Abstract In Colombia, public policies aimed at the youth population were structured under the framework of social, economic, and cultural rights established by the national constitution of 1991, which allowed for broadening perspectives regarding the role of this age group and its life cycle. In this article, I focus on public policies aimed at youth in Colombia between 1992 and 2022, especially in relation to youth employment, which constitutes the case study. The analysis seeks to contrast theoretical patterns regarding the role of young people with the role assigned to them in public policy, examining national development plans, documents from the National Council for Economic and Social Policy (CONPES, in Spanish), and employment programs, to demonstrate changes and advances towards the recognition of their rights. It is concluded that the governmental structure implemented for the development of these policies, as well as their respective programs, have limited the continuity and progression of youth rights, as a vision prevails in which youth is understood as a transitional stage and family and individual resources determine to a great extent the effective enjoyment of rights.

Resumen En Colombia, las políticas públicas orientadas a la población joven se estructuraron bajo el marco de los derechos sociales, económicos y culturales establecido por la Constitución Política aprobada en el año 1991, lo que permitió ampliar la perspectiva sobre el rol de este grupo etario y de su ciclo de vida. En el presente artículo me enfoco en las políticas públicas dirigidas a la juventud en Colombia entre 1992 y 2022, ahondando especialmente en lo relacionado al empleo juvenil, el cual constituye el caso de estudio. El análisis busca contrastar los patrones teóricos sobre el papel de los y las jóvenes con el rol que se les asigna en la política pública, examinando los planes de desarrollo nacional, los documentos publicados por el Consejo Nacional de Política Económica y Social (CONPES) y los programas de empleo, con el fin de evidenciar los cambios y la evolución hacia el reconocimiento de sus derechos. Se concluye que la estructura gubernamental implementada para el desarrollo de estas políticas, al igual que sus respectivos programas, han limitado la continuidad y la progresión de los derechos juveniles, pues prevale una visión donde se entiende a la juventud como una etapa de transición en la que los recursos familiares e individuales determinan en gran medida el goce efectivo de sus derechos.

Resumo O propósito do presente artigo é propor uma metodologia para caracterização da (In)Sustentabilidade Financeira de municípios brasileiros − materializada por meio do Índice de Sustentabilidade Financeira Municipal (ISFM) − em contraponto à metodologia sugerida pela Proposta de Emenda à Constituição (PEC) no 188, que traz como pauta a incorporação de pequenos municípios considerados insustentáveis. Como métodos utilizou-se pesquisa quantitativa, aplicada, descritiva e explicativa, do tipo bibliográfica e documental, além de estatística descritiva e correlação/regressão linear. Os resultados demonstram que o ISFM possui maior robustez comparado à metodologia proposta pela PEC. O Índice foi aplicado aos 5.570 municípios brasileiros e a média nacional resultou em 56%. A maior parcela dos municípios brasileiros se classificou como “Sustentável” e as análises estatísticas demonstraram, significativamente, a existência de correlação positiva entre as variáveis ISFM e Desenvolvimento Local. As contribuições do trabalho se voltam para a produção de pesquisa sobre a temática, ainda incipiente nacionalmente. InSustentabilidade In (ISFM PEC (PEC 188 insustentáveis utilizouse utilizou quantitativa aplicada explicativa documental correlaçãoregressão regressão linear 5570 5 570 5.57 56 56% Sustentável “Sustentável demonstraram significativamente Local temática nacionalmente 18 557 57 5.5 1 55 5.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es proponer una metodología para caracterizar la (In)Sostenibilidad Financiera de los municipios brasileños - materializada a través del Índice de Sostenibilidad Financiera Municipal (ISFM) - en contraposición a la metodología sugerida por la Propuesta de Enmienda a la Constitución (PEC) no 188, que tiene como agenda la incorporación de pequeños municipios considerados insostenibles. Los métodos utilizados fueron cuantitativos, aplicados, descriptivos y explicativos, bibliográficos y documentales, así como la estadística descriptiva y la correlación/regresión lineal. Los resultados muestran que el ISFM es más robusto que la metodología propuesta por el PEC. El Índice se aplicó a 5.570 municipios brasileños y la media nacional fue del 56%. La mayoría de los municipios brasileños fueron clasificados como “Sostenibles” y los análisis estadísticos mostraron una correlación positiva significativa entre las variables ISFM y Desarrollo Local. Las aportaciones de este trabajo se dirigen a la producción de investigaciones sobre el tema, aún incipiente a nivel nacional. InSostenibilidad In (ISFM PEC (PEC 188 insostenibles cuantitativos aplicados explicativos documentales correlaciónregresión regresión lineal 5570 5 570 5.57 56 56% Sostenibles “Sostenibles Local tema 18 557 57 5.5 1 55 5.

Abstract This article intends to propose a methodology to characterize the Financial (In)Sustainability of Brazilian municipalities − materialized through the Municipal Financial Sustainability Index (ISFM) − as opposed to the methodology suggested by the Proposed Amendment to the Constitution (PEC) No. 188, whose agenda is to incorporate small municipalities considered unsustainable. Regarding the methods, we used quantitative, applied, descriptive and explanatory research, of the bibliographical and documentary type, in addition to descriptive statistics and correlation/linear regression. The results demonstrate that the ISFM is more robust compared to the methodology proposed by the PEC. The Index was applied to 5,570 Brazilian municipalities and the national average resulted in 56%. Most Brazilian municipalities classified themselves as “Sustainable” and the statistical analysis significantly demonstrated the existence of a positive correlation between the variables ISFM and Local Development. The contributions of the work turn to the production of research on the subject, still incipient nationally. InSustainability In (ISFM PEC (PEC No 188 unsustainable methods quantitative type correlationlinear linear regression 5570 5 570 5,57 56 56% Sustainable “Sustainable Development subject nationally 18 557 57 5,5 1 55 5,

Résumé Le but de cet article est de proposer une méthodologie pour caractériser la (In)Durabilité Financière des municipalités brésiliennes - concrétisée par le biais de l’Indice de Durabilité Financière Municipale (ISFM) - en opposition à la méthodologie suggérée par la Proposition d’Amendement Constitutionnel (PEC) n° 188, qui vise à incorporer les petites municipalités considérées comme insoutenables. Les méthodes utilisées comprennent la recherche quantitative, appliquée, descriptive et explicative, de type bibliographique et documentaire, ainsi que la statistique descriptive et la corrélation/régression linéaire. Les résultats montrent que l’ISFM est plus robuste que la méthodologie proposée par la PEC. L’indice a été appliqué aux 5 570 municipalités brésiliennes et la moyenne nationale s’est élevée à 56%. La plupart des municipalités brésiliennes ont été classées comme “Durables” et les analyses statistiques ont démontré de manière significative l’existence d’une corrélation positive entre les variables ISFM et Développement Local. Les contributions de ce travail se concentrent sur la production de recherches sur le sujet, encore peu développé au niveau national. InDurabilité In lIndice l Indice (ISFM dAmendement d Amendement PEC (PEC n 188 insoutenables quantitative appliquée explicative documentaire corrélationrégression régression linéaire lISFM Lindice L indice 57 sest s 56 56% Durables “Durables lexistence existence dune Local sujet national 18 1

RESUMO Com foco no ensino em saúde, o objetivo do texto é apontar a aplicabilidade dos acúmulos teóricos dos marcadores sociais da diferença e da interseccionalidade para a compreensão de processos de cuidado, saúde, adoecimento e vulnerabilização. A partir da experiência docente em uma graduação em medicina, discute-se como a perspectiva de análise articulada dos marcadores sociais da diferença complexifica a compreensão da determinação social da saúde e se aplica à realidade da formação em saúde brasileira. O artigo está organizado em duas partes. Na primeira, discute-se a importância dos marcadores sociais raça e gênero, bem como da perspectiva interseccional, para pensar a constituição de corpos e sujeitos diversos. Já na segunda parte, focaliza-se o diálogo com o campo da saúde coletiva, destacando políticas do Sistema Único de Saúde que mobilizam marcadores sociais e retomando pesquisas brasileiras que elucidam a importância do tema para o ensino em saúde. Assim, por meio de perspectiva transdisciplinar na interface entre ciências sociais e saúde coletiva, o artigo busca contribuir para a organização desse amplo debate que, especialmente a partir de 2010, tomou corpo no Brasil e busca avançar para uma formação em saúde mais comprometida com a equidade, a diversidade e os direitos humanos.

ABSTRACT Focusing on health teaching, the objective of the text is to point out the applicability of theoretical accumulations of social markers of differences and intersectionality for understanding processes of care, health, illness and vulnerability. Based on teaching experience in an undergraduate medical course, it discusses how the perspective of articulated analysis of social markers complicates the understanding of the social determination of health and applies to the reality of Brazilian health training. The article is organized into two parts. The first discusses the importance of race and gender, as well as the intersectional perspective, to think about the constitution of diverse bodies and subjects. The second part focuses on direct dialogue with the field of collective health, highlighting Unified Health System (SUS) policies mobilize social markers and resuming Brazilian research that elucidates the importance of such debate for health teaching. Thus, through an interdisciplinary perspective at the interface between social sciences and collective health, the article seeks to contribute to the organization of this debate that, especially since 2010, has taken shape in the Brazil and seeks to advance towards health training that is more committed to equity, diversity and human rights.

BACKGROUND. The occurrence of abortion-related morbidity indicates limited access to safe abortion. Globally, unsafe abortions remain a persistent, yet preventable, cause of maternal mortality. South Africa (SA) is internationally recognised for its progressive reproductive rights framework, supported by its Constitution and laws. However, evidence suggests that women encounter barriers to accessing safe abortions, including stigma, resistance from healthcare providers, a shortage of trained professionals and a lack of awareness of their rights. We hypothesised that, 20 years after the promulgation of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act, the incidence of incomplete abortion (ICA) and the prevalence of abortion-related morbidity would change, influenced by access to safe abortion and the introduction of medication abortion. We wanted to compare our data with 2000 and 1994 survey results to assess change. OBJECTIVES. To estimate the incidence of incomplete abortion and describe the prevalence of abortion-related morbidity in SA public hospitals in 2018. METHODS. This was a cross-sectional, retrospective study. We selected a stratified random sample of public hospitals. We extracted data from medical records of women who presented with ICA during a predetermined 21-day period in 2018. Data were captured directly into a REDCap database. To estimate the national incidence of ICA, we used population estimates for 2018, comprising 17 199 227 women aged 12 - 49 years, and 1 200 436 live births. The prevalence of ICA morbidity is reported. We compared the rates in this study with those reported from similar studies in 2000 and 1994. RESULTS. We found 913 medical records of women presenting with ICA in the 56 public hospitals. ICA incidence was 367 (274 - 459) per 100 000 women aged 12 - 49 years. The average age of the women was 27 years, and the majority had a previous pregnancy before the ICA. A large proportion (73.9%) of women were in the first trimester. There was no sign of infection in 92.5% of records, no organ failure in 99.1% of records and there were no deaths. There was no change in the ICA incidence when compared with the 1994 and 2000 results. Women's mean age and having a previous pregnancy were similar in the three studies (1994, 2000 and 2018). The proportion of women presenting in the first trimester increased over time: 60.5% in 1994, 67.1% in 2000 and 73.9% in 2018. There has been a decline in the prevalence of abortion-related morbidity, demonstrated by lower levels of severity, no signs of infections and no organ failure. CONCLUSION. ICA incidence has not changed, but related morbidity is declining. Various factors could explain our findings, but the lack of change in ICA incidence indicates that access to formal abortion care has not improved over the past 20 years.

Abstract The Fundamental Sampling Error (FSE) is the main error defined by Pierre Gy’s Theory of Sampling (Gy, 1967; 1979; 1992) and is related to the constitution or intrinsic heterogeneity (IH) of the ore. Even if a sampling procedure is considered ideal, this error can never be eliminated. To calculate the FSE for a certain sample taken from a certain fragmented lot, crushed to a certain size, the intrinsic heterogeneity of the lot (IHL) must be estimated, which can be done theoretically applying the Gy’s factors, or experimentally performing heterogeneity tests. FSE calculation allows the optimization of sampling protocols, the calculation of minimum sample masses, as well as the estimation of the precision of a sampling procedure or equipment. FSE represents the zero-dimensional heterogeneity of a lot and it is of upmost importance to calculate it. However, there is another type of heterogeneity related to one-dimensional lots, i.e., the material flow on conveyor belts or in pipelines. This one-dimensional heterogeneity can be characterized with variography, by estimating the Heterogeneity Fluctuation Error (HFE). Obtaining reliable information on ore grades at the plant feed is a great challenge for mining operations. When the precision of the plant feed grade is low, incorrect decisions can be made and may decrease the process yield. In order to estimate both FSE and HFE for a Brazilian niobium ore, a sampling campaign was carried out at the plant feed. Results indicated that the 5-minute sampling interval was appropriate, resulting in a low relative standard deviation of HFE, i.e., 2.26% for Nb2O5, considering a 95% confidence interval. This article shows how to estimate the zeroand one-dimensional heterogeneities of ores and how important it is to define the precision associated with the grade estimates for process control, metallurgical accounting and reconciliation purposes.

Abstract In this article, we analyze studies on Brazilian cordel literature published between 1990 and 2020 to understand what has been said about its origin. Based on regularities, we seek to explain how these discourses affect the constitution of the object they take as a reference. In addition to the chronological criterion, we considered the space of publication and authorship when selecting the works, favoring collective and individual texts by researchers with recognized experience in cordel study, published in indexed electronic journals, online dissertations and theses repositories/catalogs, and books. We can say that there is no consensus among scholars regarding the origins of Brazilian cordel literature. In general, at least three tendencies can be identified in the critical discourse analyzed: a) the historicist connection of Brazilian Northeastern pamphlets to European traditions, especially the Iberian novel, generally marked by the ideas of matrix, source, influence, and dependence; b) the denial of links between the Brazilian Northeastern pamphlets and similar productions in Portugal and other countries, as well as the claim of an autonomous identity for local printed material; and c) the abandonment of the notion of origin to the detriment of others, such as cultural circularity, interbreeding, and hybridity.

Resumo Neste artigo, analisamos estudos sobre a literatura de cordel publicados entre 1990 e 2020 para compreender o que tem sido dito sobre sua origem e explicar, com base em certas regularidades, como esses dizeres têm efeito sobre a própria constituição do objeto que tomam por referente. Além do critério cronológico, consideramos, na seleção dos trabalhos, o espaço de publicação e a autoria, privilegiando textos coletivos e individuais, de pesquisadores com experiência reconhecida publicamente no estudo do cordel, e veiculados em revistas eletrônicas indexadas, repositórios/catálogos de teses e dissertações on-line e livros. Podemos afirmar que não há consenso entre os estudiosos sobre a origem do cordel brasileiro. De modo geral, é possível divisar pelo menos três tendências no discurso crítico analisado: a vinculação historicista dos folhetos nordestinos a tradições europeias, sobretudo o romanceiro ibérico, geralmente marcada pelas ideias de matriz, fonte, influência e dependência; a negação de vínculos entre os folhetos nordestinos e produções semelhantes em Portugal e outros países, além da reivindicação de uma identidade autônoma para os impressos locais; e o abandono da noção de origem e afins em detrimento de outras, como circularidade cultural, entrecruzamento e hibridismo.

Resumen En este artículo, analizamos estudios sobre la literatura de cordel publicados entre 1990 y 2020, con el fin de comprender lo que se ha dicho sobre su origen y explicar, a partir de ciertas regularidades, cómo esos dichos inciden en la constitución misma del objeto al que se refieren. Además del criterio cronológico, consideramos el espacio de publicación y la autoría a la hora de seleccionar los trabajos, privilegiando textos colectivos e individuales de investigadores con experiencia públicamente reconocida en el estudio del cordel y publicados en revistas electrónicas indexadas, repositorios/catálogos en línea de tesis y libros. Podemos decir que no hay consenso entre los estudiosos sobre el origen del cordel brasileño. De forma general, es posible identificar al menos tres tendencias en el discurso crítico analizado: a) la vinculación historicista de los panfletos nordestinos brasileños a las tradiciones europeas, sobre todo al romance ibérico, marcada generalmente por las ideas de matriz, fuente, influencia y dependencia; b) la negación de vínculos entre los panfletos nordestinos y producciones similares en Portugal y otros países, así como la reivindicación de una identidad autónoma para los impresos locales; y c) el abandono de la noción de origen y similares en favor de otras, como la circularidad cultural, el entrecruzamiento y el hibridismo.

Résumé Dans cet article, l'accent est mis sur la constitution de l'école maternelle rattachée à l'Escola Normal de Brasília (ENB) pour les pratiques engendrées par les enseignants dans les années 1970. Depuis 1966, il est possible de trouver mention de la construction de l'Escola Normal de Brasília. dans le journal Correio Braziliense, soulignant l'existence d'une garderie, d'un jardin d'enfants et d'une crèche. Ces espaces sont peu connus à travers les études qui se sont concentrées sur l'histoire de l'éducation à Brasilia depuis la constitution de la capitale en 1960. À travers la comparaison des publications scientifiques, du point de vue de l'Histoire culturelle, et des documents officiels, des informations dans les journaux, et des traces de pratiques qui apparaissent également dans les cahiers des enfants inscrits dans cette école maternelle, il est possible de signaler un dialogue entre les pratiques pédagogiques de l'école maternelle ENB et celles qui circulaient dans les manuels destinés aux enseignants du préscolaire au cours de cette période.

Abstract In this article, the focus turns to the constitution of the Kindergarten attached to the Escola Normal de Brasília (ENB) for the practices engendered by the teachers in the 1970s. Since 1966, it has been possible to find mention of the construction of the Escola Normal de Brasília in the newspaper Correio Braziliense, pointing out the existence of a daycare center, a kindergarten, and a nursery unit. Little is known about these spaces from studies that have focused on the history of education in Brasília since the capital's constitution in 1960. Through the comparison of scientific publications, from the perspective of Cultural History, official documents, news in the newspaper, and traces of practices that also appear in notebooks of children who were enrolled in this kindergarten, it is possible to point out a dialogue between teaching practices in the kindergarten of ENB and those that circulated in manuals aimed at pre-school teachers during the period.

Resumo Neste artigo o foco se volta para a constituição do Jardim de Infância anexo à Escola Normal de Brasília (ENB) para as práticas engendradas pelas professoras, na década de 1970. Desde 1966 é possível encontrar a menção da construção da Escola Normal de Brasília no jornal Correio Braziliense, apontando a existência de uma creche, um jardim de infância e uma unidade maternal. Pouco se sabe sobre esses espaços pelos estudos que se voltaram para a história da educação em Brasília desde a constituição da capital, em 1960. Por meio do cotejamento de publicações científicas, pela perspectiva da Histórica Cultural, e documentos oficiais, notícias no jornal, e vestígios de práticas que também comparecem em cadernos de crianças que estiveram matriculadas nesse jardim, é possível apontar um diálogo entre as práticas docentes no Jardim de Infância da ENB e as que circulavam em manuais voltados para professoras do pré-escolar durante o período.

Resumen En este artículo la atención se centra en la creación del Jardín de Infantes adscrito a la Escuela Normal de Brasilia (ENB) para las prácticas engendradas por los profesores en la década de 1970. Desde 1966, es posible encontrar menciones a la construcción de la Escuela Normal de Brasilia en el periódico Correio Braziliense, señalando la existencia de una guardería, un jardín de infantes y una unidad de guardería. Poco se sabe sobre estos espacios a partir de estudios que se centraron en la historia de la educación en Brasilia desde la constitución de la capital en 1960. Al comparar publicaciones científicas, desde la perspectiva de la Historia Cultural, y documentos oficiales, noticias en el periódico y rastros de prácticas que también aparecen en los cuadernos de los niños que estuvieron inscritos en este jardín, es posible señalar un diálogo entre las prácticas docentes en el Jardín de la ENB y los que circularon en manuales dirigidos a docentes de preescolar durante el período.

Abstract This article proposes to discuss aspects of an inter-institutional research project, which resulted in the production of the Dictionary of authoress (authors) of primers and reading books in Brazil (19th century), published in 2023 by Editora Cegraf UFG. We aim to problematize the use of biography in the history of education, debating the methodological paths taken in the constitution of the biographical entries recorded in this work. In socializing the paths taken to develop the Dictionary, we present data that explains the results and gaps in the research, with the aim of ensuring the dissemination of the trajectories of an extensive project, with the difficulties inherent in a production that involved eighty researchers from various regions of Brazil and Portugal.

Resumo Este artigo propõe debater aspectos de uma pesquisa interinstitucional, que resultou na produção do Dicionário de autoras(es) de cartilhas e livros de leitura no Brasil (século XIX), publicado em 2023 pela Editora Cegraf UFG. Objetivamos problematizar o uso da biografia na História da Educação, debatendo os caminhos metodológicos percorridos na constituição dos verbetes biográficos registrados nessa obra. Ao socializar os percursos para o desenvolvimento do Dicionário, apresentamos dados que explicitam os resultados e as lacunas da pesquisa, pretendendo garantir a divulgação das trajetórias de um projeto extenso, com as dificuldades próprias de uma produção que envolveu oitenta pesquisadoras(es) de várias regiões do Brasil e de Portugal.

Resumen Este artículo propone discutir aspectos de una investigación interinstitucional, que resultó en la producción del Diccionario de autor(es) de cartillas y libros de lectura en Brasil (siglo XIX), publicado en 2023 por la Editora Cegraf de la UFG. Nuestro objetivo es problematizar el uso de la biografía en la Historia de la Educación, debatiendo los caminos metodológicos seguidos en la creación de los registros biográficos registrados en este trabajo. Al socializar los caminos para la elaboración del Diccionario, presentamos datos que explican los resultados y vacíos de la investigación, pretendiendo garantizar la difusión de las trayectorias de un proyecto extenso, con las dificultades inherentes a una producción que involucró a ochenta investigadores de diversas regiones de Brasil y Portugal.

Abstract The methodological progress of Political Science in the last three decades has generated important epistemological changes, the effects of which affect the scope of consolidated theories. Among these changes, I argue that the causal assessment of the impact of institutions on political behavior faces challenges that have been disregarded when focusing on singular cases. This arises from the incompatibility of the causal structures underlying the theoretical formulation used and the case study. To highlight this situation, I consider the methodological dimension present in the emergence of the concept of coalition presidentialism. The present debate still carries an imprecise epistemological conception concerning the theoretical use that predicted the institutional impasse caused by the 1988 Constitution. This analysis proves to be relevant both because this finding is absent in part of current research, as well as for highlighting the affinity between methodological production and theoretical formulation in Political Science, and also for its effects on research designs. changes theories cases study situation presidentialism 198 Constitution designs 19 1

Résumé Les progrès méthodologiques de la science politique au cours des trois dernières décennies ont généré d’importants changements épistémologiques, dont les effets affectent la portée des théories consolidées. Parmi ces changements, je soutiens que l’évaluation causale de l’impact des institutions sur le comportement politique se heurte à des défis qui ont été négligés lorsqu’on s’est concentré sur des cas singuliers. Cela résulte de l’incompatibilité des structures causales qui sous-tendent la formulation théorique utilisée et l’étude de cas. Pour mettre en évidence cette situation, je considère la dimension méthodologique présente dans l’émergence du concept de présidentialisme de coalition. Le débat actuel porte encore une conception épistémologique imprécise quant à l’usage théorique qui prédisait l’impasse institutionnelle provoquée par la Constitution de 1988. Cette analyse s’avère pertinente à la fois parce que ce constat est absent d’une partie des recherches actuelles, mais aussi pour mettre en évidence l’affinité entre production méthodologique et formulation théorique en Science Politique, mais aussi pour ses effets sur la conception des recherches. dimportants d importants épistémologiques consolidées lévaluation l évaluation limpact impact lorsquon lorsqu on sest s singuliers lincompatibilité incompatibilité soustendent sous tendent létude étude situation lémergence émergence coalition lusage usage limpasse impasse 1988 savère avère dune actuelles laffinité affinité Politique 198 19 1

Resumo O progresso metodológico da Ciência Política nas últimas três décadas gerou importantes alterações epistemológicas, cujos efeitos afetam o alcance de teorias consolidadas. Dentre estas mudanças, argumento que a avaliação causal do impacto de instituições sobre o comportamento político enfrenta desafios que têm sido desconsiderados quando se voltam a casos singulares. Isto decorre da incompatibilidade das estruturas causais subjacentes à formulação teórica utilizada e ao estudo de caso. Para evidenciar esta situação, considero a dimensão metodológica presente no surgimento do conceito de presidencialismo de coalizão. À luz dos avanços metodológicos contemporâneos, a discussão ainda carrega uma concepção epistemológica imprecisa, notada no uso teórico que previa o impasse institucional originado pela Constituição de 1988. Esta análise mostra-se relevante tanto porque esta constatação se ausenta em parte das pesquisas atuais, quanto por ressaltar a afinidade entre a produção metodológica e a formulação teórica na Ciência Política, como também por seus efeitos sobre desenhos de pesquisa. epistemológicas consolidadas mudanças singulares caso situação coalizão contemporâneos imprecisa 1988 mostrase mostra atuais pesquisa 198 19 1

Resumen El avance metodológico de la Ciencia Política en las últimas tres décadas ha generado importantes cambios epistemológicos, cuyos efectos afectan el alcance de las teorías consolidadas. Entre estos cambios, sostengo que la evaluación causal del impacto de las instituciones en el comportamiento político enfrenta desafíos que han sido ignorados al centrarse en casos singulares. Esto surge de la incompatibilidad de las estructuras causales que subyacen a la formulación teórica utilizada y el estudio de caso. Para resaltar esta situación, considero la dimensión metodológica presente en el surgimiento del concepto de presidencialismo de coalición. El debate actual aún conlleva una concepción epistemológica imprecisa sobre el uso teórico que predijo el impasse institucional provocado por la Constitución de 1988. Este análisis resulta relevante tanto porque este hallazgo está ausente en parte de las investigaciones actuales, como por resaltar la afinidad entre producción metodológica y formulación teórica en la Ciencia Política, y también por sus efectos en el diseño de la investigación. epistemológicos consolidadas singulares caso situación coalición 1988 actuales investigación 198 19 1

RESUMO Em diversas obras do Círculo (Bakhtin, Volóchinov, Medviédev), a referência a Saussure e/ou às especificidades da Linguística, enquanto ciência da língua, pode ser encontrada em diálogo, mais ou menos polêmico, entre pensadores e tendências epistemológicas, teóricas e metodológicas que propõem diferentes abordagens para a complexidade representada pela linguagem humana e, consequentemente, para seu estudo. Neste artigo, o objetivo é circunscrever e discutir a presença da Linguística, enquanto ciência da língua instaurada por Saussure, nos escritos de Mikhail Bakhtin. Após uma introdução, o texto se organiza em três seções, que tratam (1) de uma forte presença de Saussure nos escritos do Círculo; (2) do diálogo de Bakhtin com a ciência na unidade da cultura; (3) do diálogo com a ciência linguística da escola de Genebra em “O problema do conteúdo, do material e da forma”; e, finalmente, de considerações inconclusas, mas necessárias. Destacam-se importantes momentos-chave de reflexão em textos assinados por Bakhtin, em que Saussure (ainda que não nomeado, mas designado pela ciência por ele estabelecida) merece destaque, como contraponto científico-filosófico necessário para a constituição de outra possibilidade de compreensão e estudo da linguagem: a perspectiva dialógica. Como resultado, espera-se demonstrar que, desde os anos 1920, o diálogo Bakhtin/Saussure se estabelece, para distinguir e qualificar duas formas complementares de compreensão da linguagem e do lugar da ciência na unidade da cultura. (Bakhtin Volóchinov Medviédev, Medviédev , Medviédev) eou Linguística polêmico epistemológicas consequentemente artigo introdução seções 1 (1 2 (2 cultura 3 (3 O conteúdo forma forma” finalmente inconclusas necessárias Destacamse Destacam momentoschave momentos chave ainda nomeado estabelecida destaque científicofilosófico científico filosófico dialógica resultado esperase espera 1920 BakhtinSaussure estabelece ( 192 19

ABSTRACT In several works by the Circle (Bakhtin, Vološinov, Medvedev), the reference to Saussure and/or the specificities of Linguistics, as a science of language, can be found in a dialogue, more or less controversial, between thinkers and epistemological, theoretical and methodological trends that propose different approaches to the complexity represented by human language and, consequently, to its study. In this article, the objective is to circumscribe and discuss the presence of Linguistics, as a science of language established by Saussure, in the writings of Mikhail Bakhtin. After an introduction, the text is organized into three sections, which deal with (1) Saussure’s strong presence in the Circle’s writings; (2) Bakhtin’s dialogue with science in the unity of culture; (3) the dialogue with the linguistic science of the Geneva school in “PCMF”; and, finally, of inconclusive but necessary considerations. Important key moments of reflection stand out in texts signed by Bakhtin, in which Saussure (although not named, but designated by the science he established) deserves to be highlighted, as a necessary scientific-philosophical counterpoint for the constitution of another possibility of understanding and study of language: the dialogical perspective. As a result, it is expected to demonstrate that, since the 1920s, the Bakhtin/Saussure dialogue has been established to distinguish and qualify two complementary ways of understanding language and the place of science in the unity of culture. Bakhtin (Bakhtin Vološinov Medvedev, Medvedev , Medvedev) andor Linguistics controversial epistemological consequently article introduction sections 1 (1 Saussures s Circles 2 (2 Bakhtins culture 3 (3 PCMF “PCMF” finally considerations although named highlighted scientificphilosophical scientific philosophical perspective result 1920s BakhtinSaussure ( “PCMF

It is well known that during times of social unrest, replacing the constitution is one of the first proposals to emerge, at least in Latin America, as if this constitutional shift could resolve any problem. Constitutional substitution is not a new phenomenon in Latin America; it actually began after the region’s redemocratization. However, it is striking that, despite similar conditions of social unrest, many other countries in the region have not undergone such an encompassing constitutional reform. Our main focus here is to analyze the persistence of constitutions in Latin American countries. We thus ask: What conditions lead democratic countries to keep their constitutions? Using a configurational approach, our preliminary results are promising. Together, four pathways explain why some countries have not replaced their constitutions in democratic contexts, with special emphasis on the number of rights enshrined in these fundamental laws. unrest emerge America problem regions s redemocratization However reform ask approach promising Together contexts laws

Resumo O presente artigo é decorrente de uma pesquisa de mestrado em educação realizada na Universidade Federal Fluminense. Tem como objetivo investigar a relação entre o brincar e o conhecer e suas implicações para o processo de constituição do sujeito, entendendo-os como processos imbricados: a primeira forma de conhecer se dá através do brincar, que por sua vez cria as bases para a aprendizagem formal que virá na escola. Nesse sentido, questiona em que medida a falta ou a presença do espaço do brincar, entendido como espaço favorecedor do desenvolvimento da capacidade simbólica na criança, interfere na relação do sujeito com o conhecer. A partir do referencial teórico da psicanálise e da Psicopedagogia, apresenta alguns pressupostos teóricos sobre o brincar, os quais revelam a importância da atividade lúdica na infância. Parte-se das contribuições freudianas a respeito do fort-da, articulando-as com a perspectiva de Mannoni, até chegar às ideias de Winnicott a respeito dos fenômenos transicionais. Em seguida, apresenta o referencial teórico da Psicopedagogia adotado e um caso clínico em que é possível observar as elaborações de uma criança pela via do brincar sobre alguns impasses no aprender. Os achados da pesquisa reforçam a importância do diálogo das ciências da educação com a psicanálise e a Psicopedagogia para a compreensão do sujeito em seu processo de aprendizagem.

Summary This article is the result of a master’s research in education carried out at Universidade Federal Fluminense. It aims to investigate the relationship between the playing and the knowledge building, as well as its implications for the process of constitution of the subject, understanding them as nested processes: the first way of knowing is through playing, which in turn creates the basis for formal learning that will come at school. In this sense, he questions to what extent the lack or the presence of the playing space, which allows the development of the symbolic capacity in the child, can interfere in the relationship of the subject to the knowledge. Based on the theoretical framework of psychoanalysis and Psychopedagogy, it presents some theoretical assumptions about playing, which reveal the importance of ludic activity in childhood. It starts with the Freudian contributions regarding the fort-da, articulating them with Mannoni’s perspective, until arriving at Winnicott’s ideas about transitional phenomena. Then, it presents the adopted theoretical framework of Psychopedagogy and a clinical case in which it is possible to observe a child’s elaborations through play about some impasses in learning. The research findings reinforce the importance of the dialogue between educational sciences and psychoanalysis and Psychopedagogy for the understanding of the subject in his learning process.

Die artikel fokus op ooreenkomste tussen verwante tale, onder andere Bildts en Afrikaans. Hierdie twee tale het 'n gemeenskaplike oorsprong en toon ooreenkomste op bepaalde terminologiese gebiede, veral die landbou. Die terminologies van hierdie tale en ander soortgelyke tale, soos Nederduits, Fries en Nederlands, kom onder die loep. Bepaalde ooreenkomste tussen Bildts, Afrikaans en die Suid-Afrikaanse amptelike Sintutale word ook bespreek. Dit is interessant dat verwante tale terme deur die prosesse van transliterasie en ontlening kan deel, hoewel die kontinente waarop hulle gebruik word, van mekaar verwyder is. 'n Taal, dialek of 'n taalvariëteit staan 'n beter kans om deur leksikografiese prosesse en terminologieskepping te ontwikkel (en te oorleef) as daardie taal of taalvariëteit gestandaardi-seer is en as sodanig erken word. Dit is dus van die uiterste belang om die woordvormingsbeginsels en skryf- en spelreëls van tale of taalvariëteite vas te lê. Hierdie proses, sowel as die opteken van die skriftelike vorm van 'n taal of taalvariëteit lei tot die ontwikkeling van leksikografiese en terminografiese produkte in daardie taal of taalvariëteit.

This article focuses on similarities between isolated but related language varieties, especially Bildts and Afrikaans, both of which developed spontaneously and managed to survive. They share a similar lexical heritage and show similarities in certain terminological areas, especially in agriculture. The terminologies of these and similar language varieties, such as Low German, Friesian and Dutch, will receive attention. Historically, these language varieties were mutually comprehensible. The different language families and their genealogical relationships are discussed in this article, with special emphasis on Low German, Friesian, Bildts and Afrikaans. In the case of Afrikaans, the development of Afrikaans from Cape Dutch to Standard Afrikaans is discussed in broad terms. All of these language varieties were initially only spoken languages that were eventually reduced to writing, which required that their word-formation principles and spelling and orthographic rules be recorded. This process, as well as the documentation of the written form of languages or language varieties, lead to the development of lexicographical and terminographical products. Certain similarities between Bildts, Afrikaans and the official African languages (i.e. the Sintu languages) of South Africa are also discussed. It is interesting to note that related languages can share terms even though they are used on different continents. In addition, it is noteworthy that non-related languages used on the same continent or on different continents can share terms, for instance through the processes of transliteration and borrowing. A language, dialect or language variety has a better chance of developing (and surviving) if it is standardised and the standard form is recognised and accepted, because the standard variety facilitates word and term creation. Language development stimulates the practice of lexicography and terminography. The attitude of language users, establishments dedicated to the promotion of the language concerned and governments also determines whether a language will develop and be used and standardised. In Friesland, the Fryske Akademy and in Het Bildt, the Bildtse Akademie, or Stichting Ons Bildt, are concerned with the furtherance ofthe languages for which they were founded, namely Friesian and Bildts, respectively. These bodies regulate the spelling and orthographic rules and dictionary compilation in their respective languages. In South Africa, the former dispensation of two official languages favoured the development of Afrikaans. Numerous general and technical bilingual dictionaries were compiled between 1925 and 1995. The Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal ("Dictionary of the Afrikaans Language") is a comprehensive monolingual Afrikaans dictionary - an ongoing project since 1925. The current multilingual dispensation was introduced by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993, section 3(9) ofwhich providedfor, among other things, the equal treatment of the eleven South African languages recognised as official languages. This was incorporated in the Constitution, 1996, as well. In 2023, South African Sign Language was included in section 6(1) of the Constitution, 1996, as an official language. Eleven National Lexicography Units were established to develop monolingual dictionaries for each of the official languages. The National Lexicography Unit for South African Sign Language is in the process of being established. South African terminology practice is coordinated by the Terminology Coordination Section, a directorate within the National Language Service of the Department of Sport, Arts and Culture. A national term bank serves as a national repository for the dissemination of multilingual polythematic terminology in South Africa. Several institutions develop terminology in their respective fields, but these activities are not properly coordinated, which leads to duplication of projects and results in a proliferation of terms for the same concept in the same subject field and/or language. In order to survive, a language should be developed and used and should enable communication in all spheres of human activity. If a language loses its ability so to function, its value diminishes and its linguistic community moves to another, more suitable language. The users of Afrikaans (and the other official South African languages) could learn much from the small number of users of the Bildts language as far as language maintenance and determination is concerned.

Resumen El impacto de los cambios en el mundo del trabajo sobre la constitución de la identidad y las carreras de los trabajadores no es uniforme, a pesar de su alcance e intensidad, como demuestran estudios recientes sobre el tema. Así, el objetivo fue comprender específicamente el proceso de construcción de las identidades de trabajo de los trabajadores del área de tecnologías de la información (TI), por estar asociada a nuevos modelos de carrera. Este es un estudio de casos múltiplos, realizado a través de entrevistas con ocho trabajadores de TI, con la información sometida al análisis narrativo. Los resultados mostraron que la forma narrativa de la identidad y el discurso de posibilidad de carrera se destacan en los relatos de los participantes y, en algunos casos, sus narrativas están ancladas en discursos asociados a la empleabilidad, la movilidad, la precariedad del trabajo y la incertidumbre con relación al futuro. Se concluye, por tanto, que la identidad laboral de los investigados está formada por aspectos de identidad organizacional, profesional y vocacional, siendo esta última la más destacada, lo que parece indicar una tendencia de los procesos de carrera en el contexto del trabajo contemporáneo.

Resumo O impacto das mudanças ocorridas no mundo do trabalho sobre a constituição identitária e as carreiras dos trabalhadores não é uniforme, apesar de sua abrangência e intensidade, conforme evidenciam estudos recentes sobre o tema. Assim, objetivou-se compreender especificamente o processo de construção das identidades de trabalho de trabalhadores da área da tecnologia da informação (TI) por se associarem aos novos modelos de carreira. Trata-se de um estudo de casos múltiplos, realizado por meio de entrevistas com oito trabalhadores de TI, sendo as informações submetidas à análise narrativa. Os resultados evidenciaram que a forma identitária narrativa e o discurso de carreira possibilidade destacam-se nos relatos dos participantes, sendo que, em alguns casos, suas narrativas se encontram ancoradas em discursos associados à empregabilidade, mobilidade, precarização do trabalho e incerteza em relação ao futuro. Conclui-se, assim, que a identidade de trabalho dos investigados é formada por aspectos da identidade organizacional, profissional e vocacional, sendo essa última a mais saliente, o que parece indicar uma tendência dos processos de carreira no contexto do trabalho contemporâneo.

Abstract The impact of changes in the world of work on the identity constitution and careers of workers is not uniform, despite its scope and intensity, as evidenced by recent studies on the subject. Thus, the objective was to specifically understand the process of construction of work identities of workers in the information technology (IT) area, as they are associated with new career models. This is a multiple case study, carried out through interviews with eight IT workers, with the information submitted to narrative analysis. The results showed that the narrative identity form and the career possibility discourse stand out in the participants' reports, and, in some cases, their narratives are anchored in discourses associated with employability, mobility, precariousness of work and uncertainty in relation to the future. It is concluded, therefore, that the work identity of those investigated is formed by aspects of organizational, professional and vocational identity, the latter being the most salient, which seems to indicate a trend of career processes in the context of contemporary work.

Resumen El presente artículo es parte de una disertación de maestría que tuvo por objetivo comprender los posibles desdoblamientos narcisistas en el sujeto con enfermedad crónica y en cuidados paliativos. En este recorte, vinculamos el concepto de narcisismo, desde la perspectiva freudiana, al proceso de muerte y morir, principalmente en lo que se refiere a la potencia del encuentro con el otro. Teniendo en vista que en la construcción del pensamiento psicoanalítico teoría y práctica se entrecruzan con frecuencia, y que es este "cruzamiento" el que permite avanzar metapsicológicamente, se utilizaron los relatos clínicos registrados por la primera autora, sobre su experiencia con pacientes terminales, en el contexto de los cuidados paliativos. Y, para darle vida y sutileza al tema, también utilizamos en esta construcción la literatura y la poesia. El análisis de ese material permitió visualizar similitudes existentes entre los procesos de constitución narcisista del bebé y el de reorganización narcisista del que muere, enfatizando el papel fundamental del otro en el proceso de morir. En la terminalidad, ese otro puede desempeñar el papel de cuidado, amparo y nombramiento de ese nuevo cuerpo que se presenta, ayudando al paciente en la construcción de nuevos sentidos para las experiencias vividas y también para pensar la trayectoria hacia la muerte.

Resumo O presente artigo é parte de uma dissertação de mestrado que teve por objetivo compreender os possíveis desdobramentos narcísicos no sujeito com adoecimento crônico e em cuidados paliativos. Neste recorte, enlaçamos o conceito de narcisismo, a partir da perspectiva freudiana, ao processo de morte e morrer, principalmente no que diz respeito à potência do encontro com o outro. Tendo em vista que, na construção do pensamento psicanalítico, teoria e prática se intercruzam com frequência, e que é este “cruzamento” que permite avançar metapsicologicamente, valemos-nos dos relatos clínicos registrados pela primeira autora da sua experiência com pacientes em processo de terminalidade, no contexto dos cuidados paliativos. Para dar vida e sutileza à temática, também utilizamos a literatura e a poesia nessa construção. A análise desse material permitiu visualizar similaridades existentes entre os processos de constituição narcísica do bebê e o de reorganização narcísica daquele que morre, enfatizando o papel fundamental do outro no processo de morrer. Na terminalidade, esse outro pode desempenhar o papel de cuidado, amparo e nomeação desse novo corpo que se apresenta, ajudando o paciente na construção de novos sentidos para as experiências vividas e também para elaborar a trajetória para a morte.

Abstract This article is part of a master’s thesis that aimed to understand the possible narcissistic consequences of the subject with chronic illness and in palliative care. In this excerpt, we link the concept of narcissism, from the Freudian perspective, to the process of death and dying, especially regarding the power of the encounter with the other. Considering that in the construction of psychoanalytic thought, theory and practice frequently intersect, and that it is this “intersection” that allows metapsychological progress, the clinical recorded by the first author about her experience with patients in the process of terminality, in the context of palliative care. And, to give life and subtlety to the theme, we also use literature and poetry in this construction. The analysis of this material made it possible to visualize existing similarities between the baby's narcissistic constitution processes and the narcissistic reorganization of the one who dies, emphasizing the fundamental role of the other in the dying process. In terminality, this other can play the role of care, support and appointment of this new body that is presented, helping the patient to build new meanings for the lived experiences and also to think about the path to death.