Resumen: El artículo informa acerca de la validación de un instrumento sobre la aplicación de los principios bioéticos de la corriente principialista en cada uno de los elementos de los protocolos de investigación clínica. Para ello, se realizó la valoración de un instrumento de 173 ítems por medio del método Delphi, con la colaboración de 12 expertos latinoamericanos en bioética de la investigación. El instrumento tuvo dos rondas de revisión. Al final solo se tuvieron 171 ítems, en el que se aplicaron los principios bioéticos en 208 ocasiones, de los cuales 87 (41,82%) pertenecían a Beneficencia, 63 (30,29%) a No Maleficencia, 36 (17,31%) a Justicia y 22 (10,58%) a Autonomía. En cuanto a la congruencia de los principios en general respecto de las variables de los elementos del protocolo de investigación clínica, se encontró en 189 (90,87% IC 95% 86.10 a 94.41) ocasiones, K=0.98 (0.01), p=<0.0001. Se concluye que ell instrumento validado nos brinda la opción de aplicar los principios bioéticos de la corriente principialista a cada uno de los elementos de los protocolos de investigación clínica.

Abstract: The aim of this article is to report on the validation of an instrument on the application of principialist bioethical principles in each of the elements of clinical research protocols. To this end, a 173-item instrument was evaluated using the Delphi method, with the collaboration of 12 Latin American experts in research bioethics. The instrument underwent two rounds of revision. In the end there were only 171 items, in which the bioethical principles were applied 208 times, of which 87 (41.82%) belonged to Beneficence, 63 (30.29%) to Non-Maleficence, 36 (17.31%) to Justice and 22 (10.58%) to Autonomy. Regarding the congruence of the principles in general with respect to the variables of the elements of the clinical research protocol, it was found on 189 (90.87% CI 95% 86.10 to 94.41) occasions, K=0.98 (0.01), p=<0.0001. It is concluded that the validated instrument gives us the option of applying the bioethical principles of the principialist current to each of the elements of the clinical research protocols.

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é informar acerca da validação de um instrumento sobre a aplicação dos princípios bioéticos da corrente principialista em cada um dos elementos dos protocolos de investigação clínica. Para isso, realizou-se a valoração de um instrumento de 173 itens por meio do método Delphi, com a colaboração de 12 especialistas latino-americanos em bioética da investigação. O instrumento teve duas rodadas de revisão. Ao final, analisou-se 171 itens, aos quais se aplicaram os princípios bioéticos em 208 ocasiões, dos quais 87 (41,82%) pertenciam a Beneficência, 63 (30,29%) a Não Maleficência, 36 (17,31%) a Justiça e 22 (10,58%) a Autonomia. Quanto à congruência dos princípios em geral, a respeito das variáveis dos elementos do protocolo de investigação clínica, encontrou-se em 189 (90,87% IC 95% 86.10 a 94.41) ocasiões, K=0.98 (0.01), p=<0.0001. Concluiu-se que o instrumento validado nos dá a opção de aplicar os princípios bioéticos da corrente principialista a cada um dos elementos dos protocolos de investigação clínica.

Abstract: The article presents the methodological design and the central results of a study whose objective was to analyze the degree of congruence between academic training and professional practice of urban and regional planners in Mexico. To collect the data, a mixed methodology was used that combined a qualitative analysis of the contents of the curricula of several graduate programs, with the application of a survey to planning professionals. The results show that graduate programs in planning incorporate more and more topics related to the collaborative planning paradigm. However, in the professional field, knowledge, skills and abilities (SHD) related to rational planning, and Euclidean space are more valued. The article closes with some reflections and recommendations to improve the curricula and syllabuses used in the training of planning professionals.

Resumen: El artículo presenta el diseño metodológico y los resultados centrales de un estudio cuyo objetivo fue analizar el grado de congruencia existente entre la formación académica y la práctica profesional de los planificadores urbanos y regionales en México. Para la recolección de los datos se empleó una metodología mixta que combinó un análisis cualitativo de los contenidos de los planes de estudio de varios posgrados, con la aplicación de una encuesta a profesionales de la planeación. Los resultados muestran que los posgrados en planeación incorporan cada vez más temas relacionados con el paradigma de la planeación colaborativa; sin embargo, en el campo profesional se valoran más los saberes, las habilidades y las destrezas (SHD) relacionados con la planeación racional y con el espacio euclidiano. El artículo cierra con algunas reflexiones y recomendaciones para mejorar los planes y programas de estudio utilizados en la formación de profesionales de la planeación.

Resumen Las infecciones por Entamoeba se producen en todo el mundo, con mayor frecuencia en países de bajo nivel socioeconómico y salud pública deficiente. Dado que se ha reconocido a Entamoeba histolytica como la única especie patógena del género, es importante realizar un diagnóstico diferencial respecto de otras especies de Entamoeba morfológicamente idénticas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivos determinar la prevalencia de especies de Entamoeba en 2 poblaciones de Argentina, realizar su diagnóstico diferencial por PCR y caracterizar los aislados de Entamoeba secuenciando un fragmento del gen SSU ARNr. Se obtuvieron 493 muestras fecales seriadas de individuos de las provincias de Buenos Aires (n=210) y Misiones (n=283). Las muestras se examinaron por métodos convencionales (sedimentación de formalina-etil acetato y flotación de Willis) y mediante PCR específicas para diferenciar especies de Entamoeba. Los aislamientos de Entamoeba se caracterizaron por secuenciar un fragmento del gen SSU ARNr. La prevalencia general de la infección por Entamoeba fue del 12,4% y fue mayor en Buenos Aires que en Misiones (14,8 vs. 10,6%). Se informó por primera vez un caso de Entamoeba histolytica en Buenos Aires, confirmado por PCR y análisis de secuencia. Además, se registraron nuevos datos genéticos sobre Entamoeba coli y Entamoeba dispar. El análisis filogenético reveló una congruencia entre las características morfológicas y las secuencias del gen SSU ARNr. A través de este estudio, hemos sumado información acerca de la distribución de estas especies en nuestro país y en la región de las Américas.

Abstract Entamoeba infections occur worldwide, with higher frequency in countries of low socioeconomic status and poor public health. Since Entamoeba histolytica has long been recognized as the only pathogenic species, making a differential diagnosis of other morphologically identical Entamoeba is important. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Entamoeba species in two populations from Argentina, make a differential diagnosis by PCR and characterize Entamoeba isolates at the SSU rRNA gene. A total of 493 serial fecal samples were obtained from individuals in the provinces of Buenos Aires (n=210) and Misiones (n=283). Samples were examined by conventional methods (formalin-ethyl acetate and Willis flotation) and specific PCRs to differentiate Entamoeba species. Entamoeba isolates were characterized by sequencing a fragment of the SSU rRNA gene. The overall prevalence of Entamoeba infection was 12.4%, being more prevalent in Buenos Aires than in Misiones (14.8% vs. 10.6%). A case of E. histolytica confirmed by PCR and sequence analysis was reported for the first time in Buenos Aires. Moreover, new genetic data on Entamoeba coli and Entamoeba dispar were recorded. The phylogenetic analysis revealed a congruence between morphological characteristics and SSU rRNA gene sequences. This study increases the amount of information on the distribution of these species in Argentina and the region of the Americas.

ABSTRACT: Knowledge of oral pathology and its correct diagnosis is fundamental in Dentistry, since a late diagnosis, particularly in cases of premalignant or malignant lesions, can lead to serious consequences for the patient. The objective of this study was to establish the clinical- histopathological diagnostic consistency of lesions in the oral cavity in patients who attended the Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Costa Rica, and who underwent a biopsy of the lesion, during the period 2016-2019. The study was descriptive and retrospective, based on data from histopathological reports in the mentioned population, due to presenting some lesion, soft or hard tissue, in the oral cavity. The statistical sample was for convenience, non- probabilistic nor random. The statistical techniques used were descriptive for the analysis of the information, which was based on frequency distribution and crossing of variables. The statistical processing of the data was designed in a database created in Excel. The sample collects 160 histopathological reports, of which 14 were excluded. The average age of the patients was 42 years (range between 2 - 78 years old).The male:female ratio corresponded to 1:1.4, with a predominance of the female sex at 58.9 %.The congruence of the histopathological diagnosis with the clinical diagnosis corresponded to 55.8 %. Diagnostic consistency demonstrates knowledge of the professional in correctly identifying the lesion clinically, which allows acting at the precise moment and confirming the diagnostic clinical impression of the pathology via histopathological study which is the gold standard. The problem lies in those cases in which there is a diagnostic discrepancy, since it requires having knowledge of the underlying factors and therefore, requires searching for solutions, reinforcing and redirecting the academic training of professionals and students to recognize and describe these lesions.

RESUMEN: El conocimiento de la patología oral, y su correcto diagnóstico es fundamental en Odontología, puesto que un diagnóstico tardío, particularmente en casos de lesiones premalignas o malignas, pueden conducir a serias consecuencias para el paciente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue establecer la congruencia diagnóstica clínica - histopatológica de lesiones en cavidad oral en pacientes que asistieron a la Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Costa Rica, y a quienes se les realizó biopsia de la lesión, durante el período 2016-2019. El estudio fue descriptivo y retrospectivo, basado en datos de reportes histopatológicos en la población mencionada, por presentar alguna lesión, de tejidos blandos o duros, en cavidad oral. La muestra estadística fue por conveniencia, no probabilística y no aleatoria. Las técnicas estadísticas utilizadas fueron descriptivas para el análisis de la información, el cual se basó en la distribución de frecuencias y cruce de variables. El procesamiento estadístico de los datos se diseñó en una base de datos creada en Excel. La muestra comprendió 160 reportes histopatológicos de los cuales se excluyeron 14. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue 42 años (rango 2 - 78 años). La proporción hombre: mujer correspondió 1:1.4, predominado el sexo femenino en 58,9 %. La congruencia del diagnóstico histopatológico con el diagnóstico clínico correspondió a 55,8 %. La congruencia de los diagnósticos demuestra el conocimiento del profesional en identificar la lesión clínicamente de forma correcta, lo que permite actuar en el momento preciso y confirmar la impresión clínica diagnóstica de una patología mediante el estudio histopatológico, el cual es el estándar oro. El problema radica en aquellos casos en que hay discrepancia diagnóstica, pues exige conocer los factores responsables de esta discrepancia, exige la búsqueda de soluciones y exige reforzar y redireccionar la formación académica del profesional y de los estudiantes para reconocer y describir estas lesiones.

ABSTRACT Purpose to carry out the cross-cultural adaptation of the Vocal Congruence Scale (VCS) and the Transgender Scale Congruence (TSC) instruments into Brazilian Portuguese. Methods the study was developed in two stages: cross-cultural adaptation and pre-test. 1. Cross-cultural adaptation: it was composed of a team of two speech therapists and two non-speech therapists, being responsible for the translation of the instruments into Portuguese (a speech therapist and a non-speech therapist native to Brazilian Portuguese - BP and English speakers, independently, with subsequent consensus achieved by the researchers; back-translation of the instruments into English (a speech therapist and a non-speech therapist who are native speakers of English and speakers of BP); analysis of the final version by a committee (a translator, a methodologist, and three speech therapists). Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially. Results In the cross-cultural adaptation process of the VCS there were adjustments in five items of the questionnaire, four of them in terms of form and one in terms of content. necessary adjustments regarding form in five items. In the pre-test, for all VCS and TSC items, the non-applicable option had a significantly lower proportion than the instrument response key options (p<0.001, for all). Finally, a translated and adapted version for Brazilian Portuguese of the Vocal Congruence Scale (VCS) and the Transgender Scale Congruence (TSC) instruments was obtained. Conclusion The VCS and TSC were transculturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese and named as Vocal Congruence Scale and Transgender Person Congruence Scale. crosscultural cross cultural (VCS (TSC stages pretest. pretest pre test. test pre-test 1 Crosscultural Cross nonspeech non independently researchers backtranslation back BP) translator methodologist therapists. . therapists) inferentially questionnaire content pretest, test, nonapplicable applicable p<0.001, p0001 p 0 001 (p<0.001 all. all) Finally obtained p<0.001 p000 00 (p<0.00 p<0.00 p00 (p<0.0 p<0.0 p0 (p<0. p<0. (p<0 p<0 (p< p< (p

RESUMO Objetivo realizar a adaptação transcultural dos instrumentos Vocal Congruence Scale (VCS) e o Transgender Scale Congruence (TSC) para o português brasileiro. Método o estudo foi desenvolvido em duas etapas: adaptação transcultural e pré-teste. 1. Adaptação transcultural: foi composta por uma equipe de dois fonoaudiólogos e dois não-fonoaudiólogos, sendo responsáveis pela tradução para o português (um fonoaudiólogo e um não-fonoaudiólogo nativos do português brasileiro - PB e falantes do inglês), de modo independente, com posterior consenso realizado pelos pesquisadores; retrotradução para o inglês (um fonoaudiólogo e um não-fonoaudiólogo nativos do inglês e falantes do PB); análise da versão final por um comitê (um tradutor, um metodologista, e três fonoaudiólogos). 2. Etapa de pré-teste: os instrumentos foram aplicados em 38 indivíduos transgêneros (29 mulheres trans, 2 travestis e 7 homens trans), sendo acrescido na chave de resposta a opção “não aplicável”. Os dados foram analisados de forma descritiva e inferencial. Resultados No processo de adaptação transcultural do VCS houve ajustes em cinco itens do questionário, quatro deles quanto à forma e um quanto ao conteúdo. Para o TSC também foram necessários ajustes quanto a forma em cinco itens. No pré-teste, para todos os itens dos instrumentos, a opção não aplicável apresentou proporção significativamente menor que as opções da chave de resposta dos instrumentos. Por fim, foi obtida uma versão traduzida e adaptada para o português dos dois instrumentos. Conclusão Os instrumentos foram transculturalmente adaptados para o português brasileiro e nomeados como Escala de Congruência Vocal e Escala de Congruência da Pessoa Transgênero. (VCS (TSC etapas préteste. préteste pré teste. teste pré-teste 1 nãofonoaudiólogos, nãofonoaudiólogos fonoaudiólogos, não-fonoaudiólogos nãofonoaudiólogo inglês, , inglês) independente pesquisadores PB) tradutor metodologista fonoaudiólogos. . fonoaudiólogos) 3 29 (2 trans trans) aplicável. aplicável” inferencial questionário conteúdo préteste, teste, fim Transgênero (

Résumé Quel est le concept derrière le libéralisme ? Bien que ce terme soit contesté sur le plan conceptuel, les partis politiques continuent de se qualifier de libéraux et cherchent légitimité en rejoignant l’Internationale Libérale (IL). Dans cet article, j’adopte une stratégie mixte pour évaluer ce que cette idéologie signifie en Amérique Latine. Tout d’abord, je m’appuie sur la théorie économique et politique pour proposer quatre composantes potentielles du libéralisme : la propriété privée, la démocratie libérale, le non-conformisme et la justice sociale. Ensuite, je recherche ces composantes dans la déclaration de principes de tous les membres latino-américains de l’IL. Ensuite, j’évalue le soutien relatif des libéraux à ces composantes en comparant les attitudes de leurs élites et de leurs électeurs à celles des conservateurs et des socialistes au Paraguay, au Honduras et au Nicaragua. Cet article constate que la démocratie libérale est la seule composante essentielle du libéralisme en Amérique Latine. Bien que le non-conformisme et la justice sociale soient largement mentionnés dans les documents politiques, leur soutien parmi les élites et les électeurs dépend du contexte. Ces résultats soulignent la contestabilité du libéralisme tout en mettant en lumière ce qui unit les libéraux en Amérique Latine. conceptuel lInternationale l Internationale IL. IL . (IL) jadopte j adopte Latine dabord, dabord d abord, abord d’abord mappuie m appuie privée nonconformisme non conformisme Ensuite latinoaméricains latino américains lIL. lIL l’IL jévalue évalue Paraguay Nicaragua contexte (IL

Resumen ¿Cuál es el concepto detrás del liberalismo? A pesar de ser un término conceptualmente en disputa, los partidos políticos aún se autodenominan liberales y buscan legitimidad al unirse a la Internacional Liberal (IL). En este documento, adopto una estrategia de métodos mixtos para evaluar lo que representa esta ideología en América Latina. En primer lugar, me baso en la teoría económica y política para proponer cuatro posibles componentes del liberalismo: propiedad privada, democracia liberal, inconformismo y justicia social. En seguida, investigo estos componentes en la declaración de principios de todos los miembros de LI en la región. Después, evalúo el apoyo relativo de los liberales a estos componentes comparando las actitudes de sus élites y los votantes con las de los conservadores y socialistas en Paraguay, Honduras y Nicaragua. Este artículo concluye que la democracia liberal es el único componente central del liberalismo en América Latina. Aunque el inconformismo y la justicia social se mencionan ampliamente en documentos políticos, su apoyo entre las élites y los votantes depende del contexto. Estos resultados hacen énfasis en la disputabilidad del liberalismo, al tiempo que arrojan luz sobre lo que une a los liberales en América Latina. Cuál disputa IL. IL . (IL) documento Latina lugar privada seguida región Después Paraguay Nicaragua contexto (IL

Abstract What is the concept of liberalism? Despite being a conceptually contested term, political parties still label themselves liberal and seek legitimacy by joining Liberal International (LI). In this paper, I adopt a mixed-methods strategy to assess what this ideology means in Latin America. First, I rely on economic and political theory to propose four potential components of liberalism: private property, liberal democracy, non-conformism, and social justice. Then, I search for these components in the declaration of principles of all the region’s LI members. Next, I assess liberals’ relative support for these components by comparing the attitudes of their elites and voters to those of conservatives and socialists in Paraguay, Honduras, and Nicaragua. This paper finds that liberal democracy is the only core component of liberalism in Latin America. Even though non-conformism and social justice are widely mentioned in political documents, their support among elites and voters is context-dependent. These results emphasize the contestability of liberalism while shedding light on what unites liberals in Latin America. term LI. . (LI) mixedmethods mixed methods America First property nonconformism, nonconformism non conformism, conformism Then regions region s members Next Paraguay Honduras Nicaragua documents contextdependent. contextdependent context dependent. dependent context-dependent (LI

Resumo Qual é o conceito por trás do liberalismo? Apesar de ser um termo conceitualmente contestado, os partidos políticos ainda se rotulam como liberais e buscam legitimidade ao se juntarem à Internacional Liberal (IL). Neste artigo, adoto uma estratégia de método misto para avaliar o que essa ideologia significa na América Latina. Primeiro, baseio-me na teoria econômica e política para propor quatro componentes potenciais do liberalismo: propriedade privada, democracia liberal, não conformismo e justiça social. Em seguida, procuro por esses componentes na declaração de princípios de todos os membros da IL na região. Depois, avalio o apoio relativo dos liberais a esses componentes comparando as atitudes de suas elites e eleitores com as de conservadores e socialistas no Paraguai, Honduras e Nicarágua. Este artigo constata que a democracia liberal é o único componente central do liberalismo na América Latina. Embora o não conformismo e a justiça social sejam amplamente mencionados em documentos políticos, seu apoio entre elites e eleitores é dependente do contexto. Esses resultados enfatizam a contestabilidade do liberalismo, ao mesmo tempo que lançam luz sobre o que une os liberais na América Latina. contestado IL. . (IL) Latina Primeiro baseiome baseio me privada seguida região Depois Paraguai Nicarágua contexto (IL

Abstract The demand for low-cost and time-efficient biomonitoring and ecological assessment strategies has increased due to threats to biodiversity. We evaluated the ability of surrogates (genera and biovolume classes) to access information provided by diatom species. Moreover, we investigated whether the relative importance of spatial and environment on diatom communities identified at the genus or classified at biovolume classes reflects the ecological responses at the species. We used biotic, environmental, and spatial data from Pampa streams. We employed Procrustes analysis to detect whether the spatial variation of communities at the species level was represented by the surrogates and variation partitioning to evaluate the relative importance of spatial and environment. We found high congruence between the surrogates and diatom species communities. Furthermore, whilst both spatial and environment were important to explain species composition, only the environment was important for both surrogates. We suggest that the use of genus-level determinations can provide information about the environmental relationships of species, whereas biovolume classes may be useful to detect changes in diatom communities. These results are a first step to seek for strategies aiming to simplify biological monitoring and assessments at pampean streams, especially considering the demand for the identification of organisms at the species. lowcost low cost timeefficient time efficient biodiversity genera Moreover biotic streams Furthermore composition genuslevel

RESUMO O descompasso entre os interesses e aptidões dos alunos e as carreiras que eles escolhem aumenta sua probabilidade de insucesso acadêmico no ensino superior. Procuramos descrever o estado de afinidade vocacional regional em nove municípios colombianos com populações indígenas e afrodescendentes. A amostra foi composta de 4.348 alunos de escolas públicas. Interesses e aptidões foram medidos por meio do instrumento de Montes e Herrera e foi calculado um Índice de Afinidade Vocacional (IAV) para estabelecer o grau de congruência entre a oferta departamental nos cursos de graduação e as carreiras recomendadas aos alunos. Os resultados mostram que as áreas de ocupação preferenciais se centram principalmente no Trabalho ao Ar Livre e Serviço Social, encontrando uma afinidade vocacional regional média de 36%. Conclui-se que é necessário fortalecer as ações de orientação profissional dos estudantes para a tomada de decisão sobre seu futuro ocupacional. superior afrodescendentes 4348 4 348 4.34 públicas IAV (IAV Social 36 36% Concluise Conclui ocupacional 434 34 4.3 3 43 4.

ABSTRACT In higher education, the mismatch between students’ interests and aptitudes with the careers they choose increases their likelihood of academic failure. This research aimed to describe the state of regional vocational affinity in nine Colombian municipalities with indigenous and Afro-descendant populations. The sample consisted of 4,348 students from public schools. Interests and aptitudes were measured using the Test of Montes & Herrera, and a Vocational Affinity Index (IAV) was calculated to establish the degree of congruence between the departmental undergraduate offer and the careers recommended to students. The results indicate that the preferred fields of occupation are mainly focused on outdoor work and social work, with an average regional vocational affinity of 36%. In conclusion, it is necessary to strengthen the vocational guidance actions for students to make decisions about their occupational future. education failure Afrodescendant Afro descendant populations 4348 4 348 4,34 schools Herrera IAV (IAV 36 36% conclusion future 434 34 4,3 3 43 4,

RESUMEN La discordancia entre intereses y aptitudes de los estudiantes con las carreras que eligen aumenta su probabilidad de fracaso académico en la educación superior. Se buscó describir el estado de la afinidad vocacional regional en nueve municipios colombianos con población indígena y afrodescendiente. La muestra estuvo conformada por 4348 estudiantes de colegios públicos. Se midieron los intereses y aptitudes mediante el instrumento de Montes y Herrera y se calculó un Índice de Afinidad Vocacional (IAV) para establecer el grado de congruencia entre la oferta departamental en pregrado y las carreras recomendadas a los estudiantes. Los resultados indican que los campos preferentes de ocupación se enfocan mayoritariamente en el Trabajo al Aire Libre y el Servicio Social, encontrándose una afinidad vocacional regional media del 36%. Se concluye que es necesario fortalecer las acciones de orientación vocacional de los estudiantes para la toma de decisiones sobre su futuro ocupacional. superior afrodescendiente 434 públicos IAV (IAV Social 36 36% ocupacional 43 3 4

Abstract Purpose This paper studies leadership behavior in relation to leader gender, gender congruence, and their relationships with employee job satisfaction over time. Theoretical framework Drawing on the perspective of gender stereotypes and the role congruity framework, this study examines how communal stereotypes socially attributed to females can compromise their assessment as competent leaders. Design/methodology/approach Two sets of data from the European Working Conditions Survey were studied. Mean comparisons and multivariate regression analyses were carried out on samples of 25,649 at Time 1 and 26,047 at Time 2. Findings The main findings show different leadership behaviors between male and female leaders. Contrary to expectations, females displayed more of both instrumental- and relationship-oriented behaviors, and this difference has increased over time. However, fewer differences are observed in instrumental-oriented behaviors. The results also suggest that employees’ gender affects how some leadership behaviors are perceived. Finally, no gender differences were found in job satisfaction, as the behaviors studied positively relate to it. Practical & social implications of research From a practical perspective, fostering a diverse array of leadership behaviors is important for enhancing employee job satisfaction within organizations. Female leaders are increasingly viewed positively in the workplace. Originality/value Female leaders show a more versatile set of leadership behaviors compared to their male counterparts. Differences in relationship-oriented behaviors persist, and the gender of the employee is important in perceiving which behaviors male or female leaders engage in more. congruence time Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology approach 25649 25 649 25,64 26047 26 047 26,04 2 expectations instrumental relationshiporiented relationship oriented However instrumentaloriented employees perceived Finally it organizations workplace Originalityvalue Originality value counterparts persist 2564 64 25,6 2604 04 26,0 256 6 25, 260 0 26,

Resumen El objetivo fundamental de este trabajo consiste en presentar una visión general de la distribución del léxico en los diferentes países hispánicos. Los datos proceden del Diccionario de Frecuencias Léxicas, incorporado a la versión 1.1 del CORPES, construido sobre 180 millones de formas procedentes de los textos de prensa de este corpus. Los resultados obtenidos, que utilizan también en los índices de dispersión, muestran un alto grado de congruencia, relacionada con la frecuencia de uso, compatible con la esperable diferencia entre las variedades, fundamentada en la frecuencia de inventario.

Abstract The primary objective of this work is to present a general vision of the distribution of the lexicon in the different Hispanic countries. The data come from the Diccionario de Frecuencias Léxicas, incorporated into version 1.1 of CORPES, built on 180 million words from the press texts of this corpus. The results obtained, which are also based on the dispersion indices, show a high degree of congruence, based on the frequency of use (type frequency), compatible with the expected difference between the varieties, based on the frequency of inventory (token frequency).

Resumo O objetivo fundamental deste trabalho é apresentar uma visão geral da distribuição do léxico nos diferentes países hispânicos. Os dados são provenientes do Dicionário de Frecuencias Léxicas, incorporado à versão 1.1 do CORPES, construído a partir dos 180 milhões de formas dos textos de imprensa deste corpus. Os resultados obtidos, que também se baseiam nos índices de dispersão, apresentam um elevado grau de congruência, com base na frequência de uso, compatível com a diferença esperada entre as variedades, com base na frequência de inventário.

Abstract This study looked at the influence of action and results management controls on the relationship between technical support for teleworking and task performance and goal congruence. The data was collected through a single-entity survey of 468 civil servants from a unit of Justice and analyzed using structural equations. The findings show that technical support for teleworking positively influences action and results controls, task performance, and goal congruence. It was found that action controls positively influence task performance and goal congruence, while outcome controls only directly or through mediation influence goal congruence. It appears that results controls do not affect task performance because they need to be revised to align them with the teleworking context or, alternatively, that civil servants do not need this type of control to perform well. congruence singleentity single entity 46 equations alternatively well 4

Resumo Este estudo verificou as influências dos controles gerenciais de ação e de resultado na relação entre suporte técnico ao teletrabalho, desempenho de tarefas e congruência de objetivos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de uma survey single entity, com 468 servidores de um órgão de Justiça, e analisados por meio de equações estruturais. Os achados mostram que o suporte técnico ao teletrabalho influencia positivamente os controles de ação e de resultado, o desempenho de tarefas e a congruência de objetivos. Evidenciou-se também que os controles de ação interferem positivamente no desempenho de tarefas e na congruência de objetivos, enquanto os controles de resultado influem, de forma direta ou por mediação, apenas na congruência de objetivos. Depreende-se que, os controles de resultado não afetam o desempenho de tarefas, pois precisam de revisão para alinhamento ao contexto de teletrabalho ou, alternativamente, que os servidores não precisam desse tipo de controle para apresentar bons desempenhos. objetivos entity 46 Justiça estruturais Evidenciouse Evidenciou se influem mediação Depreendese Depreende alternativamente desempenhos 4

Resumen Este estudio analizó la influencia de los controles de gestión de acciones y resultados en la relación entre el apoyo técnico al teletrabajo, el desempeño de tareas y la congruencia de objetivos. Los datos se recogieron mediante una encuesta a 468 funcionarios de un órgano judicial y se analizaron mediante ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados muestran que el apoyo técnico al teletrabajo influye positivamente en los controles de acción y de resultados, en el desempeño de tareas y en la congruencia de objetivos. También se evidenció que los controles de acción influyen positivamente en el desempeño de tareas y en la congruencia de objetivos, mientras que los controles de resultados solo influyen directamente o a través de la mediación en la congruencia de objetivos. Se infiere que los controles de resultados no afectan al desempeño de tareas porque necesitan ser revisados para adecuarlos al contexto del teletrabajo o, alternativamente, que los funcionarios no necesitan este tipo de control para presentar buen desempeño. objetivos 46 estructurales alternativamente 4

Abstract In the face of growing restrictions against Huawei in much of ‘the West’ because of the US’ efforts to portray its 5G roll out as a security threat, most of the developing world has resisted such efforts. By drawing on Balzacq’s analytical framework - centred on the degree of congruence between the audience, the securitizing agent’s ability to construct a convincing frame of reference, the role of contextual factors, and securitization counterclaims - it is argued that 5G securitization failed in Brazil and South Africa (2019-2022). Although the contextual factors in both cases were similar (economic interests with China, Huawei’s established role and access to Covid vaccines), in South Africa, narratives of development and cost/benefit considerations overshadowed perceptions of security risk. In Brazil in contrast, some factions within the Bolsonaro government agreed to the US’ securitization frame, whilst others, citing the risk of damaging relations with Beijing and the sheer costs of replacing Huawei infrastructure, disagreed. In both cases, the contextual factors diminished Huawei as a source of risk, especially in the Brazilian case, tipping the scale in support of those seeking to maintain good relations with Beijing. West US G threat Balzacqs Balzacq s audience agents agent reference 20192022. 20192022 2019 2022 . (2019-2022) economic China Huaweis vaccines, vaccines , vaccines) costbenefit cost benefit contrast others infrastructure disagreed case 2019202 201 202 (2019-2022 201920 20 (2019-202 20192 2 (2019-20 (2019-2 (2019- (2019 (201 (20 (2 (

BACKGROUND: Numerous forums both domestically and internationally have discussed integration of allopathic and traditional healthcare. In South Africa, using traditional child healthcare is popular practice. If properly controlled, integrating this aspect of traditional child-health with allopathic healthcare may be advantageous to communities that use both healthcare systems. Allopathic and traditional healthcare remain separate organisations in South Africa despite efforts and discussions to integrate them AIM: The study sought to explore the integration of traditional and allopathic child healthcare from the perspectives of children's caregivers and traditional healthcare practitioners SETTING: The study was conducted in a semi-urban area in the city of Tshwane METHODS: An exploratory qualitative research study was conducted using semi-structured interviews to collect data from 11 traditional healthcare practitioners and 15 children's caregivers who were sampled using snowball and convenient sampling respectively RESULTS: The participants expressed their understanding of the usage of traditional healthcare practitioners in the care of children as well as their support for integration, and further indicated its necessity. Religion and its effects in health-seeking behaviour were cited as a factor in why there has not been greater integration between the two healthcare systems CONCLUSION: The undocumented and undisclosed use of traditional healthcare potentially hinders the delivery of therapeutic healthcare. As such, integrating the two systems is essential to ensure patients' safety CONTRIBUTION: This article highlights understanding of culture congruence and safe child healthcare that may be brought forward by the integration of the two healthcare systems

Resumen Esta contribución explora cinco aspectos de la autocracia, enfocados en el jefe del Poder Ejecutivo del Gobierno ecuatoriano: poder militar, respeto a la libertad de reunión pacífica, robustez de la sociedad civil, confianza en el presidente y vínculos con los medios de comunicación entre 2017 y 2022. Desde la metodología, este estudio explora el procedimiento de congruencia tipo 2, propuesto por Van Evera, a la trayectoria histórica del poder estatal desde 1963 y la información alojada en las bases de datos Varieties of Democracy y Latinobarómetro. Los resultados evidencian que la autocracia funciona de manera independiente a la ideología del Gobierno de turno y que el rol tutelar de la democracia ya no recae en el poder militar, sino en las élites económicas y mediáticas que configuraron el poder nacional. Pese a que las protestas sociales de octubre de 2019 y junio de 2022 reflejan que la organización, estructuras y aliados del movimiento indígena son reactivos a estos escenarios políticos, la represión a la sociedad civil es y sigue siendo un indicador de autocracia en el país.

Abstract This paper explores five autocracy aspects in the Ecuadorian Head of the Executive (2017-2022): military power, complying with freedom of assembly, the strength of civil society, confidence in the president, and links with the media. From a methodology point of view and information found in the Varieties of Democracy and Latinobarómetro databases, this study explores the type 2 congruence procedure proposed by Van Evera and the historical trajectory of state power since 1963. The results show that the autocracy works independently of the ideology of the government in office and that the military power no longer holds a custodial role of democracy but instead the economic and media elites who shaped the national power. Even though the social protests in October 2019 and June 2022 reflect that the indigenous movement's organization, structures, and allies react to these political scenarios, repression of civil society is and remains an indicator of autocracy in the country.

RESUMEN Introducción: las defunciones por influenza en niños se asociaron en un 92,5% a la ausencia de vacunación. Muchos padres han expresado cierta inquietud, la que los ha llevado a posponer algunas vacunas o hasta suspenderlas por completo. Objetivo: validar un instrumento para identificar el riesgo de la no vacunación contra influenza en derechohabientes de menores de cinco años. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal. Con un universo de 3 292 padres de niños menores de cinco años, con una muestra probabilística de 345 padres adscritos a la Unidad Médico Familiar No.1 entre noviembre de 2021 a febrero de 2022. Se diseñó un instrumento con el que se realizó la determinación de medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión. Para la congruencia interna y la validación del instrumento se calculó el Alpha de Cronbach. Resultados: 127 niños (36,8%) contaban con esquema de vacunación incompleto y 114 niños (33%) con esquema incompleto de la influenza. Hubo relación entre la escolaridad materna y la falta de la vacuna contra la influenza. De acuerdo con el riesgo de la no vacunación en futuras aplicaciones de vacunas, solo 15 niños (4,3%) presentaron un alto riesgo. Específicamente de la vacuna de la influenza, se aplicó la prueba de congruencia interna con Alpha de Cronbach a cada ítem y se obtuvo una alta confiabilidad. Conclusiones: el instrumento “Escala de riesgo para la no vacunación en el menor de cinco años” presentó una gran confiabilidad con un Alpha de Cronbach mayor de 0,9. La desinformación fue el principal factor de riesgo para la no vacunación.

ABSTRACT Introduction: 92.5% of influenza deaths in children were associated with the absence of vaccination. Many parents have expressed some concern, which has led them to postpone some vaccinations or even to suspend them completely. Objective: to validate an instrument to identify the risk of non-vaccination against influenza in rightful claimants under five years of age. Methods: descriptive, cross-sectional study. With a universe of 3,292 parents of children under five years of age, with a probabilistic sample of 345 parents assigned to the Family Medical Unit No. 1 between November 2021 and February 2022. An instrument was designed to determine measures of central tendency and dispersion. Cronbach's Alpha was calculated for internal congruence and validation of the instrument. Results: 127 children (36.8%) had incomplete vaccination schedules and 114 children (33%) had incomplete influenza vaccination schedules. There was a relationship between maternal schooling and lack of influenza vaccination. According to the risk of non-vaccination in future vaccine applications, only 15 children (4.3%) presented a high risk. Specifically for the influenza vaccine, the internal congruence test with Cronbach's Alpha was applied to each item and a high reliability was obtained. Conclusions: the instrument “Risk scale for non-vaccination in children under five years of age” showed high reliability with a Cronbach's Alpha greater than 0.9. Misinformation was the main risk factor for non-vaccination.