Abstract Fashion as a cultural expression involves a great amount of goods that circulate internationally. The designs, shapes, and utilities are the result of the creative work of people, interdisciplinary teams, researchers, and companies. The fruit obtained in this activity is protected by the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Intangible rights are an integral part of the value of goods and therefore have an impact on Customs Law since they are the basis of valuation for the purposes of applying taxes to foreign trade. The protection of copyright and the correct use of commercial and industrial trademarks has been presented as a control activity of the customs and in that mission the World Customs Organization made recommendations to optimize the control and thus prevent the flow of infringing goods. In Argentina, according to these parameters, a mechanism has been implemented to prohibit the circulation of goods in trademark fraud or pirated or unauthorized copies.

Resumen La moda como expresión cultural involucra a una gran cantidad de mercaderías que circulan internacionalmente. Los diseños, formas, utilidades son el fruto de un trabajo creativo de personas, equipos interdisciplinarios, investigadores, y de empresas. El fruto obtenido en esa actividad tiene tutela en virtud del Acuerdo de la OMC sobre los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio (ADPIC). Los derechos intangibles son una parte integrante del valor de las mercaderías y por tal motivo tiene impacto en el Derecho Aduanero ya que integran la base de valoración a los fines de la aplicación de los tributos al comercio exterior. La tutela de respetar los derechos de autor y el uso correcto de las marcas comerciales e industriales se ha presentado como una actividad de control propia de las aduanas y en esa misión la Organización Mundial de Aduanas realizó recomendaciones para optimizar el control y de esta manera impedir el flujo de mercaderías en infracción. En la Argentina conforme a estos parámetros ha implementado un mecanismo de prohibición de circulación de mercaderías en fraude marcario o copia pirata o no autorizada.

Resumo A moda, como expressão cultural, envolve uma grande quantidade de bens que circulam internacionalmente. Os desenhos, formas e utilidades são o resultado do trabalho criativo de pessoas, equipes interdisciplinares, pesquisadores e empresas. Os frutos obtidos desta atividade são protegidos pelo Acordo da OMC sobre Aspectos dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados ao Comércio (TRIPS). Os direitos intangíveis são parte integrante do valor das mercadorias e, por esta razão, têm um impacto no Direito Aduaneiro, pois são a base da avaliação para fins de aplicação de impostos ao comércio exterior. A proteção dos direitos autorais e o uso correto das marcas comerciais e industriais foi apresentada como uma atividade de controle da alfândega e, nesta missão, a Organização Mundial das Alfândegas fez recomendações para otimizar o controle e assim evitar o fluxo de mercadorias infratoras. De acordo com estes parâmetros, a Argentina implementou um mecanismo para proibir a circulação de mercadorias em fraudes de marcas ou cópias piratas ou não autorizadas.

The evolution of technology has changed business practices all over the world. Owing to technological and e-commerce developments, businesses can now transact with each other instantaneously across borders. The digitalisation of commerce and other traditional working methods has created a new "digital age" in human history. Digitalisation has taken over many economic activities and industries and is slowly finding its way into the legal system. Several businesses are now concluding commercial transactions and contracts electronically. Electronic signatures have consequently become essential tools for concluding legal agreements and conducting other daily business and legal practices. These new innovations have brought into question the legal validly of these transactions, and in particular the legitimacy and security of electronically signed documents.

Abstract: The number of air travelers has increased over the past years, and after the limitations imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, are expected to increase further. Given these conditions, the possibility for a health professional to find himself needing to assist an in-flight cardiac arrest is also increased. The present work describes some of the most common problems in managing an inflight cardiac arrest and emphasizes the relevance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performance and automated external defibrillators (AED) use on board of commercial airliners.

Resumen: El número de viajeros por avión ha aumentado en años pasados, y después de las limitaciones impuestas por la pandemia de COVID-19, se espera que esas cifras crezcan aún más. En vista de esta situación, la posibilidad de que un profesional sanitario se encuentre en posición de tener que asistir una parada cardiaca durante un vuelo comercial es también mayor. El presente trabajo describe algunos de los problemas más frecuentes en el tratamiento de un paro cardiaco durante un vuelo y enfatiza la relevancia de realizar reanimación cardiopulmonar y emplear un desfibrilador automático externo a bordo de una aeronave comercial.

Resumé: Le contrat d’agence commerciale qui peut être défini comme celui régissant les rapports entre l’agent et le principal est né avec l'évolution du commerce et le besoin naturel d'expansion des affaires sur le territoire national ou international. En effet, l'impossibilité d’ouvrir un établissement sur tous les territoires, en plus d'autres obstacles comme la langue, font de l'agent commercial une figure importante et présente, notamment dans le cadre du commerce international. Dans cette perspective, cette étude problématisera, la question de savoir quelle est la place actuellement de l’autonomie de la volonté dans les contrats internationaux d’agence commerciale au sein de l’Union européenne (UE) et du Mercosur et son importance, compte tenu de l’inexistence à ce jour d’un droit international uniforme en la matière. La recherche se caractérise comme exploratoire, avec une approche qualitative, élaborée à partir de recherches bibliographiques. A partir d’une révision de la littérature spécialisée, de la jurisprudence et des lois applicables, l’étude permet d’affirmer que l’autonomie de la volonté a encore une place limitée dans l’ordre juridique, notamment au sein des pays du Mercosur.

Abstract: The agency contract, which can be defined as the one governing the relationship between the agent and the principal, was born with the evolution of trade and the natural need for business expansion on national or international territory. Indeed, the impossibility of opening an establishment in all territories, in addition to other obstacles such as language, make the commercial agent an important and common figure, particularly in the context of international trade. Thus, this study will problematize the question of the current place of parties' autonomy in international commercial agency contracts within the European Union (EU) and Mercosur and its importance, given the absence of a uniform international law in this area. Based on a review of the specialized literature, case law and positive law, the study confirms that parties' autonomy still has a limited place in the legal order, particularly in the countries of the Mercosur.

Nas últimas décadas, o Brasil obteve importantes avanços no combate à epidemia de tabaco. No entanto, dados recentes nacionais apontam para uma provável estagnação na queda da iniciação ao tabagismo entre jovens e adolescentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a evolução no tempo do cumprimento da lei que proíbe a venda de cigarros para menores de idade no Brasil. Para tal, utilizaram-se os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar das edições de 2015 e 2019. Foram estimadas proporções para indicadores “sequenciais” criados da combinação das respostas às perguntas “alguém se recusou a lhe vender cigarros?” e “como conseguiu seus próprios cigarros?”. Houve uma queda, entre 2015 e 2019, na proporção de fumantes entre 13 e 17 anos que tentaram comprar cigarros nos 30 dias anteriores à pesquisa (72,3% vs. 66,4%; valor de p ≤ 0,05). Contudo, independentemente do ano da pesquisa, cerca de 9 em cada 10 adolescentes fumantes tiveram sucesso em alguma tentativa de compra de cigarros. Desses, aproximadamente 7 em cada 10 utilizaram a compra ativa como a principal modalidade de acesso ao cigarro, sendo que a respectiva compra em estabelecimentos comerciais autorizados (vs. com ambulantes) aumentou entre 2015 e 2019 (81,1% vs. 89,6%; valor de p ≤ 0,05). Em 2019, 70% dos adolescentes que compraram cigarros em estabelecimentos comerciais autorizados realizaram a compra avulsa. O descumprimento de leis voltadas à prevenção da iniciação ao fumo é um enorme obstáculo para a redução da proporção de fumantes. O fortalecimento das ações legislativas e de fiscalização, aliado a ações educativas e de sensibilização junto aos varejistas, é fundamental para proteger as novas gerações quanto aos efeitos nocivos do uso do tabaco.

En las últimas décadas, Brasil ha logrado importantes avances en el combate a la epidemia del tabaquismo. Pero, recientes datos nacionales apuntan a un probable estancamiento en la recucción de la iniciación tabáquia entre jóvenes y adolescentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la evolución en el tiempo de cumplimiento de la ley que prohíbe la venta de cigarrillos a menores en Brasil. Para ello, se utilizaron datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud del Escolar de 2015 y 2019. Se estimaron proporciones para los indicadores “secuenciales” creados desde una combinación de las respuestas a las preguntas “alguien se negó a venderte cigarrillos” y “cómo conseguiste cigarrillos”. Hubo una disminución entre 2015 y 2019 en la proporción de fumadores de entre 13 y 17 años que intentaron comprar cigarrillos en los treinta días antes de la encuesta (72,3% vs. 66,4%; valor de p ≤ 0,05). Sin embargo, independientemente del año de la encuesta, alrededor de 9 de cada 10 adolescentes fumadores tuvieron éxito en algún intento de comprar cigarrillos. De estos, aproximadamente 7 de cada 10 utilizaron la compra activa como el principal método de acceso a cigarrillos, y la respectiva compra en establecimientos comerciales autorizados (vs. con vendedores ambulantes) aumentó entre 2015 y 2019 (81,1% vs. 89,6%; valor de p ≤ 0,05). En 2019, el 70% de los adolescentes que compraron cigarrillos en establecimientos comerciales autorizados los compraron sueltos. El incumplimiento de la ley destinada a prevenir la iniciación al tabaquismo es un gran obstáculo para reducir la proporción de fumadores. El fortalecimiento de las acciones legislativas y de fiscalización, sumado a acciones educativas y de sensibilización con los comerciantes, es fundamental para proteger a las nuevas generaciones de los efectos nocivos del consumo de tabaco.

In recent decades, Brazil has made significant progress in fighting the tobacco epidemic. However, recent national data suggest a probable stagnation in the reduction of smoking initiation among youth and adolescents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the evolution over time of compliance with the law that prohibits the sale of cigarettes to minors in Brazil. To this end, data from the Brazilian National Survey of School Health conducted in 2015 and 2019 were used. Percentages were estimated for “sequential” indicators created by combining answers to the questions “Did anyone refuse to sell you cigarettes?” and “How did you obtain your cigarettes?” There was a decrease between 2015 and 2019 in the percentage of smokers aged 13 to 17 who tried to buy cigarettes in the 30 days prior to the survey (72.3% vs. 66.4%; p-value ≤ 0.05). However, regardless of the survey year, approximately 9 out of 10 adolescent smokers were successful in an attempt to buy cigarettes. Of those, approximately 7 out of 10 used direct purchase as the main method of obtaining cigarettes, with purchases at licensed commercial establishments (vs. street vendors) increasing between 2015 and 2019 (81.1% vs. 89.6%; p-value ≤ 0.05). In 2019, 70% of teenagers who bought cigarettes at licensed commercial establishments purchased single cigarettes. Non-compliance with laws aimed at preventing smoking initiation is a huge obstacle to reducing the proportion of smokers. Increased implementation of legislative measures and oversight of cigarettes sales, combined with educational and awareness actions with retailers, is key to protecting new generations from the harmful effects of tobacco use.

The English common-law rules of private international law have, to a large extent, been replaced by European conflicts-law regulations in the United Kingdom (UK). Nevertheless, English common law remains highly influential in numerous jurisdictions. In many legal systems, the private-international-law rules are based fundamentally on the common-law rules developed by English courts. This is problematic since the common-law rules of private international law may be outdated. This article examines the English common-law choice-of-law rules - more specifically, the rules and principles concerning the determination of a tacit choice of law in international commercial contracts. The traditional common-law position is compared to selected common-law jurisdictions - namely, Australia, Canada, India, Israel and New Zealand. Finally, the article highlights the progress (or lack thereof) in the aforementioned common-law jurisdictions in addressing the issues related to the determination of a tacit choice of law in international commercial contracts.

This article suggests that when those engaging in commercial undertakings have a proper understanding of the principles of the law of contract, particularly, the law pertaining to consensus, they will limit the risks of engaging in conduct that will cause them financial loss. The definitions of mistake and misrepresentation (being factors affecting consensus) need to be amplified to avoid existing confusion between the two terms. Misrepresentation and mistake may lead to different respective outcomes and possible remedies, thus necessitating a proper distinction between the two terms. In this light, the article explores and proposes similarities and differences between mistake and misrepresentation. The article further emphasises the fact that misrepresentation involves some form of incorrect representation of facts, whereas in the case of mistake, there is essentially no incorrect representation. Mistake can be said to involve misapprehension of given information, although such information may not be incorrect. It is submitted that the courts should go further than merely looking at the black-and-white before them; they must also pay attention to the conduct of the parties, the intention of the parties and the resulting consequences.

Resumen El continuo desarrollo de la tecnología mostró un debate continuo sobre el impacto de los robots, la inteligencia artificial y la digitalización en nuestra vida diaria y profesiones. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las ventajas, desventajas y cuestiones regulatorias relacionadas con las tecnologías legales en los negocios. En concreto, se centra en el uso de herramientas tecnológicas en el trabajo jurídico y cómo los abogados pueden adaptarse y adquirir las habilidades necesarias. Se llevó a cabo una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura para examinar la influencia de la tecnología jurídica en la ciencia jurídica comercial. Los hallazgos revelan que la tecnología legal juega un papel vital en la automatización de tareas tediosas, mejorando la eficiencia y reduciendo los errores humanos dentro del campo. La tecnología jurídica pretende mejorar el trabajo de los abogados en lugar de reemplazarlos por completo. Superar los obstáculos requiere invertir en programas de capacitación adecuados y al mismo tiempo adoptar gradualmente nuevos comportamientos dentro de la industria.

Abstract The continuous development of technology, showed an ongoing discussion about the impact of robots, artificial intelligence, and digitalization on our daily lives and professions. This article aims to analyze the advantages, disadvantages, and regulatory issues related to legal technologies in business. Specifically, it focuses on the use of technological tools in legal work and how lawyers can adapt and acquire the necessary skills. A thorough literature review was conducted to examine the influence of legal technology on commercial legal science. The findings reveal that legal technology plays a vital role in automating tedious tasks, improving efficiency, and reducing human errors within the field. Legal technology is intended to enhance lawyers’ work rather than replace them entirely. Overcoming obstacles requires investing in adequate training programs while gradually adopting new behaviors within the industry.

This article explores the application of third-party litigation funding (TPLF), also referred to as commercial litigation funding, in insolvency litigation by way of a comparison of the legal position in Australia and South Africa. It proposes that TPLF could offer significant benefits by enabling liquidators of insolvent estates to pursue and enforce claims through civil proceedings with the aim of swelling the assets of the insolvent estate, ultimately to the advantage of the creditors. Since both jurisdictions share elements of English law, both were confronted with the English law doctrines of champerty and maintenance initially being regarded as impediments to the development and/or use of TPLF. Currently, and mainly due to developments in terms of case law, the concept of TPLF has in principle been accepted in both jurisdictions. However, in Australia the development originally transpired in the field of insolvency litigation. In South Africa the context was more in the confines of general litigation. It is submitted that the South African system could benefit by considering various aspects of the Australian system regarding the use of TPLF in insolvency litigation. It remains a question whether or not the respective systems would benefit by adopting comprehensive regulatory measures to regulate TPLF.

International business arbitration is not covered by Namibia's present arbitration law, the Arbitration Act 42 of 1965 (the Act). There is no explicit language in the Act that addresses foreign arbitration as the Act, solely by default, covers national or domestic arbitration. When it comes to international arbitration, the Act has many flaws. Modern commercial arbitrations are increasingly being guided by the Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (MLICA) of UNCITRAL (the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law) or by state legislation that has been influenced by it. It is undeniable that Namibia must embrace MLICA, including the majority of the 2006 revisions of the MLICA, in order to participate in the global economic village. Furthermore, Namibia has not yet ratified the 1958-adopted New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (CREFAA), which has been hailed as the most effective treaty governing global trade. This article suggests that Namibia should implement both the MLICA and the CREFAA. If this strategy is not adopted, businesses in Namibia will be hesitant to engage in international business transactions due to the lack of legal certainty that the New York Convention and contemporary domestic arbitration legislation bring.

This article examines the various regional and supranational organisations of emerging countries that could benefit from a codification of private international law rules. They include the Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa (OHADA), the African Union (AU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). In addition, the article analyses the envisaged instruments that may be especially relevant in the context of the abovementioned organisations. These include the Preliminary Draft Uniform Act on the Law of Obligations in the OHADA Region, the proposed African Principles on the Law Applicable to International Commercial Contracts and the Asian Principles of Private International Law. More specifically, the article focusses on the provisions regarding the determination of the law applicable, particularly those rules relating to a tacit choice of law in international commercial contracts.

ABSTRACT Cassava crops have always been fundamental in human nutrition and industry. Nowadays, the development of new cultivars with specific properties has become a major research area. In this research, amylose-free cassava starch (WXCS) extracted from clone AM206-5 was evaluated with respect to its physicochemical, morphological, and thermorheological properties. The waxy nature of cassava starch was verified (0.54 ± 0.09% w/w amylose), showing a 16.92±0.20 µm average granule size and elliptical or spherical truncated shapes without granule aggregation. There were significant differences in the pasting profiles evaluated, with WXCS being thermally less stable (Breakdown = 698±2 cP) generating less viscous final pastes (731±16 cP) compared to a commercial amylose-free corn starch. The WXCS shear viscosity was determined in a capillary rheometer (Rheoplast®), showing an inverse linear temperature dependence, decreasing by a factor larger than 3 when the temperature changed from 100 to 120 °C, with a pseudoplastic flow described by the power law (n: 0.25-0.40), consistency index (32607 - 6695 Pa.s) and specific mechanical energy (124 - 75 J/g). The extensional viscosity was always higher than the shear viscosity, where increasing the strain rate and temperature enlarged the Trouton number (25-145). Complete WXCS transformation under real process conditions was achieved with a 30% w/w moisture content and 100 °C, which induced full granular integrity loss and crystalline structure destruction. The results confirmed a potential utilization for this new starch to obtain extruded-type food products or to serve as a biothickening agent.

RESUMO A cultura da mandioca sempre foi fundamental na alimentação humana e na indústria. Atualmente, o desenvolvimento de novas cultivares com propriedades específicas tornou-se uma grande área de pesquisa. Nesta investigação, o amido de mandioca sem amilose (WXCS) extraído do clone AM206-5 foi avaliado com respeito às suas propriedades físico-químicas, morfológicas e termorreológicas. Foi verificada a natureza cerosa do amido de mandioca (0.54 ± 0.09% p/p de amilose), mostrando um tamanho médio do grânulo de 16.92±0.20 µm e formas elípticas ou truncadas esféricas sem agregação de grânulos. Houve diferenças significativas nos perfis de colagem avaliados, sendo o WXCS termicamente menos estável (decomposição = 698±2 cP) gerando pastas finais menos viscosas (731±16 cP) em comparação com um amido de milho comercial sem amilose. A viscosidade de cisalhamento do WXCS foi determinada num reômetro capilar (Rheoplast®), mostrando uma dependência linear inversa da temperatura, diminuindo por um factor superior a 3 quando a temperatura mudou de 100 para 120 °C, com um fluxo pseudoplástico descrito pela lei de potência (n: 0.25-0.40), índice de consistência (32607 - 6695 K - Pa.s) e energia mecânica específica (124 - 75 J/g). A viscosidade de extensão foi sempre superior à viscosidade de cisalhamento, onde o aumento da taxa de deformação e da temperatura aumentou o número de Troutões (25-145). A transformação completa do WXCS sob condições reais de processo foi alcançada com um teor de humidade de 30% p/p e 100 °C, o que induziu a perda total da integridade granular e a destruição da estrutura cristalina. Os resultados confirmaram o uso potencial deste novo amido para a obtenção de produtos alimentares do tipo extrudido ou para servir como um agente bioespessante.

In recent decades, Brazil has made significant progress in fighting the tobacco epidemic. However, recent national data suggest a probable stagnation in the reduction of smoking initiation among youth and adolescents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the evolution over time of compliance with the law that prohibits the sale of cigarettes to minors in Brazil. To this end, data from the Brazilian National Survey of School Health conducted in 2015 and 2019 were used. Percentages were estimated for “sequential” indicators created by combining answers to the questions “Did anyone refuse to sell you cigarettes?” and “How did you obtain your cigarettes?” There was a decrease between 2015 and 2019 in the percentage of smokers aged 13 to 17 who tried to buy cigarettes in the 30 days prior to the survey (72.3% vs. 66.4%; p-value ≤ 0.05). However, regardless of the survey year, approximately 9 out of 10 adolescent smokers were successful in an attempt to buy cigarettes. Of those, approximately 7 out of 10 used direct purchase as the main method of obtaining cigarettes, with purchases at licensed commercial establishments (vs. street vendors) increasing between 2015 and 2019 (81.1% vs. 89.6%; p-value ≤ 0.05). In 2019, 70% of teenagers who bought cigarettes at licensed commercial establishments purchased single cigarettes. Non-compliance with laws aimed at preventing smoking initiation is a huge obstacle to reducing the proportion of smokers. Increased implementation of legislative measures and oversight of cigarettes sales, combined with educational and awareness actions with retailers, is key to protecting new generations from the harmful effects of tobacco use.

En las últimas décadas, Brasil ha logrado importantes avances en el combate a la epidemia del tabaquismo. Pero, recientes datos nacionales apuntan a un probable estancamiento en la recucción de la iniciación tabáquia entre jóvenes y adolescentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la evolución en el tiempo de cumplimiento de la ley que prohíbe la venta de cigarrillos a menores en Brasil. Para ello, se utilizaron datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud del Escolar de 2015 y 2019. Se estimaron proporciones para los indicadores “secuenciales” creados desde una combinación de las respuestas a las preguntas “alguien se negó a venderte cigarrillos” y “cómo conseguiste cigarrillos”. Hubo una disminución entre 2015 y 2019 en la proporción de fumadores de entre 13 y 17 años que intentaron comprar cigarrillos en los treinta días antes de la encuesta (72,3% vs. 66,4%; valor de p ≤ 0,05). Sin embargo, independientemente del año de la encuesta, alrededor de 9 de cada 10 adolescentes fumadores tuvieron éxito en algún intento de comprar cigarrillos. De estos, aproximadamente 7 de cada 10 utilizaron la compra activa como el principal método de acceso a cigarrillos, y la respectiva compra en establecimientos comerciales autorizados (vs. con vendedores ambulantes) aumentó entre 2015 y 2019 (81,1% vs. 89,6%; valor de p ≤ 0,05). En 2019, el 70% de los adolescentes que compraron cigarrillos en establecimientos comerciales autorizados los compraron sueltos. El incumplimiento de la ley destinada a prevenir la iniciación al tabaquismo es un gran obstáculo para reducir la proporción de fumadores. El fortalecimiento de las acciones legislativas y de fiscalización, sumado a acciones educativas y de sensibilización con los comerciantes, es fundamental para proteger a las nuevas generaciones de los efectos nocivos del consumo de tabaco.

Nas últimas décadas, o Brasil obteve importantes avanços no combate à epidemia de tabaco. No entanto, dados recentes nacionais apontam para uma provável estagnação na queda da iniciação ao tabagismo entre jovens e adolescentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a evolução no tempo do cumprimento da lei que proíbe a venda de cigarros para menores de idade no Brasil. Para tal, utilizaram-se os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar das edições de 2015 e 2019. Foram estimadas proporções para indicadores “sequenciais” criados da combinação das respostas às perguntas “alguém se recusou a lhe vender cigarros?” e “como conseguiu seus próprios cigarros?”. Houve uma queda, entre 2015 e 2019, na proporção de fumantes entre 13 e 17 anos que tentaram comprar cigarros nos 30 dias anteriores à pesquisa (72,3% vs. 66,4%; valor de p ≤ 0,05). Contudo, independentemente do ano da pesquisa, cerca de 9 em cada 10 adolescentes fumantes tiveram sucesso em alguma tentativa de compra de cigarros. Desses, aproximadamente 7 em cada 10 utilizaram a compra ativa como a principal modalidade de acesso ao cigarro, sendo que a respectiva compra em estabelecimentos comerciais autorizados (vs. com ambulantes) aumentou entre 2015 e 2019 (81,1% vs. 89,6%; valor de p ≤ 0,05). Em 2019, 70% dos adolescentes que compraram cigarros em estabelecimentos comerciais autorizados realizaram a compra avulsa. O descumprimento de leis voltadas à prevenção da iniciação ao fumo é um enorme obstáculo para a redução da proporção de fumantes. O fortalecimento das ações legislativas e de fiscalização, aliado a ações educativas e de sensibilização junto aos varejistas, é fundamental para proteger as novas gerações quanto aos efeitos nocivos do uso do tabaco.

Abstract: This research describes the most prolific scientific journals in Engineering indexed in the Web of Science. It is a qualitative and quantitative analysis and adopts Bradford's law applied to bibliometrics, that was applied as a methodological choice, which enabled the systematic comparison between the units of impact factor analysis of the Journal Citation Reports and SCImago Journal Rank, Qualis CAPES, Publishers, and types of access. The data were gathered in the main collection of the Web of Science database in the 2013-2018 time frame. As a result, 1,037 journals were identified, of which 29 are the core journals that correspond to 7,333 of the retrieved articles. When comparing Qualis CAPES, JCR, and SJR, the data show that the highest impact factor is not reflected in Qualis CAPES. Subscription journals controlled by that are affiliated to commercial publishers predominate, Elsevier is the one with the highest number of titles (48.3%) and articles (3,268). This work concludes that researchers in Engineering affiliated to Brazilian institutions direct their articles to subscription scientific journals classified within A1 category in Qualis Periódicos, regardless of the impact factor.

Resumo Esta pesquisa visa caracterizar os periódicos científicos mais relevantes na área das Engenharias indexados na Web of Science. Trata-se de uma análise quali-quantitativa e utiliza a lei de Bradford aplicada à bibliometria, que possibilitou a comparação entre as unidades de análises fator de impacto da Journal Citation Reports e SCImago Journal Rank, Qualis CAPES, Publishers e tipos de acesso. Os dados foram coletados na coleção principal da base de dados Web of Science no recorte temporal de 2013 a 2018. Como resultados, foram identificados 1.037 periódicos, dos quais 29 são os títulos de núcleo que correspondem a 7.333 dos artigos recuperados. Os periódicos de subscrição predominam, vinculados às grandes editoras comerciais, das quais a Elsevier é a que possui maior número de títulos (48,3%) e de artigos (3.268). Conclui que os pesquisadores da área das Engenharias com vínculo institucional brasileiro direcionam seus artigos para periódicos científicos por subscrição classificados com estrato A1 no Qualis Periódicos, independentemente do fator de impacto.

Abstract: This article focuses on the analysis of the application and possibilities of use offered by tools based on artificial intelligence and mass data management (big data) in the processing of mediation processes, specifically those of a commercial nature, from an Italian-Spanish comparative perspective. To achieve this end, the method used has focused on the analysis of doctrine and case law on the subject, with particular reference to the treatment of out-of-court dispute resolution procedures in Law 7/2017 and the Draft Bill on Procedural Efficiency Measures for the Public Justice Service (2020), as well as the provisions of Italian Decree Laws n. 28/2010 and 69/2013. Among the results achieved, it can be anticipated that the instrumental incorporation of artificial intelligence in mediation, with the due guarantees of operation, can provide a further tool to support and assist the mediator, but without ever replacing or substituting him.

Resumen: El presente artículo se centra en el análisis de la aplicación y posibilidades de uso que ofrecen las herramientas basadas en inteligencia artificial y gestión de datos en masa (big data) en la tramitación de los procesos de mediación, concretamente los de naturaleza mercantil, desde una comparativa ítalo-española. Para alcanzar este fin el método utilizado se ha centrado en el análisis doctrina y jurisprudencial sobre la materia, con especial referencia al tratamiento de los procedimientos extrajudiciales de resolución de conflictos en la Ley 7/2017 y el Anteproyecto de Ley de Medidas de Eficiencia Procesal del Servicio Público de Justicia (2020), así como a lo dispuesto en los Decretos Leyes italianos núm. 28/2010 y 69/2013. Entre los resultados alcanzados, puede anticiparse que la incorporación instrumental de la inteligencia artificial a la mediación, con las debidas garantías de funcionamiento, puede proporcionar una herramienta más de soporte y ayuda para el mediador, pero sin llegar en ningún caso a sustituirlo o reemplazarlo.