de alto contenido calórico, cantidades que corresponden a la mediana del consumo mensual por hogar. Se describen las tendencias de la razón de asequibilidad y sus componentes (p. ej., ingresos y costos). Además, se simularon diferentes aumentos de impuestos para el período 2014-2022. Resultados. A nivel nacional y en los hogares de ingresos bajos, la asequibilidad de estos alimentos y bebidas no mostró cambios significativos entre antes y después de la aplicación de los impuestos que se les aplicaron en el 2014. Los escenarios de simulación mostraron que un impuesto de 3 pesos/l para las bebidas azucaradas y del 32% para los alimentos no esenciales de alto contenido calórico sería eficaz para reducir la asequibilidad en todos los niveles de ingresos. Conclusiones. Los impuestos actuales no son lo suficientemente altos como para lograr una reducción significativa de la asequibilidad de estos alimentos y bebidas. Para los hogares de ingresos bajos, los aumentos de los ingresos fueron mayores que los aumentos de los precios, por lo que las bebidas azucaradas y los alimentos no esenciales de alto contenido calórico no se pasaron a ser menos asequibles, ni siquiera después de la introducción de los impuestos en el 2014. Las tasas impositivas tendrían que aumentar de manera significativa para reducir la asequibilidad, y deberían ajustarse en función del crecimiento económico para compensar los aumentos de los ingresos familiares.

ABSTRACT Objectives. This study had two objectives: first, to estimate trends in affordability of sugar-sweetened beverages and nonessential energy-dense foods from 2010 to 2022 in Mexico, both nationally and by household income level. The second was to simulate the effects of different tax increases for these foods and beverages to observe how much their affordability would change compared with the current scenario. Methods. We used the 2010 to 2022 rounds of the Mexican National Survey of Household Income and Expenditures. The affordability ratio was estimated as the proportion of monthly income required to purchase 16 L of sugar-sweetened beverages and 2.8 kg of nonessential energy-dense foods, amounts that reflect median monthly consumption per household. Trends in the affordability ratio and its components (e.g. income and costs) are reported. Additionally, different tax increases were simulated for 2014–2022. Results. Nationally and among low-income households, the affordability of these foods and beverages did not show significant changes before and after the implementation of the taxes on these introduced in 2014. The simulation scenarios showed that a tax of 3 pesos/L for sugar-sweetened beverages and 32% for nonessential energy-dense foods would be effective in reducing affordability at all income levels. Conclusions. Current taxes are not high enough to significantly reduce the affordability of these foods and beverages. For low-income households, increases in income were greater than the increases in prices, thus sugar-sweetened beverages and nonessential energy-dense foods did not become less affordable, even after taxes were introduced in 2014. Tax rates would need to increase significantly to reduce affordability, and they should be adjusted for economic growth to compensate for increases in household income.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Apresentar um rastreador para consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados para crianças na primeira infância, avaliando a capacidade do escore gerado por esse rastreador de refletir a participação de alimentos ultraprocessados na alimentação das crianças. MÉTODOS Estudo realizado com uma subamostra de conveniência da Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas de 2015 (n = 365). As mães das crianças participantes responderam a um questionário de consumo alimentar no dia anterior à entrevista (rastreador) contendo 16 subgrupos de alimentos ultraprocessados, seguido por um recordatório alimentar tradicional de 24 horas (R24h). O escore de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados de cada participante correspondeu ao número de subgrupos de alimentos consumidos e o percentual de energia proveniente da participação dos alimentos ultraprocessados na alimentação do mesmo dia foi calculado a partir das respostas do R24h. A associação entre o escore e o percentual de energia proveniente de alimentos ultraprocessados foi testada por modelos de regressão linear. A avaliação do grau de concordância entre a classificação dos participantes segundo quintos aproximados do percentual de calorias de alimentos ultraprocessados e segundo os intervalos do escore foi feita a partir do índice Pabak. RESULTADOS O percentual médio de participação de alimentos ultraprocessados no valor calórico total da dieta, calculado com base no R24h, foi direta e significativamente associado com o aumento do escore de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. Foi observada concordância substancial entre os intervalos do escore de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, obtido pelo rastreador, e os quintos aproximados da participação de alimentos ultraprocessados na dieta, calculada pelo R24h (índice Pabak = 0,65). CONCLUSÕES O escore de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, obtido a partir de um rastreador de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, um instrumento prático e ágil, é capaz de refletir a participação de alimentos ultraprocessados na alimentação das crianças, no que diz respeito à Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas de 2015.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To present a screener for consumption of ultra-processed foods for children in early childhood, evaluating the ability of the score generated by this screener to reflect the participation of ultra-processed foods in children’s diets. METHODS This study was conducted with a convenience subsample of the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort (n = 365). The mothers of the participating children answered a food consumption questionnaire the day before the interview (screener) containing 16 subgroups of ultra-processed foods, followed by a traditional 24-hour food recall (24hR). Each participant’s ultra-processed food consumption score corresponded to the number of food subgroups consumed and the percentage of energy derived from the participation of ultra-processed foods in the diet on the same day was calculated from the answers in the 24hR. The association between the score and the percentage of energy from ultra-processed foods was tested using linear regression models. The degree of agreement between the classification of participants according to approximate fifths of the percentage of calories from ultra-processed foods and according to the score intervals was assessed using the Pabak index. RESULTS The average percentage share of ultra-processed foods in the total caloric value of the diet, calculated using the 24hR, was directly and significantly associated with an increase in the ultra-processed food consumption score. There was substantial agreement between the ranges of the ultra-processed food consumption score obtained by the screener and the approximate fifths of the share of ultra-processed foods in the diet calculated by the 24hR (Pabak index = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS The ultra-processed food consumption score, obtained from an ultra-processed food consumption screener, a practical and agile instrument, is capable of reflecting the participation of ultra-processed foods in children’s diets, with regard to the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort.

RESUMO: Botulismo é causado pela ingestão de toxinas pré-fromadas produzidas por Clostridium botulinum. Este estudo descrevre um surto de botulismo tipo D em um rebanho bovino, com alta taxa de mortalidade (67%), devido ao consumo de silagem mal acondicionada. Os bovinos afetados apresentaram curso clínico hiperagudo e agudo de paralisia flácida progressiva. Cinco animais foram necropsiados e não foram visualizadas alterações macroscópicas e microscópicas. Embora a toxina não tenha sido detectada no alimento, a fonte mais provável de contaminação foi considerada a silagem armazenada inadequadamente. O diagnóstico de botulismo foi baseado nos achados clínicos, epidemiológicos e pela detecção da toxina botulínica no conteúdo intestinal de dois bovinos. O presente estudo enfatiza a morte de muitos bovinos por uma fonte incomum de toxina botulínica e a importância do manejo adequado no fornecimento de ração aos animais. RESUMO préfromadas pré fromadas botulinum bovino 67%, 67 67% , (67%) acondicionada progressiva microscópicas alimento inadequadamente clínicos 6 (67% (67 (6 (

ABSTRACT: Botulism is a condition caused by the ingestion of pre-formed toxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. This study described an outbreak of type D botulism with a high mortality rate (67%) in a cattle herd, caused by the consumption of fermented silage. The affected cattle presented with a hyperacute to acute clinical course with progressive flaccid paralysis. Five animals underwent necropsy with no significant macroscopic and microscopic alterations. A most probable source of contamination was deemed to be an inadequately stored silage; although, the toxin was not detected in the feed. The diagnosis of botulism was based on both clinical and epidemiological findings and the detection of botulinum toxin in the intestinal contents of two of the affected cattle. The present study emphasized the high number of fatally affected cattle, an unusual source of botulinum toxin and the importance of proper management of animal feed supply. ABSTRACT preformed pre formed 67% 67 (67% herd silage paralysis alterations although supply 6 (67 (6 (

Abstract Zinc (Zn) is an essential element in the diet of pigs. However, there is variability in the levels, duration and sources of supplementation of this nutrient, which can generate uncertainty in swine nutritionists. The present meta-analysis was developed with the aim of evaluating the effect of dietary zinc inclusion on the productive performance of piglets. A total of 53 articles were included; effect size, heterogeneity and effect of moderators were determined using the random effects model. The results showed that inorganic zinc supplementation improved daily weight gain (+0.03581 kg day-1, p<0.00001), daily feed intake (+0.01868 kg day-1, p=0.00001), feed conversion (-0.0554 kg kg-1, p=0.00844) and feed efficiency (+0.03197 kg kg-1, p<0.00001), with respect to the control group (without supplementation). The use of organic zinc improved daily weight gain (+0.0118 kg day-1, p<0.00001), daily feed intake (+0.01697 kg day-1, p=0.01266), and feed efficiency (+0.01923 kg kg-1, p=0.01529). High heterogeneity values (>80%) were found in most of the variables evaluated, and thus meta- regressions were performed with the moderators: duration and level of zinc supplementation, and copper level. It is concluded that dietary zinc supplementation, from any source, favors the productive performance of piglets.

Resumen El zinc (Zn) es un elemento esencial en la dieta de los cerdos. Sin embargo, existe variabilidad en los niveles, duración y fuentes de suplementación de este nutriente, lo cual puede generar incertidumbre en los nutricionistas de porcinos. El presente meta-análisis se desarrolló con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la inclusión alimenticia de zinc sobre el rendimiento productivo de los lechones. Para ello se incluyó un total de 53 artículos; bajo el modelo de efectos aleatorios se determinó tamaño de efecto, heterogeneidad y efecto de moderadores. Los resultados mostraron que la suplementación con zinc inorgánico mejoró la ganancia diaria de peso (+0,03581 kg día-1, p<0,00001), consumo diario de alimento (+0,01868 kg día-1, p=0,00001), conversión alimenticia (-0,0554 kg kg-1, p=0,00844) y eficiencia alimenticia (+0,03197 kg kg-1, p<0,00001), versus el grupo control (sin suplementación). El uso de zinc orgánico mejoró la ganancia diaria de peso (+0,0118 kg día-1, p<0,00001), consumo diario de alimento (+0,01697 kg día-1, p=0,01266), y eficiencia alimenticia (+0,01923 kg kg-1, p=0,01529). Se encontraron valores altos de heterogeneidad (>80%) en la mayoría de las variables evaluadas, por lo que se realizaron meta-regresiones con los moderadores: duración y nivel de suplementación de zinc y nivel de cobre. Se concluye que la suplementación alimenticia de zinc, con cualquiera de sus fuentes, favorece el rendimiento productivo en lechones.

RESUMEN Los conjuntos avifaunísticos de cuatro sitios arqueológicos de la estepa del norte de la Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego (Argentina) muestran diferencias entre las variables zooarqueoló-gicas estudiadas. Se presentan datos tafonómicos y arqueológicos de aves registradas en RCH1, CHP3, LV1 y CP53; se comparan con otros conjuntos de la estepa y del ecotono insular para discutir cuáles fueron las especies más explotadas como alimento y el uso de huesos o plumas con fines tecnológicos durante el Holoceno medio y tardío, así como el rol de cada especie en las sociedades de la zona estudiada. En tres sitios las aves fueron un recurso complementario, pero en CP53 fueron el recurso más explotado. La importancia de las aves en la subsistencia se incrementa al sur del río Grande y en particular al sur del río Irigoyen. En términos cronológicos, no se observaron cambios en la explotación de aves durante el Holoceno.

ABSTRACT Bird remains from four archaeological sites located in the northern steppe of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego (Argentina) are analyzed. Taphonomic and archaeological data of the skeletal remains of birds recorded the sites RCH1, CHP3, LV1 and CP53 are presented and compared with other archaeological sites of the steppe and ecotone of the island to discuss which species were most exploited as sources of food and the use of bones or feathers for technologicalpurposes as well as the role played by different species of avifauna among the human populations of the studied area. In three of the sites analyzed, birds were a complementary resource, in site CP53 they were the most exploited resource. Birds are most important in the record towards the south of Grande River, particularly south of Irigoyen River. From a chronological viewpoint, changes in the exploitation of birds along the Holocene have not been registered.

Resumo Introdução: A infeção por Listeria spp. é rara. Em geral resulta do consumo de alimentos contaminados. Embora a maioria dos casos seja esporádica, têm sido reportados surtos de origem alimentar. O espetro de manifestações clínicas é diversificado, em especial a bacteriemia ou sépsis e a infeção do SNC. Afeta sobretudo doentes idosos, com comorbidades importantes ou imunossupressão, e grávidas. A mortalidade pode chegar aos 30%. Material e Métodos: Selecionámos as amostras em que foram isoladas estirpes de Listeria spp. a partir do sistema informático do laboratório no período 2013-2020. Foram revistos os processos clínicos correspondentes, recolhendo-se variáveis demográficas e dados clínicos, assim como as condições predisponentes, formas da doença e desfecho. Resultados: Foram identificados 25 casos de infeção por Listeria, com média etária de 66,6 anos. A maioria dos doentes (92%) tinha algum fator de risco ou condição predisponente, sendo o principal a idade acima de 65 anos (64%), seguida pela utilização de inibidores da bomba de prótons, diabetes, alcoolismo, neoplasia e terapêutica imunossupressora. Observaram-se dezanove casos de bacteriemia e nove de infecção do sistema nervoso central (SNC), além de algumas formas focais como endocardite, peritonite bacteriana espontânea e hematoma muscular infectado. A mortalidade global foi 16%. Nenhum doente com infeção do SNC faleceu. Apenas num caso houve relação com possível surto alimentar. Conclusão: Na nossa série encontrámos dados semelhantes aos da literatura, mas destacamos a elevada percentagem de doentes com múltiplas condições predisponentes, as formas focais menos comuns, e ainda a ausência de mortalidade nos doentes com infeção do SNC. A análise dos nossos dados permitiu-nos perceber a importância de clarificar a fonte de infeção pelo que aconselhamos a realização de questionário quanto a consumo de alimento suspeito ou surto de origem alimentar.

Abstract Introduction: Listeria spp. infection is rare. It usually results from the consumption of contaminated food. Although most cases are sporadic, outbreaks of food origin have been reported. The spectrum of clinical manifestations is diverse, particularly bacteriemia, sepsis, and central nervous system (CNS) infection. It mainly affects elderly patients with important comorbidities or immunosuppression states, and pregnant women. Mortality can reach 30%. Material and Methods: We selected the specimens positive for strains of Listeria spp. using the laboratory informatic system database of our hospital center from 2013-2020. The patients’ corresponding processes were reviewed for demo-graphic variables and clinical data as predisposing conditions, type of infection and outcome. Results: Twenty-five cases of Listeria infection were identified, with a mean age of 66.6 years. Most individuals (92%) had some risk factor or predisposing condition, with the most frequent being age > 65 years (64%), followed by the use of proton pump inhibitors, diabetes, alcoholism, neoplasia, and immunosuppressive therapy. Nineteen cases of bacteriemia and 9 cases of CNS infection were observed, and focal forms such as endocarditis, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and infected muscle hematoma were observed. Overall mortality was 16%. No patient with CNS infection has died. Only in one case was there a relationship with a possible food outbreak. Conclusion: In our series, we found data similar to those in the literature, but we highlight the high percentage of patients with multiple predisposing conditions, less common focal forms, and the absence of mortality in patients with CNS infection. The analysis of our data allowed us to understand the importance of clarifying the source of infection, which is why we advise the use of a questionnaire regarding the consumption of suspicious food or an outbreak of food origin.

Abstract Honey is a natural sweetener with importante health benefits. As it has been widely recommended as a substitute of sucrose, it could be perceived as highly safe and healthy. However, it is still unknown what are the metabolic effects when honey is ingested freely and uncontrolled. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of ad libitum access to sweet solutions in hyperglycemic induced rats on the biochemical, anthropometric and feeding pattern of intake. Male wistar rats were assigned to three experimental groups (n=10) with exposure to sucrose solution (SS), honey solution (HS) and fructose/glucose solution (GFS) at 10% along 6 continuous weeks. Fluid intake from solution was lower in HS group (p < 0.05), however, the grams of sweetener ingested from the solution were similar among groups. Solution consumption showed an increasing pattern in HS and GFS groups, leading to an escalating intake and binge drinking. Honey solution intake was highly correlated with glucose (r= 0.87, p=0.001) and total cholesterol (r= 0.74, p=0.013) levels. The serum levels of glucose (322±186 mg/dL), total cholesterol (81.1±22.8 mg/dL), HDL (48.3±15.5 mg/dL), VLDL (31.3±12.4 mg/dL) and triglycerides (156±62.2 mg/dL), were higher in HS group. The ad libitum ingestion protocol led to a high and sustained consumption of honey, exceeding four times the recommended intake of free sugars. This ingestive behavior resulted in deleterious effects in the experimental animals. Therefore, these findings should be taken into account when recommending honey consumption, as it may be perceived as a highly safe and healthy option, potentially leading to addictive behavior similar to that observed with sucrose intake.

Resumen La miel es un edulcorante natural con importantes beneficios para la salud. Como ha sido ampliamente recomendada como sustituto de la sacarosa, podría considerarse altamente segura y saludable. Sin embargo, no hay evidencia que informe cuáles son los efectos metabólicos cuando la miel se ingiere libremente y sin control. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los efectos del acceso ad libitum a soluciones dulces en ratas con hiperglucemia inducida sobre el patrón de ingesta alimentario, valores bioquímicos y antropométricos. Se asignaron ratas wistar macho a tres grupos experimentales (n=10) con exposición a solución de sacarosa (SS), solución de miel (HS) y solución de fructosa/glucosa (GFS) al 10% durante 6 semanas continuas. La ingesta de líquidos de la solución fue menor en el grupo HS (p < 0.05), sin embargo, los gramos de edulcorante ingeridos de la solución fueron similares entre los grupos. El consumo de soluciones mostró un patrón creciente en los grupos HS y GFS, lo que llevó a una ingesta escalonada y de atracón. La ingesta de solución de miel estuvo altamente correlacionada con los niveles de glucosa (r= 0.872, p=0.00) y colesterol total (r= 0.742, p=0.01). Los niveles sericos de glucosa (322±186 mg/dL), colesterol total (81.1±22.8 mg/dL), HDL (48.3±15.5 mg/dL), VLDL (31.3±12.4 mg/dL) y triglicíridos (156±62.2 mg/dL fueron mayores en el grupo HS. El protocolo de ingestión ad libitum resultó en un consumo elevado y mantenido de miel que excedía cuatro veces la ingesta recomendada de azúcares libres. Esta conducta ingestiva causó efectos nocivos en los animales de experimentación. Por ello, estos hallazgos deben ser considerados al recomendar la ingesta de miel, ya que podría percibirse como altamente segura y saludable provocando una conducta adictiva similar a la observada con la ingesta de sacarosa.

Resumen Se describió el comportamiento predatorio del copépodo Apocyclops spartinus en función de su borde mandibular en condiciones de laboratorio. Para describirlo, se estimaron las tasas de filtración e ingestión con la microalga Pavlova lutheri en tres fases ontogénicas del copépodo: 1) nauplios (i-iii), 2) metanauplios (iv-vi) y 3) adultos (machos y hembras) entre 3 y 30 horas de consumo en cinco intervalos, a 24 °C y 35 UPS (Unidades Prácticas de Salinidad). La tasa de ingestión fue mayor en las hembras (60.7%) que en los machos (36.1%), seguido por metanauplios (2.5%) y nauplios (0.6%). La mayor tasa de filtración la registraron los metanauplios (52.3%), seguidos de las hembras (24.2%), los machos (12%) y los nauplios (11.5%). La relación entre ingestión/horas y filtración/horas fue registrado con los modelos potencial y exponencial, cuyos parámetros fueron superíndices negativos, explicando una mayor demanda de alimento por parte de los adultos sobre los estadios naupliares y representando una asíntota para el equilibrio establecido entre la saciedad del copépodo y el rechazo del alimento debido a la pérdida del valor nutritivo. En síntesis, el índice de borde mandibular de Itoh clasificó a A. spartinus dentro del espectro carnívoro; sin embargo, su comportamiento alimentario, basado en microalgas móviles, demostró una estrategia depredadora de emboscada activa más que de forrajeo pasivo.

Abstract The copepod Apocyclops spartinus's predatory behavior was described on naupliar and adult stages (males and females) in function of its mandibular border under laboratory conditions. To describe this, filtration and ingestion rates on microalgae Pavlova lutheri were estimated in three copepod ontogenetic phases: 1) nauplii (i-iii), 2) metanauplii (iv-vi) and 3) adults (males and females) between 3 to 30 hours of consumption in five intervals, at 24 °C and 35 PSU (Practical Salinity Units). Ingestion rate was higher in females (60.7%) than in males (36.1%), metanauplii (2.5%) and nauplii (0.6%). Highest filtration rate was recorded by the metanauplii (52.3%), followed by the females (24.2%), males (12%) and nauplii (11.5%). The potential and exponential models described the relationship between ingestion/hours and filtration/hours, those recorded parameters as negative superindexes, explaining higher dietary demand by adults over naupliary stages and depicted an asymptote for established balance between copepod satiety and food rejection due to the loss of nutritional value. In summary, Itoh's mandibular edge index classified A. spartinus within the carnivorous spectrum; however, its feeding behavior, which relies on mobile microalgae, demonstrated an active ambush predatory strategy rather than passive foraging.

RESUMEN La comprensión de la ecología trófica de los peces y la forma en que utilizan los recursos en el espacio y en el tiempo es importante para la toma de acciones para su conservación y manejo. Se determinó la ecología trófica de Brycon henni en los ríos Nare y Guatapé, cuenca del río Magdalena, Colombia. Se realizaron cinco muestreos entre octubre de 2007 y enero de 2010, en periodos de lluvia, seca y transición de seca a lluvia. Se recolectaron estómagos de 262 ejemplares. Para detectar diferencias en el índice de importancia alimentaria de cada categoría de alimentos entre sexo, clase de talla, período hidrológico y cuencas se realizó un análisis de Kruskall-Wallis y una prueba de Mann-Whitney. Se calculó la amplitud del nicho de Levin y el Índice de superposición de dieta de Morisita para establecer diferencias entre clases de talla en diferentes períodos hidrológicos. El material vegetal fue el alimento más importante, seguido de Insecta y peces. Los individuos de la cuenca del Guatapé consumieron más material vegetal y peces, y menos insectos. Se detectó mayor consumo de material vegetal y de peces en individuos de mayor tamaño. La amplitud de nicho fue menor y la superposición entre clases de talla fue mayor en temporada de lluvias porque la dieta se basó principalmente en material vegetal. La dieta de B. henni estuvo compuesta principalmente por material vegetal e insectos y en menor proporción de otros grupos como peces, crustáceos y arácnidos.

ABSTRACT Understanding the trophic ecology of fish and how they use resources in space and time is important to support conservation and management actions. The trophic ecology of Brycon henni in the Nare and Guatapé rivers, Magdalena river basin, Colombia was determined. Five field samplings were carried out between October 2007 and January 2010, in rainy, dry, and dry-to-rainy transition periods. Stomachs of 262 specimens were collected. A Kruskall-Wallis analysis and a Mann-Whitney pairwise comparison test was performed to detect differences in the alimentary importance index of each food category between sex, size class, hydrological period and basins (Nare vs Guatapé). The Levin’s Measure of Niche Breadth and the Morisita’s Diet Overlapping Index were calculated to establish differences between size class in the different hydrological periods. Vegetable material was the most important food item, followed by Insecta, and fish. Individuals from Guatapé basin consumed more plant material and fish and fewer insects. We observed increased consumption of plant material and fish in ontogeny. Levin's niche breadth was lower and diet overlapping between individuals of length classes was higher during rainy period because the diet was mainly based on plant material. The diet of B. henni was composed mainly of plant material and Insects, and to a lesser extent from other groups such as fish, crustaceans and arachnids.

ABSTRACT The banana is a crop of great importance for providing a food with a high rate of fresh consumption within the Cuban diet. For several regions of the world, it is considered a species whose agronomic value lies in its great seasonal production, for which its obtaining methods need to be developed to achieve high rates of this. The object of the study was to evaluate the effect of two bioproducts on banana cultivation during the vegetative phase. The experiment was carried out at the "Seed Biofabrication" Institute located on the Jamaica highway and national highway, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque province, between the months of July and August 2022. The experiment had four treatments: T1 Witness, T2 soil + organic matter, T3 soil + organic matter + Ecomic and T4 soil + organic matter + biochar + Ecomic. The variables evaluated were: pseudostem height (cm), number of leaves/plants, pseudostem diameter (cm), leaf area (cm) and chlorophyll concentration. The data obtained from the test were evaluated under the analysis of variance and the comparison of means was verified by Tukey's test at 5% probability. The results obtained showed positive effects for treatments three and four comprised of soil + organic matter + Ecomic and soil + organic matter + Ecomic + biochar where they showed a tendency to increase the parameters evaluated.

RESUMEN El plátano es un cultivo de gran importancia por brindar un alimento de elevado índice de consumo fresco dentro de la dieta del cubano. Para varias regiones del mundo, es considerado una especie cuyo valor agronómico reside en su gran producción estacional, por lo cual necesita desarrollarse sus métodos de obtención para alcanzar altos índices de esta. El objeto del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de dos bioproductos en el cultivo del plátano durante la fase vegetativa. El experimento se desarrolló en el Instituto “Biofabrica de Semillas” ubicado en la carretera de Jamaica y Autopista Nacional, San José de las Lajas, provincia Mayabeque, entre los meses de julio y agosto 2022. El experimento contó con cuatro tratamientos: T1 Testigo, T2 suelo + materia orgánica, T3 suelo + materia orgánica + Ecomic y T4 suelo + materia orgánica + biocarbón + Ecomic. Las variables evaluadas fueron: Altura del pseudotallo (cm), Diámetro del pseudotallo (cm), Número de hojas/plantas, Área foliar (cm). Los datos obtenidos del ensayo se evaluaron bajo el análisis de varianza y la comparación de promedios se verificó mediante el Test de Tukey al 5% de probabilidad. Los resultados obtenidos presentaron efectos positivos para los tratamientos tres y cuatro comprendidos por suelo + materia orgánica + Ecomic y suelo + materia orgánica + Ecomic + biocarbón respectivamente donde mostraron una tendencia al aumento de los parámetros evaluados.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the association between the consumption pattern of the last mealtime and the intake of cardioprotective food groups in Chilean adults. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study based on a secondary analysis in 3,587 adults ≥19 years old from the National Food Consumption Survey. They were divided into 4 groups according to the consumption pattern of the last meal: 1) Only “Five o’clock tea”, 2) Only Dinner, 3) Both, 4) None. The association with quantitative consumption of each cardioprotective food was determined through linear regression. The association with compliance of dietary guidelines (GABAs) was calculated with Poisson regression to obtain prevalence ratios (PR). Both models considered survey design clusters and municipalities as random intercept and were adjusted by age, sex, area and socioeconomic level. Results: The group that had only dinner had a greater consumption of cardioprotective foods compared to the group that only ate “Five o’clock tea”, however, this difference only turned out to be significant for fruits and vegetables (+41 g/day; p=0.017). This group also presented greater compliance with GABAs, which was only statistically significant for legumes (PR=1.30; p=0.02). Conclusion: Dinner was associated with higher daily consumption of fruits and vegetables and higher compliance with legume consumption recommendations.

Resumen Objetivo/Propósito: Analizar la asociación entre el patrón de consumo del último tiempo de comida y el consumo de grupos de alimentos cardioprotectores en adultos chilenos. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico a partir de un análisis secundario en 3.587 adultos ≥19 años de la Encuesta Nacional de Consumo Alimentario. Se dividieron 4 grupos según el patrón de consumo de la última comida: 1) Sólo Once, 2) Sólo Cena, 3) Ambos, y 4) Ninguno. Se determinó la asociación entre los grupos y el consumo cuantitativo (gramos/día) de cada alimento cardioprotector a través de una regresión lineal. La asociación con cumplimiento de las guías alimentarias (GABAs) se determinó con regresión de Poisson para obtener razón de prevalencias (RP). Los modelos consideraron los conglomerados y comunas del diseño muestral como intercepto aleatorio y se ajustaron por edad, sexo, área y nivel socioeconómico. Resultados: El grupo que sólo cenaba presentó un mayor consumo de alimentos cardioprotectores comparado al grupo que sólo toma once, sin embargo, sólo resultó ser significativa para frutas y verduras (+41 g/día; p=0,017). Este grupo también presentó un mayor cumplimiento de GABAs, el cual sólo fue estadísticamente significativo para legumbres (RP=1,30; p=0,02). Conclusión: El consumo de cena en reemplazo de las once se asoció con mayor consumo diario de frutas y verduras y un mayor cumplimiento del consumo de legumbres.

Resumen En todo el continente americano, las sociedades precolombinas mostraron prácticas alimentarias diversas; no obstante, diferentes países compartían alimentos comunes. Un ejemplo es la papa, un tubérculo que ha sido un alimento básico en la dieta desde la antigüedad. Las papas contienen glicoalcaloides, una clase de alcaloides que, cuando se ingieren en concentraciones elevadas, pueden plantear riesgos de toxicidad tanto para los seres humanos como para los animales. El objetivo de este estudio es ofrecer una guía sobre glicoalcaloides presentes en papas, y recomendar que se realice investigación de estos compuestos en materiales arqueológicos que fueron destinados para alimentos en todos los países de América. Esta sugerencia surge de la ausencia de estudios de esta naturaleza, particularmente cuando los hallazgos arqueológicos incluyen gránulos de almidón de papa. Se revisaron varias bases de datos para encontrar información histórica sobre la papa e indicar los principales aspectos de la química de los glicoalcaloides relacionados con el tubérculo. Los principales hallazgos indican la importancia que representó la papa en las culturas precolombinas de América, especialmente en las regiones situadas a lo largo de la cordillera de los Andes. La investigación de la composición nutricional reveló que en el tubérculo se pueden encontrar dos glicoalcaloides predominantes: α-solanina y α-chaconina. Se realizó un análisis bibliográfico de estos compuestos tóxicos para comprender su importancia, propiedades químicas, funciones botánicas, metabolismo en el ser humano junto con los posibles problemas de salud, umbrales de toxicidad y las diversas técnicas analíticas disponibles para su detección y cuantificación. La identificación de estas moléculas adquiere importancia en contextos arqueológicos, ya que su presencia puede dar lugar a investigaciones sobre posibles enfermedades prevalentes en la población de la época.

Abstract In the pre-Columbian societies of the Americas, a wide range of food practices was observed. However, several countries shared certain staple foods, such as the potato, which has held a significant place in the diet since ancient times. It is important to note that potatoes contain glycoalkaloids, a class of alkaloids with potential toxicity risks when consumed in high concentrations by both humans and animals. This study aims to offer guidance on the presence of glycoalkaloids in potatoes and proposes further research into these compounds in archaeological remains that were utilized as food across all American countries. This recommendation stems from the dearth of studies on this subject, particularly in cases where archaeological discoveries include potato starch granules. In this study, various databases were examined to discover historical insights into the potato and to elucidate the primary aspects of glycoalkaloid chemistry associated with this tuber. The findings underscore the crucial role played by the potato in pre-Columbian cultures of the Americas, particularly in the regions situated along the Andes mountain range. Furthermore, the analysis of its nutritional composition unveiled the prevalence of two key glycoalkaloids in the tuber: α-solanine and α-chaconine. In this research, a comprehensive review of the chemical properties, botanical functions, human metabolism, potential health effects, toxicity thresholds, and available analytical techniques for the detection and quantification of toxic compounds was conducted. The significance of identifying these molecules in archaeological contexts was highlighted, as their presence may prompt investigations into prevalent diseases among historical populations.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de los diferentes protocolos de castración por medio del meta-análisis de los indicadores del consumo diario de alimento, conversión alimenticia, ganancia diaria de peso, peso al rastro, peso de la canal caliente y rendimiento de la canal. Se revisaron 179 publicaciones de tres fuentes electrónicas (Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science) en un periodo de 24 años, de las cuales se seleccionaron los 26 estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. El efecto se analizó con seis comparaciones: C1=castración quirúrgica vs enteros; C2=inmunocastración estándar vs enteros; C3= inmunocastración estándar vs castración quirúrgica; C4= inmunocastración alternativa vs enteros; C5= inmunocastración alternativa vs castrados quirúrgicamente; y C6= inmunocastración alternativa vs inmunocastración estándar. Las medias obtenidas fueron de consumo de alimento (kg) (0.23, 0.23, -0.05, 0.32, 0.11, -0.09), de conversión alimenticia (kg:kg) (0.27, 0.05, -0.16, 0.11, 0.11, -0.19), ganancia diaria de peso (g) (-9.54, 39.08, 40.70, 107.63, -53.0, 69.14), peso de la canal (kg) (-9.54, 39.08, 40.70, 107.63, -53.0, 69.14), y peso de la canal en caliente (kg) (1.23, 0.85, 0.46, 1.03,1.02, -0.42) respectivamente. Los indicadores de consumo de alimento, conversión alimenticia, ganancia diaria de peso, peso al rastro y peso de la canal caliente fueron diferentes (P<0.05); solo la variable de rendimiento de la canal no mostró diferencia (P>0.05). Se concluye que, la inmunocastración mejora el desempeño en indicadores productivos y de la canal, la castración quirúrgica mejora el rendimiento de la canal, los cerdos enteros tienen mejor conversión alimenticia, y la inmunocastración estándar y alternativa difieren en su respuesta en indicadores de producción y medición de la canal.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effect of various castration protocols through a meta-analysis of indicators of daily feed intake, feed conversion, daily weight gain, slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, and carcass yield. 179 publications from three electronic sources (Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science) were reviewed over a 24-year period, out of which the 26 studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected. The effect was analyzed with six comparisons: C1=surgical castration vs whole; C2=standard immunocastration vs whole; C3= standard immunocastration vs surgical castration; C4= alternative immunocastration vs whole; C5= alternative immunocastration vs surgical castration, and C6= alternative immunocastration vs standard immunocastration. Averages were estimated for feed intake (kg) (0.23, 0.23, -0.05, 0.32, 0.11, -0.09), feed conversion (kg:kg) (0.27, 0.05, -0.16, 0.11, 0.11, 0.11, -0.19), daily weight gain (g) (-9. 54, 39.08, 40.70, 107.63, -53.0, 69.14), carcass weight (kg) (-9.54, 39.08, 40.70, 107.63, -53.0, 69.14), and hot carcass weight (kg) (1.23, 0.85, 0.46, 1.03, 1.02, -0.42) respectively. The indicators of feed consumption, feed conversion, daily weight gain, slaughter weight, and hot carcass weight proved different (P<0.05); only the carcass yield variable exhibited no difference (P>0.05). The conclusion is that immunocastration improves performance in production and carcass indicators; surgical castration improves carcass yield; whole pigs have better feed conversion, and standard and alternative immunocastration differ in their response in terms of production and carcass measurement indicators.

Abstract Animal carcasses in natural environments are a food source for various organisms, such as fungi, bacteria, and insects. Insects also utilize this ephemeral resource for oviposition and development of their offspring, with the immatures being responsible for the greatest consumption of the resource. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the fauna of necrophagous insects associated with a cow carcass Bos taurus Linnaeus found in the municipality of São Raimundo das Mangabeiras, Maranhão, Brazil. Insects were sampled using forceps and entomological nets for eight days, with the immatures being taken to the Laboratory of Entomology and Vectors (LEV) and subsequently reared at room temperature. A total of 1,149 specimens were sampled, comprising 141 adults and 1,017 immatures. Among the adults, the species Chrysomya albiceps (Widemann), Necrobia rufipes (Fabricius), and Dermestes maculatus (De Geer) were prominent. Regarding immatures, all insects that emerged were of the species C. albiceps. Additionally, we report the first record of Chrysomya putoria (Widemann), Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), and Hemertia illucens (Linnaeus) visiting bovine carcasses in the Neotropical region. The results reveal a late colonization of C. albiceps in advanced stages, confirming the importance of research with carcasses in the context of forensic entomology.

Resumen Las carcasas animales en entornos naturales son una fuente de alimento para diversos organismos, como hongos, bacterias e insectos. Los insectos también utilizan este recurso efímero para la oviposición y el desarrollo de sus crías, siendo los inmaduros responsables del mayor consumo del recurso. Por lo tanto, el objetivo fue conocer la fauna de insectos necrófagos asociados a una carcasa de vaca Bos taurus Linnaeus encontrada en el municipio de São Raimundo das Mangabeiras, Maranhão, Brasil. Los insectos se muestrearon con la ayuda de pinzas y redes entomológicas durante ocho días, y los inmaduros se llevaron al Laboratorio de Entomología y Vectores (LEV) y posteriormente se criaron a temperatura ambiente. Se obtuvo un total de 1.149 especímenes, siendo 141 adultos y 1.017 inmaduros. Entre los adultos, destacaron las especies Chrysomya albiceps (Widemann), Necrobia rufipes (Fabricius) y Dermestes maculatus (De Geer). En cuanto a los inmaduros, todos los insectos que emergieron fueron de la especie C. albiceps. Además, se reporta el primer registro de Chrysomya putoria (Widemann), Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) y Hemertia illucens (Linnaeus) visitando una carcasa bovina en la región neotropical. Nuestros resultados revelan una colonización tardía de C. albiceps en etapas avanzadas, confirmando la importancia de la investigación con carcasas en el contexto de la entomología forense.

RESUMEN La cantidad de nutrientes en un alimento determina su calidad. El objetivo del trabajo fue cuantificar la composición química (macronutrientes, micronutrientes, ácidos grasos, análisis próximo y propiedades físico-química) del polvo y aceite de semillas de Moringa oleifera Lam. ecotipo Plain, aclimatada en Cuba, y se resaltan los beneficios que aporta su consumo a la salud humana. Se prepara la muestra y se caracteriza el polvo y el aceite de la semilla, utilizando procedimientos normados o establecidos previamente. Los resultados demuestran, que estas semillas tienen altos niveles de grasa y proteínas. Además de los minerales presentes como calcio, cinc, potasio, hierro, magnesio, corroborando la potencialidad de este cultivo como aditivo en diferentes matrices alimentarias, beneficioso para la salud.

ABSTRACT The quantity of nutrients in a food determines its quality. The objective of the work was to quantify the chemical composition (macronutrients, micronutrients, fatty acids and properties physical-chemistry) of the powder and oil of seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam. ecotipo Plain acclimated in Cuba and point out the benefits that its consumption brings to human health. The sample is prepared and it characterizes using procedures normados or established previously. The results show that these seeds have high levels of fat and protein, which gives them importance as a food with energy and nutritional value. In addition to the minerals present such as calcium, zinc, potassium, iron, magnesium, corroborating the potential of this crop as an additive in different matrices food, beneficial for health.