Resumen Introducción. Los hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) forman asociaciones simbióticas estrechas con el 90 % de las especies vegetales. Entablan un “diálogo” molecular mediante moléculas infoquímicas y de nutrientes para la regulación de esta asociación mutualista. Objetivo. Recopilar información sobre los mecanismos moleculares implicados en la comunicación entre los HMA, su planta hospedera y otros organismos edáficos. Desarrollo. La simbiosis entre los hongos micorrícicos y las plantas depende de moléculas señalizadoras específicas que permiten el reconocimiento, la señalización y la comunicación, además del contacto físico entre ambos organismos. Se describen los mecanismos de comunicación molecular y de las interacciones biológicas entre los HMA y las plantas en los diferentes tiempos de la interacción, con énfasis en la descripción de genes reguladores, proteínas y moléculas diana conocidas. También se describen interacciones moleculares con otros organismos edáficos. Conclusiones. Los mecanismos de comunicación molecular entre hongos micorrícicos y plantas son complejos y aún presentan vacíos de conocimiento que deben ser superados para comprender a cabalidad la importancia ecológica de los HMA y sus interacciones con otros organismos edáficos y así lograr su aprovechamiento.

Abstract Introduction. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form close symbiotic associations with 90 % of plant species. They engage in a molecular dialogue using infochemicals and nutrient molecules to regulate this mutualistic association. Objective. To gather information on the molecular mechanisms involved in the communication between AMF, their host plant and other soil organisms. Development. The symbiosis between mycorrhizal fungi and plants depends on specific signaling molecules that allow recognition, signaling and communication, in addition to physical contact between both organisms. The mechanisms of molecular communication and biological interactions between AMF and plants at different times of interaction are described, with emphasis on the description of currently known regulatory genes, proteins and target molecules. Additionally, molecular interactions with other soil organisms are described. Conclusions. The mechanisms of molecular communication between mycorrhizal fungi and plants are complex and still present gaps in knowledge that must be filled to fully understand the ecological importance of AMF and their interactions with other edaphic organisms, and thus achieve their use.

A atenção à saúde do homem no Brasil permanece um desafio apesar da Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde do Homem (PNAISH). Este estudo discute as experiências do uso dos serviços pelos homens usuários e relações estabelecidas entre estes e os profissionais médico(a)s em serviços de saúde em Florianópolis, SC. Utilizando pesquisa qualitativa com triangulação de métodos (entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupos focais) em duas Unidades de Saúde da Família, revela-se que a atenção dividida dos médicos e a troca frequente de profissionais impactam negativamente na formação de vínculos. São reconhecidos os benefícios de uma abordagem que atua para além da precisão técnica e destaca-se a importância de estratégias como a manutenção de espaços de troca e escuta. O estudo contribui para a compreensão da implantação da PNAISH na Atenção Primária à Saúde e identifica desafios no cuidado à saúde dos homens.

La atención de la salud del hombre en Brasil continúa siendo un desafío, a pesar de la Política Nacional de Atención Integral a la Salud del Hombre (PNAISH). Este estudio discute las experiencias del uso de los servicios por parte de los hombres usuarios y las relaciones establecidas entre ellos y los profesionales médicos(as) en servicios de salud en Florianópolis (Estado de Santa Catarina). Utilizando la investigación cualitativa con triangulación de métodos (entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupo focales) en dos Unidades de Salud de la Familia, se revela que la atención dividida de los médicos y el cambio frecuente de profesionales causan un impacto negativo en la formación de vínculos. Reconoce los beneficios de un abordaje más allá de la precisión técnica y subraya la importancia de estrategias tales como mantenimiento de espacios de intercambio y escucha. El estudio contribuye para la comprensión de la implantación de la PNAISH en la Atención Primaria de la Salud e identifica desafíos en el cuidado de la salud de los hombres.

Despite the introduction of the National Policy for Comprehensive Men's Health Care (PNAISH, acronym in Portuguese), men’s health care remains a challenge in Brazil. This article discusses men's experiences of using health services in Florianópolis (SC) and doctor-male patient relationships. We conducted a qualitative study using methodological triangulation (semi-structured interviews and focus groups) in two family health centers. The findings reveal that divided doctor attention and high professional turnover have a negative impact on the formation of bonds. The results also highlight the benefits of approaches that extend beyond technical precision and the importance of strategies such as providing spaces for sharing experiences and listening. This study contributes to understanding the implementation of PNAISH in primary health care settings and underlines the challenges facing men's health care in Brazil.

Resumen: Los profesionales en bibliotecología debieron adaptar la modalidad de teletrabajo o trabajo remoto a las bibliotecas escolares para dar soporte al centro educativo en el aprendizaje del estudiantado. Este estudio se realizó en el año 2020 con profesionales de bibliotecología de las bibliotecas escolares del circuito 04 de la Dirección Regional de Heredia. Con respecto al diseño de la investigación, este se llevó a cabo por medio de la implementación de un cuestionario aplicado en el primer trimestre del 2020, dirigido a profesionales en bibliotecología que ejercen en seis centros educativos que cuentan con existencia de código formal para las bibliotecas del circuito 04, de la Dirección Regional de la provincia de Heredia. Se logró determinar que las plataformas virtuales fueron un aliado para la comunicación directa entre las personas estudiantes, personas docentes y profesionales en bibliotecología, además se logró identificar las diferentes labores realizadas por quienes desempeñaron su trabajo en bibliotecas escolares durante la pandemia. Se identificó que el uso de herramientas tecnológicas para el desarrollo de las actividades realizadas por las bibliotecas escolares constituyó un reto.

Resumo: Os profissionais em biblioteconomia tiveram que adaptar a modalidade de teletrabalho ou trabalho remoto às bibliotecas escolares para apoiar o centro educativo na aprendizagem do estudantado. Este estudo foi realizado em 2020 com profissionais de biblioteconomia das bibliotecas escolares do circuito 04 da Direção Regional de Heredia. A respeito do desenho da investigação, este foi realizado através da aplicação de um questionário aplicado no primeiro trimestre de 2020, dirigido aos profissionais de biblioteconomia que exercem atividade em seis centros educativos que possuem um código formal para bibliotecas do circuito 04, da Direção Regional da província de Heredia. Constatou-se que as plataformas virtuais eram aliadas para a comunicação direta entre as pessoas estudantes, pessoas docentes e profissionais em biblioteconomia, e também foi possível identificar as diferentes tarefas desempenhadas por quem trabalhava nas bibliotecas escolares durante a pandemia. Identificou-se que a utilização de ferramentas tecnológicas para o desenvolvimento das atividades realizadas pelas bibliotecas escolares constituiu um desafio.

Abstract: Librarians had to adapt teleworking to school libraries in order to support the educational center in the learning process of students. This study was carried out in 2020 with librarians of school libraries of Circuit 04 of the Regional Directorate of Heredia. The research design was carried out by means of a questionnaire applied in the first quarter of 2020 to librarians from six educational centers that have a formal code for libraries of Circuit 04 of the Regional Directorate of the province of Heredia. It was found that virtual platforms are fundamental for direct communication between students, teachers and librarians. The different tasks performed by those who worked in school libraries during the pandemic were also identified. The use of technological tools to develop school library activities was a challenge.

Abstract This paper presents an architecture based on the MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Network) paradigm as an emergency communication system between users of electric bicycles. The solution consists of 4 mobile nodes representing the users and a main fixed node, which emulates a bicycle docking station. This architecture allows multi-hop communication between the nodes, using the proactive routing protocols OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) and BATMAN (Better Approach to Mobile Ad Hoc Networking). The study was divided into 3 main stages. First, an analysis of the wireless medium was performed to determine the maximum transmission distance and the maximum bitrate between 2 nodes. Subsequently, the throughput behavior was characterized in a multihop configuration consisting of 4 nodes in order to establish the network capacity in terms of bandwidth. Finally, a web application was implemented for the transmission of audio and text traffic. Regarding the evaluation of the proposal, two scenarios were designed to emulate the integration of a new cyclist to the network and the communication between two users in motion. The results reveal that OLSR provides a better system operation, with a throughput of 2.54 Mbps at 3 hops and a PRR (Packet Reception Rate) higher than 96%. In addition, it guarantees a delay within the ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication) G.114 recommendation for bidirectional communication.

Resumen En este artículo se presenta una arquitectura basada en el paradigma MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Network) como un sistema de comunicación de emergencia entre usuarios de bicicletas eléctricas. La solución consta de cuatro nodos móviles que representan a los usuarios y un nodo fijo principal, que emula una estación de anclaje de bicicletas. Esta arquitectura permite la comunicación multisalto entre los nodos, utilizando los protocolos de enrutamiento proactivos OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) y BATMAN (Better Approach to Mobile Ad Hoc Networking). El estudio se dividió en tres etapas principales. Primero, se hizo un análisis del medio inalámbrico para determinar la distancia máxima de transmisión y el bitrate máximo entre dos nodos. Posteriormente, se caracterizó el comportamiento del throughput en una configuración multisalto conformada por cuatro nodos con el fin de establecer la capacidad de la red en términos de ancho de banda. Finalmente, se implementó una aplicación web para la transmisión de tráfico de audio y texto. En cuanto a la evaluación de la propuesta, se diseñaron dos escenarios que emulan la integración de un nuevo ciclista a la red y la comunicación entre dos usuarios en movimiento. Los resultados revelan que OLSR proporciona una mejor operación del sistema, con un throughput de 2.54 Mbps a 3 saltos y un PRR (Packet Reception Rate) superior al 96 %. Además, garantiza un delay dentro de la recomendación G.114 de la ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication) para una comunicación bidireccional.

Abstract Technologies are inserted in educational innovation, giving the possibility of incorporating digital tools in research approaches. In this scenario, Scrivener and Evernote are digital tools for academic writing; they allow you to insert written notes, voice notes, summaries, documents, images, quotes from authors, audios, links, among others. The formulation of the problem is based on the need to increase research at all educational levels in an easy and automated way. The objective of this study is to reflect on the significant contribution that virtual tools have in academic writing. The methodology used is framed within the qualitative paradigm of a non-experimental and documentary type, it has an intentional probabilistic sampling of 57 primary documentary sources that consist of scientific articles, books, official sources, technical reports, authors and organizations that support the theories of the tools. digital to scientifically support the article. The conclusion is that the Scrivener and Evernote tools generate a significant contribution to the development of academic writing, contributing to the promotion of the publication of academic and scientific articles, which associated with information and communication technologies promote the development of this type. of research communities, to achieve greater optimization of intellectual resources as a challenge to enhance academic culture.

Resumen Las tecnologías se insertan en la innovación educativa, dando la posibilidad de incorporar herramientas digitales en los abordajes investigativos. En este escenario Scrivener y Evernote son herramientas digitales para la escritura académica, permiten insertar notas escritas, notas de voz, resúmenes, documentos, imágenes, citas de autores, audios, links, entre otros. La formulación del problema parte de la necesidad de incrementar investigaciones en todos los niveles educativos de forma fácil y automatizada. El objetivo de este estudio es reflexionar sobre el aporte significativo que poseen las herramientas virtuales en la escritura académica. La metodología empleada está enmarcada dentro del paradigma cualitativo de tipo no experimental y documental, posee un muestreo probabilístico intencional de 57 fuentes documentales primarias que reúnen artículos científicos, libros, fuentes oficiales, informes técnicos, autores y organizaciones que respaldan las teorías de las herramientas digitales para sustentar de forma científica el artículo. La conclusión radica en que las herramientas Scrivener y Evernote generan un aporte significativo al desarrollo de la escritura académica, logrando contribuir al impulso de la publicación de artículos académicos y científicos que, asociados a las tecnologías de la información y comunicación, promueven el desarrollo de este tipo de comunidades investigativas, para lograr una mayor optimización de recursos intelectuales como un desafío para potenciar la cultura académica.

Abstract Restorative circles are practices that make it possible to manage conflicts by involving and promoting the active participation of all the actors involved. Through words and dialogue, members come together to reflect on the conflict and its consequences, in order to recover the victims, reconcile the parties and promote coexistence. Despite the conception of circles as good conflict resolution strategies in educational institutions, the benefits in secondary education are unknown. The objectives of the systematic review were: (1) to identify and analyse the studies that present the implementation of restorative circles in secondary schools, (2) to know their benefits and (3) to propose elements of improvement for their study. The methodology was based on the PRISMA recommendations, using the WOS, Scopus, ERIC and Dialnet plus databases. Fifteen research studies were identified. The results show benefits for pupils such as the creation of safe spaces, the fostering of positive relationships and the development of communication and emotional skills. Benefits were found for teachers, educational institutions and the community. It is concluded that restorative circles bring benefits to all members involved and underlines the need for further research and longitudinal studies to deepen the understanding of their impacts in educational settings.

Resumen Los círculos restaurativos son prácticas que posibilitan gestionar los conflictos, implicando y promoviendo la participación activa de todos los agentes involucrados. Mediante la palabra y el diálogo, los miembros se reúnen para reflexionar acerca del conflicto y de las consecuencias que se derivan, con el fin de recuperar a las víctimas, reconciliar a las partes y favorecer la convivencia. A pesar de concebir los círculos como buenas estrategias de resolución del conflicto en las instituciones educativas, se desconoce cuáles son los beneficios en la educación secundaria. Los objetivos de la revisión sistemática fueron: (1) identificar y analizar los estudios que exponen la implementación de los círculos restaurativos en centros educativos de secundaria, (2) conocer sus beneficios y (3) proponer elementos de mejora para su estudio. La metodología se basó en las recomendaciones PRISMA, utilizando las bases de datos WOS, Scopus, ERIC y Dialnet plus. Se identificaron quince investigaciones. Los resultados evidencian beneficios para los alumnos como la creación de espacios seguros, el fomento de relaciones positivas y el desarrollo de habilidades comunicativas y emocionales. Se encontraron beneficios en el profesorado, las instituciones educativas y la comunidad. Se concluye que los círculos restaurativos aportan beneficios a todos los miembros implicados y se subraya la necesidad de realizar investigaciones adicionales y estudios longitudinales para profundizar en la comprensión de sus impactos en los entornos educativos.

Resumen Introducción: Las enfermedades cerebrovasculares son consideradas un problema de salud pública que afectan muchas capacidades en el individuo, entre ellas la comunicación; de esta manera el cuidador cumple un papel fundamental en su recuperación. Objetivo: Describir el rol comunicativo del cuidador en la atención a pacientes con secuelas de accidente cerebrovascular en la ciudad de Sincelejo, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Paradigma positivista, enfoque cuantitativo y estudio descriptivo de corte transversal realizado con 40 cuidadores, seleccionados según muestreo por criterios y reclutamiento en cadena. Se utilizó una encuesta sociodemográfica, una sobre favorecimiento y bienestar comunicativo y Escala Likert, se realizó análisis de fiabilidad y consistencia interna del instrumento. Resultados: Predominaron cuidadores de sexo femenino, sobresale el cuidador informal, con estudios de secundaria y estrato socioeconómico bajo. Se encontró una actitud favorable en la competencia del ser y saber hacer, prima el buen trato, justicia y respeto. La competencia del saber evidenció actitud desfavorable, caracterizada por un conocimiento limitado frente a la patología, insuficientes destrezas, técnicas y habilidades para cumplir sus funciones y estrategias empleadas. Conclusiones: Es necesario cualificar al cuidador en la atención del paciente con accidente cerebrovascular, mediante programas de que dinamicen la competencia del ser, saber y saber hacer.

Abstract Introduction: Cerebrovascular diseases are a public health problem affecting the different capabilities of patients, including communication. Thus, caregivers play a fundamental role in their recovery. Objective: To describe the communicative role of caregivers in the support of patients with stroke sequelae in the city of Sincelejo, Colombia. Materials and methods: A positivist paradigm, quantitative approach, and descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with 40 caregivers, who were selected according to criteria sampling and chain recruitment. A sociodemographic survey about favorability and communicative well-being as well as the Likert Scale were applied. A reliability and internal consistency analysis was conducted. Results: The majority of caregivers were women. Informal caregivers, with high school education, and belonging to low socioeconomic status were also predominant. A positive attitude regarding competences such as being and knowing what to do; appropriate treatment of patients, with justice and respect, were observed as common features. The knowledge competence was considered unfavorable, which was characterized by limited understanding regarding pathology, strategies used, and insufficient skills, techniques, and abilities to fulfill their functions. Conclusions: Caregivers of stroke patients should be qualified through programs that improve the being, knowing, and knowing how to do competencies.

Resumo Introdução: As doenças cerebrovasculares são consideradas um problema de saúde pública que afeta diversas capacidades do indivíduo, incluindo a comunicação; desta forma, o cuidador desempenha um papel fundamental na sua recuperação. Objetivo: Descrever o papel comunicativo do cuidador no cuidado de pacientes com sequelas de acidente vascular cerebral na cidade de Sincelejo, Colômbia. Materiais e métodos: Paradigma positivista, abordagem quantitativa e estudo transversal descritivo realizado com 40 cuidadores, selecionados segundo critérios de amostragem e recrutamento em cadeia. Foi utilizado um inquérito sociodemográfico, um de favorabilidade e bem-estar comunicativo e uma Escala Likert, foi realizada uma análise da fiabilidade e consistência interna do instrumento. Resultados: Predominaram cuidadores do sexo feminino, destacando-se os cuidadores informais, com escolaridade média e baixo nível socioeconômico. Encontrou-se na competição uma atitude favorável por ser e saber fazer, prevalecendo o bom tratamento, a justiça e o respeito. A competência conhecimento apresentou atitude desfavorável, caracterizada por conhecimento limitado sobre a patologia, habilidades, técnicas e habilidades insuficientes para cumprir suas funções e estratégias utilizadas. Conclusões: É necessário qualificar o cuidador no cuidado ao paciente com AVC, por meio de programas que potencializem a competência de ser, saber e saber fazer.

Abstract Introduction: Research on the governmental approach to drug trafficking in the province of Buenos Aires establishes that most governments have dismissed this problem and dealt with it superficially. However, little is known about the performance of the provincial government headed by María Eugenia Vidal (2015-2019) in this area. Objective: In this framework, the work aims to contribute to the knowledge about the discourses and governmental practices regarding drug trafficking during Vidal's administration. Methodology: For this purpose, a qualitative methodology based on the application of a case study and a theoretical approach based mainly on the notion of public policies to control drug trafficking is proposed. Conclusions: The article highlights the discursive overreaction and the profound lack of knowledge that prevails in the provincial sphere in terms of drug trafficking control and the deficiencies exhibited by the institutional actions and policies promoted by the government of Buenos Aires during the period in question.

Resumen Introducción: las investigaciones sobre el abordaje gubernamental del narcotráfico en la provincia de Buenos Aires establecen que la mayoría de los gobiernos desestimaron esta problemática y la afrontaron de manera superficial. Sin embargo, poco se conoce respecto del desempeño del gobierno provincial encabezado por María Eugenia Vidal (2015-2019) en esa materia. Objetivo: en este marco, el trabajo tiene por objeto aportar al conocimiento sobre los discursos y las prácticas gubernamentales en torno al narcotráfico durante la gestión de Vidal. Metodología: se propone una metodología cualitativa basada en la aplicación de un estudio de caso y un enfoque teórico asentado, principalmente, en la noción de políticas públicas de control del narcotráfico. Conclusiones: el artículo evidencia la sobreactuación discursiva y el profundo desconocimiento que predomina en el ámbito provincial en materia de control del narcotráfico, y las deficiencias que exhibieron las acciones institucionales y políticas impulsadas por el gobierno bonaerense durante el periodo señalado.

Abstract Creativity is fundamental in the resolution of complex problems. Thus, with the purpose of promoting creative thinking, diverse ICTs, through the use of virtual environments, have created new digital spaces in which users can interact, explore and create. In that regard, the objective was to analyze the evidence on the role of virtual environments in strengthening creative thinking in education. The methodology was approached from the PRISMA statement, for this purpose, publications were reviewed in the databases of Scopus, Google Scholar, Redalyc and Scielo. Additionally, the search queries incorporated the terms “education", "virtual environments" and "strengthening of creative thinking" filtered within the period from 2018 to 2023. Regarding the results, out of the 175 reviewed publications, only 20 articles underwent thorough analysis. In conclusion, it can be stated that virtual environments in education strengthen creative thinking since they offer tools and opportunities to access global resources, foster collaborative learning and offer attractive and accessible resources. In addition, they foster the generation of new ideas and creative approaches that prepare students to face the challenges of the contemporary world in an innovative and effective manner.

Resumen La creatividad desempeña un papel fundamental en la resolución de problemas complejos. De este modo, con el propósito de promover el pensamiento creativo, las diversas TIC, mediante el uso de entornos virtuales, han generado espacios digitales en los cuales los usuarios pueden interactuar, explorar y crear. Con este propósito, se planteó como objetivo analizar las evidencias sobre el papel de los entornos virtuales en el fortalecimiento del pensamiento creativo en la educación. La metodología se abordó desde la declaración PRISMA y para ello se revisaron publicaciones en las bases de datos de Scopus, Google Académico, Redalyc y Scielo. Asimismo, las fórmulas de búsqueda incluyeron los términos “educación”, “entornos virtuales” y “fortalecimiento del pensamiento creativo”, filtrados en el periodo comprendido entre 2018 y 2023. En cuanto a los resultados, de las 175 publicaciones revisadas, 20 artículos fueron analizados exhaustivamente. En conclusión, se indicó que los entornos virtuales en educación fortalecen el pensamiento creativo dado que ofrecen herramientas y oportunidades de acceder a recursos globales, fomentan el aprendizaje colaborativo y ofrecen recursos atractivos y accesibles. Además, propician la generación de nuevas ideas y enfoques creativos que preparan a los estudiantes para enfrentar los desafíos del mundo contemporáneo de manera innovadora y efectiva.

Abstract This article presents a pedagogical model mediated by Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), which integrates the ADDIE model and gamification to optimize educational research. The design is conceptualized using the metaphor of an airplane, where each part represents a crucial component of the teaching-learning process: the fuselage symbolizes the central structure of instructional design; the wings represent the didactic and gamification strategies that drive learning; engines are associated with the technological tools that provide the necessary boost; the cockpit embodies teaching management and coordination; and the body of the plane contains the educational activities carried out by the students. The methodology is structured in five key phases of the ADDIE model applied in a virtual learning environment. The results indicate that the combination of ADDIE and gamification, supported by ICT, significantly improves student motivation, engagement, and academic performance. In addition, this approach facilitates the personalization of learning and continuous progress monitoring. The conclusions highlight the effectiveness of the proposed model in modernizing education, offering an adaptable structure that responds to the demands of an increasingly digitized and demanding academic and professional environment.

Resumen Este artículo propuso un modelo pedagógico mediado por Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) que integra el modelo ADDIE y la gamificación para optimizar la investigación educativa. La estructura del modelo se conceptualizó utilizando la metáfora de un avión, donde cada parte representa un componente esencial del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje: el fuselaje simboliza la estructura central del diseño instruccional; las alas representan las estrategias didácticas y de gamificación que potencian el aprendizaje; los motores se asocian con las herramientas tecnológicas que proporcionan el impulso necesario; la cabina del piloto encarna la gestión y coordinación docente; y el cuerpo del avión contiene las actividades educativas realizadas por los estudiantes. La metodología se estructuró en cinco fases clave del modelo ADDIE aplicadas en un entorno de aprendizaje virtual. Los resultados indicaron que la combinación de ADDIE y gamificación, apoyada por TIC, mejoró significativamente la motivación, el compromiso y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes. Además, este enfoque facilitó la personalización del aprendizaje y la supervisión continua del progreso. Las conclusiones destacaron la efectividad del modelo propuesto para modernizar la educación, ofreciendo una estructura adaptable que responde a las demandas de un entorno académico y profesional cada vez más digitalizado.

Abstract The evolution evidenced worldwide has generated a new way of acting on the part of human beings, to the point that all strategic sectors of society need to assimilate and implement new methodologies and strategies that allow them to optimally leverage resources and human talent. Education is a fundamental pillar that has benefited from these updates; a clear example is the application of didactic strategies to foster critical thinking and the development of communication skills. The implementation of innovative strategies allows students to improve their reasoning, analysis, synthesis, and other skills that contribute to their academic, personal, and professional growth. Different social contexts require individuals to adequately articulate the various concepts and ideas that arise from the assimilation of information. In this sense, the present study conducts a systematic literature review on didactic strategies to promote critical thinking in the development of communication competencies; the SALSA method is used to develop the proposed work, which consists of four important stages to identify the current situation of the topic.

Resumen La evolución que se evidencia a nivel mundial ha generado una nueva forma de actuar por parte del ser humano, a tal punto que todos los sectores estratégicos de la sociedad necesitan asimilar e insertar nuevas metodologías y estrategias que les permitan aprovechar de manera óptima los recursos y el talento humano. La educación es un pilar fundamental que se ha beneficiado con estas actualizaciones, muestra de ello es la aplicación de estrategias didácticas para fomentar el pensamiento crítico y el desarrollo de las competencias comunicacionales. La implementación de novedosas estrategias permite a los estudiantes mejorar su razonamiento, análisis, síntesis y otras habilidades que les ayudan a su crecimiento académico, personal y profesional. Los distintos contextos sociales exigen que las personas necesiten exteriorizar de manera adecuada los distintos conceptos e ideas que surgen a partir de la asimilación de la información. En tal sentido, el presente estudio realizó una revisión sistemática de literatura sobre las estrategias didácticas para fomentar el pensamiento crítico en el desarrollo de competencias comunicacionales; se utilizó el método SALSA para desarrollar el trabajo propuesto, el mismo que constó de cuatro etapas importantes para identificar la situación actual del tema.

Abstract Information and Communication Technologies have been introduced, by conviction or by necessity, in society, being relevant to know their level of implementation also in education. In addition, the inability to teach face-to-face classes due to the Covid-19 pandemic has led to distance teaching, requiring new communication, school motivation and telematic control systems. This quantitative study compares the use of different ICT tools by 85 Compulsory Secondary Education (ESO) teachers in Spain in 2023 with their use in 2019 prior to the pandemic. The number of technological tools used by teachers and the increased use of ICT of a communicative nature in consideration of those that are more expository stand out. New resources appear, replacing other already obsolete technologies, detecting small differences in use according to gender and the years of experience of the teacher.

Resumo As Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação têm vindo a ser introduzidas, por convicção ou por necessidade, na sociedade, sendo relevante conhecer o seu nível de implementação também na Educação. Além disso, a impossibilidade de ministrar aulas presenciais devido à pandemia de Covid-19 conduziu ao ensino à distância, exigindo novos sistemas de comunicação, motivação escolar e controlo telemático. Este estudo quantitativo compara o uso de diferentes ferramentas TIC por 85 professores do ESO na Espanha em 2023 com seu uso em 2019 antes da pandemia. Destaca-se o número de ferramentas tecnológicas utilizadas pelos docentes e o aumento do uso das TIC de caráter comunicativo em detrimento daquelas mais expositivas. Novos recursos surgem, substituindo outras tecnologias já obsoletas, detectando pequenas diferenças de uso de acordo com o gênero e os anos de experiência do professor.

Resumen Las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación han ido introduciéndose, por convicción o por necesidad, en la sociedad, siendo relevante conocer su nivel de implementación también en la Educación. Además, la incapacidad de impartir clases presenciales debido a la pandemia de Covid-19, ha propiciado la docencia a distancia necesitándose nuevos sistemas de comunicación, motivación escolar y de control telemático. Este estudio cuantitativo compara la utilización de diferentes herramientas TIC por 85 docentes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) en España en 2023 con su uso en 2019 previo a la pandemia. Destacan la cantidad de herramientas tecnológicas usadas por el profesorado y el aumento de uso de TIC de carácter comunicativo en contraprestación de aquellas más expositivas. Aparecen nuevos recursos, sustituyendo otras tecnologías ya obsoletas, detectándose pequeñas diferencias de uso según el género y los años de experiencia del docente.

Despite significant technological advancements, there continues to be a considerable communication gap between individuals with hearing disabilities and the rest of society. This gap is exacerbated by the fact that the development and research of technologies, such as caption glasses, aimed at bridging this divide, primarily focus on sign languages used in countries with prominent tech industries, including European countries and USA. Consequently, there is a lack of resources and attention devoted to sign language recognition and translation systems for languages spoken in Africa. This research addresses this issue by concentrating on twenty-two common gestures in Kinyarwanda sign language. Through extensive exploration and evaluation of various machine learning algorithms, the study identifies the most effective approach for recognizing and translating these gestures. To validate the effectiveness of the developed system, real-world Kinyarwanda sign language video data is utilized for thorough training and testing. The research successfully culminates in the creation of a functional web application capable of accurately recognizing the 22 Kinyarwanda sign language gestures, both in live video feeds and recorded videos. This achievement represents a significant outcome of the research, as it addresses the specific needs of the Kinyarwanda signing community. By providing a reliable and accessible tool for gesture recognition and translation, the research contributes to narrowing the communication gap between individuals with hearing disabilities who use Kinyarwanda sign language and the wider society. OPEN LICENSE: CC-BY

Online education has been proven by several scholars as a convenient, flexible, and successful means of teaching and learning. Given the rate of student dropout in online learning, and the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, this study explored the barriers to online students' learning support services. A qualitative research approach was applied, and a non-empirical methodological approach was adopted. In this case, literature sources were reviewed to identify the barriers to online learning support services. One hundred articles related to e-learning were downloaded from Google Scholar, 80 of the articles were deemed irrelevant and discarded, and 20 articles were analyzed and used for this study. During the analysis, multiple barriers to online learning were identified and documented, and related barriers were later grouped into themes. Findings depict that the barriers to online learning as being personal constraints, enabling conditions, social interactions, pedagogy, technology, and motivational issues. The study, therefore, recommends that institutions providing online teaching in South Africa, and in other parts of the world, should ensure that there is adequate communication between students and academics. The study further provides appropriate recommendations to alleviate online learning barriers identified by the study. These institutions must guide and offer comprehensive motivation to ensure each student will learn with utmost enthusiasm.

RESUMO A resistência bacteriana a antibióticos (AMR-Bacteria) é um dos principais problemas de saúde global. Somente no ano de 2019, estimou-se que 1,27 milhão de pessoas morreu devido a complicações por doenças bacterianas resistentes. A abordagem One Health é a principal estratégia no enfrentamento da AMR-Bacteria. Assim, este ensaio objetiva refletir sobre a aplicação da abordagem Saúde Única no enfrentamento da AMR-Bacteria no âmbito da agropecuária. A AMR-Bacteria está parcialmente relacionada à produção intensiva de alimentos de origem animal. Um dos principais desafios para implantação da abordagem é a falta de comunicação entre atores. A solução para esse impasse perpassa o treinamento transdisciplinar para a formação de redes de pesquisa e desenvolvimento de ferramentas de vigilância. A Saúde Única pressupõe a negociação para construir políticas públicas sustentáveis. A busca por estratégias para o enfrentamento de AMR-Bacteria perpassa levar em consideração o equilíbrio entre a questão econômica da produção de alimentos, o bem-estar físico dos animais e os efeitos para o meio ambiente. Aqueles que desejam pôr em prática a abordagem devem formar equipes, combinar métodos e técnicas e envolver diferentes atores. A partir do olhar da Saúde Única pode-se conhecer melhor como ações humanas contribuem com a disseminação de AMR-Bacteria.

ABSTRACT The bacterial resistance to antibiotics (AMR-Bacteria) is one of the main global health problems. In 2019 alone, it was estimated that 1.27 million people died due to complications from resistant bacterial diseases. The One Health approach is the primary strategy in addressing AMR-Bacteria. Thus, this essay aimed to reflect on the application of the One Health approach in addressing AMR-Bacteria within the scope of agriculture. AMR-Bacteria is partially related to the intensive production of animal-origin foods. One of the main challenges for implementing the approach is the lack of communication among stakeholders. The solution to this impasse involves transdisciplinary training to form research networks and develop surveillance tools. One Health presupposes negotiation to build sustainable public policies. The search for strategies to address AMR-Bacteria involves considering the balance between the economic issue of food production, the physical well-being of animals, and the effects on the environment. Those wishing to implement the approach must form teams, combine methods and techniques, and involve different stakeholders. Through the lens of One Health, one can better understand how human actions contribute to the spread of AMR-Bacteria.