Resumen Introducción. El camote (Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam) es sensible a la competencia por arvenses, cuyo control químico en Costa Rica se dificulta por la limitada información local generada sobre selectividad de herbicidas. Objetivo. Determinar la selectividad de seis herbicidas aplicados en diferentes etapas de desarrollo al camote Criollo y su efecto en la cobertura, biomasa y rendimiento del cultivo. Materiales y métodos. Entre agosto y diciembre 2021, se realizaron tres experimentos en la Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno, Universidad de Costa Rica, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Estos incluyeron la aplicación de herbicidas (en kg i.a. ha-1) de la siguiente manera: a) experimento 1: 0,36 de metribuzin, 1,50 de pendimetalina, 0,48 de clomazone, 0,075 de halosulfuron, 1,00 de linuron y 1,25 de metolaclor, aplicados seis días después de la siembra (dds) en diseño de bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones; b) experimento 2: 1,00 de linuron y 0,36 de metribuzin, aplicados a los -1, 15 y 30 dds, en diseño de bloques al azar con arreglo factorial 2x3 y tres repeticiones; y c) experimento 3: 0,075 de halosulfuron y 0,36 de metribuzin, mezclado con 0,125 de fluazifop-p-butil en diseño de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. En todos los casos se realizó deshierba 15 y 30 dds. Resultados. En ninguno de los tres experimentos se vio afectada la producción de raíces reservantes. Experimento 1: solo el halosulfuron causó daños leves en las plantas; ningún herbicida afectó la producción de biomasa aérea. Experimento 2: solo el linuron y metribuzin aplicados 15 y 30 dds causaron daños leves. Experimento 3: las mezclas causaron daños temporales en las plantas. Conclusiones. Los herbicidas evaluados fueron selectivos al camote variedad Criollo y no afectaron el rendimiento de raíces reservantes comercializables; solo halosulfuron causó daños leves en todas las formas de aplicación, y metribuzin y linuron solo en aplicaciones tardías.

Abstract Introduction. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam.) is sensitive to weed competition, and chemical control in Costa Rica is challenging due to limited local information on herbicide selectivity. Objective. To determine the selectivity of six herbicides applied at different stages of development to Criollo sweet potatoes and their effect on coverage, biomass, and crop yield. Materials and methods. Between August and December 2021, three experiments were conducted at the Fabio Baudrit Moreno Agricultural Experimental Station, Universidad de Costa Rica, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Herbicides were applied (in kg a.i. ha-1) as follows: a) Experiment 1: 0.36 of metribuzin, 1.50 of pendimethalin, 0.48 of clomazone, 0.075 of halosulfuron, 1.00 of linuron, and 1.25 of metolachlor, applied six days after planting (dap) in a randomized block design with four repetitions; b) Experiment 2: 1.00 of linuron and 0.36 of metribuzin 0.36, applied at -1, 15 and 30 dap, in a randomized block design with a 2x3 factorial arrangement and three repetitions; and c) Experiment 3: 0.075 of halosulfuron and 0.36 of metribuzin, mixed with 0.125 of fluazifop-p-butyl in a randomized block design with three repetitions. Weeding was performed at 15 and 30 dap in all cases. Results. Root yield was not affected in any of the three experiments. Experiment 1: Only halosulfuron caused mild damage to the plants; no herbicide affected above-ground biomass production. Experiment 2: Only linuron and metribuzin applied at 15 and 30 dap caused mild damage. Experiment 3: The mixtures caused temporary damage to the plants. Conclusions. The evaluated herbicides were selective to the Criollo sweet potatoes, and did not affect the yield of marketable storage roots. Only halosulfuron caused mild damage in all application forms, and metribuzin and linuron only in late applications.

Abstract Neoliberalism goes beyond a simple economic program or political ideology; it is a global civilizing project of a practical normative logic that defines the norms of life and social relations. But perhaps the greatest novelty offered by neoliberalism with respect to classical liberalism is the general principle of generalized competition that forces the rejection of cooperation as a basic principle of coexistence, equality and social development. This principle of generalized competition has been incorporated in all social organizations, including academia, as a reference of scientific knowledge. In the last 20 years, Higher Education Institutions have undergone a change of model under the protection of a deep economic and ethical crisis in Spain and the influence of globalization. In this sense, this paper focuses mainly on two issues: generalized competition and changes in higher education institutions in Spain. On the one hand, generalized competition has replaced cooperation as a basic principle in coexistence and social development and, on the other hand, higher education institutions in Spain have undergone changes that have increased inequality and the gender gap, leading to the consolidation of an elitist and patriarchal university.

Resumen El neoliberalismo va más allá de un simple programa económico o una ideología política, se trata de un proyecto civilizatorio global de una lógica normativa práctica que define las normas de vida y las relaciones sociales. Pero quizás, la mayor novedad que ofrece el neoliberalismo con respecto al liberalismo clásico es el principio general de la competencia generalizada que obliga a rechazar la cooperación como principio básico de la convivencia, la igualdad y el desarrollo social. Ese principio de la competencia generalizada se ha incorporado en todas las organizaciones sociales, incluida la Academia como referente del conocimiento científico. Y es que, en estos últimos 20 años, las Instituciones de Educación Superior, han sufrido un cambio de modelo al amparo de una profunda crisis económica y ética en España y la influencia de la globalización. En este sentido desde este trabajo se centran principalmente dos temas: la competencia generalizada y los cambios en las instituciones de educación superior en España. Por un lado, que la competencia generalizada ha reemplazado a la cooperación como principio básico en la convivencia y desarrollo social y, por otro, que las instituciones de educación superior en España han experimentado cambios que han incrementado la desigualdad y la brecha de género, llevando a la consolidación de una universidad elitista y patriarcal.

Resumo Este artigo discute os processos de elaboração e contratação da primeira fase do programa TOMAK (acrônimo para To’os Ba Moris Di’ak; em inglês, Farming for Prosperity, e em português, Agricultura para Prosperidade), financiado pelo Estado australiano e implementado em Timor-Leste entre 2016 e 2021. Argumentamos que tais processos alçam o programa à condição de mercadoria, que é acedido, no mercado global, por mecanismos de concorrência específicos e sujeito a certos fetichismos. As formas de manejo do programa expressam o novo papel que os Estados nacionais têm desempenhado sob hegemonia do neoliberalismo: dinamizadores da concorrência, em múltiplas escalas. Situamos os fenômenos abordados como produto de processos históricos de longa duração relacionados às reconfigurações das práticas de cooperação internacional para o desenvolvimento. As análises são baseadas em etnografias documental e digital e em experiências de duas décadas (anos 2000 a 2020) de observação do campo da cooperação internacional em Timor-Leste e alhures. acrônimo Toos To Diak Di ak Di’ak inglês Prosperity português Prosperidade, Prosperidade , Prosperidade) TimorLeste Timor Leste 201 2021 mercadoria acedido global fetichismos neoliberalismo escalas desenvolvimento anos 200 2020 alhures 20 202 2

Abstract This article discusses the concept, design, and contracting processes of the first phase of the TOMAK program (acronym for To’os Ba Moris Di’ak, translated as Farming for Prosperity in English, and Agricultura para Prosperidade in Portuguese). The program was funded by the Australian government and implemented in Timor-Leste between 2016 and 2021. We argue that these processes elevate the program to the status of a commodity, accessed in the global market by specific mechanisms of competition and subject to certain fetishes. The program’s management practices reflect the new role that nation-states have played under the dominance of neoliberalism: as catalysts of competition on multiple fronts. We contextualize the phenomena discussed as products of long-term historical processes related to the reconfigurations of international development cooperation practices. Our analyses are based on documental and digital ethnographies and two decades (2000-2020) of observations in the field of international cooperation in Timor-Leste and beyond. concept design acronym Toos To os Diak, Diak Di ak, ak Di’ak English Portuguese. Portuguese . Portuguese) TimorLeste Timor Leste 201 2021 commodity fetishes programs s nationstates nation states neoliberalism fronts longterm long term 20002020 2000 2020 (2000-2020 beyond 20 202 2000202 200 (2000-202 2 200020 (2000-20 20002 (2000-2 (2000- (2000 (200 (20 (2 (

Resumen: La investigación, con enfoque epistemológico cuantitativo y el paradigma positivista, tiene como objetivo definir la relación entre el marco regulatorio del sector financiero ecuatoriano y las condiciones de financiamiento a las pymes. Esta fue de tipo descriptivo-correlacional, permitiendo realizar un análisis descriptivo y factorial de variables vinculadas al conocimiento y aplicación de leyes y códigos regulatorios de 54 oficiales de crédito del sector bancario de El Oro, Ecuador. Se identificaron dos dimensiones: una relacionada con el marco regulatorio monetario y otra con códigos orgánicos. Las encuestas señalan que las leyes más aplicadas son: Ley General de Instituciones del Sector Financiero y Ley de Compañías. La primera regula la creación, funcionamiento y cierre de instituciones financieras privadas para proteger a la población y asegurar la estabilidad financiera; su cumplimiento es supervisado por la Superintendencia de Bancos. La segunda simplifica el proceso de constitución de empresas, permitiendo diversos tipos de compañías y flexibilidad en su estructura. Las regulaciones bancarias ecuatorianas han experimentado reformas para fortalecer la solidez y transparencia del sistema, como la Ley de Mercado de Valores y la Ley de Instituciones del Sistema de Seguros Privados, que contribuyen a la estabilidad, regulación, protección al consumidor financiero y promoción de la competencia, generando condiciones de financiamiento favorables, que incluyen confianza, tasas de interés competitivas y amplias opciones financieras.

Abstract: The research, with a quantitative epistemological approach and the positivist paradigm, aims to define the relationship between the regulatory framework of the Ecuadorian financial sector and the financing conditions for SMEs. This was of a descriptive-correlational type, allowing a descriptive and factorial analysis of variables linked to the knowledge and application of laws and regulatory codes of 54 credit officers from the banking sector of El Oro, Ecuador. Two dimensions were identified: one related to the monetary regulatory framework and another with organic codes. Surveys indicate that the most applied laws are: General Law of Financial Sector Institutions and Companies Law. The first regulates the creation, operation and closure of private financial institutions to protect the population and ensure financial stability; Its compliance is supervised by the Superintendency of Banks. The second simplifies the business incorporation process, allowing various types of companies and flexibility in their structure. Ecuadorian banking regulations have undergone reforms to strengthen the soundness and transparency of the system, such as the Securities Market Law and the Law of Institutions of the Private Insurance System, which contribute to stability, regulation, financial consumer protection and promotion of competition, generating favorable financing conditions, which include confidence, competitive interest rates and broad financial options.

Resumen En el complejo contexto en que se desarrolla la actividad turística cubana, se hace necesario atemperar la gestión del sector a las tendencias internacionales para con ello elevar la competitividad del destino país. En los últimos años, se ha señalado que se carece, a nivel de país, de estudios vinculados con la planeación estratégica e integrada del sector. En este escenario, y como parte del proyecto: Desarrollo y Competitividad del producto turístico cubano, se desarrolla la presente investigación con el objetivo de diseñar las pautas estratégicas para la gestión de los destinos turísticos cubanos. En la misma se desarrolló una etapa previa vinculada con el estudio teórico-conceptual y la descripción de los elementos vinculados al turismo en el destino. Posteriormente, se desarrollaron tres etapas donde fueron utilizados métodos y técnicas como análisis bibliográfico, encuestas a expertos y grupos de discusión. Lo anterior permitió exponer el análisis situacional de Cuba en cuanto a la gestión de sus destinos, perspectivas futuras, buenas prácticas de dos de los países que constituyen competencia directa, así como formular un total de cinco objetivos estratégicos y 30 pautas a tener en cuenta para el diseño de estrategias. En el estudio realizado sobresale la necesidad de que se reconozca y asuma la gestión de los destinos desde el territorio.

Resumo No complexo contexto em que se desenvolve a atividade turística cubana, é necessário adaptar a gestão do setor às tendências internacionais para aumentar a competitividade do país como destino. Nos últimos anos, tem sido apontada a falta de estudos ligados ao planejamento estratégico e integrado do setor em nível nacional. Nesse cenário, e como parte do projeto: Desenvolvimento e competitividade do produto turístico cubano, esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de elaborar diretrizes estratégicas para a gestão dos destinos turísticos cubanos. Uma etapa preliminar envolveu um estudo teórico-conceitual e uma descrição dos elementos ligados ao turismo no destino. Posteriormente, foram desenvolvidas três etapas utilizando métodos e técnicas como análise bibliográfica, pesquisas com especialistas e grupos de discussão. Isso permitiu apresentar a análise situacional de Cuba em termos de gestão de seus destinos, perspectivas futuras, boas práticas de dois dos países que constituem a concorrência direta, bem como formular um total de cinco objetivos estratégicos e 30 diretrizes a serem levadas em conta para a elaboração de estratégias. O estudo destaca a necessidade de reconhecer e assumir a gestão dos destinos a partir do território.

Abstract In the complex context in which Cuba's tourism activity is developing, it is necessary to adjust the sector's management to international trends in order to increase the country's competitiveness as a destination. In recent years, it has been pointed out that there is a lack, at the country level, of studies linked to the strategic and integrated planning of the sector. In this scenario, and as part of the project: Development and Competitiveness of the Cuban tourist product, the present research is developed with the objective of designing strategic guidelines for the management of Cuban tourist destinations. In the same, a previous stage linked to the theoretical-conceptual study and the description of the elements linked to tourism in the destination was developed. Subsequently, three stages were developed using methods and techniques such as bibliographic analysis, surveys to experts and discussion groups. This made it possible to present the situational analysis of Cuba in terms of the management of its destinations, future perspectives, good practices of two of the countries that constitute direct competition, as well as to formulate a total of five strategic objectives and 30 guidelines to be taken into account for the design of strategies. The study highlights the need to recognize and assume the management of destinations from the territory.

Abstract From 2004 to the present, eleven Argentine provinces have had laws on Mandatory Open Simultaneous Primaries (PASO, in Spanish) and have enforced them at least once. Their creation sought to democratize the selection of candidates through mandatory primary elections for political parties and voters. The PASO law has been criticized because political parties come to agreements on single lists of candidates, complying with the mandatory rule but avoiding internal competition. This paper investigates the factors that have influenced the strategies of agreement or dispute within political spaces, based on the measurement of the number of internal lists presented in PASO. To carry out the analysis, an observational study was conducted by examining the strategies of the main political forces in eleven Argentine provinces. Three political-institutional variables were studied: 1) the re-election of the governor, 2) the electoral calendar, and 3) government vs. opposition. The results show that when the governor does not run for re-election and the electoral calendar is split, there are greater chances of internal dispute between more than one list. Likewise, being part of the opposition was not a determining factor for the dispute between two or more internal lists.

Resumen Desde 2004 hasta la actualidad 11 provincias argentinas tuvieron leyes de elecciones primarias, abiertas, simultáneas y obligatorias (PASO) y las aplicaron al menos una vez. Su creación buscó democratizar la selección de candidaturas a partir de incorporar elecciones primarias obligatorias para los partidos políticos y para el electorado. Esta herramienta fue criticada debido a que los partidos políticos priorizaron el acuerdo de listas únicas, cumpliendo con la obligatoriedad de la norma, pero incumpliendo su objetivo principal. En este artículo se indaga en los factores que inciden en las estrategias de acuerdos o disputas en los partidos políticos y sus alianzas a partir de la medición de la cantidad de listas internas presentadas en las PASO. Para llevar a cabo el análisis se realizó un estudio observacional analizando las estrategias de las principales fuerzas partidarias en 11 provincias argentinas. Se estudiaron tres variables políticoinstitucionales: la reelección del gobernador o de la gobernadora; el calendario electoral; y el oficialismo vs. la oposición. Los resultados arrojaron que cuando el gobernador o la gobernadora no compite por la reelección y el calendario electoral provincial se encuentra desdoblado del nacional, son mayores las probabilidades de disputa interna entre más de una lista. Asimismo, formar parte de la oposición no constituye un factor determinante para tener una disputa interna entre dos o más listas en las PASO.

Abstract This study analyzes the historical production of play, games and toys in ethnographic studies. A literature review conducted following the PRISMA Statement- identified 68 Spanish, English, French, and Portuguese ethnographic studies from the late 19th century to the present day. Previous historical reviews categorized the ethnographic studies according to their philosophical background. However, this study innovatively uses a post-structural approach that identifies colonizing and, more recently, decolonizing and emancipatory characteristics. Post-structural contributions include exploring play beyond school and childhood, how Western games promote competition and individualism, how industrial toys promote Western values, and how play, games, and toys are also used to reaffirm identities and promote decolonization. The results emphasize the importance of considering the cultural meaning of play and toys, as solely understanding the educational and psychological benefits overlooks, as much previous research has done, the potential colonizing effects.

Resumen El presente estudio es un análisis histórico de la producción etnográfica sobre el juego y el juguete. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura, que siguiendo la metodología de la declaración PRISMA, identificó 68 estudios tanto en español como en inglés, francés y portugués que reportaron estudios etnográficos desde finales del siglo XIX. Análisis históricos anteriores clasificaron la producción de acuerdo con la aproximación filosófica que sustentó a dichos estudios. El presente estudio innova el análisis al utilizar una perspectiva postestructural que identifica componentes colonizadores, descolonizadores y emancipadores. Entre las aportaciones postestructurales, se identifican las diversas formas de concebir al juego, más allá de lo escolar y lo infantil, cómo el juego occidental promueve la competencia y el individualismo, cómo los juguetes industriales promueven mensajes occidentalizantes y cómo el juego y el juguete se usan para promover la identidad y la descolonización. Los resultados ayudan a criticar el estudio del juego y los juguetes exclusivamente desde el punto de vista educativo y psicológico y muestran la necesidad de tener en consideración el componente cultural en su uso para evitar procesos colonizadores.

Resumen La alta demanda laboral impuesta por la naturaleza del emprendimiento puede resultar abrumadora. Los trabajadores autónomos suelen asumir múltiples roles, desde la gestión financiera hasta las operaciones diarias, en un entorno empresarial no siempre favorable. Esta acumulación de responsabilidades, además de un desafío práctico, impacta de manera significativa la capacidad de los emprendedores para manejar eficazmente el estrés. Desde esta perspectiva, el estudio tiene como objetivo analizar implicaciones de factores internos y externos que influyen en las manifestaciones de estrés de los trabajadores autónomos, fundadores de pequeñas empresas en la provincia Manabí, Ecuador. Utilizando una metodología cuantitativa y aplicando regresión logística, los resultados revelan una significativa afectación en los niveles de estrés de este colectivo, sobre todo, por las deudas adquiridas, las extensas horas laboradas que limitan el ocio y el bienestar familiar y algunos obstáculos de índole externo como el acceso a la financiación, regulaciones aduaneras y comerciales, la competencia, la ausencia de demanda y la incertidumbre económica. Este estudio no solo proporciona una visión profunda de las experiencias de estrés de los trabajadores autónomos, sino que también destaca la necesidad urgente de políticas específicas que aborden estos desafíos y fomenten un entorno empresarial más saludable.

Abstract The high labor demand imposed by the nature of the venture can be overwhelming. Freelancers often take on multiple roles, from financial management to daily operations, in a business environment that is not always favorable. This accumulation of responsibilities, in addition to being a practical challenge, significantly impacts entrepreneurs' ability to effectively manage stress. From this perspective, the study aims to analyze the implications of internal and external factors that influence the manifestations of stress of self-employed workers, founders of small businesses in the province of Manabí, Ecuador. Using a quantitative methodology and applying logistic regression, the results reveal a significant impact on the stress levels of this group, especially due to the debts acquired, the long hours worked that limit leisure and family well-being, and some external obstacles. such as access to financing, customs and trade regulations, competition, lack of demand and economic uncertainty. This study not only provides deep insight into the stress experiences of freelancers, but also highlights the urgent need for targeted policies that address these challenges and foster a healthier business environment.

Verlorenvlei is a globally important RAMSAR wetland on the arid west coast of South Africa. A prolonged drought between 2016 and 2021 and increasing competition for water from the agricultural sector resulted in extremely low water levels. We used historical aerial and satellite imagery from 1942 and rainfall and water level data for the past 50 years, to assess habitat changes within the estuarine functional zone of the Verlorenvlei Estuarine Lake. Prior to the drought, lake water levels and water surface area remained stable (1113 ± 27 ha (SE)). Since then, there has been a 64% decrease in open water area, exposing 193 ha of sandbanks, of which 190.9 ha were hyper-sulfidic pyrite-rich. The water in the lower lake was hypersaline (>100), and in the middle, it was acidic (pH<3). The low water level plus sediment and nutrient input from surrounding agriculture resulted in a localised increase in reeds. Additional pressures, such as fires, have reduced the above-ground biomass of reeds and sedges, potentially altering surface morphology and reducing stored carbon. Despite flooding and filling up in June 2023, the lake remained in an acidic state (3.9-4.3). Similar low-lake level, hypersaline and acidic conditions are predicted to become more common under future climate change scenarios where aridity and extreme weather events are anticipated. Inflow of fresh water into the estuary and control of farming practices are required to keep the Verlorenvlei in a functional state, with long-term monitoring necessary to assess the ecological condition in response to restoration actions. SIGNIFICANCE: We assessed the habitat changes in Verlorenvlei, an estuarine lake on the arid west coast of South Africa. Estuarine lakes are scarce, and an extended drought greatly reduced the water surface area, exposing hyper-sulfidic pyrite-rich soils, leading to lake acidification and a negative response from biota. Competition for water from agribusiness and the burning of reeds are added pressures. Subsequent heavy rains have been slow to buffer lake acidity, and the impacts thereof serve as a warning for the management of similar ecosystems and their ecological water requirements, especially under climate change where extreme weather conditions, increased aridity and competition for water are realities.

RESUMEN Introducción: El estigma relacionado con la identidad sexual, especialmente entre HSH, sigue siendo un desafío importante en muchas culturas, este estigma puede aparecer de varias maneras, desde una discriminación explícita hasta estereotipos más discretos, y puede afectar negativamente la salud mental y emocional de quienes lo sufren. Objetivo: Analizar el estigma de identidad sexual y apoyo social entre los hombres que tienen sexo con otros hombres en Central y Asunción, Paraguay durante el 2024. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo, fenomenológico de tipo descriptivo y explicativo. Las categorías de análisis consideradas en este estudio fueron: a) Estigma y apoyo social en la comunidad en general, b) Divulgación de identidad sexual a la comunidad en general, c) Divulgación de identidad sexual a familiares y amigos y d) Estigma y apoyo social en la comunidad de LGBT. Resultados: Participaron del estudio, nueve HSH, donde los testimonios revelan el profundo anhelo de vivir con autenticidad y libertad. Los HSH en Paraguay desean poder ser ellos mismos sin temor a ser juzgados o rechazados, anhelan relaciones abiertas y honestas, y aspiran a una comunidad donde puedan compartir experiencias y apoyarse mutuamente Conclusión: Los HSH enfrentan obstáculos en su crecimiento y unión como comunidad. La ausencia de una comunidad fuerte y unida dificulta el apoyo mutuo y el desarrollo personal, además de la competencia y la falta de colaboración entre organizaciones e individuos crean un ambiente dividido, donde cada uno busca sus propios beneficios en lugar de trabajar juntos por el bien de todos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Stigma related to sexual identity, especially among MSM, remains a major challenge in many cultures, this stigma can appear in various ways, from explicit discrimination to more discreet stereotypes, and can negatively affect the mental and emotional health of those who suffer from it. Objective: Analyze the stigma of sexual identity and social support among men who have sex with other men in Central and Asunción, Paraguay during 2024. Methodology: Qualitative, Phenomenological Study of a descriptive and explanatory type. The analysis categories considered in this study were: a) Stigma and social support in the community in general, b) Disclosure of sexual identity to the community in general, c) Disclosure of sexual identity to family and friends and d) Stigma and social support in the LGBT community. Results: Nine MSM participated in the study, where the testimonies reveal the deep desire to live with authenticity and freedom. MSM in Paraguay want to be able to be themselves without fear of being judged or rejected, they long for open and honest relationships, and they aspire to a community where they can share experiences and support each other. Conclusion: MSM face obstacles in their growth and unity as a community. The absence of a strong and united community makes mutual support and personal development difficult, in addition to competition and lack of collaboration between organizations and individuals creating a divided environment, where everyone seeks their own benefits instead of working together for the good. of everyone.

RESUMEN La competencia con arvenses es uno de los factores que limitan la producción del fríjol caupí en el mundo, causando pérdidas de hasta 90% del rendimiento y calidad de grano. El conocimiento del periodo crítico de competencia de las arvenses es importante para prevenir pérdidas significativas de grano y recursos en el proceso productivo. El objetivo fue determinar el periodo crítico de competencia de las arvenses en el cultivo de fríjol caupí, cultivar Missouri, en dos estaciones de siembra: seco (2022B) y lluvioso (2023A) del Caribe colombiano cálido y seco. Se utilizó el diseño bloques completos aleatorizados con ocho tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Los primeros cuatro tratamientos correspondieron al control manual de arvenses en los intervalos 0-10, 0-20, 0-30 y 0-50 días después de la emergencia (DDE), los segundos cuatro tratamientos correspondieron a la coexistencia cultivo-arvense, en los mismos intervalos. Se evaluó el rendimiento de grano del caupí, y masa seca, cobertura y composición de la comunidad de arvenses. El periodo crítico de competencia de las arvenses en el cultivo de fríjol caupí para la estación seca y lluviosa fue de 14-33 y 14-29 DDE. La reducción del rendimiento de grano fue de 65,2% en la estación seca y de 80,46%, en la estación lluviosa. Rottboellia cochinchinensis, fue la de mayor índice de ocurrencia con 30,3% y densidad de 90 individuos por m2; lo cual es importante para el manejo agronómico del cultivo en la subregión Caribe húmedo.

ABSTRACT Weed competition is one of the factors that limit cowpea production in the world, causing losses of up to 90% of grain yield and quality. Knowledge of the critical period of weed competition (CPC) is important to prevent significant losses of grain and resources in the production process. The objective was to determine the critical period of weed competition in the cultivation of cowpea beans, Missouri cultivar, in two sowing seasons: dry (2022B) and rainy (2023A) of warm dry Colombian Caribbean. The randomized complete block design was used with eight treatments and four repetitions. The first four treatments corresponded to manual control of weeds in the intervals 0-10, 0-20, 0-30 and 0-50 days after emergence (DAE), the second four treatments corresponded to the crop-weed coexistence, in the same intervals. Cowpea grain yield, dry mass, cover and weed community composition were evaluated. The critical period of competition of weeds in the cowpea crop for the dry and rainy seasons was 14-33 and 14-29 days after emergence, respectively. The reduction in grain yield was 65.2% in the dry season and 80.46% in the rainy season. Rottboellia cochinchinensis had the highest occurrence rate with 30.3% and a density of 90 individuals per m2; which is important for the agronomic management of the crop in the humid Caribbean subregion.

Irrigation is required to supplement rainfall to enhance the productivity of chickpea in South Africa (SA). However, the dependence on irrigation can be problematic for SA and other countries with limited natural water resources and variable rainfall. Even though access to irrigation water has been identified as one of the challenges faced when planting chickpea in the winter season in SA, irrigation management strategies for chickpea grown on soils differing in texture have not gained considerable research attention. Hence, this study aimed to assess the effects of irrigation levels on dry matter production of chickpea grown on two soils differing in soil texture under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial in a completely randomized design, with 3 irrigation levels (25%, 50% and 75% of the water-holding capacity of soil (WHC)) and 2 soils differing in soil textural class (Loamy sand (LS) soil and sandy loam (SL) soil), replicated thrice. Irrigation level, soil texture and their interaction significantly affected shoot biomass (SBM) and total plant biomass (TBM). Generally, SBM, TBM and root biomass decreased correspondingly with the reduction in irrigation. The 25% WHC significantly reduced the SBM by up to 60% and TBM by up to 56% compared to the 50% and 75% WHC. The SBM and TBM were higher in SL soil than in LS soil. A significantly higher root/shoot ratio (0.45) in the LS soil than in the SL soil (0.16) indicated that the conditions of LS soil encouraged plants to allocate higher proportions of biomass into roots, possibly due to increased competition for soil resources. In conclusion, maintaining soil moisture at 50% WHC ensures better chickpea dry matter production in SL soil.

Abstract In March 1913, Armando de Almeida won the "Semana Desportiva" (Sports Week) marathon organised by the newspaper O Mundo. In May of the same year, he repeated the feat by winning the marathon at the National Olympic Games, then the most important athletics competition in the country. For these victories, he is considered the national marathon champion for 1913 by the Federação Portuguesa de Atletismo (Portuguese Athletics Federation). It is worth noting that the Federação Portuguesa de Atletismo only formally existed in 1921. Against the backdrop of significant political and social upheaval and within an elitist and largely unstructured ecosystem, Armando de Almeida stood out among the core group of athletes participating in these new forms of leisure and mass cultural demonstrations - long-distance pedestrian races. His active involvement in the running culture of the metropolis coincided with the emergence and growth of the Black movement (1911-1933) - which pioneered political activism against racism in Portugal. This text delves into the recovery of photographs and narratives from the early days of Portuguese athletics, aiming to biograph Armando de Almeida. Through an exercise of empathy and activism, it contributes to the debate, counteracting historical oversights and invisibilities. Additionally, it attempts to reconstruct the connections between the athlete's emancipatory endeavours and the organisation of political and social movements during the turbulent period of the First Republic. Set in the capital of a colonial empire with a notable presence of people of African descent, it explores this centuries-old historical phenomenon.

Resumo Em março de 1913, Armando de Almeida venceu a maratona da “Semana Desportiva” do jornal O Mundo. Em maio do mesmo ano repetiu a proeza ao vencer a maratona dos Jogos Olímpicos Nacionais, na altura, a mais importante competição de atletismo no país. Por essas vitórias, é considerado o campeão nacional da maratona para o ano de 1913 pela Federação Portuguesa de Atletismo. Recordemos que a Federação Portuguesa de Atletismo só existe formalmente desde 1921. É, conjuntamente, num contexto de grande perturbação político-social e num ecossistema elitista, programaticamente desestruturado, que Armando de Almeida se destaca do grupo matricial de atletas que tomavam parte nestas novas formas de lazer e demonstrações de cultura de massas - as corridas pedestres de longa distância. A sua presença ativa na cultura de corrida da metrópole é contemporânea com a origem e constituição do movimento negro (1911-1933) - pioneiro no combate político antirracista em Portugal. Neste texto, que tem como ponto de partida o resgate de fotografias e narrativas dos primórdios da história e da memória do atletismo português, procuramos biografar Armando de Almeida, num exercício simultâneo de empatia e militância como contributo para o debate, contrariando invisibilidades consequentes de negligências historiográficas. Tentamos, também, reconstituir a possibilidade de articulação entre os percursos emancipatórios do atleta com a organização de movimentos políticos e sociais no tumultuoso momento histórico da Primeira República, numa capital de império colonial, com expressiva presença de pessoas afrodescendentes, esse fenómeno histórico plurissecular.

RESUMEN Trichoderma, un género de hongos filamentosos es ampliamente utilizado en la agricultura debido a sus propiedades y usos diversos, destacando su habilidad para funcionar como un agente biocontrolador contra diversos fitopatógenos. El éxito de Trichoderma se basa en múltiples mecanismos de acción, que incluyen antibiosis, micoparasitismo, competencia por espacio y nutrientes, producción de enzimas y metabolitos secundarios con actividad antimicrobiana y la estimulación de la respuesta de defensa de las plantas ante los patógenos. Esta mini revisión se centra en los mecanismos de acción de Trichoderma como biocontrolador y sus potencialidades para el uso en la agricultura. Este género de hongos filamentosos con capacidad para inhibir el crecimiento de patógenos, estimular el crecimiento de las plantas y mejorar la calidad del suelo lo convierten en un recurso valioso para los agricultores. El conocimiento de estos mecanismos puede ayudar a mejorar aún más su uso en la agricultura y promover prácticas agrícolas sostenibles.

ABSTRACT Trichoderma, a genus of filamentous fungi, is widely used in agriculture due to its various properties and uses, particularly its ability to function as a biocontrol agent against various phytopathogens. The success of Trichoderma is based on multiple mechanisms of action, including antibiosis, mycoparasitism, competition for space and nutrients, production of enzymes and secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity, and stimulation of the plant defense response against pathogens. This mini review focuses on the mechanisms of action of Trichoderma as a biocontrol agent and its potential for use in agriculture. Its ability to inhibit the growth of pathogens, stimulate plant growth, and improve soil quality makes it a valuable resource for farmers. Understanding these mechanisms can further improve its use in agriculture and promote sustainable agricultural practices.

Abstract (Introduction): Coastal areas constitute the interface between land and marine environments, connected through multiple natural and socioecological processes that contribute to human well-being. (Objective): Identify land and marine uses and activities with mutual implications and biophysical processes in the northern region of the Bonaerense Coastal Ecosystem (Argentina), in order to evaluate the degree of compatibility or conflict between these activities, with emphasis on the fishing activity. (Methodology): The land-sea-land (T-M-T) methodological analysis was applied. Uses and activities (U&A) and biophysical processes of marine and land origin were determined. Interactions between marine-land and biophysical processes T-M-T were identified for further categorization and analysis. (Results): A total of 121 U&A sea-land-sea (L-S-L) interactions related to fishing were detected. Medium conflicts were mainly caused by competition for space or resources and were associated with the coexistence of U&A (tourism, fishing, and communication activities), both spatially and temporally. Of the total, 68 negative interactions were observed between biophysical processes and U&A L-S-L, which were linked to climatic events and the effects of climate change (variation in sea surface temperature, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, as well as variations in sediment transport and coastal erosion). (Conclusions): The analysis carried out constitutes an advancement in the study of U&A T-M-T in coastal-marine areas of the Atlantic coast and their interactions, with emphasis on fishing activities, as a contribution to their management with an ecosystemic approach.

Resumen (Introducción): Los espacios litorales constituyen la interfaz entre los ambientes terrestres y marinos, conectados por múltiples procesos naturales y socioecológicos, proporcionando bienes y servicios ecosistémicos para el bienestar humano. (Objetivo): Identificar los usos y actividades tanto terrestres como marinos con implicancias mutuas y los procesos biofísicos en la región norte del Ecosistema Costero Bonaerense (Argentina), con el fin de evaluar el grado de compatibilidad o conflicto entre estas actividades, con énfasis en el sector pesquero. (Metodología): Se aplicó el análisis metodológico tierra-mar-tierra (T-M-T). Se determinaron los usos y actividades (UyA), así como procesos biofísicos de origen marino y terrestre. Se identificaron las interacciones entre UyA marinos y terrestres, y procesos físicos T-M-T, para su posterior categorización y análisis de las interacciones previamente identificadas. (Resultados): Se notaron 121 interacciones de UyA T-M-T vinculadas con la pesca. Predominaron los conflictos medios por competencia de espacio o recursos y se relacionaron con la coexistencia espacial y temporal de UyA (turísticas, pesquera y comunicaciones). Se detectaron 68 interacciones negativas entre los procesos biofísicos y UyA asociados a eventos climáticos e impactos derivados del cambio climático (modificaciones en la temperatura superficial del mar, circulación atmosférica y oceánica, así como variaciones en el transporte de sedimentos y erosión costera). (Conclusiones): El análisis efectuado constituye un avance en el estudio entre UyA T-M-T en zonas litorales costero-marinas de la costa atlántica y de sus interacciones, con énfasis en la actividad pesquera, como aporte a la gestión de aquellos, con un enfoque ecosistémico.