Resumen: Este artículo analiza la centralidad de las políticas públicas de seguridad y justicia en América Latina y el Caribe a partir de diversas técnicas de investigación teórico (análisis documental y bibliográfico) y trabajo de campo (visitas “in loco” y observaciones participantes), realizadas entre 2015 y 2021. Se parte del supuesto de que la violencia y las inseguridades son abordadas como un obstáculo flagrante para el desarrollo humano y la consolidación del estado de derecho en la región. Se identifica, basado en la literatura especializada y estudio comparado de estas políticas públicas, la relevancia del papel que juega el liderazgo político del estado y el compromiso cívico de varios actores sociales en torno a una gobernanza territorial integrada e integral de políticas de seguridad pública Ciudadana dedicados a salvar y preservar vidas. Resumen análisis bibliográfico visitas in loco participantes, participantes , participantes) 201 2021 región identifica vidas 20 202 2

Abstract: This article analyzes the centrality of public security and justice policies in Latin America and the Caribbean based on various theoretical research techniques (documental and bibliographical analysis) and fieldwork (“in loco” visits and participant observations), undertaken between 2015 and 2021. It starts from the assumption that violence and insecurities are approached as a flagrant obstacle to human development and the consolidation of the rule of law in the region. It is identified, in the comparison of the specialized literature and in the comparative study of these public policies, the relevance of the role played by the political leadership of the State and the civic engagement of several social actors around an integrated and integral territorial governance of citizen public security policies. Despite a punitive political culture and a history of authoritarian governments in the region, there are, after all, key principles and concepts for a new type of governance of citizen security (and justice) in Brazil and in the region aimed at saving and preserve lives. Abstract documental analysis loco observations, observations , observations) 201 2021 identified all lives 20 202 2

Resumo: Este artigo analisa a centralidade das políticas públicas de segurança e justiça na América Latina e no Caribe com base em diversas técnicas de pesquisa teórica (análise documental e bibliográfica) e de campo (visitas “in loco” e observações participantes), empreendidas entre 2015 e 2021. Parte-se do pressuposto de que as violências e inseguranças são abordadas como um flagrante obstáculo ao desenvolvimento humano e à consolidação do estado de direito na região. Identifica-se, no cotejo da literatura especializada e no estudo comparado dessas políticas públicas, a relevância do papel desempenhado pela liderança política do estado e pelo engajamento cívico de diversos atores sociais em torno de uma governança territorial integrada e integral das políticas de segurança pública cidadã. Inobstante a uma cultura política punitiva e a um histórico de governos autoritários na região, vislumbram-se, afinal, princípios e conceitos-chave para uma governança de novo tipo da segurança cidadã (e justiça) no Brasil e na região voltada a salvar e a preservar vidas. Resumo análise bibliográfica visitas in loco participantes, participantes , participantes) 201 2021 Partese Parte se Identificase, Identificase Identifica se, Identifica-se vislumbramse, vislumbramse vislumbram vislumbram-se afinal conceitoschave conceitos chave vidas 20 202 2

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en valorar críticamente el modo en que se emplean los términos clave que describen el contenido conceptual y la práctica legislativa de la participación de los trabajadores en la dirección en las organizaciones estatales cubanas, y que aparecen en las principales disposiciones normativas que conforman el derecho de trabajo, el sistema legal empresarial y los documentos programáticos que contienen las estrategias socioeconómicas en Cuba, en su proyección hasta el 2030. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal a partir de procedimientos bibliométricos y el análisis comparativo de los principales documentos regulatorios y normativos enunciados anteriormente. Se evidenció que existe un amplio, multifacético, contextualizado y diferenciado tratamiento de los principales aspectos teóricos, que conforman el «deber ser» de la participación de los trabajadores en la dirección de las organizaciones estatales cubanas. El estudio bibliométrico y análisis comparativo de los textos utilizados permitió constatar que, a pesar de las diferencias económicas, sociopolíticas e ideológicas que existen, se observa cierta coincidencia en el tratamiento del término clave «participación de los trabajadores» que propone el sistema legal y normativo cubano y aquel que plantea la bibliografía especializada a nivel mundial sobre el tema.

ABSTRACT This paper’s purpose is to assess critically the use of key terms operated to describe the conceptual content and normative practice in Cuba’s state organization management of worker’s participation, which appear in main regulatory documents that form labor law regulations. Also in Enterprise’ legal system and programmatic documents that contain the socioeconomic strategies in Cuba in their projection until 2030. It was performed a cross-sectional, descriptive observational study based on bibliometric and comparative analysis of the main regulatory and normative documents stated above. It was evident that there is a broad, multifaceted, contextualized and differentiated treatment of the main theoretical aspects that make up the «duty» of workers' participation in Cuban state organizations management. The comparative analysis allowed stating the fact that besides of the economic, sociopolitical and ideological differences, there is a certain match on the «worker’s participation» keyword treatment provided by the legal and normative Cuban system and the specialized world-level bibliography that studies the subject.

Abstract The present article presents the results of the research entitled “Women, Violence, and Fear in the Public Space of Colombian Cities: A Comparative Analysis of Medellín, Bogotá, and Cali” funded by CODI and the Research Center of the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences at the University of Antioquia. In this study, the causal conditions that affect the presence of livable public spaces for women are examined, using the comparative configurational method and the fsQCA software, in order to establish a sufficient explanation for the existence of this habitability. The analytical framework used was the feminist geography of difference. The data collection techniques were survey and documentary tracking. It is concluded that the minimum implications for the presence of habitable public spaces for women are two: mobility and effective accessibility, and the availability of inclusive and safe cultural offerings. In addition, it is found that gender is a necessary condition, but not a sufficient one, for the space to be habitable.

Resumen El presente artículo expone los resultados de la investigación titulada “Mujeres, violencia y miedo en el espacio público de las ciudades colombianas: un análisis comparado de Medellín, Bogotá y Cali”, financiado por el CODI y el Centro de Investigaciones de la Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la Universidad de Antioquia. En esta se estudiaron las condiciones causales que inciden en la presencia de espacios públicos habitables para las mujeres, se utilizó el método configuracional comparado y el software fsQCA, con el fin de establecer la explicación suficiente para que esta habitabilidad se dé. El marco analítico utilizado fue la geografía feminista de la diferencia. Las técnicas de recolección de información empleadas fueron la encuesta y el rastreo documental. Se concluyó que las implicaciones mínimas para la presencia de espacios públicos habitables para las mujeres son dos: la movilidad y accesibilidad efectiva y la disponibilidad de propuestas culturales incluyentes y seguras. Adicionalmente, se estableció que el género es condición necesaria, más no suficiente, para que el espacio sea habitable.

Resumen Esta investigación planteó como objetivo identificar recomendaciones para reducir la contaminación visual en entornos urbanos mediante la comparación de la "Ley Ciudad Limpia" de Londrina, Brasil y la "Ordenanza que Regula la Instalación de Medios Publicitarios y Propaganda Electoral en el Espacio Público y Privado" de Portoviejo, Ecuador. Se llevó a cabo un análisis detallado y comparativo, destacando similitudes y diferencias entre ambas regulaciones, subrayando la necesidad de una adecuada gestión para proteger el paisaje urbano y a los ciudadanos que lo habitan. Se sugirió la implementación de medidas derivadas de la "Ley Ciudad Limpia" en Portoviejo para lograr un mejor manejo y control sobre aspectos técnicos de la rotulación comercial y de igual manera reducir el impacto ambiental causado en los espacios públicos de la urbe.

Abstract This research aimed to identify recommendations to reduce visual pollution in urban environments by comparing the "Clean City Law" of Londrina, Brazil and the "Ordinance Regulating the Installation of Advertising Media and Electoral Propaganda in Public and Private Space" from Portoviejo, Ecuador. A detailed and comparative analysis was carried out, highlighting similarities and differences between both regulations, underlining the need for adequate management to protect the urban landscape and the citizens who inhabit it. The implementation of measures derived from the "Clean City Law" in Portoviejo was suggested to achieve better management and control over technical aspects of commercial signage and likewise reduce the environmental impact caused in the city's public spaces.

Resumen: El desempeño eficaz y oportuno de las funciones por parte de los agentes encargados del cumplimiento la ley bajo la ley marcial es un paso importante en el camino hacia el restablecimiento del orden público perturbado por el conflicto armado. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la estructura del mecanismo de derecho administrativo que rige las actividades de los organismos encargados de hacer cumplir la ley bajo la ley marcial. El objeto de investigación de múltiples aspectos determinó el uso de una amplia gama de métodos, como el análisis comparativo y el método de derecho comparado. En ese sentido, la aplicación de medidas por parte de la policía para realizar un examen técnico forense del lugar de los hechos tras el descubrimiento de artefactos explosivos y municiones sospechosas se considera eficaz para garantizar el orden público durante la ley marcial. Durante un conflicto armado, los agentes del orden llevan a cabo sus actividades de conformidad con las disposiciones del derecho administrativo que rigen las actividades de aplicación de la ley bajo la ley marcial. Una estructura coordinada de los organismos encargados de hacer cumplir la ley durante la ley marcial ayuda a establecer la ley y el orden, y a respetar los derechos humanos y libertades. Investigaciones futuras sobre las actividades de los organismos encargados de hacer cumplir la ley bajo la ley marcial pueden centrarse en desarrollar recomendaciones prácticas sobre la eficacia de las actividades policiales, y estos pueden ser el desminado del territorio y la inspección del lugar por parte de la policía en caso de descubrimiento de artefactos explosivos.

Abstract: Effective and timely performance of duties by law enforcement officers under martial law is an important step on the way to restoring law and order disturbed by the armed conflict. The aim of the study was to analyze the structure of the mechanism of administrative law governing the activities of law enforcement agencies under martial law. The multiple- aspect research object determined the use of a wide range of methods, such as the comparative analysis and the method of comparative law. In this sense, implementing measures by the police to provide a technical forensic examination of the scene upon the discovery of suspicious explosive devices and ammunition is considered effective for ensuring law and order during martial law. During an armed conflict, the law enforcement officers carry out their activities in compliance with the provisions of administrative law governing law enforcement activities under martial law. A coordinated structure of law enforcement agencies during martial law helps to establish law and order and observe human rights and freedom. Further research on the activities of law enforcement agencies under martial law may focus on developing practical recommendations regarding the effectiveness of police activities, and these may be demining the territory and inspecting the scene by the police in the event of the discovery of explosive devices.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to determine the nature and scope of subnational constitutional law, i.e., how extensive (or narrow) this subnational constitutional law is, and how it has been (effectively) used by subnational entities (i.e., to determine whether they have truly been able to innovate and create, or whether they have merely copied the federal design), through a comparative study of the American federations (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela, USA and Canada), comparing their constitutional texts at the horizontal level (among the subnational states themselves) and at the vertical level, in a double comparative perspective, at the national and international levels.

Resumen En este trabajo se pretende determinar la naturaleza y alcance del Derecho Constitucional Subnacional, es decir, qué tan extenso (o estrecho) es este derecho constitucional subnacional, y cómo ha sido (efectivamente) aprovechado por los entes subnacionales (esto es, determinar si verdaderamente han podido innovar y crear, o bien si se han limitado a copiar el diseño federal), a través de un estudio comparativo de las federaciones americanas (Argentina, Brasil, México, Venezuela, EEUU y Canadá), comparando sus textos constitucionales a nivel horizontal (entre los propios estados subnacionales) y a nivel vertical, en una doble perspectiva comparada, a nivel nacional y a nivel internacional.

Abstract This study focuses on the environmental issue in Portugal after the 25th of April, analysing the problem from three main perspectives: the contextual diachronic perspective of the critical Anthropocene construction; the relevance of the environmental issue at national and international level and environmental policies in the Portuguese legislative framework, involving questions relating to the normativity of environmental law, legislative discourse and the semantic value of the expressions "environmental quality", "nature conservation", "self-sustaining development", "sustainable development", "environmental education", "natural environment", and "human environment" as concepts associated with the evolution of environmental policies in post-April 25th Portugal. The question is that the Portuguese legal framework use of these concepts may contain an ambivalent valuation, oscillating between conservationist or environmentalist goals and developmentalist aims. The qualitative research methodology is mixed, using the exploratory and the comparative method according to the principles of concordance and difference in analysing legislative discourse.

Abstract This paper aims to understand if there has been an “evolution” of the articulation between urban planning and mobility planning and how it developed. To accomplish this, it analyzed three regulatory sets of the city of São Paulo: the Master Plan for Integrated Development (1971) and zoning (1972); the Strategic Master Plan (PDE) (2002) and the Land Use and Occupation Subdivision Law (LPUOS) (2004); and the 2014 PDE and the 2016 LPUOS. The paper questions the concepts behind the proposals, the relationship between the origins of the ideas and the actors and public institutional designs, and the mobilization between zoning and urban design for transformation, through a comparative cartographic analysis between the regulatory sets and interviews with managers and urban planners. evolution “evolution developed this Paulo 1971 (1971 1972 (1972) (PDE 2002 (2002 LPUOS (LPUOS 2004 (2004) 201 proposals designs transformation planners 197 (197 (1972 200 (200 (2004 20 19 (19 (20 2 1 (1 (2 (

Resumo Este artigo pretende compreender se houve e como se deu uma “evolução” da articulação entre o planejamento urbano e da mobilidade, a partir da análise de três conjuntos regulatórios de São Paulo – Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Integrado (PDDI) (1971) e zoneamento (1972); o Plano Diretor Estratégico (PDE) (2002) e a Lei de Parcelamento Uso e Ocupação do Solo (LPUOS) (2004); e do PDE 2014 e a LPUOS 2016 – questionando os conceitos por trás das propostas, a relação das origens das ideias com os atores e os desenhos institucionais públicos, e a mobilização entre zoneamento e projeto urbano para transformação através de análise cartográfica comparativa entre os conjuntos regulatórios e da condução de entrevistas com gestores e planejadores urbanos. evolução “evolução mobilidade PDDI (PDDI 1971 (1971 1972 (1972) (PDE 2002 (2002 (LPUOS 2004 (2004) 201 propostas públicos urbanos 197 (197 (1972 200 (200 (2004 20 19 (19 (20 2 1 (1 (2 (

Abstract This article outlines the public architecture of social services in Spain from the perspective of the constitutional guarantee of the provision of local social services. For this, the Spanish Constitution is analyzed, as well as the 17 laws of social services corresponding to the different Autonomous Communities. It is therefore a comparative regional study in which the local authority is the essential unit to deploy social services, responding to the principles of universality, proximity, and decentralization; mandated by Spanish legislation. These and other complementary laws establish universal access to social services for all citizens, determine the territorial structure, the competences of the different administrations, rights holders, typologies of services and benefits and their articulation to ensure the quality of life and social welfare of all citizens. this analyzed 1 Communities universality proximity decentralization legislation citizens structure administrations holders

Resumo Este artigo desenha a arquitetura pública dos serviços sociais em Espanha, na perspectiva da garantia constitucional da prestação de serviços sociais locais. Para tal, analisa a Constituição espanhola, bem como as 17 leis sobre serviços sociais correspondentes às diferentes Comunidades Autónomas. Trata-se, portanto, de um estudo autonómico comparativo em que a entidade autônoma local é a unidade essencial para a prestação de serviços sociais, respondendo aos princípios de universalidade, proximidade e descentralização, consagrados na legislação espanhola. Estas leis e outras de caráter complementar estabelecem o acesso universal de todos os cidadãos aos serviços sociais, determinam a estrutura territorial, as competências das diferentes administrações, os titulares de direitos, os tipos de serviços e prestações e sua articulação para garantir a qualidade de vida e o bem-estar social de toda a cidadania. Espanha locais tal espanhola 1 Autónomas Tratase, Tratase Trata se, se Trata-se portanto universalidade descentralização territorial administrações direitos bemestar estar cidadania

Abstract Despite the increasing importance of comparative constitutional law in legal research, the scope in which this area of knowledge is studied, researched and taught in Brazilian higher education institutions is still unclear. It is possible to identify that there are no studies that specify the approach to the area in Brazilian universities and colleges, as well as the methodological criteria adopted by researchers. Therefore, this article aims to contribute to an initial diagnosis of the comparative constitutional law study in the country, based on data collection and empirical research to verify the existence of teaching and research initiatives or activities that, in some way, address comparative constitutional law in different regions and higher education institutions in Brazil. studied unclear colleges researchers Therefore country way Brazil

Resumo Apesar da crescente importância do Direito Constitucional comparado em pesquisas jurídicas, ainda não é clara a abrangência com que essa área de conhecimento é estudada, pesquisada e ensinada nas instituições de ensino superior brasileiras. Constata-se que não há estudos que especifiquem a abordagem da área nas universidades e faculdades brasileiras e o rigor metodológico utilizado por pesquisadores. Diante disso, o presente artigo almeja contribuir para um inicial diagnóstico do estudo do Direito Constitucional comparado no país, a partir do levantamento de dados e da realização de pesquisa empírica para verificar a existência de iniciativas de ensino e pesquisa ou que, de algum modo, abordem o Direito Constitucional comparado nas diferentes regiões e instituições de ensino superior do Brasil. jurídicas estudada Constatase Constata se pesquisadores disso país modo Brasil

Resumo O presente artigo é resultado de uma análise comparada entre as diversas espécies de sistemas eleitorais, com o fim de estabelecer as bases para uma justiça eleitoral. São estudadas as principais características de sistemas eleitorais, no que diz respeito às suas funções normativas, executivas e jurisdicionais, bem como a independência e autonomia entre elas; à sua alocação em uma das três esferas de poder estatal; ao recrutamento, à carreira e às prerrogativas dos membros que a integram; e aos princípios fundamentais e diretrizes que orientam suas decisões. O objeto da pesquisa contempla direitos nacionais representativos de sistemas jurídicos de influência do common law e do civil law e, com lastro em normas internacionais, a justiça eleitoral é situada como uma instituição indispensável para a salvaguarda de direitos fundamentais, sob a ótica dos direitos humanos. De modo qualitativo, com suporte legislativo e doutrinário, enseja-se uma exposição e a reflexão sobre as conformações da justiça eleitoral, seus estândares mínimos e o papel que ela desempenha na manutenção de uma democracia. eleitorais normativas jurisdicionais elas estatal recrutamento integram decisões internacionais humanos qualitativo doutrinário ensejase enseja se democracia

Abstract This article is the result of a comparative analysis of the various types of electoral systems, with the aim of establishing the foundations of electoral justice. The main characteristics of electoral systems are studied in terms of their normative, executive and adjudicative functions, as well the independence and autonomy among them; the allocation of such functions to one of the three spheres of state power; the recruitment, career and prerogatives of their members; and the main principles and guidelines orienting their decisions. The research is focused on national rights representative of legal systems influenced by common law and civil law. Based on international norms, electoral justice is contextualized as an indispensable mechanism of safeguarding fundamental rights from a human rights perspective. With a qualitative approach, supported by legislation and legal doctrine, the paper presents and reflects on the forms of electoral justice, its minimum standards, and the role played by such justice in the maintenance of a democracy. The research is focused on the subject of national rights representative of legal systems influenced by common law and civil law; with support from international norms, electoral justice is contextualized as an indispensable institution to safeguard fundamental rights from the perspective of human rights. In a qualitative approach, with support from legislative and doctrinal texts, the article provides an exposition and reflection on the forms of electoral justice, the minimum standards and the role played by such justice in maintaining a democracy. normative them power recruitment members decisions norms approach doctrine democracy texts

Education systems are shaped by various internal and external contextual forces (De Beer, 2017). External contextual trends typically include language, demography, geography, technology, politics, and financial and economic trends. Religion represents one of these external contextual trends that can affect an education system (see Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010; Wolhuter & Van der Walt, 2018). Making use of established metabletic-comparative methodology, this article seeks to highlight the impact of religion as a formative factor of education in the BRICS countries. Religion is treated significantly differently in the education systems of the BRICS member states. In schools in India and China, no religious activities are allowed in accordance with the respective constitutions, while any religious activities may take place in schools in Brazil, Russia and South Africa, provided that the activities comply with particular guidelines. Broadly considered, any religious activities are conducted in primary schools in Brazil, provided that attendance is voluntary. Religion in Brazilian schools is influenced by the strong position of the Roman Catholic faith in Brazilian society, which could potentially be detrimental to minority groups in Brazil (Senefonte, 2018:440). Learners in Russia, according to Russian law, are free to choose for themselves the religious module in which they wish to receive education. Schools in Russia do not, however, always implement this legislation correctly, since a school's resources actually determine which module the learners should take. The manner in which religion is being dealt with, causes unhappiness among learners and parents as they do not really have freedom of choice regarding the religious module in which they wish to receive instruction (Zöllner, 2016). The legislation in China clearly states that no religious activities may take place in public schools, yet the ruling party of China intends to enshrine tenets of atheism in learners in schools (Vickers, 2022; Wang & Froese, 2020). Compared to the other BRICS member states, China has the most officially, constitutionally recognised ethnic groups. In terms of legislation and policy formulations, the ethnic minority groups obtain various benefits in terms of education. The wide variety of ethnic groupings poses various challenges to the government of China as the views of all these groups in the education system have to be taken into account. Various documents, including the South African Schools Act 76 of 1996, and other education policies provide clear guidelines as to how religion ought to be dealt with in South African schools. In South Africa, learners are taught various major deities worldwide. All learners in South Africa are exposed to the concept of religion through the subject Life Orientation (Grades 7-12). Teachers in South Africaface the challenge of respecting all kinds of religions and not preaching their own views on a religion. This challenge of respecting all religions can result in conflict in schools, as learners may feel that they will be discriminated against if one type of religion is singled out, for example during assembly. This underscores the role and value of South African teachers in inculcating citizenship values (see Wolhuter, Janmaat, Van der Walt & Potgieter, 2020). The Government of India faces opposition from minority groups with regard to religion in schools as the socio-political hegemony religion is especially preferred in terms of the drafting of academic textbooks (Traub, 2018). This preferential treatment of a particular religion is contrary to the Indian constitution, as no single religion may be singled out, nor should any religion be discriminated against (Majumdar, 2018). The preference given to a particular religion in textbooks can result in a negative impact on the education system of India. The analysis and interpretation show that there is still a close relationship between religion and education in the BRICS countries. However, all five BRICS member states face different problems regarding religion and each of the five member states also deals with its problems differently. This conclusion is now unpacked in this summary, and in detail defended in the ensuing full text. In terms of dealing with religion, South Africa appears to be more tolerant than Brazil, Russia, India and China, although this tolerance still causes more problems for the South African government, in the sense of opposition from various adherents of a wide variety of faith groupings who would like schools to play a role in strengthening the religious beliefs of their children. Several court cases have been fought in South Africa as schools struggle to accommodate the wishes of all religious groups in South Africa (see Nthontho, 2020). In contrast to forces in all the BRICS countries trying to separate religion and (public) education, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, the proto-charter of Human Rights Charters in the contemporary world, Article 26 states that everyone has the right to education, education should be oriented towards the total development of the child's personality, and that parents have a preferential right to decide on the type of education their children should receive. The BRICS member states can learn from each other how to deal with religion in schools, even though none have yet managed to deal satisfactorily with religion in education. The common factor among all five BRICS countries is that religion is used again and again (consciously or unconsciously) to reinforce political or ideological hegemony. It seems that the shortcoming in all these countries is pointing to a lack of recognition of the place and role of religion in the lives of their citizens and that secular-political objectives, notably the forcing of official ideological hegemony, as well as the achievement of national unity above the full recognition of religious freedom, are also stated in the education system and in citizens 'choice of the kind of religious education of their children. As a result, the role of religion in creating a strong moral fibre for a society therefore never seems to come into its own. Moreover, judging by the United Nations Charter's Human Rights provisions on education, educative education (incl. teaching and learning), in accordance with its full scope of semantic value, does not currently come into its own. The same seems to be the case as regards the human right to parental advocacy with respect to religious education. The experience of the BRICS countries in terms of religion-in-education shows that it is sensible and even necessary, for example, along the path of enlarged parental speech in education and school autonomy, to allow more room for religious freedom in education. The BRICS countries are currently being proposed as the leading grouping of the Global South in a new formative world order. Against this background, current trends regarding religion-in-education in these countries therefore probably represent a bold example. However, it should nonetheless be denounced by the academic community and better examples should subsequently be extracted and presented from other national education systems from future research.

'n Onderwysstelsel word deur verskeie samelewingskontekstuele kragte gevorm. Hierdie kontekstuele faktore sluit taal, demografie, geografie, tegnologie, politiek en finansiële en ekonomiese tendense in. Godsdiens is een van die laasgenoemde tendense wat 'n onderwys-stelsel kan beïnvloed. Die BRICS-organisasie bestaan uit Brasilië, Rusland, Indië, Sjina en Suid-Afrika en is 'n supra-nasionale blok wat baie aandag in die openbare sowel as akademiese diskoers oor internasionale politiek en maatskaplike kwessies trek (De Beer, 2017). Godsdiens word wyd geag as 'n omstrede en sensitiewe faktor in onderwysstelsels (sien Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010). In hierdie artikel word godsdiens as vormgewende faktor van die onderwysstelsels in die BRICS-lande ondersoek, om die waarde daarvan as 'n aanskouingsles vir Suid-Afrika en ander lande te bepaal. Die BRICS-lidlande is doelbewus vir hierdie navorsing gekies weens die besondere waarde van hierdie lande as vertoonvenster van onderwysstelsels se antwoord op samelewingstendense van die een-en-twintigste eeu. Dokumentontleding is uitgevoer ten opsigte van beleidsdokumente, wetgewing, artikels en staatspublikasies, ten einde inligting in te samel. In die verwerking en interpretasie van inligting is die metableties-vergelykende metode gebruik ten einde beste praktyke ten opsigte van die hantering van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels vanuit die BRICS-lidlande te identifiseer. Die ondersoek het ernstige tekortkominge in al die BRICS-lande se hantering van godsdiens in onderwys aan die lig gebring. Nie een van die lande se beleid of praktyk slaag die toets, soos gemeet aan die Verenigde Nasies se Handves van Menseregte nie. Die noodsaak van voortgesette navorsing oor die plek van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels van die wêreld word ten slotte verduidelik.

RESUMEN La Educación para el Desarrollo Sostenible (EDS) es una meta a alcanzar para la próxima Agenda 2030. El logro de los 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) será por medio de la educación. Las políticas educativas y el desarrollo curricular serán quienes respondan a esta necesidad definiendo en sus principios nuevas prácticas y actitudes que encaminen hacia sociedades más sostenibles. La presente investigación se basa en seguir una metodología comparada, donde se realiza un análisis descriptivo-analítico de las políticas educativas en materia de sostenibilidad en los currículos de España e Irlanda, cómo se estructuran sus sistemas educativos y cómo se integra la EDS en las etapas de educación infantil, primaria y secundaria. La nueva Ley Orgánica que Modifica la Ley Orgánica de Educación (LOMLOE, 2020) visibiliza por primera vez la educación para la sostenibilidad en el currículo escolar respondiendo así a los problemas que la sociedad precisa en torno a los ODS.

ABSTRACT Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is a goal to be achieved for the next 2030 Agenda. The achievement of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) will be through education. Educational policies and curricular development will be the ones that respond to this need by defining in their principles new practices and attitudes that lead towards more sustainable societies. This research is based on following a comparative methodology, where a descriptive-analytical analysis of educational policies on sustainability in the curricula of Spain and Ireland is carried out, how their educational systems are structured and how ESD is integrated in the stages early childhood, primary and secondary education. The new Organic Law that Modifies the Organic Law of Education (LOMLOE) makes education for sustainability visible in the school curriculum for the first time, thus responding to the problems that society needs around the SDGs.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo comprender e interpretar a través de un estudio hermenéutico la legislación sobre el depósito legal en los países latinoamericanos integrantes de la Asociación de Estados Iberoamericanos para el Desarrollo de las Bibliotecas Nacionales de Iberoamérica (ABINIA) -se excluyen España y Portugal-, a los efectos de establecer un estado del arte crítico sobre la situación. El estudio se basó en una investigación documental con una estrategia cuanti y cualitativa. Como metodología para identificar e interpretar las legislaciones sobre el depósito legal, se aplicaron un análisis de contenido comparativo y una lectura hermenéutica de los textos. Se concluye que existe una gran dependencia del ISBN para poder cumplir con la normativa del depósito legal y se puede afirmar que el depósito legal no representa la totalidad del patrimonio documental de un país, sino solo una parte que está sujeta a las legislaciones vigentes y a las posibilidades de cumplirlas. Existe, además, una falta de precisión de muchos aspectos del depósito legal en las legislaciones analizadas.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to understand and interpret through a hermeneutic study the legislation on legal deposit in the Latin American countries members of the Association of Ibero-American States for the Development of National Libraries of Ibero-America (ABINIA) -excluding Spain and Portugal-, in order to establish a critical state of the art on the situation. The study was based on documentary research with a quantitative and qualitative strategy. A comparative content analysis and a hermeneutic reading of the texts were applied as a methodology to identify and interpret the legislation on legal deposit. It is concluded that there is a great dependence on the ISBN in order to comply with legal deposit regulations and it can be stated that legal deposit does not represent the totality of a country's documentary heritage, but only a part of it, which is subject to the legislation in force and the possibilities of complying with it. There is also a lack of precision in many aspects of legal deposit in the legislations analyzed.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é compreender e interpretar, através de um estudo hermenêutico, a legislação sobre o depósito legal nos países latino-americanos membros da Associação de Estados Ibero-americanos para o Desenvolvimento das Bibliotecas Nacionais na Ibero-América (ABINIA), excluindo Espanha e Portugal, a fim de estabelecer um estado da arte crítico sobre a situação. O estudo baseou-se numa investigação documental com uma estratégia quantitativa e qualitativa. A análise comparativa de conteúdo e a leitura hermenêutica dos textos foram aplicadas como metodologia para identificar e interpretar a legislação sobre o depósito legal. Conclui-se que existe uma grande dependência do ISBN para o cumprimento das normas de depósito legal e que o depósito legal não representa a totalidade do património documental de um país, mas apenas uma parte dele, que está sujeita à legislação em vigor e às possibilidades de a cumprir. Além disso, em muitos aspectos do depósito legal, as legislações analisadas são pouco precisas.

Abstract The challenging task of structural design under structural safety, economic efficiency and environmental sustainability constraints has led to the development of several efficient materials. In this context, steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) stands out due to the post-cracking behavior related to its enhanced toughness. Recent structural design normative codes consider this composite, suggesting good structural performance and broadening its applicability. Nevertheless, literature still lacks a comprehensive constitutive model to precisely describe its tensile behavior. This paper analyzes and compares three of the main European constitutive models, investigating factors that possibly influence their behavior. This study was conducted based on the cross-sectional analysis method, so that load-CMOD graphs could be obtained. Statistical analysis was conducted to classify the models, regarding several relevant parameters, such as mean compressive strength of the matrix and fiber volume. Results show that the constitutive law proposed by the fib Model Code shows the best performance. Also, from the set of considered parameters, ultimate tensile fibers strength presents the greatest sensitivity concerning structural post-crack behavior. safety materials context SFRC (SFRC postcracking post cracking toughness composite applicability Nevertheless models crosssectional cross sectional method loadCMOD load CMOD obtained parameters volume Also postcrack crack

Resumo A desafiadora tarefa de projetar estruturas com segurança, eficiência econômica e sustentabilidade ambiental levou ao desenvolvimento de diversos materiais eficientes. Nesse contexto, cabe destacar o concreto reforçado com fibras de aço (CRFA), dado o seu comportamento pós-fissuração propiciado pela incorporação de fibras no concreto. Códigos normativos recentes de projeto estrutural abordam esse compósito, sugerindo um bom desempenho estrutural o que colabora para ampliar a sua aplicabilidade. Apesar disso, a literatura ainda carece de um modelo constitutivo abrangente para descrever com precisão seu comportamento à tração. Este artigo analisa e compara três dos principais modelos constitutivos europeus, investigando fatores que possivelmente influenciam seu comportamento. Este estudo foi conduzido com base no método de análise de seção transversal, para que os gráficos de carga-CMOD pudessem ser plotados. Uma análise estatística foi realizada para classificar os modelos em relação a alguns parâmetros relevantes, tais como a resistência à compressão média da matriz e o volume de fibras. Os resultados mostram que a lei constitutiva proposta pela fib Model Code apresenta o melhor desempenho. Além disso, do conjunto de parâmetros considerados, a resistência à tração das fibras apresenta a maior sensibilidade com relação ao comportamento estrutural de pós-fissuração. segurança eficientes contexto CRFA, CRFA , (CRFA) pósfissuração pós fissuração compósito aplicabilidade disso europeus transversal cargaCMOD carga CMOD plotados relevantes considerados pósfissuração. fissuração. (CRFA