Resumen: El desempeño eficaz y oportuno de las funciones por parte de los agentes encargados del cumplimiento la ley bajo la ley marcial es un paso importante en el camino hacia el restablecimiento del orden público perturbado por el conflicto armado. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la estructura del mecanismo de derecho administrativo que rige las actividades de los organismos encargados de hacer cumplir la ley bajo la ley marcial. El objeto de investigación de múltiples aspectos determinó el uso de una amplia gama de métodos, como el análisis comparativo y el método de derecho comparado. En ese sentido, la aplicación de medidas por parte de la policía para realizar un examen técnico forense del lugar de los hechos tras el descubrimiento de artefactos explosivos y municiones sospechosas se considera eficaz para garantizar el orden público durante la ley marcial. Durante un conflicto armado, los agentes del orden llevan a cabo sus actividades de conformidad con las disposiciones del derecho administrativo que rigen las actividades de aplicación de la ley bajo la ley marcial. Una estructura coordinada de los organismos encargados de hacer cumplir la ley durante la ley marcial ayuda a establecer la ley y el orden, y a respetar los derechos humanos y libertades. Investigaciones futuras sobre las actividades de los organismos encargados de hacer cumplir la ley bajo la ley marcial pueden centrarse en desarrollar recomendaciones prácticas sobre la eficacia de las actividades policiales, y estos pueden ser el desminado del territorio y la inspección del lugar por parte de la policía en caso de descubrimiento de artefactos explosivos.

Abstract: Effective and timely performance of duties by law enforcement officers under martial law is an important step on the way to restoring law and order disturbed by the armed conflict. The aim of the study was to analyze the structure of the mechanism of administrative law governing the activities of law enforcement agencies under martial law. The multiple- aspect research object determined the use of a wide range of methods, such as the comparative analysis and the method of comparative law. In this sense, implementing measures by the police to provide a technical forensic examination of the scene upon the discovery of suspicious explosive devices and ammunition is considered effective for ensuring law and order during martial law. During an armed conflict, the law enforcement officers carry out their activities in compliance with the provisions of administrative law governing law enforcement activities under martial law. A coordinated structure of law enforcement agencies during martial law helps to establish law and order and observe human rights and freedom. Further research on the activities of law enforcement agencies under martial law may focus on developing practical recommendations regarding the effectiveness of police activities, and these may be demining the territory and inspecting the scene by the police in the event of the discovery of explosive devices.

Education systems are shaped by various internal and external contextual forces (De Beer, 2017). External contextual trends typically include language, demography, geography, technology, politics, and financial and economic trends. Religion represents one of these external contextual trends that can affect an education system (see Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010; Wolhuter & Van der Walt, 2018). Making use of established metabletic-comparative methodology, this article seeks to highlight the impact of religion as a formative factor of education in the BRICS countries. Religion is treated significantly differently in the education systems of the BRICS member states. In schools in India and China, no religious activities are allowed in accordance with the respective constitutions, while any religious activities may take place in schools in Brazil, Russia and South Africa, provided that the activities comply with particular guidelines. Broadly considered, any religious activities are conducted in primary schools in Brazil, provided that attendance is voluntary. Religion in Brazilian schools is influenced by the strong position of the Roman Catholic faith in Brazilian society, which could potentially be detrimental to minority groups in Brazil (Senefonte, 2018:440). Learners in Russia, according to Russian law, are free to choose for themselves the religious module in which they wish to receive education. Schools in Russia do not, however, always implement this legislation correctly, since a school's resources actually determine which module the learners should take. The manner in which religion is being dealt with, causes unhappiness among learners and parents as they do not really have freedom of choice regarding the religious module in which they wish to receive instruction (Zöllner, 2016). The legislation in China clearly states that no religious activities may take place in public schools, yet the ruling party of China intends to enshrine tenets of atheism in learners in schools (Vickers, 2022; Wang & Froese, 2020). Compared to the other BRICS member states, China has the most officially, constitutionally recognised ethnic groups. In terms of legislation and policy formulations, the ethnic minority groups obtain various benefits in terms of education. The wide variety of ethnic groupings poses various challenges to the government of China as the views of all these groups in the education system have to be taken into account. Various documents, including the South African Schools Act 76 of 1996, and other education policies provide clear guidelines as to how religion ought to be dealt with in South African schools. In South Africa, learners are taught various major deities worldwide. All learners in South Africa are exposed to the concept of religion through the subject Life Orientation (Grades 7-12). Teachers in South Africaface the challenge of respecting all kinds of religions and not preaching their own views on a religion. This challenge of respecting all religions can result in conflict in schools, as learners may feel that they will be discriminated against if one type of religion is singled out, for example during assembly. This underscores the role and value of South African teachers in inculcating citizenship values (see Wolhuter, Janmaat, Van der Walt & Potgieter, 2020). The Government of India faces opposition from minority groups with regard to religion in schools as the socio-political hegemony religion is especially preferred in terms of the drafting of academic textbooks (Traub, 2018). This preferential treatment of a particular religion is contrary to the Indian constitution, as no single religion may be singled out, nor should any religion be discriminated against (Majumdar, 2018). The preference given to a particular religion in textbooks can result in a negative impact on the education system of India. The analysis and interpretation show that there is still a close relationship between religion and education in the BRICS countries. However, all five BRICS member states face different problems regarding religion and each of the five member states also deals with its problems differently. This conclusion is now unpacked in this summary, and in detail defended in the ensuing full text. In terms of dealing with religion, South Africa appears to be more tolerant than Brazil, Russia, India and China, although this tolerance still causes more problems for the South African government, in the sense of opposition from various adherents of a wide variety of faith groupings who would like schools to play a role in strengthening the religious beliefs of their children. Several court cases have been fought in South Africa as schools struggle to accommodate the wishes of all religious groups in South Africa (see Nthontho, 2020). In contrast to forces in all the BRICS countries trying to separate religion and (public) education, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, the proto-charter of Human Rights Charters in the contemporary world, Article 26 states that everyone has the right to education, education should be oriented towards the total development of the child's personality, and that parents have a preferential right to decide on the type of education their children should receive. The BRICS member states can learn from each other how to deal with religion in schools, even though none have yet managed to deal satisfactorily with religion in education. The common factor among all five BRICS countries is that religion is used again and again (consciously or unconsciously) to reinforce political or ideological hegemony. It seems that the shortcoming in all these countries is pointing to a lack of recognition of the place and role of religion in the lives of their citizens and that secular-political objectives, notably the forcing of official ideological hegemony, as well as the achievement of national unity above the full recognition of religious freedom, are also stated in the education system and in citizens 'choice of the kind of religious education of their children. As a result, the role of religion in creating a strong moral fibre for a society therefore never seems to come into its own. Moreover, judging by the United Nations Charter's Human Rights provisions on education, educative education (incl. teaching and learning), in accordance with its full scope of semantic value, does not currently come into its own. The same seems to be the case as regards the human right to parental advocacy with respect to religious education. The experience of the BRICS countries in terms of religion-in-education shows that it is sensible and even necessary, for example, along the path of enlarged parental speech in education and school autonomy, to allow more room for religious freedom in education. The BRICS countries are currently being proposed as the leading grouping of the Global South in a new formative world order. Against this background, current trends regarding religion-in-education in these countries therefore probably represent a bold example. However, it should nonetheless be denounced by the academic community and better examples should subsequently be extracted and presented from other national education systems from future research.

'n Onderwysstelsel word deur verskeie samelewingskontekstuele kragte gevorm. Hierdie kontekstuele faktore sluit taal, demografie, geografie, tegnologie, politiek en finansiële en ekonomiese tendense in. Godsdiens is een van die laasgenoemde tendense wat 'n onderwys-stelsel kan beïnvloed. Die BRICS-organisasie bestaan uit Brasilië, Rusland, Indië, Sjina en Suid-Afrika en is 'n supra-nasionale blok wat baie aandag in die openbare sowel as akademiese diskoers oor internasionale politiek en maatskaplike kwessies trek (De Beer, 2017). Godsdiens word wyd geag as 'n omstrede en sensitiewe faktor in onderwysstelsels (sien Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010). In hierdie artikel word godsdiens as vormgewende faktor van die onderwysstelsels in die BRICS-lande ondersoek, om die waarde daarvan as 'n aanskouingsles vir Suid-Afrika en ander lande te bepaal. Die BRICS-lidlande is doelbewus vir hierdie navorsing gekies weens die besondere waarde van hierdie lande as vertoonvenster van onderwysstelsels se antwoord op samelewingstendense van die een-en-twintigste eeu. Dokumentontleding is uitgevoer ten opsigte van beleidsdokumente, wetgewing, artikels en staatspublikasies, ten einde inligting in te samel. In die verwerking en interpretasie van inligting is die metableties-vergelykende metode gebruik ten einde beste praktyke ten opsigte van die hantering van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels vanuit die BRICS-lidlande te identifiseer. Die ondersoek het ernstige tekortkominge in al die BRICS-lande se hantering van godsdiens in onderwys aan die lig gebring. Nie een van die lande se beleid of praktyk slaag die toets, soos gemeet aan die Verenigde Nasies se Handves van Menseregte nie. Die noodsaak van voortgesette navorsing oor die plek van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels van die wêreld word ten slotte verduidelik.

RESUMEN La Educación para el Desarrollo Sostenible (EDS) es una meta a alcanzar para la próxima Agenda 2030. El logro de los 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) será por medio de la educación. Las políticas educativas y el desarrollo curricular serán quienes respondan a esta necesidad definiendo en sus principios nuevas prácticas y actitudes que encaminen hacia sociedades más sostenibles. La presente investigación se basa en seguir una metodología comparada, donde se realiza un análisis descriptivo-analítico de las políticas educativas en materia de sostenibilidad en los currículos de España e Irlanda, cómo se estructuran sus sistemas educativos y cómo se integra la EDS en las etapas de educación infantil, primaria y secundaria. La nueva Ley Orgánica que Modifica la Ley Orgánica de Educación (LOMLOE, 2020) visibiliza por primera vez la educación para la sostenibilidad en el currículo escolar respondiendo así a los problemas que la sociedad precisa en torno a los ODS.

ABSTRACT Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is a goal to be achieved for the next 2030 Agenda. The achievement of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) will be through education. Educational policies and curricular development will be the ones that respond to this need by defining in their principles new practices and attitudes that lead towards more sustainable societies. This research is based on following a comparative methodology, where a descriptive-analytical analysis of educational policies on sustainability in the curricula of Spain and Ireland is carried out, how their educational systems are structured and how ESD is integrated in the stages early childhood, primary and secondary education. The new Organic Law that Modifies the Organic Law of Education (LOMLOE) makes education for sustainability visible in the school curriculum for the first time, thus responding to the problems that society needs around the SDGs.

Abstract The challenging task of structural design under structural safety, economic efficiency and environmental sustainability constraints has led to the development of several efficient materials. In this context, steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) stands out due to the post-cracking behavior related to its enhanced toughness. Recent structural design normative codes consider this composite, suggesting good structural performance and broadening its applicability. Nevertheless, literature still lacks a comprehensive constitutive model to precisely describe its tensile behavior. This paper analyzes and compares three of the main European constitutive models, investigating factors that possibly influence their behavior. This study was conducted based on the cross-sectional analysis method, so that load-CMOD graphs could be obtained. Statistical analysis was conducted to classify the models, regarding several relevant parameters, such as mean compressive strength of the matrix and fiber volume. Results show that the constitutive law proposed by the fib Model Code shows the best performance. Also, from the set of considered parameters, ultimate tensile fibers strength presents the greatest sensitivity concerning structural post-crack behavior.

Resumo A desafiadora tarefa de projetar estruturas com segurança, eficiência econômica e sustentabilidade ambiental levou ao desenvolvimento de diversos materiais eficientes. Nesse contexto, cabe destacar o concreto reforçado com fibras de aço (CRFA), dado o seu comportamento pós-fissuração propiciado pela incorporação de fibras no concreto. Códigos normativos recentes de projeto estrutural abordam esse compósito, sugerindo um bom desempenho estrutural o que colabora para ampliar a sua aplicabilidade. Apesar disso, a literatura ainda carece de um modelo constitutivo abrangente para descrever com precisão seu comportamento à tração. Este artigo analisa e compara três dos principais modelos constitutivos europeus, investigando fatores que possivelmente influenciam seu comportamento. Este estudo foi conduzido com base no método de análise de seção transversal, para que os gráficos de carga-CMOD pudessem ser plotados. Uma análise estatística foi realizada para classificar os modelos em relação a alguns parâmetros relevantes, tais como a resistência à compressão média da matriz e o volume de fibras. Os resultados mostram que a lei constitutiva proposta pela fib Model Code apresenta o melhor desempenho. Além disso, do conjunto de parâmetros considerados, a resistência à tração das fibras apresenta a maior sensibilidade com relação ao comportamento estrutural de pós-fissuração.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo comprender e interpretar a través de un estudio hermenéutico la legislación sobre el depósito legal en los países latinoamericanos integrantes de la Asociación de Estados Iberoamericanos para el Desarrollo de las Bibliotecas Nacionales de Iberoamérica (ABINIA) -se excluyen España y Portugal-, a los efectos de establecer un estado del arte crítico sobre la situación. El estudio se basó en una investigación documental con una estrategia cuanti y cualitativa. Como metodología para identificar e interpretar las legislaciones sobre el depósito legal, se aplicaron un análisis de contenido comparativo y una lectura hermenéutica de los textos. Se concluye que existe una gran dependencia del ISBN para poder cumplir con la normativa del depósito legal y se puede afirmar que el depósito legal no representa la totalidad del patrimonio documental de un país, sino solo una parte que está sujeta a las legislaciones vigentes y a las posibilidades de cumplirlas. Existe, además, una falta de precisión de muchos aspectos del depósito legal en las legislaciones analizadas.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to understand and interpret through a hermeneutic study the legislation on legal deposit in the Latin American countries members of the Association of Ibero-American States for the Development of National Libraries of Ibero-America (ABINIA) -excluding Spain and Portugal-, in order to establish a critical state of the art on the situation. The study was based on documentary research with a quantitative and qualitative strategy. A comparative content analysis and a hermeneutic reading of the texts were applied as a methodology to identify and interpret the legislation on legal deposit. It is concluded that there is a great dependence on the ISBN in order to comply with legal deposit regulations and it can be stated that legal deposit does not represent the totality of a country's documentary heritage, but only a part of it, which is subject to the legislation in force and the possibilities of complying with it. There is also a lack of precision in many aspects of legal deposit in the legislations analyzed.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é compreender e interpretar, através de um estudo hermenêutico, a legislação sobre o depósito legal nos países latino-americanos membros da Associação de Estados Ibero-americanos para o Desenvolvimento das Bibliotecas Nacionais na Ibero-América (ABINIA), excluindo Espanha e Portugal, a fim de estabelecer um estado da arte crítico sobre a situação. O estudo baseou-se numa investigação documental com uma estratégia quantitativa e qualitativa. A análise comparativa de conteúdo e a leitura hermenêutica dos textos foram aplicadas como metodologia para identificar e interpretar a legislação sobre o depósito legal. Conclui-se que existe uma grande dependência do ISBN para o cumprimento das normas de depósito legal e que o depósito legal não representa a totalidade do património documental de um país, mas apenas uma parte dele, que está sujeita à legislação em vigor e às possibilidades de a cumprir. Além disso, em muitos aspectos do depósito legal, as legislações analisadas são pouco precisas.

Abstract Although Mexican law provides norms that protect gender equality, actual gender equality has not yet been achieved, as shown by the so-called “salary gap,” which states that a woman in Mexico must work 51 days more than a man to earn the same. The objective of this paper is to show that the mere promulgation of regulations or the threat of sanctions for non-compliance does not necessarily lead to an immediate change in social reality, but rather that it is necessary for the state to take other measures that go beyond the creation of laws and penalties. In other words, it must work toward premium law. Through an analytical, historical, descriptive and comparative law study, it will be concluded that the public measures reviewed in our country on this matter are still insufficient, since gender inequality prevails, contrary to the constitutional and legal design that propagates the opposite, namely: equality. Therefore, it is necessary to propose a different type of measures that encourage employers to balance the working conditions and situations in companies so as to achieve the desired equality, such as: Tax incentives, credit incentives, requiring employment quotas, gender equality in hiring, or awarding badges that indicate egalitarian industries, among others.

Resumen Si bien es cierto que el Derecho mexicano contempla normas protectoras de la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres, aún no se consigue una igualdad sustantiva de género, lo cual se demuestra con la denominada “brecha salarial”, que implica que una mujer en México tiene que trabajar 51 días más que un hombre para ganar lo mismo. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evidenciar que la simple enunciación normativa o la amenaza de sanción ante el incumplimiento, no conduce necesariamente a un cambio inmediato de la realidad social, sino que es necesario que el Estado tome otra especie de acciones, más allá de la producción de leyes y el castigo. O sea, dirigirse hacia un derecho premial. A través de un estudio analítico, histórico, descriptivo y de derecho comparado, se llegará a la conclusión de que las políticas públicas que en esta materia se han verificado en nuestro país, aun son insuficientes, pues impera la desigualdad de género, contrario al diseño constitucional y legal que propugna por lo contrario; a saber: la igualdad. En esa virtud, se impone sugerir otra especie de medidas que incentiven a los empleadores a equilibrar en las empresas las condiciones y situaciones laborales que conduzcan a la igualdad deseada, como pudiesen ser: los beneficios fiscales, las ventajas crediticias, la exigencia de cuotas de género en la contratación o el otorgamiento de distintivos que destaquen a las industrias igualitarias, entre otros.

Résumé: Le but de cet article est de présenter au lecteur une analyse comparative de deux outils judiciaires ayant des objectifs similaires, dans le cadre de deux systèmes d’intégration régionale différents. Afin de comprendre l'origine des différences et des similitudes de l'institut analysé, nous plongerons dans les circonstances culturelles, historiques, économiques et politiques, qui finiront par clarifier les raisons qui expliquent pourquoi les résultats de l'intégration dans le Marché commun du Sud diffèrent. de l'européen. L’objectif final est de prouver l’affirmation selon laquelle les résultats de l’intégration dépendent fortement des propriétés endogènes régionales. Les institutions concrètes analysées présenteront au lecteur un cas concret, où les différentes voies d'évolution aboutissent à des outils judiciaires de différents niveaux d'efficacité dans leurs processus d'intégration respectifs.

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar ao leitor uma análise comparativa de dois instrumentos judiciais com objetivos semelhantes, sob dois sistemas de integração regional diferentes. Para compreender a origem das diferenças e semelhanças do instituto em análise, mergulharemos nas circunstâncias culturais, históricas, económicas e políticas, que acabarão por deixar claras as razões que explicam porque os resultados da integração no Mercado Comum do Sul são diferentes. do europeu. O objectivo final é provar a afirmação de que os resultados da integração são altamente dependentes das propriedades endógenas regionais. As instituições concretas em análise apresentarão ao leitor um caso concreto, onde os diferentes caminhos de evolução, resultam em instrumentos judiciais de diferentes níveis de eficácia nos seus respectivos processos de integração.

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to present the reader with a comparative analysis of two judicial tools with similar objectives, under two dissimilar regional integration systems. In order to understand the origin of the differences and similarities of the institute under analysis, we will dive into the cultural, historical, economic and political circumstances, that will ultimately make clear the reasons that explain why the integration outcomes in the Southern Common Market differs from the European one. The final aim is to prove the statement that integration outcomes are highly dependent on regional endogenous properties. The concrete institutions under analysis will present the reader with a concrete case, where the different evolution paths, result in judicial tools of different levels of effectiveness in their respective integration processes.

Resumen: El propósito de este artículo es presentar al lector un análisis comparativo de dos herramientas judiciales con objetivos similares, bajo dos sistemas de integración regional disímiles. Para comprender el origen de las diferencias y similitudes del instituto analizado, nos adentraremos en las circunstancias culturales, históricas, económicas y políticas, que en definitiva dejarán claras las razones que explican por qué los resultados de la integración en el Mercado Común del Sur difieren. del europeo. El objetivo final es demostrar la afirmación de que los resultados de la integración dependen en gran medida de las propiedades endógenas regionales. Las instituciones concretas bajo análisis presentarán al lector un caso concreto, donde los diferentes caminos de evolución, resultan en herramientas judiciales de diferentes niveles de efectividad en sus respectivos procesos de integración.

The frequent occurrence of disasters because of Indonesia's geographical location within the Ring of Fire calls for effective disaster-management efforts. With the issuance of Law No. 24 of 2007 on Disaster Management, the Indonesian National Disaster Management Agency (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana or BNPB) was subsequently established. Keeping in mind previous disasters in Indonesia which occur in different regions, that is, Palu and Aceh Tsunami, Cianjur earthquake, and Mount Merapi, Indonesia's disaster-management law is general and lacks technical guidelines in addressing the needs of the various regions and the different contours of geography. This article aims to analyse existing Indonesian regulatory and agency problems in disaster management by conducting a normative and comparative approach between the disaster management policy in the United States of America (USA) and Indonesia. The authors chose the USA's disaster-management policy in particular as most comparative studies on disaster management law do not involve the USA despite the State's ability to provide a comprehensive and consistent policy in the midst of the decentralisation of responsibilities with the numerous states. The authors conclude that according to existing disaster-management laws in USA and Indonesia, the government is obligated to fulfil its citizens' rights in the event of natural disasters. Furthermore, noting the issues that exist within the Indonesian disaster-management system, Indonesia can adopt the best practices of the USA to improve its disaster-management system. Among others, Indonesia can learn from the USA in the fields of accountability and transparency amongst agencies, the development of Early Warning Systems, an improved system of interagency cooperation, as well as the provision of specific disaster-management assistance. CONTRIBUTION: The findings of this study are expected to serve as evaluation material and to improve government effectiveness in dealing with natural disasters.

Numerous Pentecostal and Christian adherents are encountering Hebrew Roots teachings, with a significant global presence, notably in the USA, Israel, Europe, South America, and South Africa. In 2012, the South had a substantial number of adherents. A prominent ministry, 119 ministries, offers an interactive map listing Hebrew Roots ministries worldwide. In South Africa, over 120 such ministries are listed, primarily in Gauteng and the Western Cape. Hebrew Roots proponents claim authenticity by reverting to Jewish and Mosaic roots, advocating adherence to Old Testament precepts, including rituals and customs. This article critically assesses these claims, focusing on key texts such as Acts 10:9-29, Acts 15:1-35, and Galatians 2, in the context of the Mosaic-Hebrew roots movement. This movement argues that non-Jewish Christians should observe the Mosaic laws integral to God's covenant with Israel. Employing a comparative literature analysis and grammatical-historical exegesis, the study contrasts Pentecostal beliefs with those of the Hebrew Roots movement concerning non-Jewish Christians' ethical responsibilities regarding the Mosaic laws. The article first outlines the historical evolution of the Hebrew Roots movement, emphasizing its theological foundations. Subsequent sections systematically analyse the scriptural passages, examining their influence on these movements' doctrines through a Pentecostal hermeneutical lens. One central concern highlighted is the potential for Hebrew Roots teachings to challenge the exclusive role of Christ in salvation by emphasizing adherence to the Old Testament's legal framework, raising questions about Christ's divinity. INTRADISCIPLINARY/INTRADISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: This research seeks to prompt a critical examination within the field of Dogmatics, specifically with regard to the precise delineation of a Christian's obligations concerning the Mosaic Law, particularly in the context of the Decalogue.

It is important that the views of children be considered during the process of their parents' divorce. Parental divorce mediation informed by the needs of children is more likely to produce better outcomes. The ways in which divorce mediators in South Africa, Australia and Kenya consider views of the children of marriages in the process of dissolution are compared. The extent to which these three countries have domesticated and implemented relevant international law and policies is compared. Recommendations are provided for Kenya, where empirical research was undertaken to establish the practices and attitudes of Kenyan divorce mediators. The outcome of this empirical research indicates that - prior to mediating between their parents - most of Kenya's divorce mediators fail to elicit the views and wishes of the children who will be affected by the divorce. Proposals are put forward on how this may be rectified. In formulating these proposals, practices in South Africa and Australia are examined for the purpose of comparative analysis. The recommendations for Kenya include the formulation of appropriate laws and policies; the establishment of cost-effective mechanisms for hearing the voices of children prior to their parents' divorce mediation; and the education of the general public on the importance of considering the views and wishes of children when their parents are divorcing.

In this article, I rethink the perceived/received wisdom of the mandatory vaccine policy which has been punted so ardently, largely uncritically, in South Africa. I investigate whether this line of argument could be justified from a comparative South African constitutional perspective. It became evident in the early stages of my research that the legal perspective is too narrow and constricting to allow for a proper understanding of the puzzle. Following Friedman's suggestion of the schism between Western-based curative medicine and preventive strategies, I employ a critical public health theoretical framework complemented by insights from the social sciences. Given that the vaccine is a product of an outdated paradigm, South Africa's erroneous approach to the pandemic led to disastrous consequences and fared less favourably than the rest of Africa. It is concluded that a mandatory vaccine policy is both unconstitutional and unjustifiable, in the wider view.

BACKGROUND: The banking sector provides online banking to offer their customers convenient and easy access to banking services. As most banking services are nowadays performed online, alarming fraudulent activities occur daily. The online banking frauds are increasingly and commonly being experienced globally and are damaging to both banks and customers. OBJECTIVES: The goal of the study was to investigate issues in online fraud detection in the banking sector from South Africa and Spain. METHOD: The study followed the Design Science Research (DSR) methodology. Data were collected through the qualitative approach particularly using focus groups and semi-structured interviews. The study followed non-probability sampling since it focussed on a specialised area of online fraud model. In total, the population size consisted of 17 participants, which included fraud technical managers, fraud investigator specialists, fraud technical specialists and data scientists RESULTS: In the South African context, the study established that there is a lack of online fraud experts in the banking sector. The findings reveal that the lack of online fraud expertise may lead to banks having weak detection systems. In the Spanish perspective, the study revealed that there is a lack of law regulation that poses a high risk. CONCLUSION: Given the lack of online fraud experts in the banking sector, banks are urged to acquire and develop online fraud expertise. Online banking technology is developing expeditiously than traditional transactions; therefore, regulations and policies need to be updated regularly to keep up with rapidly evolving technological changes. CONTRIBUTION: Considering the significance of global online banking, the study suggested areas that the banking sector may investigate to develop and enhance online fraud detection models to combat online fraudulent activities.

Abstract The object of this legal-scientific article is focused on the exposure, updating and analysis of existing problems in the illicit/crime of money laundering/laundering. This fourth approach - in fifth notes - of the sanctioning regime of the legislation that prevents the laundering of advantages, such as money - laundering of advantages such as v.g. capitals -, in Portugal and in the EU, does not escape the previous ones: it is not possible to forget the duty of formation. Still so despised in Portugal-EU, as well as in several countries around the world. It is necessary to continue to add to the prevention of laundering of advantages, such as capital, the criminal offenses and the administrative offenses contained in the Laundering Law. And this is, once again, due to a problem in continental European legislation: its size is increasing more and more as if it were possible to legislate everything. We had already mentioned this in our last publications and we have strengthened it again. It is urgent here, by the way, to make a note to the Resolution of the Council of Ministers nº 69/2022, of 9/8.10 Now implementing the objectives and methodology. As mentioned before, the objectives continue to be renewedly focused on preserving confidence in the “lawful, i.e. fair, origin of certain facts”. This is approached always considering the perspective of a democratic society, as stipulated in the ECHR-European Convention on Human Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. These are essential assumptions that define a Rule of Law, characterized by being democratic, social, free and true. In this environment, without neglecting the protection of “public peace” and the “realization of justice”, the principle of legality that is enshrined in the Constitution, as well as in the Portuguese criminal code, is also taken into account. This principle is reflected in the corresponding section covering the current criminalization in Portugal of the crime of “laundering”. It is worth mentioning that this legislation was modified again a few months ago. Criminalization, therefore, as we have also published in the past, protects a legal asset with several faces. Insistently, the methodology to be followed goes towards a certain maximum dogmatic and doctrinal comparative investigation, based on previous research, investigations and publications (some previous absences are added), legal (also new in the EU and Portugal), but equally, although brevitatis causa, jurisprudence, which we can analyze on the matter, such as, for example, in countries like Portugal and throughout the EU, which is made up of 27 countries.

Resumo O objecto deste artigo jurídico-científico está concentrado na exposição, actualização e análise problemática existente no ilícito/crime de branqueamento/lavagem. Esta quarta abordagem - numas quintas notas - do regime sancionatório da legislação que previne a lavagem de vantagens, como por exemplo, dinheiro - branqueamento de vantagens como v.g. capitais -, em Portugal e na UE, não foge às anteriores: não é possível esquecer o dever de formação. Ainda tão desprezado em Portugal-UE, bem como em diversos países do mundo. É preciso continuar a somar à prevenção do branqueamento de vantagens, como capitais, os ilícitos criminais e os ilícitos contraordenacionais que constam da Lei do Branqueamento. E isto é, mais uma vez, devido a um problema na legislação continental europeia: o seu tamanho está a aumentar cada vez mais como se fosse possível tudo legislar. Já tínhamos referido isso nas nossas últimas publicações e voltamos a fortalecer. Urge aqui, aliás, fazer uma nota à Resolução do Conselho de Ministros nº 69/2022, de 9/85. Concretizando agora os objectivos e a metodologia. Conforme mencionado antes, os objetivos continuam a ser focalizados de forma renovada na preservação da confiança na «origem lícita, i.e. justa, de certos factos». Isso é abordado considerando sempre a perspetiva de uma sociedade democrática, conforme estipulado na CEDH-Convenção Europeia dos Direitos Humanos e na Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos. Estes são pressupostos essenciais que definem um Estado de Direito, caracterizado por ser democrático, social, livre e verdadeiro. Neste ambiente, sem negligenciar a protecção da «paz pública» e da «realização da justiça», também se leva em consideração o princípio da legalidade que está consagrado na Constituição, bem como no código penal português. Esse princípio está reflectido na secção correspondente que abrange a actual criminalização em Portugal do crime de «branqueamento». Vale ressaltar que essa legislação foi de novo modificada há poucos meses6. Criminalização, por conseguinte, como igualmente já publicámos no passado, que tutela um bem jurídico com várias faces. De forma insistente, a metodologia a ser seguida vai em direcção duma certa investigação comparativa máxime dogmática e doutrinal, com base em pesquisas, investigações e publicações anteriores (acrescenta-se algumas ausências anteriores)7, legal (com novidade também na UE e Portugal)8, mas igualmente, ainda que brevitatis causa, jurisprudencial9, que podemos analisar sobre a matéria, como v.g., em países como Portugal e em toda a UE, a qual é constituída por 27 países.

Resumen El presente trabajo incursiona en el estudio teórico y el análisis jurídico comparativo del contrato agrario; definición, tipologías, las peculiaridades en cuanto sus elementos que definen su necesaria especialidad y autonomía normativa respecto a los contratos civiles y mercantiles. Logra demostrar la necesidad de una reconfiguración de la teoría del contrato agrario, así como de una concepción legal sistemática y coherente en Cuba, partiendo de los fines y principios del Derecho Agrario, de los avances doctrinales apreciables a nivel internacional, conforme a las regularidades y tendencias del Derecho Agrario comparado a este respecto y tomando en consideración también, los problemas que hoy afectan el desempeño del sector agrario en la actualidad cubana.

Abstract The present work intrudes in the theoretical study and the comparative juridical analysis of the agrarian contract; definition, classification, the peculiarities as soon as their elements that define their necessary specialty and normative autonomy regarding the civil and mercantile contracts. It is able to demonstrate the necessity of a reconstruction of the theory of the agrarian contract, as well as of a systematic legal conception and coherent in Cuba, under the bases of the finalities and principles of the Agrarian Law, of the appreciable doctrinal advances at international level, according to the regularities and tendencies of the Agrarian Law compared to this respect and also taking in consideration, the problems that today affects the acting of the agrarian sector at the present time Cuban.

Abstract This article has as its theme the collective protection of rights. The objective is to outline an overview of the institute of collective protection in Brazil and perform an interpretation on Directive 2020/1828 of the European Union, comparing European community law and Brazilian law. The research problem is: how do Brazilian law and European community law currently deal with collective protection of rights? é The methodology used had a qualitative approach. The procedure was bibliographical-documentary and the research, regarding its objectives, explanatory. Various methods were applied, such as descriptive, comparative and hermeneutic. The research hypothesis is that the European Union encounters difficulties in the implementation of these guardianships in view of the legislative diversity of the Member States, while Brazil seeks greater effectiveness to what is already standardized. As a result, it was highlighted that collective guardianship is necessary for the realization of rights and an important alternative to privatism. Brazil restructures its collective process, aiming to adapt its sparse laws to the Civil Procedure Code of 2015. In turn, collective protection of rights in the European Union advances and not only develops cooperation between its Member States, but seeks, with the primacy of its norms, adequate protection of collective rights. As final considerations, it is clear that Brazil is undergoing a restructuring of its collective process, adapting its sparse laws to the 2015 Civil Procedure Code, for the adequate protection of collective rights. In Brazil, this institute is combined with the principle of reasonable duration of the process. In Europe, the focus is on bringing uniformity to the various laws of the countries that make up the Union.

Resumo O presente artigo tem como tema a tutela coletiva dos direitos. O objetivo é traçar um panorama sobre o instituto da tutela coletiva no Brasil e realizar interpretação sobre a Diretiva 2020/1828 da União Europeia, comparando o direito comunitário europeu e o direito brasileiro. O problema de pesquisa consiste em analisar como o direito brasileiro e o direito comunitátio europeu tratam atualmente as tutelas coletivas dos direitos? E a metodologia utilizada teve enfoque qualitativo. O procedimento foi bibliográfico-documental e a pesquisa, quanto aos seus objetivos, explicativa. Aplicaram-se métodos variados, como o descritivo, comparativo e hermenêutico. A hipótese de pesquisa é que a União Europeia encontra dificuldades na implementação dessas tutelas ante a diversidade legislativa dos Estados-membros, já o Brasil busca maior efetividade ao que já está normatizado. Como resultados, destacou-se que a tutela coletiva é necessária para a concretização de direitos e importante alternativa ao privatismo. O Brasil reestrutura seu processo coletivo, visando amoldar as suas leis esparsas ao Código de Processo Civil de 2015. Já a tutela coletiva dos direitos na União Europeia avança e não apenas desenvolve a cooperação entre seus Estados-membros, mas busca, com a primazia de suas normas, a adequada proteção dos direitos coletivos. Como considerações finais, percebe-se que o Brasil passa por reestruturação de seu processo coletivo, amoldando suas leis esparsas ao Código de Processo Civil de 2015. Já na União Europeia busca-se a cooperação entre seus Estados-membros e a primazia de suas normas, para a adequada proteção dos direitos coletivos. No Brasil une-se esse instituto com o princípio da duração razoável do processo. Na Europa, o foco é trazer uniformização para as diversas legislações dos países componentes da União.