Abstract This article intends to analyze innovative projects that have been successful in the promotion of sustainable development and improvement in quality of life of indigenous communities in Mexico. Three projects are considered: eco-touristic park, communal house and agro-businesses in the indigenous community of Tlajomulco (Jalisco), to study the scope and limitations of social innovation in the promotion of sustainable local development. A qualitative methodology was used involving participative investigation-action. The findings show that collaboration is essential to achieve success in such projects, but they do not depend exclusively on the existence of trust and mutual benefit between the parties involved as literature suggests, but also the capacity to transcend individual interests and work jointly towards attaining collective interests that promote sustainable development of the community. This finding represents a contribution to specialized literature in the area and calls to reflection and action to promote effective collaborative practices in the field of sustainable local development.

Resumo Esse artigo tem o objetivo de analisar projetos inovadores exitosos na promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável e melhoramento da qualidade de vida das comunidades indígenas em México. Consideraram-se três projetos: parque eco turístico, casa comunal e agronegócios na comunidade indígena de Tlajomulco (Jalisco) para o estudo dos alcances e limitações da inovação social na promoção do desenvolvimento local sustentável. Usou-se uma metodologia qualitativa com pesquisa-ação participativa. As conclusões da pesquisa verificaram que a colaboração é essencial para que os projetos sejam exitosos, mas sem depender exclusivamente da existência de confiança e benefícios mútuos dos atores involucrados do jeito que sugeriu a literatura, mas também da capacidade para transcender os interesses individuais e trabalhar conjuntamente para a realização dos interesses coletivos que fomentem o desenvolvimento sustentável da comunidade. Isso representa uma contribuição à literatura especializada da área e chama a refletir e agir para promover práticas colaborativas efetivas boas no campo do desenvolvimento local sustentável.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar proyectos innovadores que han sido exitosos en el fomento del desarrollo sostenible y en el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de comunidades indígenas en México. Se consideran tres proyectos: parque ecoturístico, casa comunal y agronegocios en la comunidad indígena de Tlajomulco (Jalisco), para estudiar los alcances y limitaciones de la innovación social en la promoción del desarrollo local sostenible. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa con investigación-acción participativa. Los hallazgos constatan que la colaboración resulta crucial para lograr el éxito de proyectos, pero no dependen exclusivamente de la existencia de confianza y beneficio mutuo entre los actores involucrados, como lo sugiere la literatura, sino también depende de la capacidad para trascender los intereses individuales y trabajar en conjunto hacia la consecución de intereses colectivos que promuevan el desarrollo sostenible de la comunidad. Este hallazgo representa un aporte a la literatura especializada en el campo y hace un llamado a la reflexión y la acción para promover prácticas colaborativas efectivas en el ámbito del desarrollo local sostenible.

Abstract This article is a reflection on the close relationship between research and the training of Education professionals. Its aim is to highlight that research in postgraduate studies affects society in all aspects, especially in Basic Education. Therefore, the training of new researchers by mentors is a key component for the development of science in the country. Given this perception, the topic needs to be explored and investigated because the relationship between mentor and mentee constitutes the heart of postgraduate studies, and its outcomes impact everyone, as evidenced by the data from Inep presented in the article. It’s important to consider that postgraduate studies, by generating science and training professors in Higher Education who train new teachers, should not be overlooked. I emphasize that the presented formulations here demonstrate my position in teaching, my political action, in which historical knowledge is the vector of communal life. Therefore, it is crucial to debate the relationship between mentor and mentee in postgraduate studies because that’s where I believe essential discussions should take place. professionals aspects Therefore country perception everyone It s teachers overlooked teaching action life thats place

Resumo O texto é uma reflexão sobre a estreita relação existente entre a pesquisa e a formação de profissionais da Educação. O objetivo é evidenciar que as pesquisas na pós-graduação interferem na sociedade sob todos os aspectos, em especial na Educação Básica. Em virtude disso, a formação de novos pesquisadores por orientadores constitui-se em peça chave para o desenvolvimento da ciência no país. Face a essa percepção, o tema precisa ser visitado e investigado, pois, a relação entre orientador/a e orientandos/as, constitui o coração da pós-graduação e os seus resultados atingem a todos, como atestam os dados do Inep trazidos no artigo. É preciso ponderar que a pós-graduação, ao produzir ciência e formar professores do Ensino Superior que, por seu turno, formam novos professores não pode ser descurada. Saliento que as formulações apresentadas aqui evidenciam meu lugar de docência, minha ação política, no qual o conhecimento histórico é o vetor da vida em comum, portanto, é por estar nele que considero essencial debater a relação entre orientando e orientador, na pós-graduação. pósgraduação pós graduação aspectos Básica disso constituise se país percepção investigado pois orientadora orientador orientandosas orientandos orientandos/as artigo pósgraduação, graduação, turno descurada docência política comum portanto pósgraduação. graduação.

Resumen El texto es una reflexión sobre la estrecha relación entre la investigación y la formación de profesionales de la Educación. El objetivo es resaltar que la investigación de posgrado interfiere en la sociedad en todos los aspectos, especialmente la Educación Básica. Como resultado, la formación de nuevos investigadores por parte de tutores es un elemento clave del desarrollo de la ciencia en el país. Ante esta percepción, el tema requiere ser visitado e investigado, ya que la relación entre tutores y aprendices constituye el corazón de los estudios de posgrado y sus resultados afectan a todos, como lo evidencian los datos del Inep presentados en el artículo. Es necesario considerar que no se pueden descuidar los estudios de posgrado, a la hora de producir ciencias y formar docentes de Educación Superior que, a su vez, forman nuevos docentes. Destaco que las formulaciones aquí presentadas resaltan mi lugar de enseñanza, mi acción política, en la que el conocimiento histórico es el vector de la vida en común, por lo tanto, es porque estoy en él que considero fundamental debatir la relación entre tutores y estudiantes, a nivel de posgrado. aspectos Básica resultado país percepción investigado artículo vez enseñanza política común tanto estudiantes

As much as Zimbabwe is considered one of the highly literate countries in the Global South, with well documented succession and inheritance laws, womenfolk continue to be stripped of their assets after the death of their husbands. This trend became even worse during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic when movement was restricted, making it difficult to access the courts of law. Using a mixed methodological approach of a desk research and qualitative interviews conducted in the Methodist Church in Zimbabwe, Zororo Comfort circuit in Harare, it has been noted that women and girls face numerous horrific experiences, pushing them to wallow in the margins of society. This study therefore calls for the church to address the vulnerability of women and girls using a deviant theory. To date, there are increasing figures of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child marriages. Financial and communal disturbances corresponding through continuous pandemic challenges for women are aggravated, and those who survive find it challenging to hunt for fairness because of stockpiled court issues and freedom for the perpetrators. The fact that women are dispossessed of their belongings because of the cultural status of being a woman calls for a cultural cue. Using a deviant theory in the narrative of a tenacious widow in the gospel of Luke 18:1-8 from a sociological dimension, this study provides a critical edge into interpreting the action of this widow who deviated from expected societal customs. The study concludes by calling faith communities to re-read the widow's story through deviant theory spectacles to raise questions on how this widow courageously represented herself from societal margin to undermine the centre (patriarchal standards) and to utilise the text as a resource for addressing the plight of women to be repositioned and be empowered in Zimbabwe. CONTRIBUTION: This study contributes to the ongoing academic studies on women, pandemics, religion and gender, using the Methodist Church in Zimbabwe, Zororo Comfort circuit as a case study. It concludes by an invitation to faith communities to re-read the widow's story using a deviant theory in order to use the text as a resource to alleviate the plight of women and empower them to the position of equilibrium with men

ABSTRACT The aim is to correlate the understanding of volunteering for young people in the document 85 of the CNBB “Evangelization of the youth: Challenges and pastoral perspectives” (2007) with the principles of Jon Sobrino’s theological method of the “World of the Poor as a historical-pastoral space and as a historical-theological space”. In this document, the volunteering is presented as a clue for the evangelizing action of young people (n. 174) and for the pedagogy of youth formation, in which experience takes priority over theory (n. 146-149). It opposes disintegration and disconnection between, on the one hand, social protagonism and participation (n. 10-50) and, on the other, knowledge of Jesus Christ confession of Christian faith, both personal and communal (n. 51-92). Based on the principles of the Sobrinian theological method, mature volunteering, as a form of social participation in solidarity for young people in the world of the poor is a historical-pastoral place and a historical-theological place. The incubatio of the personal-ecclesial-social-theological itinerary of the Sobrinian theological method is part of the pastoral challenge of ecclesial-social-theological rethinking of volunteering for young people. 8 Evangelization perspectives 2007 (2007 Sobrinos Sobrino s World historicalpastoral historical historicaltheological space. . space” n. n (n 174 formation 146149. 146149 146 149 146-149) between hand 1050 10 50 10-50 other faith 5192. 5192 51 92 51-92) personalecclesialsocialtheological ecclesial ecclesialsocialtheological 200 (200 17 14614 14 146-149 105 1 5 10-5 519 9 51-92 20 (20 1461 146-14 10- 51-9 2 (2 146-1 51- ( 146-

RESUMO Objetiva-se correlacionar a compreensão de voluntariado para jovens no Documento 85 da CNBB, Evangelização da juventude: desafios e perspectivas pastorais (2007), com os princípios do método teológico de Jon Sobrino do “mundo dos pobres como lugar histórico-pastoral e como lugar histórico-teologal”. No referido Documento, o voluntariado apresenta-se como pista da ação evangelizadora da juventude (n. 174) e da pedagogia de formação de jovens, na qual a experiência tenha prioridade sobre a teoria (n. 146-149). Ele se contrapõe à desintegração e à desvinculação entre, de um lado, protagonismo e participação sociais (n. 10-50) e, de outro, conhecimento de Jesus Cristo e confissão de fé cristã, pessoal e comunitária (n. 51-92). Desde os princípios do método teológico sobriniano, o voluntariado maduro, como forma solidária de participação social para jovens no mundo dos pobres, é lugar histórico-pastoral e lugar histórico-teologal. A incubatio do itinerário pessoal-eclesial-social-teologal do método teológico sobriniano se inscreve no desafio pastoral de repensar eclesial-social-teologicamente o voluntariado para jovens. Objetivase Objetiva 8 CNBB 2007, 2007 , (2007) históricopastoral histórico históricoteologal. históricoteologal teologal . histórico-teologal” apresentase apresenta n. n (n 174 146149. 146149 146 149 146-149) entre lado 1050 10 50 10-50 outro cristã 5192. 5192 51 92 51-92) maduro teologal. histórico-teologal pessoaleclesialsocialteologal eclesial eclesialsocialteologicamente teologicamente 200 (2007 17 14614 14 146-149 105 1 5 10-5 519 9 51-92 20 (200 1461 146-14 10- 51-9 2 (20 146-1 51- (2 146- (

RESUMEN La actualidad inevitablemente coloca al ser humano frente a un panorama donde los desafíos medioambientales y el cambio climático son un problema futuro y una realidad presente, por lo que el objetivo de este estudio es proporcionar pautas pedagógicas que permitan a los educadores implementar y fortalecer la educación ambiental de manera efectiva en sus instituciones educativas. La propuesta de investigación analiza el objeto de estudio desde la exploración documental, que mostraron pautas esenciales de análisis de las categorías investigadas asociado a un enfoque de planteamiento explicativo conceptual, que contribuye dentro de los procesos de desarrollo del aprendizaje, información, visión perceptiva-cognitiva, integración y adquisición de conocimientos a una correcta integración teórica-referencial. Los resultados muestran las categorías que constituyen pautas de análisis para la educación ambiental: “Enfoque interdisciplinario”, “Aprendizaje Experiencial y Práctico”, “Desarrollo de Pensamiento Crítico”, “Incorporación de Tecnologías Verdes y Digitales” y “Participación Comunitaria y Acción Cívica”. Como conclusiones las pautas pedagógicas deben trascender el aula e incentivar la participación activa de los estudiantes en la comunidad. La educación ambiental debe actuar como un motor para la participación cívica, alentando a los estudiantes a participar en proyectos de servicio comunitario, colaborar con organizaciones locales y participar en campañas de concienciación.

ABSTRACT Inevitably you place the present time to the human being in front of a panorama where the environmental challenges and the climatic change are a future problem and a present reality, which is why the objective of this study is to provide pedagogic guidelines that allow the educators to implement and strengthening the environmental education of effective way at his educational institutions. The proposal of investigation examines the object of study from the documentary exploration, that essential guidelines of analysis of the categories investigated associated to a focus of explanatory conceptual proposal, that contributes within the processes of development of learning, evidenced information, perceptive cognitive vision, integration and acquisition of knowledge to a correct theoretic referential integration. The results evidence the categories that constitute guidelines of analysis for the environmental education: “Interdisciplinary focus”, Experiential and Practice Learning, Development of Critical Thought, Incorporation of Technologies Green and Digital and Participation Communal and Action Civic. The pedagogic guidelines must transcend the classroom like findings and motivating the active participation of the students in the community. You must perform on the environmental education like a motor for the civic participation, encouraging to the students to take part in projects on duty communal, collaborating with local organizations and taking part in campaigns of consciousness-raising.

Resumen: El presente artículo es el resultado de un estudio realizado en la comunidad de La Fortaleza y tuvo como finalidad comprender las representaciones sociales sobre la ciudadanía que, en dicho contexto, se generan. Esta investigación ha permitido develar el significado social de las representaciones simbólicas que han construido los habitantes en este ámbito, los escenarios de acción comunitaria y los pilares convivenciales en este tipo de relaciones. El horizonte epistemológico utilizado partió de la teoría de las representaciones sociales de Moscovici; a su vez, se sumaron todos los modelos y tipos de ciudadanía inspirados en los contextos clásicos (o los multiculturales), entre otros. Se integró, además, la teoría de las capacidades humanas de Amartya Sen, la teoría del cosmopolitismo cívico de Adela Cortina y Habermas, que tienen como eje la comunicación como forma de interacción social que involucra su fortalecimiento activo. Se empleó la investigación de corte cualitativo con un enfoque fenomenológico y una forma de análisis desde el comparativo constante de Strauss y Corbin. Conjuntamente, se utilizaron técnicas como el análisis documental y la entrevista semiestructurada. Los hallazgos giraron alrededor de comprender a la ciudadanía como un reconocimiento del territorio, una manifestación de los valores sociales, un ejercicio del ser, una expresión de los derechos constitucionales y finalmente como un bienestar social.

Abstract: This study sought to understand the social representations of citizenship in the La Fortaleza community, allowing us to reveal the social meaning that its inhabitants build concerning citizenship, the scenarios of community action, and the coexistence pillars in community relations. The epistemological horizon used was based on Moscovici’s theory of social representations and models and types of citizenship inspired by classical or multicultural contexts, among others. Amartya Sen’s theory of human capabilities, Adela Cortina’s theory of civic cosmopolitanism, and Habermas’ theory of civic cosmopolitanism, which focus on communication as a form of social interaction that involves its active strengthening, were also integrated. Qualitative research was used with a phenomenological approach, including Strauss and Corbin’s constant comparative method. Techniques such as documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews were used. The findings revolved around understanding citizenship as a recognition of the territory, a manifestation of social values, an exercise of being, an expression of constitutional rights, and finally, as social welfare.

Education for Sustainable Development is best addressed in a spontaneous, place-based context where participants have the freedom of choice. Such an opportunity occurred with the Ripple Effect, a global initiative that allows participants to indicate the role of water in their living experience. Preservice teachers embraced the chance to display their interpretation of the role of water in their lives by participating in a Photovoice project. Photovoice is a chameleon in action research as it not only provides a research methodology but can serve as a reflection tool to enhance learning. The preservice teachers concluded, after reflecting on the role of water in their daily lives, that they are citizen scientists who can utilize place-based learning opportunities. The Photovoice project allowed for affective learning as well as an opportunity to face communal problematic scenarios regarding water.

Resumen La naturaleza multiescalar de la crisis ambiental reúne mecanismos científicos y políticos que convergen en un discurso común: la sustentabilidad. Este texto contrasta los significados vernáculos y modernos del común, sugiriendo retomar la convivialidad como contrapunto a dilemas que plantean a hiper mercantilización de la naturaleza. Con base en trabajos de campo, se describen parámetros de gobernanza en la producción de meliponinas y en la pesquería manejada de pirarucú (Arapaima spp.) en la región amazónica y de la extracción de palma juçara (Euterpe. edulis) en la floresta atlántica. Al explorar particularidades en la gobernanza de estos recursos, el objetivo es evidenciar posibilidades y limitaciones a la convivencialidad en su uso. En los casos estudiados, la perspectiva convivencial tiende a limitarse al cooperativismo productivista y se concluye que la reanudación del sentido comunal como principio de acción política puede ofrecer horizontes más amplios para la sostenibilidad de la gobernanza. común sustentabilidad campo Arapaima spp. spp Euterpe. Euterpe (Euterpe edulis atlántica recursos uso estudiados

Abstract The multiscale nature of the environmental crisis brings together scientific and political mechanisms that converge on a common discursive axis: sustainability. This text contrasts vernacular and modern meanings of the commons and suggests conviviality as a counterpoint to the dilemmas posed by nature’s hypercommodification. Based on fieldwork, it describes governance parameters in the meliponiculture chain and the fishery management of pirarucu (Arapaima spp.) in the Amazon and the palm heart harvesting (Euterpe edulis) in the Atlantic Forest areas. It explores particularities in these resources’ governance as it aims to highlight possibilities and limitations to conviviality provided by these activities. For the cases studied, the convivial perspective is limited to cooperativism directed by the market. Still, a communal sense taken back as a principle for political action can offer broader horizons for the sustainability of governance. axis natures s hypercommodification fieldwork Arapaima spp. spp Euterpe edulis areas resources activities studied market Still

Resumo A natureza multiescalar da crise ambiental aglutina mecanismos científicos e políticos que convergem para um eixo discursivo comum: a sustentabilidade. Esse texto contrapõe sentidos vernáculos e modernos do comum, sugerindo retomar a convivencialidade como contraponto aos dilemas colocados por processos de hipermercantilização da natureza. Com base em trabalhos de campo, são descritos parâmetros de governança na produção de meliponíneos e da pesca manejada do pirarucu (Arapaima spp.) na região amazônica e do extrativismo do palmito juçara (Euterpe edulis) em porções da Mata Atlântica. Explorando comparativamente particularidades na governança desses recursos, objetiva-se evidenciar possibilidades e limitações à convivencialidade em seu regime de uso. Nos casos estudados, constata-se que a perspectiva convivencial tende a se limitar ao cooperativismo produtivista e conclui-se que retomada do sentido comunal como princípio de ação política pode oferecer horizontes mais amplos para a sustentabilidade dos regimes de governança. comum campo Arapaima spp. spp Euterpe edulis Atlântica recursos objetivase objetiva uso estudados constatase constata concluise conclui

Both the Johannine and Akan cultures are described in scholarly literature as collectivistic communities that value love as a communal value. Nonetheless, a scholarly analysis of the Akan concept reveals that Akan proverbial tradition promotes love motivated by the expectation of reciprocation. Thus, the article aimed to provide a biblical response to these challenges for Akan Christians, who hold love as both a traditional and theological value. Consequently, the study employed Gatti's dialogic hermeneutics because it encourages engagement between text and culture, viewing them as dialogue partners from which a call to action emanates directed at the interpreter's context. Even though the Akan concept relates love to sacrifice, forgiveness and reciprocity, it promotes conditional love, thereby diminishing its concept of love-motivated sacrifices and reciprocity. By incarnating the concept of love that Jesus promotes and embodies in John, Akan Christians can establish a culture that reflects the community of God, proscribing conditional love and prescribing utmost and greater love - godly selfless and reciprocal love. In addition, it makes love the substratum of functional unity and interpersonal relationships. Ultimately, it makes love a divine command for the community of believers. CONTRIBUTION: This article engages the Johannine and the Akan ideations of love through dialogic hermeneutics and, as such, contributes to African biblical hermeneutics and the ongoing discussions on the inculturation of the New Testament within the African context.

The dissection of work based on biological sex orientation amid non-remunerated and remunerated work reduces females frugally and socially to become extra susceptible towards remaining poor and poorer in the society. This division is engineered by family, individual, communal and financial predicaments, especially those emanating from the cultural background, partisan and racial struggle circumstances or disasters like the COVID-19 pandemic. In Africa, particularly in Zimbabwe, women are marginalised and excluded by social discrimination and poverty, hence the call for action by the 1995 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. Action is required specifically from the areas, such as education and environment, among others, to empower women to improve their situations or to develop communities and the country as a whole. Actions aimed at reducing impoverishment in society are perilous; hence, the Zimbabwean government decided to give preference to women in economic empowerment strategies and to advance acts that support monetary constitutional rights. While both men and women are susceptible to poverty, gender discrimination makes women to be more vulnerable to poverty and have meagre incomes to survive impoverishment. Women are always the last to feed, they are also usually the last to sleep and the first to wake up, they are the disadvantaged to get healthcare facilities and they are stuck in laborious, voluntary household chores from time to time. Unfortunately, some are left with no option and engage in prostitution as a means to survive. Using purposive sampling and cultural feminist lens, this study problematises the feminisation of poverty in Zimbabwe, using Mutasa community, particularly villages 4 and 30, as a case study to see how women alleviate poverty through mukando/marounds. The main argument presented in this study is that poverty must not have a feminine face; hence, the labels that synonymise scarcity with femininity must be eradicated. CONTRIBUTION: This study contributes to the ongoing academic studies on the feminisation of poverty, using Mutasa district in Zimbabwe as a case study. It concludes by restating that the feminisation of poverty is a product of a flawed cultural system that denies women opportunities for realising their full potential.

Resumen Este artículo analiza, desde una perspectiva socio-histórica, los procesos de movilización de los pescadores artesanales en la conflictividad territorial del río Paraná en la provincia de Santa Fe entre los 2000 y 2020. Se utiliza herramientas analíticas de las corrientes teóricas de la acción colectiva y los movimientos sociales, el estudio reconstruye historicamente las condiciones de posibilidad de estos procesos de movilización. Para ello, se presta atención a los ciclos de protesta y los repertorios de acción colectiva que dan cuenta de la paulatina organización sectorial de los pescadores y su inscripción en el entramado contencioso de protestas eco-territoriales de los últimos veinte años en Argentina. En términos metodológicos, el artículo se basa en la lectura e interpretación histórica de una serie compuesta por notas periodísticas y la realización de entrevistas en profundidad con pescadores artesanales de la provincia. La experiencia analizada permitió observar hasta qué punto las identidades de los actores sociales y ambientales están atravesadas por las dinámicas políticas y estatales en el marco de un conflicto territorialmente situado. Además, cómo dichas dinâmicas moldearon y permitieron la emergencia de actores colectivos cuyas prácticas se encontraban tradicionalmente restringidas a la escala local-comunitaria.

Resumo Este artigo analisa, a partir de uma perspectiva sócio-histórica, os processos de mobilização dos pescadores artesanais no conflito territorial do rio Paraná na província de Santa Fé entre 2000 e 2020. Utilizam-se ferramentas analíticas das correntes teóricas da ação coletiva eos movimentos, o estudo reconstrói historicamente as condições de possibilidade desses processos de mobilização. Para isso, presta-se atenção aos ciclos de protesto e aos repertórios de ação coletiva que dão conta da gradativa organização setorial dos pescadores e sua inscrição no quadro contencioso dos protestos ecoterritoriais dos últimos vinte anos na Argentina. Em termos metodológicos, o artigo baseia-se na leitura e interpretação histórica de uma série composta por notas jornalísticas e entrevistas em profundidade com pescadores artesanais da província. A experiência analisada permitiu observar em que medida as identidades dos atores sociais e ambientais são atravessadas por dinâmicas políticas e estatais no quadro de um conflito territorialmente situado. Além disso, como essas dinâmicas moldaram e permitiram o surgimento de atores coletivos cujas práticas eram tradicionalmente restritas à escala local-comunitária.

Abstract From a socio-historical perspective, this article analyzes the mobilization processes fishermen of the Paraná River in the province of Santa Fe (Argentina) between 2000-2020. It uses analytical tools related to collective action and social movements. The study historically reconstructs the conditions of possibility of these mobilization processes. The attention is focused on the cycles of protest and the repertoires of collective action that account for the gradual sectoral organization of fishermen and their inscription in the contentious network of eco-territorial protests of the last twenty years in Argentina. In methodological terms, the article is based on the reading and historical interpretation of a series of newspaper articles and interviews with artisanal fishermen. The article shows how the identities of social and environmental actors are traversed by political and state dynamics in the framework of a territorially situated conflict. Furthermore, show how these dynamics shaped and allowed the emergence of collective actors whose practices were traditionally restricted to the local and communitarian scale.

Although Christianity has abundant literature against racism, the menace negatively affects human relationships in contemporary westernised societies. The near silence of most Christian denominations leads to one crucial question: how should Christians deal with racial prejudice in contemporary westernised societies? This article is a social criticism of racism from the perspective of Dietrich Bonhoeffer. As a Christian, Bonhoeffer struggled with the morality of racism, particularly regarding the experience of black people in the United States and Jews in Germany. His reflections and action against racial injustice are a robust framework that could inspire a positive Christian attitude in dealing with racism. This article describes the causes and remedies of racial injustice from his perspective. The central argument is that faithfulness to the communal social character is a significant way to deal with racism in contemporary westernised societies. CONTRIBUTION: Dietrich Bonhoeffer's reflections and actions against racial injustice are a robust framework for dealing with racism. The central argument is that faithfulness to the communal social character is a significant way Christians can deal with racism in contemporary westernised societies

Abstract Forest landscape structure comprises a mosaic of natural and human-modified units, which when well depicted, may help to plan and implement forest management policies, which commonly assume territorial homogeneity. Usually, forest policies lack the use of spatial tools that can help scale up conservation program in heterogeneous forested landscapes. This paper applied a conceptual-methodological framework as baseline to guide regional strategies and scale-up community collective action based on local forestry ejidos and communities. The study case was conducted in the Mixteca Alta, a forestry region in Oaxaca, Mexico, where common property prevails. Zoning was made based on biophysical, social, and forest management criteria. A total of 97 communities were surveyed and the region was disaggregated into five zones based on precipitation, watersheds, community forest management experience and level of regional collective action. Each zone was recognized as having different forestry potentials and intervention needs, ranging from restoration to timber and non-timber product management. This zoning proved the potential to guide forest projects and promote joint regional forest development. The potential use of landscape zoning was discussed in the light of the current need for scale-up forest policies.

Resumen La estructura del paisaje forestal abarca un mosaico de unidades naturales y modificadas por el hombre, que bien representadas pueden ayudar a planificar e implementar políticas de gestión forestal, que comúnmente asumen la homogeneidad territorial. Por lo general, las políticas forestales carecen del uso de herramientas espaciales que puedan ayudar a ampliar el programa de conservación en paisajes forestales heterogéneos. En este trabajo se aplicó un marco conceptual-metodológico como línea de base para orientar las estrategias regionales y escalar la acción colectiva comunitaria basada en los ejidos y comunidades forestales locales. El caso de estudio se realizó en la Mixteca Alta, una región forestal de Oaxaca, México, donde prevalece la propiedad comunal. La zonificación se hizo con base en criterios biofísicos, sociales y de manejo forestal. Se encuestó a un total de 97 comunidades y se desagregó la región en cinco zonas en función de las precipitaciones, las cuencas hidrográficas, la experiencia en gestión forestal comunitaria y el nivel de acción colectiva regional. Se reconoció que cada zona tenía diferentes potenciales forestales y necesidades de intervención, que van desde la restauración hasta la gestión de productos madereros y no madereros. Esta zonificación demostró su potencial para orientar los proyectos forestales y promover el desarrollo forestal regional conjunto. El uso potencial de la zonificación del paisaje se debatió a la luz de la necesidad actual de ampliar las políticas forestales.

Resumen Los procesos de modernización en América Latina no han impulsado el fin de las religiones como proponían las teorías de la secularización, pero han producido una transformación en los modos de participación y pertenencia caracterizados por la pluralización de grupos y contenidos religiosos. El campo religioso en general se ha pluralizado y diversificado y, al mismo tiempo, se observa una pluralización interna en el catolicismo. La Iglesia católica, a partir del Concilio Vaticano II, reconoce la acción del Espíritu Santo derramando dones y carismas para enriquecer la estructura estable de la comunidad eclesial. La Iglesia se ha transformado internamente al valorar el aporte de renovación y edificación que realizan los carismas personales y comunitarios, las prácticas pastorales novedosas, las nuevas formas de organizarse el laicado y las múltiples agregaciones de fieles son expresión de su diversidad carismática. Estos elementos novedosos responden a las diversas necesidades simbólicas de los fieles católicos y es tarea de la comunidad eclesial acompañar su sana integración y el discernimiento de su valor y validez. Cada momento histórico impulsa procesos de innovación que afectan la estructura estable de la Iglesia y renuevan la tensión entre los elementos novedosos y los elementos institucionales. Ya no solo es una responsabilidad de los dones jerárquicos, sino una tarea sinodal de toda la comunidad eclesial acompañar y discernir si las nuevas experiencias pastorales o nuevas agregaciones de fieles son alternativas válidas o no. El momento presente obliga a incorporar en este discernimiento una particular atención a las posibles desviaciones o derivas sectarias, y el cuidado del desarrollo de ambientes seguros, preventivos de cualquier abuso sexual, de poder o de consciencia.

Abstract Processes of modernization in Latin America have not accelerated the end of religions, as declared by some proponents of Secularization Theory, but have caused a transformation in the forms of participation and sense of belonging, which are characterized by pluralization of groups and religious contents. In general terms, the religious field has become more plural and diverse; and, at the same time, an internal pluralization of Catholicism has been observed. Beginning with the Second Vatican Council, Catholic Church acknowledges the action of the Holy Spirit, by spreading gifts and charismas to improve the stable structure of the ecclesial community. The Church has transformed herself by recognizing the contribution of renovation and edification of personal and communal charismas, innovative pastoral practices, new forms of organizing laity, and multiple ways of aggregation of believers, all of which are an expression of her charismatic diversity. These new features are the response to the diverse symbolic necessities of Catholic believers, and it is the responsibility of the ecclesial community to accompany a healthy integration and to the judgement about its value and validity. Every historical moment fosters processes of innovation that alter the stable structure of the Church and renovate the tension between innovative and institutional features. Thus, no longer it is the sole responsibility of the hierarchical gifts, but a synodal responsibility of the entire ecclesial community to accompany and judge whether the new pastoral practices and aggregation of believers are valid alternatives. Our time demands a peculiar attention to possible sectarian deviations to this judgment, as well as developing safe environments, which prevent any form of sexual abuse, abuse of power, or abuse of conscience.

ABSTRACT: In recent decades, Santiago has seen a substantial increase in urbanized areas along its eastern foothills, where the San Ramón Fault (FSR) is also located. This has become a new geological risk scenario. Using the unquestionable appeal of the natural setting, the panoramic view of the city, and a healthy environment, luxury housing projects have been promoted that coexist with this seismic risk, something that seems to have been disregarded by communal and metropolitan planning instruments. The purpose of this article is to explore the urban design conditions on Santiago’s foothills to face the San Ramon Fault, through a contrast analysis of two specific sectors located within the potential buffer of the San Ramón Fault - the urban districts of Hospital de Carabineros in Las Condes and El Peral in Puente Alto - and the way these articulate with the natural and built environments, including critical infrastructure. Methodologically speaking, a mixed approach is applied through an analysis matrix of urban design elements that includes three areas of action - built, natural and regulatory - to identify critical situations in the areas studied, where the resilient response is either high or low. It is concluded that contrasting urban design experiences under extreme conditions regarding seismic risk is illustrative, both for permeating the operational layers of risk management such as communal and metropolitan regulations, and to consider the foothills in a resilient way, recognizing the San Ramón Fault as a new base criterion of urban design.

RESUMEN: Santiago ha experimentado en sus últimas décadas un aumento considerable de áreas urbanizadas en el piedemonte de su borde oriente, donde además se localiza la Falla San Ramón (FSR), de modo que se ha vuelto un nuevo escenario de riesgo geológico. Usando incuestionables atractivos sobre el medio natural, la vista panorámica a la ciudad y un ambiente saludable, se han promocionado proyectos de vivienda de alto costo que conviven con este riesgo sísmico, pero que parecen desestimarlo desde los instrumentos de planificación de nivel comunal y metropolitano. El presente artículo tiene por objetivo explorar las condiciones de diseño urbano que presenta el piedemonte de Santiago para enfrentar la presencia de la Falla San Ramón (FSR), mediante un análisis de contraste de dos sectores específicos localizados dentro de la franja de potencial ruptura superficial (buffer) de la FSR -distrito urbano Hospital de Carabineros en Las Condes y distrito urbano El Peral en Puente Alto- y su forma de articularse con el medio natural y con el medio construido, incluyendo la presencia de infraestructura crítica. Metodológicamente, se aplica un enfoque mixto a través de una matriz de análisis de elementos de diseño urbano que incluye tres ámbitos de acción -construido, natural y normativo- para identificar situaciones críticas de los sectores estudiados, donde se ve elevada o disminuida la respuesta resiliente. Se concluye que contrastar experiencias de diseño urbano en condiciones extremas respecto al riesgo sísmico es ilustrativo, tanto para permear las capas operativas de gestión de riesgo, como normativas comunales y metropolitanas, como para asumir el piedemonte de manera resiliente, reconociendo la Falla San Ramón como un nuevo criterio basal de diseño urbano.