Abstract This article intends to propose a methodology to characterize the Financial (In)Sustainability of Brazilian municipalities − materialized through the Municipal Financial Sustainability Index (ISFM) − as opposed to the methodology suggested by the Proposed Amendment to the Constitution (PEC) No. 188, whose agenda is to incorporate small municipalities considered unsustainable. Regarding the methods, we used quantitative, applied, descriptive and explanatory research, of the bibliographical and documentary type, in addition to descriptive statistics and correlation/linear regression. The results demonstrate that the ISFM is more robust compared to the methodology proposed by the PEC. The Index was applied to 5,570 Brazilian municipalities and the national average resulted in 56%. Most Brazilian municipalities classified themselves as “Sustainable” and the statistical analysis significantly demonstrated the existence of a positive correlation between the variables ISFM and Local Development. The contributions of the work turn to the production of research on the subject, still incipient nationally. InSustainability In (ISFM PEC (PEC No 188 unsustainable methods quantitative type correlationlinear linear regression 5570 5 570 5,57 56 56% Sustainable “Sustainable Development subject nationally 18 557 57 5,5 1 55 5,

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es proponer una metodología para caracterizar la (In)Sostenibilidad Financiera de los municipios brasileños - materializada a través del Índice de Sostenibilidad Financiera Municipal (ISFM) - en contraposición a la metodología sugerida por la Propuesta de Enmienda a la Constitución (PEC) no 188, que tiene como agenda la incorporación de pequeños municipios considerados insostenibles. Los métodos utilizados fueron cuantitativos, aplicados, descriptivos y explicativos, bibliográficos y documentales, así como la estadística descriptiva y la correlación/regresión lineal. Los resultados muestran que el ISFM es más robusto que la metodología propuesta por el PEC. El Índice se aplicó a 5.570 municipios brasileños y la media nacional fue del 56%. La mayoría de los municipios brasileños fueron clasificados como “Sostenibles” y los análisis estadísticos mostraron una correlación positiva significativa entre las variables ISFM y Desarrollo Local. Las aportaciones de este trabajo se dirigen a la producción de investigaciones sobre el tema, aún incipiente a nivel nacional. InSostenibilidad In (ISFM PEC (PEC 188 insostenibles cuantitativos aplicados explicativos documentales correlaciónregresión regresión lineal 5570 5 570 5.57 56 56% Sostenibles “Sostenibles Local tema 18 557 57 5.5 1 55 5.

Résumé Le but de cet article est de proposer une méthodologie pour caractériser la (In)Durabilité Financière des municipalités brésiliennes - concrétisée par le biais de l’Indice de Durabilité Financière Municipale (ISFM) - en opposition à la méthodologie suggérée par la Proposition d’Amendement Constitutionnel (PEC) n° 188, qui vise à incorporer les petites municipalités considérées comme insoutenables. Les méthodes utilisées comprennent la recherche quantitative, appliquée, descriptive et explicative, de type bibliographique et documentaire, ainsi que la statistique descriptive et la corrélation/régression linéaire. Les résultats montrent que l’ISFM est plus robuste que la méthodologie proposée par la PEC. L’indice a été appliqué aux 5 570 municipalités brésiliennes et la moyenne nationale s’est élevée à 56%. La plupart des municipalités brésiliennes ont été classées comme “Durables” et les analyses statistiques ont démontré de manière significative l’existence d’une corrélation positive entre les variables ISFM et Développement Local. Les contributions de ce travail se concentrent sur la production de recherches sur le sujet, encore peu développé au niveau national. InDurabilité In lIndice l Indice (ISFM dAmendement d Amendement PEC (PEC n 188 insoutenables quantitative appliquée explicative documentaire corrélationrégression régression linéaire lISFM Lindice L indice 57 sest s 56 56% Durables “Durables lexistence existence dune Local sujet national 18 1

Resumo O propósito do presente artigo é propor uma metodologia para caracterização da (In)Sustentabilidade Financeira de municípios brasileiros − materializada por meio do Índice de Sustentabilidade Financeira Municipal (ISFM) − em contraponto à metodologia sugerida pela Proposta de Emenda à Constituição (PEC) no 188, que traz como pauta a incorporação de pequenos municípios considerados insustentáveis. Como métodos utilizou-se pesquisa quantitativa, aplicada, descritiva e explicativa, do tipo bibliográfica e documental, além de estatística descritiva e correlação/regressão linear. Os resultados demonstram que o ISFM possui maior robustez comparado à metodologia proposta pela PEC. O Índice foi aplicado aos 5.570 municípios brasileiros e a média nacional resultou em 56%. A maior parcela dos municípios brasileiros se classificou como “Sustentável” e as análises estatísticas demonstraram, significativamente, a existência de correlação positiva entre as variáveis ISFM e Desenvolvimento Local. As contribuições do trabalho se voltam para a produção de pesquisa sobre a temática, ainda incipiente nacionalmente. InSustentabilidade In (ISFM PEC (PEC 188 insustentáveis utilizouse utilizou quantitativa aplicada explicativa documental correlaçãoregressão regressão linear 5570 5 570 5.57 56 56% Sustentável “Sustentável demonstraram significativamente Local temática nacionalmente 18 557 57 5.5 1 55 5.

It is well known that during times of social unrest, replacing the constitution is one of the first proposals to emerge, at least in Latin America, as if this constitutional shift could resolve any problem. Constitutional substitution is not a new phenomenon in Latin America; it actually began after the region’s redemocratization. However, it is striking that, despite similar conditions of social unrest, many other countries in the region have not undergone such an encompassing constitutional reform. Our main focus here is to analyze the persistence of constitutions in Latin American countries. We thus ask: What conditions lead democratic countries to keep their constitutions? Using a configurational approach, our preliminary results are promising. Together, four pathways explain why some countries have not replaced their constitutions in democratic contexts, with special emphasis on the number of rights enshrined in these fundamental laws. unrest emerge America problem regions s redemocratization However reform ask approach promising Together contexts laws

Résumé Les progrès méthodologiques de la science politique au cours des trois dernières décennies ont généré d’importants changements épistémologiques, dont les effets affectent la portée des théories consolidées. Parmi ces changements, je soutiens que l’évaluation causale de l’impact des institutions sur le comportement politique se heurte à des défis qui ont été négligés lorsqu’on s’est concentré sur des cas singuliers. Cela résulte de l’incompatibilité des structures causales qui sous-tendent la formulation théorique utilisée et l’étude de cas. Pour mettre en évidence cette situation, je considère la dimension méthodologique présente dans l’émergence du concept de présidentialisme de coalition. Le débat actuel porte encore une conception épistémologique imprécise quant à l’usage théorique qui prédisait l’impasse institutionnelle provoquée par la Constitution de 1988. Cette analyse s’avère pertinente à la fois parce que ce constat est absent d’une partie des recherches actuelles, mais aussi pour mettre en évidence l’affinité entre production méthodologique et formulation théorique en Science Politique, mais aussi pour ses effets sur la conception des recherches. dimportants d importants épistémologiques consolidées lévaluation l évaluation limpact impact lorsquon lorsqu on sest s singuliers lincompatibilité incompatibilité soustendent sous tendent létude étude situation lémergence émergence coalition lusage usage limpasse impasse 1988 savère avère dune actuelles laffinité affinité Politique 198 19 1

Resumo O progresso metodológico da Ciência Política nas últimas três décadas gerou importantes alterações epistemológicas, cujos efeitos afetam o alcance de teorias consolidadas. Dentre estas mudanças, argumento que a avaliação causal do impacto de instituições sobre o comportamento político enfrenta desafios que têm sido desconsiderados quando se voltam a casos singulares. Isto decorre da incompatibilidade das estruturas causais subjacentes à formulação teórica utilizada e ao estudo de caso. Para evidenciar esta situação, considero a dimensão metodológica presente no surgimento do conceito de presidencialismo de coalizão. À luz dos avanços metodológicos contemporâneos, a discussão ainda carrega uma concepção epistemológica imprecisa, notada no uso teórico que previa o impasse institucional originado pela Constituição de 1988. Esta análise mostra-se relevante tanto porque esta constatação se ausenta em parte das pesquisas atuais, quanto por ressaltar a afinidade entre a produção metodológica e a formulação teórica na Ciência Política, como também por seus efeitos sobre desenhos de pesquisa. epistemológicas consolidadas mudanças singulares caso situação coalizão contemporâneos imprecisa 1988 mostrase mostra atuais pesquisa 198 19 1

Resumen El avance metodológico de la Ciencia Política en las últimas tres décadas ha generado importantes cambios epistemológicos, cuyos efectos afectan el alcance de las teorías consolidadas. Entre estos cambios, sostengo que la evaluación causal del impacto de las instituciones en el comportamiento político enfrenta desafíos que han sido ignorados al centrarse en casos singulares. Esto surge de la incompatibilidad de las estructuras causales que subyacen a la formulación teórica utilizada y el estudio de caso. Para resaltar esta situación, considero la dimensión metodológica presente en el surgimiento del concepto de presidencialismo de coalición. El debate actual aún conlleva una concepción epistemológica imprecisa sobre el uso teórico que predijo el impasse institucional provocado por la Constitución de 1988. Este análisis resulta relevante tanto porque este hallazgo está ausente en parte de las investigaciones actuales, como por resaltar la afinidad entre producción metodológica y formulación teórica en la Ciencia Política, y también por sus efectos en el diseño de la investigación. epistemológicos consolidadas singulares caso situación coalición 1988 actuales investigación 198 19 1

Abstract The methodological progress of Political Science in the last three decades has generated important epistemological changes, the effects of which affect the scope of consolidated theories. Among these changes, I argue that the causal assessment of the impact of institutions on political behavior faces challenges that have been disregarded when focusing on singular cases. This arises from the incompatibility of the causal structures underlying the theoretical formulation used and the case study. To highlight this situation, I consider the methodological dimension present in the emergence of the concept of coalition presidentialism. The present debate still carries an imprecise epistemological conception concerning the theoretical use that predicted the institutional impasse caused by the 1988 Constitution. This analysis proves to be relevant both because this finding is absent in part of current research, as well as for highlighting the affinity between methodological production and theoretical formulation in Political Science, and also for its effects on research designs. changes theories cases study situation presidentialism 198 Constitution designs 19 1

Resumen Este aporte identifica las dinámicas socioambientales que las políticas de desarrollo han generado sobre los manglares comunitarios en tres momentos clave de la historia mexicana: la Constitución de 1917, la industrialización de la década de 1950 y las reformas neoliberales de 1985. Mediante ocho estudios de caso y 180 entrevistas semiestructuradas, se elaboró un insumo conceptual de tres escenarios (manglares comunitarios, turistificados y conservados) y quince categorías que sintetizan estas dinámicas. Los manglares atraviesan una crisis histórica que provocarían las políticas de desarrollo que no atienden si no que debilitarían a las instituciones locales y empobrecerían a los habitantes de las localidades. Los autores ofrecen recomendaciones para que la gestión del gobierno federal sea más efectiva a nivel ambiental y territorial.

Abstract This contribution identifies the socio-environmental dynamics that development policies have generated on community mangroves in three key moments of Mexican history: the 1917 Constitution, the industrialization of the 1950s, and the 1985 neoliberal reforms. Through eight case studies and 180 semi-structured interviews, a conceptual input shapes three scenarios (community, touristified and conserved mangroves) and fifteen categories that synthesize these dynamics. Mangroves are going through a continuous crisis that is arguably provoked by development policies that neglect local institutions and impoverish local inhabitants. This article offers alternatives that the federal government could take into consideration to manage these areas more effectively at the environmental and territorial levels.

ABSTRACT: This article examines the film Terra em Transe (Glauber Rocha, 1967), framed in the Brazilian “Cinema Novo” movement. The analysis revolves around the constitution of a cinematographic poetics linked to a Marxist aesthetic. The principle of movie montage is the essential component of his cinematographic poetics. The Marxist aesthetic falls on what Alberto Híjar Serrano called rough communism, and some techniques of the Brechtian theory of distancing can also be appreciated. These elements constitute the cinematographic formula that is configured in a kind of critique of capitalist development, that industrializing meta-narrative that became hegemonic from the second half of the twentieth century.

RESUMEN: En este artículo se examina la película Terra em Transe (Glauber Rocha, 1967), enmarcada en la corriente del “Cinema Novo” brasileño. El análisis gira en torno a la constitución de una poética cinematográfica vinculada a una estética marxista. El principio del montaje es el componente esencial de su poética cinematográfica. La estética de corte marxista recae en lo que Alberto Híjar Serrano denominó comunismo tosco, e igualmente se aprecian algunas técnicas de la teoría del distanciamiento brechtiana. Estos elementos constituyen la formula cinematográfica que se configura en una suerte de crítica al desarrollo capitalista, aquel metarrelato industrializador que se hizo hegemónico a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX.

RESUMO Nossa intenção neste artigo é pensar uma proposta didática que entrelace teorias como decolonidade (Mignolo, 2003, 2007; Quijano, 2005; Walsh, 2009, 2013, 2020), estudos do letramento (Street, 2003, 2014; Kleiman, 1995, 2006; Soares, 2003; Rojo, 2009), criticidade (Aguiar, 2022; Freire, 1997, 2006; Carbonieri, 2016) e interculturalidade crítica (Walsh, 2007, 2009, 2010), chegando à constituição do conceito de Letramento Cartográfico Digital Crítico. A ideia é que, por meio de uma pedagogia decolonial, esses conceitos entrem em convergência e, de forma orgânica, a síntese construída a partir do diálogo dessas teorias possa oportunizar outras possibilidades de estar, ser, sentir, existir, fazer, pensar, olhar, escutar e saber (Walsh, 2013) na escola através da produção de mapas virtuais, interativos e decoloniais. Mignolo, Mignolo (Mignolo 2003 2007 Quijano 2005 Walsh 2009 2013 2020, 2020 , 2020) Street, Street (Street 2014 Kleiman 1995 2006 Soares Rojo 2009) Aguiar, Aguiar (Aguiar 2022 Freire 1997 Carbonieri 2016 (Walsh 2010, 2010 2010) Crítico decolonial orgânica estar ser sentir existir fazer olhar virtuais decoloniais 200 201 202 199 20 19 2 1

ABSTRACT Our intention in this article is to think of a didactic proposal that intertwines theories such as decolonity (Mignolo, 2003, 2007; Quijano, 2005; Walsh, 2009, 2013, 2020), literacy studies (Street, 2003, 2014; Kleiman, 1995, 2006; Soares, 2003; Rojo, 2009), criticality (Aguiar, 2022; Freire, 1997, 2006; Carbonieri, 2016) and critical interculturality (Walsh, 2007, 2009, 2010), arriving at the constitution of the concept of Critical Digital Cartographic Literacy . The idea is that, through a decolonial pedagogy, these concepts converge and, in an organic way, the synthesis built from the dialogue of these theories can provide other possibilities of being, being, feeling, existing, doing, thinking, looking, listening and knowing (Walsh, 2013) at school through the production of virtual, interactive and decolonial maps. Mignolo, Mignolo (Mignolo 2003 2007 Quijano 2005 Walsh 2009 2013 2020, 2020 , 2020) Street, Street (Street 2014 Kleiman 1995 2006 Soares Rojo 2009) Aguiar, Aguiar (Aguiar 2022 Freire 1997 Carbonieri 2016 (Walsh 2010, 2010 2010) pedagogy way being feeling existing doing thinking looking virtual maps 200 201 202 199 20 19 2 1

SUMMARY: Morphological dimensions are reliable representations of the functioning, growth, and development of the skeletal- muscular system, defining a significant role in the sport of volleyball. In volleyball, it is imperative to identify the anthropometric constitution generated by endogenous and exogenous factors. The aim of the study was to determine the differences in morphological characteristics between junior and senior members of the BIH national team. The sample of respondents included 29 male volleyball players from the national team of BIH, divided into a subsample of seniors (n=13; Body Height = 194.77 ± 7.01 cm; Body weight = 92.92 ± 7.02 kg) and a subsample of juniors (n=16, Body Height = 197.06±4.65cm; Body weight = 83.19±5.15 kg). Thirteen (13) variables of anthropometric space were measured. Anthropometric measurements were conducted following the ISAK standard procedure guidelines. The standard metric instruments were applied: Stadiometer (SECA 213, Germany) - used for measuring body height; Body mass was measured by a digital scale (Tefal/0-160kg); Circumference measurements were measured with a foldable non-elastic tape measure and a Gullick Tape (Baseline Measurement Tape/300cm) and a Calliper measured skin folds. The T-test results revealed statistically significant differences (approximately 54%) between the senior and junior players in various anthropometric measurements, including weight (T=4.307, p<0.001), leg length (T= - 4.251, p<0.001), hand length (T=2.661, p<0.015), upper arm circumference (T= 4.514, p<0.001), forearm circumference (T=5.275, p<0.001), upper arm skinfold (T= 5.741, p<0.001), and abdominal skinfold (T= 3.098, p<0.009). The male volleyball national team of VIH's senior players displayed superior anthropometric attributes compared to their junior counterparts. Identifying discrepancies at an early stage can optimize both the training regimen and the process of selecting players at a young age.

RESUMEN: Las dimensiones morfológicas son representaciones confiables del funcionamiento, crecimiento y desarrollo del sistema músculo-esquelético, definiendo un papel importante en el deporte del voleibol. En el voleibol es imperativo identificar la constitución antropométrica generada por factores endógenos y exógenos. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar las diferencias en las características morfológicas entre los miembros junior y senior del equipo nacional de BIH. La muestra de encuestados incluyó 29 jugadores de sexo masculino de voleibol del equipo nacional de BIH, divididos en una submuestra de mayores (n=13; altura corporal = 194,77 ± 7,01 cm; peso corporal = 92,92 ± 7,02 kg) y una submuestra de juveniles (n =16, Altura corporal = 197,06±4,65 cm; Peso corporal = 83,19±5,15 kg). Se midieron trece (13) variables del espacio antropométrico. Las mediciones antropométricas se realizaron siguiendo las pautas de procedimiento estándar de ISAK. Se aplicaron los instrumentos métricos estándar: estadiómetro (SECA 213, Alemania), utilizado para medir la altura corporal; La masa corporal se midió con una báscula digital (Tefal/ 0-160 kg); Las mediciones de la circunferencia se midieron con una cinta métrica plegable no elástica y una cinta Gullick (cinta métrica de referencia/300 cm) y un calibrador midió los pliegues de la piel. Los resultados de la prueba T revelaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (aproximadamente 54 %) entre los jugadores senior y junior en varias medidas antropométricas, incluido el peso (T=4,307, p<0,001), la longitud de las piernas (T= -4,251, p<0,001), longitud de la mano (T=2,661, p<0,015), circunferencia del brazo (T= 4,514, p<0,001), circunferencia del antebrazo (T=5,275, p<0,001), pliegue cutáneo del brazo (T= 5,741, p<0,001), y pliegue cutáneo abdominal (T= 3,098, p<0,009). Los jugadores senior del equipo nacional masculino de voleibol de VIH mostraron atributos antropométricos superiores en comparación con sus homólogos juveniles. Identificar discrepancias en una etapa temprana puede optimizar tanto el régimen de entrenamiento como el proceso de selección de jugadores a una edad temprana.

Abstract The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 recognized the original right to exclusive use over traditionally occupied lands to indigenous peoples. The fulfillment of this promise depends on the capacity of state organizations to evict invaders from indigenous recognized territory, by means of a legal-administrative instrument dubbed deintrusion. In recent years, alliances between politicians, landowners and religious leaderships have updated traditional mechanisms for land grabbing, by creating funding networks for the settlement of impoverished non-indigenous groups inside indigenous lands. Drawing on documental sources and semi-structured interviews, this text examines the institutional architecture of deintrusion, its legal contours, and its factual limitations. It also inquires about the ways through which exchangeable flows of faith, money and votes intertwine in the birth of local communities forged to challenge indigenous constitutional land rights. To that aim, it delves into the emergence of the occupations Promised Land and Rebirth Village inside the indigenous lands Ituna-Itatá and Apyterewa. Further, the text argues that the strategies of redress employed in the post-1988 period by indigenous peoples and state organizations in order to remove intruders from protected territories and restrain processes of land commodification can be interpreted as expressions of a militant-formalist attitude towards the Constitution. 198 territory legaladministrative administrative deintrusion years politicians grabbing nonindigenous non semistructured semi structured interviews contours limitations faith rights aim ItunaItatá Ituna Itatá Apyterewa Further post1988 post post-198 militantformalist militant formalist 19 post198 post-19 1 post19 post-1 post1 post-

Resumo A Constituição Brasileira de 1988 reconheceu aos povos indígenas o direito originário ao usufruto exclusivo de terras tradicionalmente ocupadas. O cumprimento de tal promessa depende da capacidade de órgãos estatais de remover invasores de territórios indígenas por meio da técnica jurídico-administrativa da desintrusão. Nos últimos anos, alianças entre políticos, fazendeiros e lideranças religiosas atualizaram antigos mecanismos de grilagem, operando a partir de redes de financiamento que instrumentalizam a ocupação de terras indígenas por grupos não-indígenas marginalizados. Amparado em fontes documentais e entrevistas semiestruturadas, o artigo examina a arquitetura institucional da desintrusão, seus contornos jurídicos e suas limitações factuais. Ele também descreve as formas pelas quais fluxos intercambiáveis de fé, dinheiro e votos se entrelaçam no nascimento de “comunidades locais” forjadas com o propósito de contestar direitos constitucionais territoriais indígenas. Para tanto, foca-se no surgimento das ocupações “Terra Prometida” e “Vila Renascer” dentro das terras indígenas Ituna-Itatá e Apyterewa. O texto argumenta que as estratégias de remediação empregadas no pós-1988 por povos indígenas e órgãos estatais para remover invasores de territórios protegidos e restringir processos de comodificação da terra podem ser interpretados como expressões de uma atitude militante-formalista diante da Constituição. 198 ocupadas jurídicoadministrativa jurídico administrativa desintrusão anos políticos grilagem nãoindígenas não marginalizados semiestruturadas factuais fé comunidades locais tanto focase foca Terra Prometida Vila Renascer ItunaItatá Ituna Itatá Apyterewa pós1988 pós pós-198 militanteformalista militante formalista 19 pós198 pós-19 1 pós19 pós-1 pós1 pós-

Abstract The article aims to reconstruct the growth of Law Schools from the national perspective in two periods of higher education expansion in Brazil. In the first period, from 1964 to 1980, the paper emphasizes the role of private institutions in the expansion and the dominant conception of undergraduate studies as being vocational. In the second period, from 1996 to 2019, it thematizes the legislation created after the 1988 Constitution, which includes the changing conception of university education, and the processes of commodification and financialization of higher education. Lastly, the paper deals with full and partial distance learning in undergraduate degrees and discusses the role of the Brazilian Bar Association in face of the expansion of the Law Schools. The article contributes to the comprehension of a phenomenon that is frequently mentioned by the literature but has not yet been analyzed from empirical data. Grounded on the changes of legislation and policy, and on the data from the Statistical Yearbook of Brazil and Higher Education Census, the paper shows that the growth of Law Schools followed the expansion of higher education in Brazil in both periods and that the area’s main particularity is that the Ministry of Education did not authorize the creation of schools with full distance learning for undergraduate Law degrees in the period. period 196 1980 vocational 199 2019 198 Constitution Lastly policy Census areas area s 19 201 1 20 2

Resumo O artigo tem como objetivo reconstruir o crescimento dos cursos de Direito a partir do cenário nacional em dois momentos de expansão da educação superior no Brasil. No primeiro, de 1964 a 1980, é enfatizado o papel das instituições privadas na expansão e a concepção dominante da graduação como profissionalizante. No segundo, de 1996 a 2019, são tematizados a legislação criada a partir da Constituição de 1988, incluída a mudança de concepção sobre o papel da formação universitária, e os processos de mercantilização e de financeirização da educação superior. Por fim, o texto trata do ensino a distância e da sua entrada nos cursos presenciais e discute o papel da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil frente à expansão dos cursos de Direito. O trabalho contribui para a compreensão de um fenômeno bastante mencionado na literatura, porém ainda não analisado a partir de dados empíricos. Fundamentado pelas mudanças de legislação e de política pública e pelos dados do Anuário Estatísticos do Brasil e do Censo da Educação Superior, o texto mostra que os cursos de Direito acompanharam a expansão da educação superior no Brasil em ambos os períodos e que a principal particularidade do curso está em o MEC não ter autorizado abertura de cursos da área na modalidade a distância no período. primeiro 196 1980 profissionalizante segundo 199 2019 1988 universitária fim literatura empíricos Superior período 19 198 201 1 20 2

Abstract: This article reports a study documenting managerial leadership within the schoolwork in tele-secondary institutions during the Covid-19 pandemic. The approach was qualitative with case study support. An exploratory stage was carried out, with the participation of management and teaching staff from the State of Veracruz, Mexico, and another in-depth stage, which resulted in the selection of two cases. The analysis presented focuses on a school principal and the center where he works; with the support of Atlas.ti, three categories were defined: teacher well-being, closeness to the students and professional learning community. The results show that what prevailed was the physical, labor and emotional well-being of teachers; the search for permanence and learning of the students, as well as the constitution of a professional learning community. We recognized that the possibility of innovation in education emerged, even amidst the health crisis.

Resumen: Este artículo presenta un estudio que documenta el liderazgo directivo dentro del trabajo escolar en telesecundaria durante la pandemia por covid-19. El enfoque fue cualitativo con apoyo en el estudio de casos. Se desarrolló una etapa exploratoria, con participación de personal directivo y docente de Veracruz, México, y otra de profundización, que permitió la selección de dos casos. El análisis presentado se enfoca en un director y la escuela donde labora; con apoyo en Atlas.ti, se definieron tres categorías: bienestar docente, cercanía con el alumnado y comunidad profesional de aprendizaje. Los resultados muestran el cuidado del bienestar físico, laboral y emocional docente; se procuró la permanencia y los aprendizajes del alumnado, así como la constitución de una comunidad profesional de aprendizaje. Se reconoció que, en medio de la crisis sanitaria, germinó la posibilidad de innovar en la educación.

Resumo O avanço da precarização do trabalho e o desenvolvimento da tecnologia da informação no arranjo social específico que caracteriza o capitalismo contemporâneo suscita a discussão sobre o papel das plataformas digitais no processo de reprodução das relações de exploração específicas desse momento histórico. Partindo das concepções de Evgeni Pachukanis e de Louis Althusser e buscando uma aproximação para com as reflexões de matriz foucaultiana de Pierre Dardot e Christian Laval, o presente artigo propõe o entendimento das plataformas digitais como aparelho ideológico de Estado que realiza uma ideologia regional centrada na subjetividade empresarial (ideologia do empresariamento de si). Conclui-se, assim, que o aparelho ideológico das plataformas digitais atua na reprodução das relações de exploração características da sociedade neoliberal pela constituição de uma forma de subjetividade que promove ativamente o próprio assujeitamento como vivência imaginária de uma relação do empresário com seu próprio “capital humano”. histórico Laval si. si . si) Concluise, Concluise Conclui se, se Conclui-se assim capital humano. humano humano”

Abstract The dissemination of precarious work and the development of information technology in the specific social arrangement that characterizes contemporary capitalism raises a discussion about the role of digital platforms in the process of reproduction of the specific exploitation relations of this historical moment. Taking as a starting point the conceptions of Evgeni Pashukanis and Louis Althusser and attempting an approach to the Foucauldian reflections of Pierre Dardot and Christian Laval, this article proposes to understand digital platforms as an Ideological State Apparatus that performs a regional ideology centered on the entrepreneurial subject (ideology of self-entrepreneurship). It follows that the ideological apparatus of digital platforms acts in the reproduction of the relations of exploitation characteristic of neoliberal society through the constitution of a form of subjectivity that actively promotes its subjection under the imaginary experience of a relation between the entrepreneur and his own “human capital”. moment Laval selfentrepreneurship. selfentrepreneurship self entrepreneurship . self-entrepreneurship) human capital. capital capital” self-entrepreneurship

Heelwat navorsing is al gedoen in 'n poging om 'n greep op aspekte van goeie en slegte plaaslike regering te kry. 'n Kernvraag wat steeds onbeantwoord bly is die volgende: Wat is "plaaslike regering", en hoe kan die werklikheid waarna die begrip verwys, verstaan en herken word? 'n Begripsraamwerk van "plaaslike regering" is onlangs ontwikkel bestaande uit die herkenbare eienskappe van die begrip om dit te identifiseer. Gepaardgaande daarmee is 'n sosiale ontologie van sorg vir "plaaslike regering" ontwikkel. Die veronderstelling is dat plaaslike regerings in Suid-Afrika en ander lande aan die hand van daardie eienskappe herken sal word. Binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks is daar egter 'n moontlike nietipiese voorbeeld van plaaslike regering, naamlik Orania, 'n bestaande dorp binne die geografiese gebied van die Thembelihle Plaaslike Munisipaliteit in die Noord-Kaapprovinsie. Orania is nie 'n muni-sipaliteit ingevolge die Suid-Afrikaanse grondwet en wetlike raamwerk nie. Die vraag is gevolglik of Orania wel as 'n "plaaslike regering" beskou kan word. In antwoord op die vraag gee hierdie artikel 'n ontiese¹ beskrywing van Orania aan die hand van die gekose begripsraamwerk en sosiale ontologie van sorg. Dit blyk uit die beskrywing en ontleding daarvan dat Orania wel aan die institusionele, funksionele en territoriale eienskappe van die begrip "plaaslike regering" voldoen en op 'n outentieke wyse as plaaslike regering funksioneer. Die gevallestudie wys dat 'n outentieke plaaslike regering een is wat 'n integrerende deel uitmaak van sy plaaslike gemeenskap en omsluitende wêrelde, wat voortdurende ongemak met die hede beleef en met sorg, besorgdheid en sorgsaamheid daarop reageer.

Much research has been conducted to grasp aspects of good and bad local governance. A central question that remains unanswered is: What constitutes "local government" and how can the reality to which this concept refers be understood and recognised? Recently, a conceptual framework was developed by identifying recognisable characteristics of this concept's reference. The assumption is that local governments in South Africa and other countries will be recognised based on these characteristics. Alongside this, a social ontology of care for "local government" was established. However, within the South African context, a potentially atypical example of local government is found, namely Orania, an existing town situated within the geographical area of the Thembelihle Local Municipality in the Northern Cape province. Orania is not a municipality in terms of the South African constitution and legal framework. The question thus arises whether Orania can indeed be considered a "local government". In response to this query, this article provides a description of Orania using the chosen conceptual framework and social ontology of care as part of a case study design. The analysis and ontological description ofOrania, by means of the conceptual framework, reveal that the phenomenon of Orania does indeed possess a territorial jurisdictional sphere (the Orania Overlay Zone), a democratically elected representative council (the OVR), and a Town Council and its administration that performs a range of local functions and responsibilities. While the territory of a municipality is generally determined by authorising measures or decisions by other jurisdictions (such as province, state, and national government), the territorial area known as the Orania Overlay Zone results from the purchase and cultivation of land by members of a homogeneous cultural community. Therefore, the territory is not only a demarcation of jurisdiction, but the place to which this community is connected. The institutional aspect of local government is likely a universal feature. The nature and scope of the institutional structure of local governments are often also the result of standardised external authorising measures or decisions by other jurisdictions. Consequently, the structures may not necessarily resonate with the needs and resources of the sometimes diverse society that constitutes the inhabitants of such an area. In the case of Orania, the institutional structure of local government (the OVR and the Town Council) is directly determined by the community, as represented by various land entities, based on the community's specific needs and available resources. The performance of a limited range of local functions can also be considered a universal feature of local government. In this particular case, the functions of the relevant local government are determined by its decision-making bodies, such as the Town Council, in consultation with the community as represented by the various land entities. Consequently, typical local government functions are performed according to the community's needs and available resources. Non-typical local government functions, such as residence rights, are performed within the general scope of the 1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and other national legislation. The analysis confirmed that Orania meets the characteristics consistent with the concept of "local government" as outlined in the conceptual framework. Additionally, viewing Orania through the theoretical lens of social ontology of care highlights that it is a human construct, making objective observation and description challenging. Orania is a network of interconnected individuals and social institutions situated within overlapping human, spiritual, natural, territorial, and political worlds. The authenticity of this existence lies in its concern for the affairs of the world in which it is situated and the conscientiousness with which it carries out its functions in conjunction with others. The case study shows that an authentic local government is one that forms an integral part of its local community and surrounding worlds, continually experiencing discomfort (anxiety) with the present, and responding to that anxiety with care, concern, and nurturing for society and its things.

Hierdie artikel ondersoek twee aspekte wat die outentiekheid van 'n plaaslike regering raak, naamlik die antesedente en die gevolglikheid daarvan. 'n Begripsraamwerk en 'n sosiale ontologie van sorg van "plaaslike regering" is as teoretiese lense vir die ondersoek gebruik. Wat die antesedente van plaaslike regering betref (magtiging, inwoners, natuurlike en fisiese ligging, samewerkende regerings, en vermoëns), het Orania nie as gevolg van magtigende maatreëls soos die Grondwet en voortspruitende wetgewing ontstaan nie, maar as gevolg van 'n kultuurgemeenskap se strewe en gevolglike aankoop van 'n stuk grond. Anders as die inwoners van munisipaliteite in die res van Suid-Afrika het Orania se inwoners verblyfreg verkry op grond van hul onderskrywing van Orania se ontstaansredes. Die eiesoortige fisiese ligging van Orania is doelbewus deur die grondleggers gekies en is bepalend vir die voorsiening van energie, water en ander infrastruktuur-verwante dienste deur Orania Dorpsraad. Die dorpsadministrasie blyk voorts oor voldoende fondse, raadslede en amptenare te beskik om sy funksies uit te voer en sodoende 'n tuiste vir sy gemeenskap te skep. Wat die gevolglikheid van plaaslike regering betref (lewensgehalte, demokratiese en verantwoordelike regering, volhoubare dienslewering, maatskaplike en ekonomiese ontwikkeling, en veilige en gesonde omgewing) blyk die Orania inwonersgemeenskap goeie lewensgehalte te ervaar. Hulle blyk deurlopend betrokke te wees by verskeie gemeenskapsorganisasies, 'n demokratiese en verant-woordingspligtige Orania Verteenwoordigende Raad (OVR) en dorpsadministrasie. Voorts ontvang hulle volhoubare munisipale dienslewering, ervaar maatskaplike en ekonomiese ontwikkeling en leef in 'n veilige en gesonde omgewing. 'n Outentieke plaaslike regering blyk een te wees wat goed geïntegreer is met sy plaaslike gemeenskap en omsluitende wêrelde, voortdurend ongemaklik is met die hede, en met sorg, besorgdheid en sorgsaamheid daarop reageer. Orania is klaarblyklik só 'n plaaslike regering.

Local government is distinguished from other spheres of government based on its unique institutional characteristics, the local nature of its governmental functions, and the territorial delineation of its local jurisdiction. Despite being localised, local governments often fail to meet the specific needs of their residents. The implication is that they are not authentic local governments. This article examines two aspects that have an impact on the authenticity of a local government: the necessary conditions (antecedents) for and the consequences of an authentic local government. These aspects are considered through a case study of Orania as a non-typical instance of a South African local government. A conceptual framework and a social ontology of care are used as theoretical lenses to analyse and understand the antecedents and consequences of a local government. In the preceding article, it was reported that the case of Orania does indeed align with the characteristics associated with the concept of "local government". The antecedents of local government have been shown to be authorisation, residents, natural and physical location, cooperative governments, and capabilities. It appears that Orania did not originate due to authorising measures such as the Constitution and subsequent legislation. Instead, it came about because of a cultural community's aspirations and the subsequent acquisition of a piece of land while obtaining legal authorisation at a later stage by means of an order of the High Court. The residents of Orania do not seem to be accidental inhabitants; but are residents based on their alignment with Orania's founding principles. The unique physical location of Orania was deliberately chosen and plays a crucial role in the provision of energy, water, and other infrastructure-related services by the Orania Town Council and administration. The Town Council and its administration appear to have sufficient funds, competent and ethical council members and officials to carry out its functions and create a home for its community. Regarding the consequences of local government, the Orania community seems to experience a good quality of life while actively engaging in various community organisations, participating in the democratic election of an accountable Orania Representative Council (OVR) and Town Council, receiving sustainable municipal services, and witnessing social and economic development. Additionally, they enjoy a safe and healthy environment. An authentic local government is thus one that is integrally connected to its local community and the surrounding world. It continually grapples with present challenges and genuinely cares for its community and the world it inhabits. Orania, therefore, appears to embody the characteristics of a local government.

Abstract Introduction: In February 2021, one year after the arrival of the Covid-19 pandemic to Mexico, the vaccination so eagerly awaited began. As in many other countries, the first summoned to receive the vaccine were the elderly, because their increased risk of death when contracting this new disease. A group of advanced Medicine students from a public university in Mexico City were involved in the first stage of the vaccination process in an area of southern Mexico City inhabited by low-income population Objective: The purpose of this study was to collect and analyze the experiences lived by four of these students who participated in it. Method: The research was oriented by the theoretical methodological tradition known as Narrative Inquiry, which focuses on the story of lived experiences as a way of representing the human experience deployed in time and space. This strategy delve into the comprehension of the meaning of the events reported for those who experience them in that socio-historical context. The stories analyzed here come from the final social service reports prepared throughout 2021 by the participants, two men and two women. The analysis and interpretation were carried out directly by the author of this paper within the guidelines of the Narrative Inquiry tradition. Results: The stories about the vicissitudes lived by these young future doctors with the older adults they cared for made it possible to highlight some of the anxieties, fears and reactions they faced and some of their effects on the incipient constitution of their professional identity. Final considerations: The stories analyzed nourish the reflection on the personal and professional conflicts experienced on the path that leads to becoming a doctor in a particularly demanding situation and reveal the power of Narrative Inquiry.

Resúmen Introducción: A un año de la llegada de la pandemia de Covid-19 a México, en febrero de 2021 inició la vacunación tan ansiosamente esperada. Los primeros invitados a recibir la vacuna fueron los adultos mayores por su mayor riesgo de muerte al contraer la enfermedad. Un grupo de estudiantes avanzados de Medicina de una universidad pública de la Ciudad de México participaron en esta primera etapa del proceso en una región del sur de esta ciudad habitada por población de bajos recursos económicos. Objetivo: Recoger y estudiar las experiencias vividas por cuatro estudiantes avanzados de Medicina involucrados en la primera fase de vacunación contra Covid-19 en una zona pobre de la Ciudad de México Método: Esta indagación estuvo orientada por la tradición teórico-metodológica conocida como Investigación Narrativa, que se centra en el relato de las experiencias vividas como forma de representar la experiencia humana desplegada en el tiempo y en el espacio entendidos como contexto histórico-social en el que puede comprenderse el significado de los acontecimientos relatados para quienes los experimentan. Las narraciones analizadas proceden de los informes finales de servicio social elaborados a lo largo de 2021 por los cuatro estudiantes que participaron, dos varones y dos mujeres. El análisis e interpretación fueron efectuados por la autora bajo los lineamientos de la Investigación Narrativa Resultados: Se presentan fragmentos narrativos sobre las vicisitudes atravesadas por los participantes, las ansiedades, temores y reacciones que enfrentaron, la manera como lo hicieron, la forma en la que se lo representaron, y algunos efectos de todo ello sobre la constitución de su incipiente identidad profesional. Consideraciones finales: Los relatos estudiados nutren la reflexión sobre los conflictos personales y profesionales vividos a lo largo de la ruta hacia convertirse en médico en una situación especialmente demandante y muestran la potencia de la Investigación Narrativa.

Abstract It is essential to consider the need for investigative procedures anchored in a viable and appropriate way of producing knowledge, as well as paying attention to the ethical research procedures and the context of the investigation explored by the researcher. In this context, this article addresses qualitative research through the epistemological axis of theory as an expression of practice, focusing on the theoretical-methodological approach of Collective Knowledge Systematization (SOK). We understand the epistemological axis of theory as an expression of practice as the experience and critical analysis of a methodological process that seeks to alter established social relations in the educational environment. Thus, our research objective is to identify the possibilities of using SOK in the constitution of qualitative research design. To achieve this, we used narrative review as our method, a state-of-the-art research type, encompassing the following stages: definition of the research object, research problem, criteria for exclusion and inclusion, data analysis items, analysis categories, data organization, interpretation of results, and final recommendations. Data collection occurred through digital search platforms such as BDTD and the digital library of the Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, focusing on dissertations and theses that addressed "theory as an expression of practice" and "collective knowledge systematization" as investigative methods of qualitative research in their works. The data were organized into comparative tables, highlighting the methodological aspect, through the following analysis categories: theme, method, data collection procedure, and data analysis technique; aiming to verify how SOK is utilized: as continued education and/or a qualitative research method. Following this data analysis and interpretation, we conclude that SOK is a viable alternative for research in various knowledge areas that address the teaching-learning process among peers and can be used both as continued education and as a qualitative research method.

Resumo É importante considerar a necessidade de procedimentos investigativos viáveis e adequados para a produção de conhecimento, bem como atentar-se à ética na pesquisa e ao contexto da investigação explorado pelo pesquisador. Desse modo, este artigo aborda a pesquisa qualitativa pelo eixo epistemológico “teoria como expressão da prática”, com enfoque na abordagem teórico-metodológica da Sistematização Coletiva do Conhecimento (SCC). Compreendemos por esse eixo epistemológico, a vivência e a análise crítica de um processo metodológico que busca alterar as relações sociais estabelecidas no ambiente educacional. Assim, nosso objetivo de pesquisa é identificar quais as possibilidades de uso da SCC na constituição de design de pesquisas qualitativas. Para isso, utilizamos como método a revisão narrativa, pesquisa do tipo estado da arte, contemplando as seguintes etapas: definição do objeto de pesquisa, problema de pesquisa, critérios de exclusão e inclusão, itens da análise de dados, categorias de análise, organização dos dados, interpretação dos resultados e recomendações finais. A coleta dos dados ocorreu por meio de plataformas digitais de busca como a BDTD, e biblioteca digital da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, com foco em dissertações e teses que abordassem “teoria como expressão da prática” e “sistematização coletiva do conhecimento” como método investigativo de pesquisa qualitativa em seus trabalhos. Os dados foram organizados em quadros comparativos, com destaque para o aspecto metodológico, por meio das seguintes categorias de análise: temática, método, procedimento de coleta de dados e técnica de análise de dados; no intuito de verificar a forma como a SCC é utilizada: formação continuada e/ou método de pesquisa qualitativa. Depois dessa análise e da interpretação dos dados, concluímos que a SCC é uma alternativa viável para pesquisas das diversas áreas do conhecimento que abordam o processo de ensino-aprendizagem entre pares; sendo possível sua utilização tanto como formação continuada quanto como método de pesquisa qualitativa.