Abstract: The article aims to answer the following research problem: what guarantees can be extracted from an evolving understanding of the due process clause, in the context of the use of new digital technologies for the purposes of criminal prosecution? The hypothesis - confirmed as a conclusion - is that the use of digital technological resources by the Public Power, including the use of artificial intelligence algorithms, is something unstoppable, being able to add utilities, notably in the decision making field. However, its use, especially in the field of criminal prosecution, implies the recognition of new guarantees and enhanced duties of transparency and accountability, with normative support and technological means to promote them satisfactorily and without damage to industrial property. In conclusion, such guarantees would compose a contemporary procedural dimension of the due legal process clause. The factual and theoretical supports of the work are provided by a comparative analysis, with emphasis on reports, the normative discipline and the jurisprudence of the courts in the United States and the European Community. The method used is the hypothetical-deductive approach. Abstract problem clause prosecution Power algorithms unstoppable utilities However accountability property analysis reports Community hypotheticaldeductive hypothetical deductive approach

Resumo: O artigo pretende responder ao seguinte problema de pesquisa: quais garantias podem ser extraídas de uma compreensão evolutiva da cláusula do devido processo legal, no contexto do emprego das novas tecnologias digitais para fins de persecução penal? A hipótese - confirmada a título de conclusão - é a de que o uso de recursos tecnológicos digitais pelo Poder Público, inclusive com o emprego de algoritmos de inteligência artificial, é algo irrefreável, sendo capaz de agregar utilidades, notadamente no âmbito decisório. Por outro lado, o seu emprego, especialmente no campo da persecução penal, implica o reconhecimento de novas garantias e deveres acentuados de transparência e accountability, havendo suporte normativo e meios tecnológicos de promovê-los de forma satisfatória e sem prejuízo à propriedade industrial. Em conclusão, tais garantias comporiam uma dimensão procedimental contemporânea da cláusula do devido processo legal. Os suportes fáticos e teóricos do trabalho são fornecidos por uma análise comparatista, com destaque para relatórios, a disciplina normativa e a jurisprudência dos Estados Unidos e da Comunidade Europeia. O método de abordagem empregado é o hipotético-dedutivo. Resumo pesquisa legal penal Público artificial irrefreável utilidades decisório lado accountability promovêlos promovê los industrial comparatista relatórios Europeia hipotéticodedutivo. hipotéticodedutivo hipotético dedutivo. dedutivo hipotético-dedutivo

Resumo: Os principais objetivos do estudo são ampliar o conhecimento sobre o conceito de dignidade humana, como um valor social, analisar os fundamentos históricos, religiosos e filosóficos do desenvolvimento desse conceito na Europa e na Ucrânia, e caracterizar esse conceito no sistema de valores jurídicos. O artigo utiliza os seguintes métodos científicos: abordagens funcionais e dialéticas, análise lógica, síntese, análise comparativa, análise da literatura científica e generalização. O texto examina o problema da proteção da dignidade human,a como um valor natural e inalienável, a fonte dos direitos e liberdades humanas e civis, nas constituições dos Estados do mundo, nas decisões dos tribunais constitucionais e na legislação criminal de alguns países. O principal resultado aponta os problemas teóricos e práticos da implementação do direito à dignidade humana, justificando a dignidade humana, nas Constituições e nas decisões dos tribunais constitucionais de alguns países. O estudo foi realizado com base nas leis e regulamentações dos seguintes países: Ucrânia, República Federal da Alemanha, República da Hungria e República da Polônia. Resumo humana social históricos Ucrânia jurídicos científicos dialéticas lógica síntese comparativa generalização human inalienável civis mundo países Alemanha Polônia

Abstract: The main goals of the study are to expand knowledge about the concept of human dignity as a social value, analyse the historical, religious and philosophical foundations of the development of this concept in Europe and Ukraine, and characterize this concept in the system of legal values. The paper uses the following scientific methods: functional and dialectical approaches, logical analysis, synthesis, comparative analysis, analysis of scientific literature and generalization. The paper examines the problem of protecting human dignity as a natural and inalienable value, the source of human and civil rights and freedoms in the world’s states’ constitutions, decisions of constitutional courts and some countries’ criminal legislation. The main result is theoretical and practical problems of implementing the right to human dignity, and justifying human dignity in the constitutions and decisions of some countries’ constitutional courts. The study was conducted on the following countries’ basis of laws and regulations: Ukraine, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of Hungary and the Republic of Poland. Abstract value historical Ukraine values methods approaches synthesis generalization worlds world s states countries legislation regulations Germany Poland

Since the fall of 2016 Anglophone Cameroon has endured the stench of an internal political conflict between security forces and separatist militia groups, in which numerous human rights violations have been committed. Given the magnitude of these violations, they have been categorised as serious crimes in international law (crimes against humanity). While international law urges the prosecution of perpetrators, this paper acknowledging the rule of law as a relevant tool in transforming and shaping societies, but the responses of states in post-conflict scenarios are not always influenced by the rule of law as they sometimes involve factors that have no legal bearing or backing. These responses have been recognised generally to constitute components of transitional justice. This paper thus views transitional justice as comprising all the measures which states usually turn to in search of ways to respond to past atrocities, whether legal, non-legal or a combination thereof. This paper argues that the situation in Anglophone Cameroon has reached unprecedented levels of violence, and given the degree of victimisation and mayhem caused to society there is a need for transitional justice in order to give closure to victims and restore stability. To suggest the form such transitional justice may take, the paper uses a comparative methodological approach in examining the transitional justice perspectives of South Africa and Rwanda, to assess what lessons could be drawn from them in respect of how they dealt with their legacies of past abuses. The paper recommends the establishment of an Anglophone Cameroon Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (ACTJRC).

Since the fall of 2016 Anglophone Cameroon has endured the stench of an internal political conflict between security forces and separatist militia groups, in which numerous human rights violations have been committed. Given the magnitude of these violations, they have been categorised as serious crimes in international law (crimes against humanity). While international law urges the prosecution of perpetrators, this paper acknowledging the rule of law as a relevant tool in transforming and shaping societies, but the responses of states in post-conflict scenarios are not always influenced by the rule of law as they sometimes involve factors that have no legal bearing or backing. These responses have been recognised generally to constitute components of transitional justice. This paper thus views transitional justice as comprising all the measures which states usually turn to in search of ways to respond to past atrocities, whether legal, non-legal or a combination thereof. This paper argues that the situation in Anglophone Cameroon has reached unprecedented levels of violence, and given the degree of victimisation and mayhem caused to society there is a need for transitional justice in order to give closure to victims and restore stability. To suggest the form such transitional justice may take, the paper uses a comparative methodological approach in examining the transitional justice perspectives of South Africa and Rwanda, to assess what lessons could be drawn from them in respect of how they dealt with their legacies of past abuses. The paper recommends the establishment of an Anglophone Cameroon Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (ACTJRC).

Abstract The object of this legal-scientific article is focused on the exposure, updating and analysis of existing problems in the illicit/crime of money laundering/laundering. This fourth approach - in fifth notes - of the sanctioning regime of the legislation that prevents the laundering of advantages, such as money - laundering of advantages such as v.g. capitals -, in Portugal and in the EU, does not escape the previous ones: it is not possible to forget the duty of formation. Still so despised in Portugal-EU, as well as in several countries around the world. It is necessary to continue to add to the prevention of laundering of advantages, such as capital, the criminal offenses and the administrative offenses contained in the Laundering Law. And this is, once again, due to a problem in continental European legislation: its size is increasing more and more as if it were possible to legislate everything. We had already mentioned this in our last publications and we have strengthened it again. It is urgent here, by the way, to make a note to the Resolution of the Council of Ministers nº 69/2022, of 9/8.10 Now implementing the objectives and methodology. As mentioned before, the objectives continue to be renewedly focused on preserving confidence in the “lawful, i.e. fair, origin of certain facts”. This is approached always considering the perspective of a democratic society, as stipulated in the ECHR-European Convention on Human Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. These are essential assumptions that define a Rule of Law, characterized by being democratic, social, free and true. In this environment, without neglecting the protection of “public peace” and the “realization of justice”, the principle of legality that is enshrined in the Constitution, as well as in the Portuguese criminal code, is also taken into account. This principle is reflected in the corresponding section covering the current criminalization in Portugal of the crime of “laundering”. It is worth mentioning that this legislation was modified again a few months ago. Criminalization, therefore, as we have also published in the past, protects a legal asset with several faces. Insistently, the methodology to be followed goes towards a certain maximum dogmatic and doctrinal comparative investigation, based on previous research, investigations and publications (some previous absences are added), legal (also new in the EU and Portugal), but equally, although brevitatis causa, jurisprudence, which we can analyze on the matter, such as, for example, in countries like Portugal and throughout the EU, which is made up of 27 countries.

Resumo O objecto deste artigo jurídico-científico está concentrado na exposição, actualização e análise problemática existente no ilícito/crime de branqueamento/lavagem. Esta quarta abordagem - numas quintas notas - do regime sancionatório da legislação que previne a lavagem de vantagens, como por exemplo, dinheiro - branqueamento de vantagens como v.g. capitais -, em Portugal e na UE, não foge às anteriores: não é possível esquecer o dever de formação. Ainda tão desprezado em Portugal-UE, bem como em diversos países do mundo. É preciso continuar a somar à prevenção do branqueamento de vantagens, como capitais, os ilícitos criminais e os ilícitos contraordenacionais que constam da Lei do Branqueamento. E isto é, mais uma vez, devido a um problema na legislação continental europeia: o seu tamanho está a aumentar cada vez mais como se fosse possível tudo legislar. Já tínhamos referido isso nas nossas últimas publicações e voltamos a fortalecer. Urge aqui, aliás, fazer uma nota à Resolução do Conselho de Ministros nº 69/2022, de 9/85. Concretizando agora os objectivos e a metodologia. Conforme mencionado antes, os objetivos continuam a ser focalizados de forma renovada na preservação da confiança na «origem lícita, i.e. justa, de certos factos». Isso é abordado considerando sempre a perspetiva de uma sociedade democrática, conforme estipulado na CEDH-Convenção Europeia dos Direitos Humanos e na Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos. Estes são pressupostos essenciais que definem um Estado de Direito, caracterizado por ser democrático, social, livre e verdadeiro. Neste ambiente, sem negligenciar a protecção da «paz pública» e da «realização da justiça», também se leva em consideração o princípio da legalidade que está consagrado na Constituição, bem como no código penal português. Esse princípio está reflectido na secção correspondente que abrange a actual criminalização em Portugal do crime de «branqueamento». Vale ressaltar que essa legislação foi de novo modificada há poucos meses6. Criminalização, por conseguinte, como igualmente já publicámos no passado, que tutela um bem jurídico com várias faces. De forma insistente, a metodologia a ser seguida vai em direcção duma certa investigação comparativa máxime dogmática e doutrinal, com base em pesquisas, investigações e publicações anteriores (acrescenta-se algumas ausências anteriores)7, legal (com novidade também na UE e Portugal)8, mas igualmente, ainda que brevitatis causa, jurisprudencial9, que podemos analisar sobre a matéria, como v.g., em países como Portugal e em toda a UE, a qual é constituída por 27 países.

Abstract This study compares how the laws in the United States and Brazil handle the use of digital evidence from smartphones in initial criminal investigations. The main goal is to understand the challenges when trying to protect the right to avoid self-incrimination while also ensuring public safety. By looking at court decisions from 2014 to 2023, the study explores how the legal systems in both countries deal with arguments for and against law enforcement being able to unlock smartphones against the will of the owner. The main issue being examined is the balance between respecting citizens’ privacy rights and making sure defendants get fair treatment in the legal process. The research question driving this study is: How do Brazil and the U.S. manage the situation where law enforcement needs to unlock smartphones, while also respecting constitutional rights and public safety? To answer this question, the study looks at recent court cases from both countries and identifies important arguments about forced smartphone unlocking. The findings show problems in these legal proceedings, particularly when it comes to protecting the privacy of smartphone users and defendants’ rights. A key point that comes out is that when law enforcement examines suspects’ phones, it can jeopardize the proper handling of evidence and the right against self-incrimination that’s protected by the Constitution. The study highlights shortcomings in the responses of the Supreme Courts of Brazil and the United States. This suggests a need for a more detailed framework that can address these challenges better and solve disagreements in lower courts. In essence, this article discusses the conflict between privacy rights and self-incrimination on one hand, and the government’s duty to maintain public safety and prevent illegal evidence on the other. In conclusion, this article explores the legal issues around forced smartphone unlocking in Brazil and the United States. It not only emphasizes the importance of balancing individual rights with public safety but also calls for a more comprehensive legal approach to deal with these challenges effectively. investigations selfincrimination self incrimination 201 2023 owner citizens process US U S U.S proceedings suspects phones thats s Constitution courts essence hand governments government other conclusion effectively 20 202 2

Resumo Este estudo compara como as leis dos Estados Unidos e do Brasil lidam com o uso de provas digitais de smartphones em investigações criminais iniciais. O principal objetivo é entender os desafios que surgem quando se tenta proteger o direito de evitar a autoincriminação e, ao mesmo tempo, garantir a segurança pública. Ao analisar as decisões judiciais de 2014 a 2023, o estudo explora como os sistemas jurídicos de ambos os países lidam com argumentos a favor e contra a possibilidade de as autoridades policiais desbloquearem smartphones contra a vontade do proprietário. A principal questão que está sendo examinada é o equilíbrio entre respeitar os direitos de privacidade dos cidadãos e garantir que os réus recebam tratamento justo no processo legal. A pergunta de pesquisa que orienta este estudo é: como o Brasil e os EUA gerenciam a situação em que as autoridades policiais precisam desbloquear smartphones, respeitando ao mesmo tempo os direitos constitucionais e a segurança pública? Para responder a essa pergunta, o estudo analisa decisões judiciais recentes de ambos os países e identifica argumentos importantes sobre o desbloqueio forçado de smartphones. As descobertas mostram problemas nesses procedimentos legais, especialmente quando se trata de proteger a privacidade dos usuários de smartphones e os direitos dos réus. Um ponto importante que se destaca é que, quando as autoridades policiais examinam os telefones dos suspeitos, isso pode comprometer o manuseio adequado das provas e o direito contra a autoincriminação, que é protegido pelas leis dos dois países. O estudo destaca as deficiências nas respostas das Supremas Cortes do Brasil e dos Estados Unidos a tais questões. Isso sugere a necessidade de uma estrutura mais detalhada que possa enfrentar melhor esses desafios e resolver divergências a partir das supremas cortes. Em essência, este artigo discute o conflito entre os direitos de privacidade e autoincriminação, por um lado, e o dever do governo de manter a segurança pública e evitar provas ilegais, por outro. Em conclusão, o estudo explora as complexas questões jurídicas relacionadas ao desbloqueio forçado de smartphones no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos. Ele não apenas enfatiza a importância de equilibrar os direitos individuais com a segurança pública, mas também exige uma abordagem jurídica mais abrangente para lidar com esses desafios de forma eficaz. iniciais 201 2023 proprietário legal legais suspeitos cortes essência lado ilegais outro conclusão eficaz 20 202 2

RESUMEN El testimonio de la víctima en delitos sexuales ha sido un cuestionamiento desarrollado de manera doctrinaria, jurisprudencial y convencional, dado que, por la naturaleza de estos delitos, su noción es de vital importancia en el entendimiento y el desarrollo que este medio probatorio pueda conllevar para emitir una sentencia. El objetivo analiza la retractación de la víctima en delitos sexuales desde el Derecho Probatorio. Se realiza un estudio dogmático-jurídico que se apoyó en el análisis y la síntesis, el enfoque histórico-lógico, el enfoque sistémico, y la inducción y la deducción. Se optó por el análisis de pronunciamientos emitidos por la Corte Constitucional y la Corte Nacional del Ecuador, así como de jurisprudencia comparada, además de criterios vertidos por la doctrina en materia de delitos sexuales y respecto a su valoración probatoria, dado que por la naturaleza propia de la investigación era indispensable contar con criterios expertos en esta materia. Se obtiene que el testimonio de las víctimas en delitos sexuales es denominado como un testimonio privilegiado, y que por la naturaleza de este tiene un estándar de convicción mayor la intervención que emite criterios acusatorios, que la declaración en la que la víctima emite un criterio de retractación. Se concluye que para el correcto análisis y valoración de este medio probatorio se requiere un análisis en conjunto de toda la prueba practicada en juicio, a fin de dotar de verosimilitud o de ausencia de esta a la declaración de la víctima.

ABSTRACT The testimony of the victim in sex crimes has been a question developed in a doctrinal, jurisprudential and conventional way, given that, due to the nature of these crimes, its notion is of vital importance in the understanding and development that this means of evidence may entail in order to issue a sentence. The objective analyzes the recantation of the victim in sexual crimes from the point of view of the Law of Probative Evidence. A dogmatic-legal study is carried out based on the analysis and synthesis, the historical-logical approach, the systemic approach, and the induction and deduction. We opted for the analysis of pronouncements issued by the Constitutional Court and the National Court of Ecuador, as well as comparative jurisprudence, in addition to the criteria expressed by the doctrine on sexual crimes and regarding their evidentiary assessment, given that due to the nature of the research it was essential to have expert criteria on this matter. It is obtained that the testimony of the victims in sexual crimes is denominated as a privileged testimony, and that due to its nature, the intervention that emits accusatory criteria has a higher standard of conviction than the statement in which the victim emits a recantation criteria. It is concluded that for the correct analysis and valuation of this means of evidence, a joint analysis of all the evidence practiced in trial is required, in order to provide verisimilitude or lack thereof to the victim's statement.

Abstract: It is said that prevention is better than cure. Hence the idea of preventing crime from occurring is the best for public safety. This can only be achieved if the law enforcement agencies have a prior knowledge of where and when a crime will occur. A crime is an act that is criminal under the law. It is detrimental to society to comprehend crime in order to prevent criminal action. In order to prevent and solve crime, data-driven research is beneficial. Bandit crime has been on the rise in Nigeria, thereby causing public disorder. In this study, from the perspective of artificial intelligence, a novel hybrid deep learning model for crime prediction is proposed. Bandits crime datasets are obtained online through news archives which are less expensive. Spatial crime analysis was carried out on the novel bandit crime dataset obtained and prediction were made using the newly proposed DeCXGBoost model. A comparative analysis was performed with respect to precision, recall, f-measure, and accuracy with other crime predictions algorithms and the proposed model outperformed the other algorithms with accuracy of 99.9999%.

Abstract One of the regions most affected by transnational organized crime has been Central America’s “Northern Triangle”, in great part due to its institutional weakness. A comparative analysis of the characteristics and inner workings of Central America’s International Commissions and Support Missions can prove that they were created with specific mandates to board corruption and therefore are a lot more successful in their duties of investigating and prosecuting those responsible than international, regional or hybrid criminal law tribunals. They further provide multidimensional strategies to board the issue. Furthermore, these Commissions and Support Missions interact tightly with affected people and often engage in discourse with civil society, treating public opinion as an ally in its fight against corruption. However, they are also strongly dependent on political support from the international community and are operatively subjected to the whim of the governments in Host states, two things which constitute substantial disadvantages for the use of these figures as tools in the fight against corruption.

Resumen Una de las regiones que se ha visto más afectada por el crimen transnacional organizado ha sido el “Triángulo Norte” de Centroamérica, debido en parte a su debilidad institucional. Un análisis comparado de las características y funcionamiento de las comisiones y misiones de apoyo internacionales muestra que tienen un mandato específico para abordar la corrupción, son más prolíficas en sus investigaciones y condenas que los tribunales penales internacionales, regionales o híbridos, y promueven estrategias multidimensionales para abordar el problema. Además, estas comisiones y misiones de apoyo interactúan más estrechamente con las poblaciones afectadas y recurren a la sociedad civil y la opinión pública como aliados en su lucha contra la corrupción. Sin embargo, presentan una fuerte dependencia del apoyo político de la comunidad internacional, y están operativa y presupuestalmente sujetas a los vaivenes de los gobiernos de los Estados anfitriones, lo que constituyen dos desventajas nada despreciables.

Abstract This paper presents a comparative study on Chilean insolvency offenses in light of criminal insolvency legislation in the US, Germany, and Spain. The objective of this article is to determine the Chilean criminal policy behind the reform of the crimes defined between articles 463 and 466 of the Chilean penal code and to analyze some of the main changes in the matter and the repercussions that they will have in terms of criminal prosecution. For this, a qualitative and quantitative analysis is used using a dogmatic methodology together with a set of graphic background in order to have a vision of the numerical reality of bankruptcies of individuals and companies in the indicated countries. This information will allow us to have elements to assess in order to analyze the regulation and the criminal response of the legislator with special emphasis on the new Chilean legal-criminal regulation regarding the 2014 reforms and regarding the 2023 economic crime bill.

Resumen El presente trabajo presenta un estudio comparado en materia de delitos de insolvencia punible chileno a la luz de la legislación penal de la insolvencia en los EE. UU., Alemania y España. El objetivo del presente artículo es determinar la política criminal chilena detrás de la reforma de los delitos tipificados entre los artículos 463 y 466 del código penal chileno y analizar algunos de los principales cambios en la materia y las repercusiones que tendrá en materia de persecución penal. Para ello, se recurre a un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo utilizando una metodología dogmática junto con un conjunto de antecedentes gráficos a fin de tener una visión de la realidad numérica de los concursos de personas y de empresas en los países señalados. Esta información permitirá tener elementos a valorar para analizar la regulación y la respuesta penal del legislador con especial énfasis de la nueva regulación jurídico-penal chilena respecto a las reformas de 2014 y respecto al proyecto de delitos económicos de 2023.

Zusammenfassung In diesem Artikel wird eine vergleichende Studie zu chilenischen Insolvenzdelikten innerhalb der Insolvenzstrafgesetzgebung in den USA, Deutschland und Spanien vorgestellt. Das Ziel dieses Artikels besteht darin, die chilenische Kriminalpolitik hinter der Reform der in den Artikeln 463 und 466 des chilenischen Strafgesetzbuchs definierten Straftaten zu bestimmen und einige der wichtigsten Änderungen in dieser Angelegenheit und die Auswirkungen, die sie in Bezug auf diese haben, zu analysieren Strafverfolgung. Hierzu wird eine qualitative und quantitative Analyse unter Verwendung einer dogmatischen Methodik zusammen mit einer Reihe grafischer Hintergründe verwendet, um eine Vorstellung von der zahlenmäßigen Realität der Insolvenzen von Einteilungen und Unternehmen in den angegebenen zu Ländern zu erhalten. Diese Informationen werden es uns ermöglichen, Elemente zu bewerten, um die Regulierung und die strafrechtliche Reaktion des Gesetzgebers zu analysieren, mit besonderem Schwerpunkt auf der neuen chilenischen Rechts- und Strafgesetzgebung im Hinblick auf die Reformen von 2014 und im Hinblick auf das Wirtschaftskriminalitätsgesetz von 2023.

Abstract This study aims to answer: what are the means of proof used in criminal cases of insider trading in the United States of America (USA)?; Is it possible for these means of proof to be applied in Brazilian criminal actions on the subject?. The concept of the use of privileged information in its criminal facet is established by exposing the controversies on the subject and how it is treated in the national and international literature, as it constitutes a comparative study. Afterwards, the Decision Analysis Methodology is approached as a form of empirical investigation, in order to discuss the probative activity in insider trading crimes. It discusses how the US faces the issue, especially regarding the role of evidence, to bring elements to the Brazilian law enforcer. The approach is qualitative and quantitative, with a literature review and Content Analysis and Decision Analysis Methodologies. The unit of analysis is US criminal cases, in 2019. The following are the means of proof used in these cases: breach of telephone secrecy; confession; testimonies; borrowed evidence; communication with unions; statistical analysis; newspaper articles and conclusions of the company’s own Audit Committee. They are evidence, fully, possible of survey and construction by the Brazilian criminal judiciary, so, proposals for improvement are presented. answer USA (USA)? subject. . subject? Afterwards investigation crimes issue evidence enforcer quantitative Methodologies 2019 secrecy confession testimonies unions companys company s Committee fully judiciary so presented (USA) 201 (USA 20 2

Resumo Este estudo objetiva responder: quais os meios de prova usados em casos criminais de insider trading nos Estados Unidos da América (EUA)?; Há a possibilidade desses meios de prova serem aplicados nas ações penais brasileiras sobre o tema?. Estabelece-se o conceito do uso de informações privilegiadas em sua faceta criminal pela exposição das controvérsias na temática e de como esta é tratada na literatura nacional e internacional, por constituir um estudo comparado. Depois, aborda-se a Metodologia de Análise de Decisões como forma de investigação empírica, para que se discuta a atividade probatória nos crimes de insider trading. Discute-se como os EUA enfrentam o assunto, especialmente, quanto ao papel das provas, para trazer elementos para o aplicador da lei brasileira. A abordagem é qualitativa e quantitativa, com revisão de literatura e Metodologias de Análise de Conteúdo e Análise de Decisões. A unidade de análise são casos criminais estadunidenses, em 2019. Concluem-se como meios de prova usados nestes: quebra de sigilo telefônico; confissão; testemunhos; prova emprestada; comunicação com sindicatos; análise estatística; artigos de jornais e conclusões do Comitê de Auditoria da própria empresa. São provas, plenamente, possíveis de levantamento e construção pelo Judiciário criminal brasileiro, então, apresentam-se propostas de melhoria. responder (EUA)? tema. tema . tema? Estabelecese Estabelece internacional comparado Depois abordase aborda empírica Discutese Discute assunto especialmente provas brasileira quantitativa estadunidenses 2019 Concluemse Concluem nestes telefônico confissão testemunhos emprestada sindicatos estatística empresa plenamente brasileiro então apresentamse apresentam melhoria (EUA) 201 (EUA 20 2

With alcohol abuse by pregnant women being a significant problem in South Africa, particularly in the rural areas of the Western Cape province, the country carries one of the world's heaviest burdens of foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). FAS is regarded as the most severe of the foetal alcohol spectrum disorders. A child affected by FAS may suffer various developmental delays, including behavioural problems, poor language and fine motor skills, overall poor academic performance, mental retardation, and an increased tendency towards aggression and violence. Despite the alarming extent of the problem, maternal substance abuse is not currently a criminal offence in South Africa. This article explores the feasibility of criminalising maternal substance abuse, either by way of an amendment to the Children's Act 38 of 2005 or by introducing a new statutory offence. As South African children are already afforded protection against abuse and neglect in terms of the Children's Act, the prosecution of mothers who abuse substances while pregnant and then give birth to children suffering FAS-related harm could potentially also occur within this ambit. This would require an extension to the definitions of abuse and neglect in the Children's Act and would have no effect on the legal status of a foetus in South Africa. Yet one would face certain challenges associated with the principle of legality: in terms of the ius strictum requirement, for instance, courts are expected to apply a strict rather than a broad interpretation to the definition of a crime. Therefore, if it is not provided for clearly enough in the definition of abuse and neglect, courts may be hesitant to include maternal substance abuse in their understanding of these crimes. Moreover, a strict interpretation of the meaning of "child" in the Children's Act would exclude a foetus. In addition, a foetus does not possess legal subjectivity under South African law, which means that it generally does not have any legal rights, nor can it be the victim of any crime. Alternatively, the legislature could opt for introducing a new statutory offence to address maternal substance abuse separately. In this regard, criminalising maternal substance abuse as a materially-defined crime would be the best route to follow. This would restrict prosecution to instances where maternal substance abuse does in fact result in FAS-like effects in the child upon birth. In determining the feasibility of criminalising maternal substance abuse in South Africa, the article also takes a comparative look at United States law in this regard, particularly the position in Alabama and South Carolina. Developments in these states do seem to bode well for a decision to criminalise maternal substance abuse in South Africa as well. As shown in Hicks v State of Alabama 2014 153 So.3d 53 and Whitner v State 328 S.C. 1, 492 S.E.2d 777 (1997), maternal substance abusers in the United States may be prosecuted for either a specific statutory offence or general child neglect. However, while the courts in those cases imposed imprisonment, South Africa's already overcrowded prisons coupled with the predominantly socio-economic causes of maternal substance abuse in the local context would warrant alternative sentencing options. These include referral to a rehabilitation centre or diversion. In addition, the United States courts seem to have accepted the view that foetuses should be afforded the same protection as children. As this would stir up a hornet's nest in terms of the abortion debate and the legal status of a foetus in South Africa, following the American example in this respect is not recommended. However, this challenge can be overcome by criminalising maternal substance abuse as suggested above, by providing for prosecution only where the affected child is born alive and presents with FAS-like symptoms.

Abstract This article aims to analyze the potential use of the case theory method to support criminal judicial decisions. Although part of the researched doctrine emphasizes that the theory of the case would be an exclusive tool for the prosecution and defense, never for the judge, it is investigated the hypothesis that, under Brazilian legislation, the requirement of reasoning for judicial decisions favors the use, within of constitutional limits, of the theory of the case in the elaboration of the criminal sentence. The main research method was that of comparative law, highlighting the study of case theory in Spanish-speaking countries that contain legal provisions about it. Such countries were also privileged, due to the fact that they belong to the civil law system, more compatible with the Brazilian one. The national doctrine on the subject was also examined, which is scarcer given the absence of specific legal provision on the theory of the case in the Brazilian Criminal Procedure Code. As a result of the present research, it was concluded that this methodology, despite not being expressed in the law, can be used by the parties and also by the judges, observing, for the latter, the limitations of the accusatory system.

Resumo O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar o potencial uso do método da teoria do caso na fundamentação de decisões judiciais criminais. Apesar de parte da doutrina pesquisada enfatizar que a teoria do caso seria uma ferramenta exclusiva da acusação e da defesa, nunca do juiz, investiga-se a hipótese de, perante a legislação brasileira, a exigência de fundamentação das decisões judiciais propiciar a utilização, dentro de limites constitucionais, da teoria do caso na elaboração da sentença criminal. O principal método de pesquisa foi o de direito comparado, destacando-se o estudo da teoria do caso em países de língua espanhola que contêm previsão legal a seu respeito. Privilegiou-se, ainda, tais países, pelo fato de pertencerem ao sistema de civil law, mais compatível com o brasileiro. Examinou-se, também, a doutrina nacional sobre o tema, mais escassa, haja vista a ausência de previsão legal específica sobre a teoria do caso no Código de Processo Penal pátrio. Como resultado da presente pesquisa, concluiu-se que tal metodologia, a despeito de não expressa na lei, pode ser utilizada pelas partes e também pelos juízes, observando-se, para os últimos, as limitações próprias do sistema acusatório.

RESUMEN La criminalización de los actos de corrupción en el sector privado en el Código Orgánico Integral Penal (COIP) forma parte de una corriente expansiva e intensiva del Derecho penal que no es aislada o autónoma para el Ecuador. En la nueva legislación anticorrupción es posible observar ciertos problemas, tal vez derivados de los conflictos que existen con los principios limitadores del Derecho penal, dentro del modelo constitucional de derechos y justicia, así como otras incógnitas a la hora de interpretar los elementos objetivos del tipo penal, sobre todo si se tiene en cuenta la política criminal que busca satisfacer esta necesidad. Aplicando una metodología analítica y comparativa frente a estas actuales cuestiones, la experiencia española en materia penal puede servir de guía, por cuanto incorporó a su legislación una figura similar hace ya más de una década. Desde esta perspectiva podrán establecerse una serie de conclusiones que acentuarán la necesidad de reformar el Código Orgánico Integral Penal para evitar previsibles problemas en la aplicación del nuevo delito.

ABSTRACT The criminalization of the commercial bribery in the Código Orgánico Integral Penal (COIP) is part of an expansive and intensive current of criminal law that is not exclusive or autonomous for Ecuador. In the fresh anti-corruption legislation, several important issues can be observ ed, perhaps originated from the conflict that exists with the limiting principles of Criminal Law, within the constitutional system of rights and justice, as well as other unknowns when interpreting the objective elements of the offence, especially if we consider the criminal policy that seeks to satisfy this need. Applying an analytical and comparative methodology to these current issues, the Spanish experience in criminal matters can serve as a guide, since it incorporated a similar figure into its legislation more than a decade ago. From this perspective, some conclusions may be established that will emphasize the need to amend the Comprehensive Organic Criminal Code to prevent foreseeable problems in the application of the new offence.