Abstract The intervention analysis concerns time series and the objective was to quantify the impact of each intervention on the percentage variation of the national consumer price index. For the period january 2002-june 2020, the effects were estimated using a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model using SAS® software. The results indicate changes in the level of the series caused by the economic crisis, increases in energy and gasoline prices during march 2008, january 2010 and january 2017; in addition, a downward additive effect in april 2020 due to the health contingency.

Resumen El análisis de intervención concierne a series de tiempo. El objetivo fue cuantificar el impacto de cada intervención sobre la variación porcentual del índice nacional de precios al consumidor (VPINPC), para el periodo enero 2002-junio 2020. Los efectos se estimaron mediante un modelo estacional autorregresivo integrado de media móvil (SARIMA), con el software SAS. Los resultados indican cambios en el nivel de la serie provocados por crisis económica, aumentos en precios de energéticos y gasolinas, dándose en periodos marcados, como: marzo 2008, enero 2010 y enero 2017, asimismo, un efecto aditivo descendente en abril 2020, debido a la contingencia sanitaria.

ABSTRACT With inflation on the rise in recent years, there has been an important debate on price increases and their impact on different areas of the economy, politics, and society. This article analyzes different methods of statistical measurement of price increases at different stages of production and consumption, as well as inflation. It exem-plifies, in particular, with cases from the United States and the Netherlands. It also points out some shortcomings in the methods applied, especially in neoclassical macroeconomic models.

RESUMEN Con la inflación en auge en los últimos años, se ha generado un importante debate sobre el aumento de precios y su impacto en los distintos ámbitos de la economía, la política y la sociedad. Este artículo hace un análisis sobre distintos métodos de medición estadística del ascenso de los precios en las diferentes etapas de producción y consumo, y la inflación. Ejemplifica, en particular, con casos de los Estados Unidos y los Países Bajos. También señala algunas deficiencias en los métodos aplicados, sobre todo, en los modelos macroeconómicos neoclásicos.

Abstract Water resource charges are fundamental for monitoring and planning effective actions to conserve, protect, and recover the Water Management Unit (UGRHI). The objective of this work was to analyze the monetary amount collected by the State of São Paulo from 2007 to 2019, considering 20 of the 22 UGRHI. It also aimed to simulate the uncollected amounts by employing three economic indices: the Fiscal Unit of the State of São Paulo (UFESP), the Broad Consumer Price Index (IPCA), and the General Price Index (IGP-M). The analysis indicates that the uncollected amount is between R$ 140 and R$ 170 million, depending on the index assessed, confirming the hypothesis that the adoption of an index would contribute significantly to water resource charges. The collected amounts are essential for investments in the Water Resource Policy of the State of São Paulo. It has not escaped the analysis that, until December 2020, there were still two UGHRI without any collection of charges. conserve protect UGRHI . (UGRHI) 200 2019 2 indices UFESP, UFESP , (UFESP) IPCA, IPCA (IPCA) IGPM. IGPM IGP M (IGP-M) R 14 17 million assessed 2020 (UGRHI 201 (UFESP (IPCA (IGP-M 1 202

Resumo A cobrança pelo uso dos recursos hídricos é fundamental para o monitoramento e planificação de ações efetivas para a conservação, proteção e recuperação das Unidades de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (UGRHI). O objetivo deste trabalho foi levantar o valor total arrecadado pela cobrança paulista, no período de 2007 a 2019, referente às cobranças de 20 das 22 UGRHI paulistas. Também visou simular os valores que deixaram de ser arrecadados empregando três índices econômicos, a Unidade Fiscal do Estado de São Paulo (UFESP), o Índice de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo (IPCA) e o Índice Geral de Preços - Mercado (IGP-M). A análise mostra que o valor que deixou de ser arrecadado está entre R$ 140 e R$ 170 milhões no período, a depender do índice considerado. Confirma-se assim a hipótese de que a adoção de um índice contribuiria de forma expressiva para a arrecadação da cobrança. Os valores arrecadados são essenciais para os investimentos da Política de Recursos Hídricos no Estado de São Paulo. Não escapou à nossa observação que, até dezembro de 2020, ainda existiam duas UGRHI paulistas sem cobranças implantadas. conservação UGRHI. . (UGRHI) paulista 200 2019 2 econômicos UFESP, UFESP , (UFESP) IPCA (IPCA IGPM. IGPM IGP M (IGP-M) R 14 17 considerado Confirmase Confirma se 2020 implantadas (UGRHI 201 (UFESP (IGP-M 1 202

Resumen: En el mundo un paciente diabético gasta entre dos y tres veces más que el no diabético. El pie diabético disminuye la calidad de vida, aumenta la morbimortalidad y la carga económica del sistema de salud. Objetivo: comunicar la investigación realizada sobre costos directos en el tratamiento de la úlcera del pie diabético. Material y método: estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo de pacientes asistidos en la Unidad de Pie del Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, entre octubre de 2014 y septiembre de 2016. Se estimaron gastos directos del tratamiento ambulatorio e internación a través de información de la historia clínica. El horizonte de tratamiento fue de tres meses. Se calcularon los gastos en unidades reajustables (UR), pesos y dólares. Los gastos se actualizaron a octubre del 2022 utilizando el índice de precios al consumo (IPC), ajustado a la tasa de inflación acumulada. Resultados: incluimos 49 pacientes, 11 mujeres y 38 hombres, edad promedio 61,5 años. El gasto general fue mayor a 400.000 dólares, con el mayor costo en gastos de internación. El gasto total promedio por paciente fue de 8.799 dólares. El tratamiento convencional fue 3.707,93 dólares, la amputación mayor 32.003,61 dólares y amputación menor 12.385,34 dólares. El gasto en internación fue muy superior al del paciente ambulatorio. En emergencia, 28 pacientes gastaron 4.396 dólares. El incremento de costos al año 2022 fue de 37,45%, suponiendo un gasto general de 16.682.993,4 pesos o 410.830,2 dólares. Conclusión: primera evaluación en nuestro país de estimación de gastos en pie diabético. El costo de la úlcera genera una carga económica notoria y en aumento. La gravedad inicial de la úlcera determina ingresos con elevados costes. Los gastos de internación y amputaciones representan la mayor erogación económica.

Abstract: On a global scale, a diabetic patient incurs healthcare expenses that are 2 to 3 times higher than those of a non-diabetic individual. Diabetic foot syndrome reduces the quality of life, increases morbidity and mortality, and places an economic burden on the healthcare system. Objective: Communicating the research conducted on direct costs in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Method: Observational, descriptive, retrospective study of patients treated at the Foot Unit of the Hospital de Clínicas (UDELAR) between October 2014 and September 2016. Direct treatment costs for outpatient care and hospitalization were estimated using information from the medical records. The treatment horizon extended over a period of 3 months. Expenses were calculated in readjustable units, Uruguayan pesos (UYU), and United States dollars (USD). Expenses were updated to October 2022 using the Consumer Price Index (IPC) adjusted for the cumulative inflation rate. Results: 49 patients were included in the study: 11 women and 38 men, average age was 61.5 years old. The overall expenditure exceeded 400,000 USD, with the highest cost attributed to hospitalization expenses. The average total expenditure per patient amounted to 8,799 USD. The cost of conventional treatment was 3,707.93 USD, major amputation represented USD 32,003.61, and minor amputation USD 12,385.34. Hospitalization expenses significantly exceeded those of outpatient care. In the emergency department, 28 patients spent USD 4,396. The increase in costs by the year 2022 amounted to 37.45%, resulting in a total expenditure of UYU 16,682,993.4 (Uruguayan pesos) or USD 410,830.2. Conclusions: It was the first assessment in our country to estimate diabetic foot costs. The cost of ulcer management imposes a significant and increasing economic burden. The initial severity of the ulcer results in hospitalization which implies high associated costs. Hospitalization and amputation costs constitute the most substantial economic expenditure.

Resumo: Em todo o mundo, um paciente diabético gasta entre 2 e 3 vezes mais do que um paciente não diabético. O pé diabético reduz a qualidade de vida, aumenta a morbimortalidade e a carga económica no sistema de saúde. Objetivos: Comunicar os resultados da pesquisa realizada sobre os custos diretos no tratamento das úlceras do pé diabético. Materiais e métodos: Estudo observacional, descritivo e retrospectivo de pacientes atendidos na Unidade de Pie do Hospital de Clínicas (UDELAR), entre outubro de 2014 e setembro de 2016. Foram estimados gastos diretos com tratamento ambulatorial e internação, por meio de informações do prontuário do paciente. O período de tratamento estudado foi de 3 meses. As despesas foram calculadas em Unidades Ajustáveis, em pesos uruguaios (UYU) e em dólares norte-americanos (USD). As despesas foram atualizadas para outubro de 2022 pelo Índice de Preços ao Consumidor (IPC) ajustado à inflação acumulada. Resultados: Foram incluídos 49 pacientes: 11 mulheres e 38 homens com idade média de 61,5 anos. A despesa global foi superior a US$ 400.000, com o maior custo em despesas de hospitalização. A despesa total média por paciente foi de US$ 8.799. Os custos por tratamento foram: Tratamento convencional US$ 3.707,93 USD, amputação maior US$ 32.003,61 e amputação menor US$ 12.385,34. O gasto com internação foi muito superior ao do ambulatório. No atendimento de emergência 28 pacientes gastaram US$ 4.396. O aumento dos custos até 2022 foi de 37,45%, assumindo uma despesa geral de UY$ 16.682.993,4 ou US$ 410.830,2 USD. Conclusão: Esta é a primeira avaliação de estimativa de gastos com pé diabético realizada no Uruguai. O custo das úlceras gera uma carga económica notável e crescente. A gravidade inicial da úlcera determina internações com custos elevados. As despesas com hospitalização e amputação representam o maior gasto financeiro.

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to empirically analyze the peculiarities of the Brazilian economy that may explain the observed low rigidity of the Extended National Consumer Price Index (IPCA). We investigated the existence of asymmetry in the transmission of prices and heterogeneity in the inflationary dynamics among different sectors of the economy, as well as evaluated the passthrough of the exchange rate, commodity index, and industrial production to consumer prices (IPCA) and producer (Price Index to the Wide Producer - IPA). The IPCA was split into food and beverages, industrialized products, service provision, and monitored prices. Estimations were performed using symmetric and asymmetric models of Structural Autoregressive Vectors (SVAR). The results indicated that the exchange rate is the most relevant variable in the dynamics of the IPCA, followed by the commodities index. Industrial production was less relevant than external factors, including the model for industrialized products. It was noted a positive asymmetry in the exchange rate pass-through in all IPCA breakdowns. The main conclusion is that cost shocks should not be treated as mere white noises, with a zero average and that, therefore, compensate in time. IPCA. . index (IPCA IPA. IPA IPA) beverages products provision SVAR. SVAR (SVAR) factors pass through breakdowns noises therefore time (SVAR

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é analisar empiricamente as peculiaridades da economia brasileira que podem explicar a observada rigidez na baixa do Índice de Preços no Consumidor (IPCA). Investigamos a existência de assimetria na transmissão de preços e de heterogeneidade na dinâmica inflacionária entre diferentes setores da economia, bem como avaliamos o repasse da taxa de câmbio, do índice de commodities e da produção industrial aos preços ao consumidor (IPCA) e ao produtor (Índice de Preços ao Produtor Amplo - IPA). O IPCA foi desagregado em alimentos e bebidas, industrializados, serviços e preços monitorados. As estimações foram realizadas por meio de modelos simétricos e assimétricos de Vetores Autorregressivos Estruturais (SVAR). Os resultados indicaram que a taxa de câmbio é a variável mais relevante na dinâmica do IPCA, seguido do índice de commodities. A produção industrial mostrou-se menos relevante que os fatores externos, inclusive no modelo para produtos industrializados. Foi verificada a existência de assimetria positiva no repasse cambial em todas as desagregações do IPCA. A principal conclusão é de que os choques de custos não devem ser tratados como meros ruídos brancos, com média zero e que, portanto, se compensam no tempo. . (IPCA IPA. IPA IPA) bebidas industrializados monitorados SVAR. SVAR (SVAR) mostrouse mostrou externos brancos portanto tempo (SVAR

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This work aims to analyze the quantity and expenses related to biological drugs used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in outpatient public care within the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). METHODS It is a cross-sectional descriptive study based on secondary data from a historical series, referring to the purchase, volume, and the number of patients treated with different biological drugs (infliximabe, etanercept, adalimumab, rituximab, abatacept, tocilizumab, golimumab, and certolizumab pegol) for RA treatment in outpatient care from 2012 to 2017. The data were extracted from the SUS Outpatient Information System database-SIA/SUS and included ten drugs used for RA treatment. The study assessed the quantity and expenditure of these drugs, the number of RA patients treated, and the expenditure by RA subtypes. The National Broad Consumer Price Index was used to adjust the expenditures for December 2017. RESULTS The Ministry of Health allocated approximately $500 million to provide about 2 million units of biological drugs for RA patients from 2012 to 2017. The supply of adalimumab 40 mg and etanercept 50 mg accounted for 68.3% of the total expenditure. The subtypes “other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor” (ICD-10 M05.8), “rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor” (ICD-10 M06.0), and “Felty’s syndrome” (M05. 0) represented 84.5% of the total expenditures. The proportion of patients treated with biological drugs increased by 33.0%. There was a significant 83.0% increase in the number of patients using biological drugs compared to the overall number of RA patients treated during the study period. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained allow us to draw a more recent profile of expenditure on RA treatment and indicate trends in the use of biological drugs for this condition, generating data that can support management decisions in public health policies.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This work aims to analyze the quantity and expenses related to biological drugs used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in outpatient public care within the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). METHODS It is a cross-sectional descriptive study based on secondary data from a historical series, referring to the purchase, volume, and the number of patients treated with different biological drugs (infliximabe, etanercept, adalimumab, rituximab, abatacept, tocilizumab, golimumab, and certolizumab pegol) for RA treatment in outpatient care from 2012 to 2017. The data were extracted from the SUS Outpatient Information System database-SIA/SUS and included ten drugs used for RA treatment. The study assessed the quantity and expenditure of these drugs, the number of RA patients treated, and the expenditure by RA subtypes. The National Broad Consumer Price Index was used to adjust the expenditures for December 2017. RESULTS The Ministry of Health allocated approximately $500 million to provide about 2 million units of biological drugs for RA patients from 2012 to 2017. The supply of adalimumab 40 mg and etanercept 50 mg accounted for 68.3% of the total expenditure. The subtypes “other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor” (ICD-10 M05.8), “rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor” (ICD-10 M06.0), and “Felty’s syndrome” (M05. 0) represented 84.5% of the total expenditures. The proportion of patients treated with biological drugs increased by 33.0%. There was a significant 83.0% increase in the number of patients using biological drugs compared to the overall number of RA patients treated during the study period. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained allow us to draw a more recent profile of expenditure on RA treatment and indicate trends in the use of biological drugs for this condition, generating data that can support management decisions in public health policies. (RA SUS. . (SUS) crosssectional cross sectional series purchase volume infliximabe, infliximabe (infliximabe rituximab abatacept tocilizumab golimumab pegol 201 2017 databaseSIA/SUS databaseSIASUS database SIA/SUS SIA 500 $50 4 5 683 68 3 68.3 other factor ICD10 ICD 10 (ICD-1 M05.8, M058 M M05.8 , M05 8 M05.8) M06.0, M060 M06.0 M06 0 M06.0) Feltys Felty s syndrome M05. (M05 845 84 84.5 330 33 33.0% 830 83 83.0 period condition policies (SUS 20 databaseSIA SIASUS $5 6 68. ICD1 1 (ICD- M0 M06. (M0 84. 33.0 83. $ (ICD (M 33.

Abstract This paper studies the relationship between macroeconomic uncertainty and the behavior of the price system in the Uruguayan economy, using network analysis to represent the price system that makes up the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Networks were built using annual moving windows between 1997 and 2020, taking as nodes different classes of goods and services that conform the CPI. The empirical results show a set of central nodes surrounded by other peripheral ones, where the former is characterized by having asimilar dynamic to many other nodes in the network while the latter display an atypical behavior. These empirical findings demonstrate volatility in the price dynamics and its relationship with macroeconomic processes, as well as changes in the interrelationships between the prices that make up the CPI in Uruguay.

Resumen El presence trabajo estudia la relación entre la incertidumbre macroeconômica y el comportamiento del sistema de precios de la economía uruguaya, utilizando el análisis de redes para representar al sistema de precios que componen el Indice de Precios del Consumo (IPC). Se construyeron redes utilizando ventanas móviles anuales entre 1997 y 2020, tomando como nodos a las distintas clases de bienes y servicios que componen el IPC. Los resultados empíricos muestran que existe un conjunto de nodos centrales rodeados de otros periféricos, donde los primeros se caracterizan por haber tenido una dinámica similar a muchos otros nodos de la red, mientras que los segundos registraron un comportamiento atípico. Los resultados empíricos del trabajo permiten mostrar la volatilidad en la dinámica de precios y su relación con los procesos macroeconômicos, así como los cambios en las in te rr el acione s entre los precios que componen el IPC en Uruguay. JEL Classification: C33, E31, E52, 054

O estudo teve como objetivo analisar parte dos recursos utilizados para financiar ações de saúde pública nas 26 capitais brasileiras entre 2008 e 2018. O estudo ecológico de tendências temporais envolveu indicadores de receitas e gastos fornecidos pelo Sistema de Informação sobre Orçamento Público em Saúde (SIOPS). Os valores foram deflacionados com base no Índice de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo de 2018 no Brasil para permitir a comparação ao longo dos anos. A variação anual média dos investimentos em saúde, em Reais (BRL), foi avaliada com o uso de regressões lineares. Os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson foram estimados entre as receitas e gastos federais com os recursos das capitais. Todas as capitais apresentaram correlações estatisticamente positivas com a origem do recurso orçamentário investido em saúde. O menor coeficiente foi encontrado na cidade de Macapá (Amapá) (r = 0,860), e o mais alto em Fortaleza (Ceará) (r = 0.997). Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais) foi a capital com o maior aumento anual em transferências federais (cerca de BRL 67,91 por ano) e Teresina (Piauí) apresentou o maior aumento anual nos gastos em saúde (cerca de BRL 55,42 por ano). Houve um aumento real nas transferências no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e nos recursos municipais em quase todas as capitais, mas ainda persistem desigualdades na distribuição dos recursos financeiros entre as capitais brasileiras das cinco regiões. O financiamento da saúde é afetado pela municipalização do SUS, e não é o único fator que afeta o acesso e a qualidade dos serviços de saúde.

This study aimed to analyze part of the financial resources used to fund public health actions in the 26-Brazilian capitals, from 2008 to 2018. This is a time-trend ecological study involving revenue and expenditure indicators provided by the Information System on Public Budget for Health (SIOPS). The values were deflated based on the Extended National Consumer Price Index of 2018 in Brazil to allow the comparison over the years. The mean annual variation of health investments, in Brazilian Reais (BRL) was assessed using linear regressions. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were estimated between federal revenues and expenditures with the capitals’ resources. All capitals presented statistically significant positive correlations for the origin of the budget resource invested in health. The lowest coefficient was found in the capital city of Macapá (Amapá State) (r = 0.860) and the highest, in Fortaleza (Ceará State) (r = 0.997). Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais State) was the capital with the highest annual increase in federal transfers (about BRL 67.91 per year) and Teresina (Piauí State) presented the highest annual increase in health expenditures among the capitals (about BRL 55.42 per year). We found a increase in the transfers of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) and municipal resources in almost all capitals, but there are still inequalities in the distribution of financial resources among Brazilian capitals from different regions. Health funding is affected by the municipalization of SUS and it is not the single factor affecting the access and quality of health services.

El objetivo fue analizar la parte de recursos financieros utilizados para financiar acciones de salud públicas en 26 capitales brasileñas, entre 2008 y 2018. Se trata de un estudio ecológico de tendencia temporal, implicando indicadores de ingresos y gastos proporcionados por el Sistema de Información sobre el Presupuesto Público para Salud (SIOPS). Se deflactaron los valores basados en el Índice de Precios al Consumidor, ampliado de 2018 en Brasil, para permitir la comparación a lo largo de los años. La variación anual media de inversiones en salud, en Reales brasileños (BRL), fue evaluada usando regresiones lineales. Se estimaron los coeficientes de correlación de Pearson entre los ingresos y gastos federales, respecto a los recursos de las capitales. Todas las capitales presentaron estadísticamente correlaciones positivas significativas respecto a la fuente presupuestaria originaria invertida en salud. El coeficiente más bajo se encontró en la capital de Macapá (Amapá) (r = 0.860) y el más alto en Fortaleza (Ceará) (r = 0.997). Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais) fue la capital con el incremento anual más alto en transferencias federales (cerca de BRL 67.91 por año) y Teresina (Piauí) presentó el incremento anual más alto en gastos de salud entre todas las capitales (sobre BRL 55.42 por año). Hubo un incremento real de transferencias en el Sistema Único de Salud brasileño (SUS), así como recursos municipales en casi todas las capitales, pero existen todavía inequidades en la distribución de recursos financieros entre las capitales brasileñas de diferentes regiones. La financiación de la salud está afectada por la municipalización del SUS, y no es el único factor que afecta al acceso y calidad de los servicios de salud.

O estudo teve como objetivo analisar parte dos recursos utilizados para financiar ações de saúde pública nas 26 capitais brasileiras entre 2008 e 2018. O estudo ecológico de tendências temporais envolveu indicadores de receitas e gastos fornecidos pelo Sistema de Informação sobre Orçamento Público em Saúde (SIOPS). Os valores foram deflacionados com base no Índice de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo de 2018 no Brasil para permitir a comparação ao longo dos anos. A variação anual média dos investimentos em saúde, em Reais (BRL), foi avaliada com o uso de regressões lineares. Os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson foram estimados entre as receitas e gastos federais com os recursos das capitais. Todas as capitais apresentaram correlações estatisticamente positivas com a origem do recurso orçamentário investido em saúde. O menor coeficiente foi encontrado na cidade de Macapá (Amapá) (r = 0,860), e o mais alto em Fortaleza (Ceará) (r = 0.997). Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais) foi a capital com o maior aumento anual em transferências federais (cerca de BRL 67,91 por ano) e Teresina (Piauí) apresentou o maior aumento anual nos gastos em saúde (cerca de BRL 55,42 por ano). Houve um aumento real nas transferências no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e nos recursos municipais em quase todas as capitais, mas ainda persistem desigualdades na distribuição dos recursos financeiros entre as capitais brasileiras das cinco regiões. O financiamento da saúde é afetado pela municipalização do SUS, e não é o único fator que afeta o acesso e a qualidade dos serviços de saúde.

This study aimed to analyze part of the financial resources used to fund public health actions in the 26-Brazilian capitals, from 2008 to 2018. This is a time-trend ecological study involving revenue and expenditure indicators provided by the Information System on Public Budget for Health (SIOPS). The values were deflated based on the Extended National Consumer Price Index of 2018 in Brazil to allow the comparison over the years. The mean annual variation of health investments, in Brazilian Reais (BRL) was assessed using linear regressions. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were estimated between federal revenues and expenditures with the capitals’ resources. All capitals presented statistically significant positive correlations for the origin of the budget resource invested in health. The lowest coefficient was found in the capital city of Macapá (Amapá State) (r = 0.860) and the highest, in Fortaleza (Ceará State) (r = 0.997). Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais State) was the capital with the highest annual increase in federal transfers (about BRL 67.91 per year) and Teresina (Piauí State) presented the highest annual increase in health expenditures among the capitals (about BRL 55.42 per year). We found a increase in the transfers of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) and municipal resources in almost all capitals, but there are still inequalities in the distribution of financial resources among Brazilian capitals from different regions. Health funding is affected by the municipalization of SUS and it is not the single factor affecting the access and quality of health services.

El objetivo fue analizar la parte de recursos financieros utilizados para financiar acciones de salud públicas en 26 capitales brasileñas, entre 2008 y 2018. Se trata de un estudio ecológico de tendencia temporal, implicando indicadores de ingresos y gastos proporcionados por el Sistema de Información sobre el Presupuesto Público para Salud (SIOPS). Se deflactaron los valores basados en el Índice de Precios al Consumidor, ampliado de 2018 en Brasil, para permitir la comparación a lo largo de los años. La variación anual media de inversiones en salud, en Reales brasileños (BRL), fue evaluada usando regresiones lineales. Se estimaron los coeficientes de correlación de Pearson entre los ingresos y gastos federales, respecto a los recursos de las capitales. Todas las capitales presentaron estadísticamente correlaciones positivas significativas respecto a la fuente presupuestaria originaria invertida en salud. El coeficiente más bajo se encontró en la capital de Macapá (Amapá) (r = 0.860) y el más alto en Fortaleza (Ceará) (r = 0.997). Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais) fue la capital con el incremento anual más alto en transferencias federales (cerca de BRL 67.91 por año) y Teresina (Piauí) presentó el incremento anual más alto en gastos de salud entre todas las capitales (sobre BRL 55.42 por año). Hubo un incremento real de transferencias en el Sistema Único de Salud brasileño (SUS), así como recursos municipales en casi todas las capitales, pero existen todavía inequidades en la distribución de recursos financieros entre las capitales brasileñas de diferentes regiones. La financiación de la salud está afectada por la municipalización del SUS, y no es el único factor que afecta al acceso y calidad de los servicios de salud.

ABSTRACT Investigating the factors that affect broiler chicken prices in Turkey is vital for understanding market formation. The parameters and factors likely to influence the price of broiler chicken were analyzed for the period between 2010-2020 in Turkey. The study adopted the boosting regression model to predict the correlation between broiler chicken consumer price and variable factors like broiler feed, corn, soybean meal, wheat prices, the dollar exchange rate, producer price index (PPI), and agricultural PPI. The accuracy of the estimation of the regression model created according to the results of the analysis was calculated as 86%. The producer price index variable caused the highest relative impact (25.63%) on broiler chicken meat prices. The highest positive correlation was obtained between the producer price index and the agricultural PPI (r = 0.984). Thus, it was determined that chicken prices were affected by feed raw material prices and the general economic conditions in Turkey. In addition to improving the prevailing economic conditions, an effective price control mechanism is required to prevent excessive price fluctuations in the sector. Simultaneously, it is essential to create policies to reduce input costs.

Resumen: El presente artículo estudia la relación existente entre el tipo de cambio y el nivel de precios en instancias regionales para la República Argentina. Se considera que las fluctuaciones del tipo de cambio influyen de manera disímil sobre los índices de precios a los que se enfrentan las seis regiones que componen el territorio argentino, según la clasificación del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos (INDEC). Se utilizan como variables el tipo de cambio, el índice de precios al consumidor nacional y los índices de precios al consumidor de cada región. El análisis empírico se efectúa mediante el uso de estadísticas descriptivas y la aplicación de los métodos econométricos de cointegración y de ciclos comunes con el fin de conocer la correspondencia existente entre las variables tanto a corto como a largo plazo. Los resultados expresan que las variaciones cambiarias influyen de diversas maneras sobre los precios de las diferentes regiones que integran la República Argentina. Igualmente, se observan diferencias significativas entre los resultados obtenidos a nivel nacional y para cada región a corto y a largo plazo. Esto último sugiere la existencia de heterogeneidades regionales particulares que implican distintos efectos del tipo de cambio sobre los precios a lo largo y ancho del país. Clasificación JEL: C10, C32, E31, R10, R50

Abstract This paper studies the relationship between the exchange rate and the price level in regional settings for the Argentine Republic. It is considered that exchange rate fluctuations have a dissimilar influence on the price indices faced by the six regions that form the Argentine territory, according to the classification of the National Institute of Statistics and Census (INDEC, by its acronym in Spanish). The exchange rate, the national consumer price index and the consumer price indices of each region are used as variables. The empirical analysis is carried out using descriptive statistics and the application of econometric methods of cointegration and common cycles in order to know the correspondence between the variables both in the short and long term. The results show that exchange rate variations influence in different ways the prices of the different regions that make up the Argentine Republic. Likewise, there are significant differences between the results obtained at the national level and for each region both in the short and long term. The latter suggests the existence of particular regional heterogeneities that imply different effects of the exchange rate on prices throughout the country.

Volatility of the oil price has been around since the 1970s and an understanding of how it evolves provides insight into solving macroeconomic challenges. The main objective of this study was to analyse the volatility of South African oil prices using quarterly time series data from 2000 to 2020. The effect of growth in gross domestic product per capita, interest rate, inflation and money supply growth on oil price changes was assessed. Generalised autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) was estimated and diagnostic tests -namely ARCH, normality and autocorrelation tests - were conducted. The GARCH (1,2) model was the best fit, based on the Alkaike information criterion. The result revealed that interest rates and money supply growth have a significant positive effect on oil price changes in South Africa, while growth in GDP per capita and inflation has an insignificant impact. Past one and two-quarters' oil price volatility increases and decreases the current oil price volatility respectively. Based on the findings, a contractionary monetary policy is recommended in order to reduce the volatility of South African oil prices.JEL CLASSIFICATION: Q41, Q43, Q31, C22

Abstract In Mexico, the National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy uses the term income poverty, for this purpose it uses the minimum welfare line, which refers to people whose income is insufficient to acquire the recommended basic basket, equivalent to the value of the food basket per person and that of the welfare line, similar to the previous denomination of patrimonial poverty, equivalent to the value of the food and non-food basket per person per month. Constitutionally, the minimum wage must cover the needs of a family in the material, social and cultural aspect and to provide education. The study period was from January 2002 to June 2020. The information was processed in the statistical program SAS®. The objective of this paper was to estimate the percentage change rate of the national consumer price index, prices of the rural and urban food basket and of general minimum wage to explain the differential between the latter and verify its effect when being above or below the percentage change of the national consumer price index and the VPPCA. In episodes of high inflation, mainly in the food aspect, periods 2004, 2007-2009, 2012-2013 and 2017, the SMG barely compensated part of the increase, with the panorama accentuating in 2017; however, significant increases that occurred since 2015 and in recent periods (2019 and 2020) in the nominal SMG by 16 and 20% have been important in reducing the gap between the real SMG.

Resumen En México, el Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social utiliza la denominación de pobreza por ingreso, para tal fin emplea la línea de bienestar mínimo, el cual se refiere a las personas cuyos ingresos son insuficientes para adquirir la canasta básica recomendable, equivalente al valor de la canasta alimentaria por persona y el de línea de bienestar, semejante a la anterior denominación de pobreza patrimonial, equivalente al valor de la canasta alimentaria y no alimentaria por persona al mes. Constitucionalmente el salario mínimo debe cubrir las necesidades de una familia, en orden material, social y cultural y para proveer educación. El periodo de estudio fue de enero 2002 a junio 2020. La información se procesó en el programa estadístico SAS®. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estimar la tasa de variación porcentual del índice nacional de precios al consumidor, precios de la canasta alimentaria rural y urbana y salario mínimo general para explicar el diferencial existente entre este último y comprobar su efecto al estar sobre o debajo de la variación porcentual del índice nacional de precios al consumidor y VPPCA. En episodios de alta inflación, principalmente en el aspecto alimentario, periodos 2004, 2007-2009, 2012-2013 y 2017 el SMG apenas ha compensado parte del aumento, acentuándose el panorama en 2017; sin embargo, aumentos importantes ocurridos desde 2015 y en los últimos periodos (2019 y 2020) en el SMG nominal en 16 y 20% han sido importantes para reducir la brecha entre el SMG real.

Abstract This study analyzes the exchange rate pass-through effect on the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in Mexico's main border and 27 non-border metropolitan cities. The period examined includes monthly data from January 2002 to December 2019. A vector autoregressive model (VAR) is used, which includes formal employment at the city level as a proxy to economic development, interest rates, nominal exchange rates, each analyzed city’s CPI, U.S. consumer prices, energy commodity prices and control variables such as service sector employment share and large firm employment share. Impulse response functions are constructed. Results for the 2002-2016 period indicate that exchange rate changes primarily affect border cities. Different arguments are included to justify such results. Pass-through values are also found to increase in general for all cities when the period 2017-2019 (January 2017 when important gasoline price shocks started previous its price liberalization in December 2017) is included in the regressions.

Resumen Se estudia el efecto traspaso del tipo de cambio en el Índice de Precios al Consumidor (INPC) en áreas metropolitanas fronterizas y 27 no-fronterizas de México. El periodo abarca de enero 2002 a diciembre 2019 y se utilizan datos mensuales. Se emplea un modelo de vectores autoregresivos (VAR), que incluye empleo formal a nivel ciudad como proxy del desempeño económico, tasas de interés, tipo de cambio nominal, índices de precios de cada ciudad analizada, el índice de precios en USA, precios de commodities de energía y variables de control como el peso de los servicios y la participación de empresas grandes en el empleo de cada ciudad. Funciones de impulso respuesta son construidas. Los resultados para 2002-2016 indican que el tipo de cambio afecta en mayor intensidad a las ciudades fronterizas. Se incluyen diversos argumentos que justifican dichos resultados. Se encuentra adicionalmente, que los valores de traspaso aumentan en forma general cuando se incluye 2017-2019, periodo donde en enero de 2017 comenzaron importantes variaciones en el precio de la gasolina, previo a su liberalizacion en diciembre de 2017.