Resumen El artículo se propone indagar en la prensa periódica una zona de la industria del entretenimiento vinculada con la infancia en la década de 1920. Los casos del Festival Infantil organizado por el Centro Socialista Femenino en el Parque Japonés para celebrar el 1° de mayo y la creación de la Compañía Teatral Infantil de la actriz Angelina Pagano permiten acercarse a una forma del entretenimiento sumamente exitosa en el período asociada con la idea de la fantasía. Este particular código estético se alejaba deliberadamente de un tipo de representación realista y en esa distancia buscaba capturar la atención de un público desafiante por su cualidad inquieta y su tendencia a la distracción. La propuesta en este trabajo consiste en reflexionar sobre los diferentes motivos que llevaron a la confluencia en una misma matriz estética de eventos culturales promovidos por agrupaciones políticas de izquierda y agentes de la escena teatral comercial.

Abstract The article aims to inquire in the periodical press an area of entertainment linked to childhood during the 1920 decade. The cases of the Children's Festival organized by the Women's Socialist Center in the Japanese Park to celebrate Labor day and the creation of the Children's Theater Company of the actress Angelina Pagano allows an approach to a form of entertainment that was extremely successful in the period associated with the idea of fantasy. This particular aesthetic code deliberately distanced itself from a type of realistic representation and in that distance looked forward to capture the attention of a challenging public due to its restless quality and its tendency to distraction. The proposal in this work consists of reflecting the different reasons that led to the confluence in the same aesthetic matrix of cultural events promoted by left-wing political groups and agents of the commercial theater scene.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os efeitos de diferentes rações aquáticas tradicionais e comerciais na composição centesimal, o desempenho de crescimento e a taxa de sobrevivência de Labeo rohita criado em sistema de cultivo semi-intensivo composto. Foram utilizadas diversas marcas de ração aquática comercial, das seguintes empresas: AMG, Supreme, Aqua, Star Floating, Hi-Pro e Punjab feed,. As rações, à base de glúten de milho e polimento de arroz, foram produzidas na fazenda. Para fins de confidencialidade, esses feeds receberam aleatoriamente os rótulos de código T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 e T8, que eram conhecidos apenas pelos funcionários da investigação. Houve duas repetições para cada tratamento. Neste experimento, maior taxa de crescimento foi observada em T3 em comparação com outros tratamentos. O menor ganho de peso foi observado no T1 ( 270,30 ± 0,5 ). O comprimento máximo do corpo ( 19,25 ± 2,19) foi encontrado no T3. Da mesma forma, o comprimento mínimo do corpo (5,97 ± 2, 94) foi observado em T2. A razão FCR (2,36 ± 0,01) foi registrada em T3. Simultaneamente, a TCA (1,86 ± 0,002 ) também foi registrada em T4 que é a razão perfeita para os agricultores. Maior SGR foi notado em T3 (1,6 2 ± 0,05 ). De maneira geral, T4 mostrou SGR menor (1,05 ± 0,001 ). T4 mostrou a proteína bruta mais alta (28,66 ± 0,24% ). Na composição corporal, o maior teor de gordura foi registrado no T3 ( 5,46 ± 0,33 %). Esses resultados também mostraram que o aumento do teor de proteína e lipídio na dieta pode melhorar a gordura corporal bruta e o nível de proteína. Assim, com base no desempenho de crescimento, sobrevivência e composição aproximada, conclui-se que T3 e T4 podem ser recomendados para cultivo comercial de Labeo rohita.

Abstract This study was investigated to assess the effects of different traditional and commercial aqua feed on proximate composition, growth performance and survival rate of Labeo rohita reared in the composite semi-intensive culture system. The aqua feeds of various companies (AMG, Supreme, Aqua, Star Floating, Hi-Pro and Punjab feed) used as commercial feed. Farm made feeds were maize gluten and rice polish. For confidentiality, these feeds were randomly given code labels T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 which were only known to investigating staffs. There were two replicates for each treatment. In this experiment, higher growth rate was observed in T3 as compared to other treatments. Lesser weight gain was observed in the T1 ( 270.30 ± 0.5 ). The maximum body length ( 19.25 ± 2.19) was found in T3. Similarly, the minimum body length (5.97 ± 2.94) was seen in T2. FCR ratio (2.36 ± 0.01 ) was recorded in T3. Simultaneously, FCR (1.86 ± 0.002 ) was also recorded in T4 that is the perfect ratio for farmers. Higher SGR was noted in T3 (1.62 ± 0.05 ). Overall, T4 showed lesser SGR (1.05 ± 0.001 ). T4 showed the higher crude protein ( 28.66 ± 0.24 % ). In the body composition higher level of fat content was recorded in T3 ( 5.46 ± 0.33 %). These outcomes also proved that the rise in the dietary protein level and lipid content can improve the fish’s body crude fats and protein level. Thus, based on growth performance, survival and proximate composition. It is concluded that T3 and T4 may be recommended for commercial culture of L. rohita.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the compliance with the commercialization of children's products included in the Brazilian Code of Marketing of Infant and Toddlers Food and Childcare-Related Products (NBCAL) in drugstores in Uberlândia/MG. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 143 drugstores that sold infant products: infant formula (IF), follow-up IF, nipples, teats, pacifiers and nipple shields; FI for young children, transition foods and cereal-based foods, fluid or powdered milk, modified/similar milks of plant origin and dairy compounds. The location of drugstores in the five geographic sectors was performed by geoprocessing. The data collected were: types of promotion and types of drugstore administration (drugstore chains/drugstores with independent administration). Irregular commercial promotion was expressed as absolute and relative frequencies. Results: Irregular commercial promotion was found in 11.7% of nipples, pacifiers and bottles, in 10.0% of IF and follow-up formula, in 9.5% of IF for young children, in 11.1% fluid or powdered milk, in 25.0% of transition foods and cereal-based foods and in 59.1% of dairy compounds. In commercial drugstore chains, the presence of promotion for dairy (81.8 vs. 28.6%, respectively) was higher than in drugstores with independent administration. The opposite ocurred for fluid or powdered milk, modified and similar milks of plant origin. The downtown and eastern sectors had the highest percentages of promotions (26%). Conclusions: NBCAL violations still occur in drugstores, mainly in the sale of young children's foods and in the commercial network drugstores. Objective childrens children s ChildcareRelated Childcare Related (NBCAL UberlândiaMG Uberlândia MG Uberlândia/MG Methods crosssectional cross sectional 14 , (IF) followup follow up nipples teats shields cerealbased cereal based milk modifiedsimilar compounds geoprocessing were chainsdrugstores chains . administration) frequencies Results 117 11 7 11.7 bottles 100 10 0 10.0 95 9 5 9.5 111 1 11.1 250 25 25.0 591 59 59.1 81.8 818 81 8 (81. vs 286 28 6 28.6% respectively 26%. 26 26% (26%) Conclusions (IF 11. 10. 9. 2 25. 59. 81. (81 28.6 (26% (8 28. (26 ( (2

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a conformidade da comercialização dos produtos infantis incluídos na Norma Brasileira de Comercialização de Alimentos para Lactentes e Crianças de Primeira Infância, Bicos, Chupetas e Mamadeira (NBCAL) e de compostos lácteos em drogarias de Uberlândia/MG. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em 143 drogarias que vendiam produtos infantis: fórmulas infantis (FI) para lactentes, FI de seguimento para lactentes, mamadeiras, bicos, chupetas e protetores de mamilo; FI para crianças de primeira infância, alimentos de transição e alimentos à base de cereais, leites fluidos/em pó, leites modificados/similares de origem vegetal e composto lácteo. A localização das drogarias nos cinco setores geográficos foi realizada por geoprocessamento. Os dados coletados foram: tipos de promoção comercial irregular e tipo de administração da drogaria (rede/independente). As promoções comerciais irregulares foram expressas em frequências absoluta e relativa. Resultados: Verificamos a presença de promoção comercial irregular em 11,7% dos bicos, chupetas e mamadeiras, em 10,0% das FI lactentes/seguimento de lactentes, em 9,5% das FI para crianças de primeira infância, em 11,1% dos leites, em 25,0% de alimentos de transição e em 59,1% dos compostos lácteos. Nas drogarias de rede, a presença de promoção comercial irregular foi maior para compostos lácteos (81,8 vs. 28,6%, respectivamente) e, para leites, foi maior nas drogarias independentes (30,8 vs. 6,0%). Os setores central e leste apresentaram os maiores percentuais de promoção comercial irregular (26%). Conclusões: As violações à NBCAL ainda ocorrem nas drogarias, principalmente para os produtos destinados às crianças de primeira infância, e nas drogarias de rede. Objetivo Infância Bicos (NBCAL UberlândiaMG Uberlândia MG Uberlândia/MG Métodos 14 (FI lactentes mamadeiras bicos mamilo infância cereais fluidosem fluidos pó modificadossimilares modificados similares lácteo geoprocessamento rede/independente. redeindependente rede/independente . rede independente (rede/independente) relativa Resultados 117 11 7 11,7 100 10 0 10,0 lactentesseguimento 95 9 5 9,5 111 1 11,1 250 25 25,0 591 59 59,1 81,8 818 81 8 (81, vs 286 28 6 28,6% respectivamente 30,8 308 30 (30, 6,0%. 60 6,0% 6,0%) 26%. 26 26% (26%) Conclusões (rede/independente 11, 10, 9, 2 25, 59, 81, (81 28,6 30, 3 (30 6,0 (26% (8 28, (3 6, (26 ( (2

ABSTRACT Small multirotor unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) have become more accessible and efficient recently, spurring their development for various personal and commercial uses. However, this rapid evolution raises concerns about security, control, and public health due to the proliferation of noisy drones. This study focuses on investigating a major noise source in drones called rotor-airframe interaction, which generates tonal noise through pressure fluctuations and wake interactions. To address this issue, we designed and tested three airframes with varying arm configurations. High-definition microphones and data acquisition systems were employed to measure pressure levels, and MATLAB code helped analyze the data as A-weighted signals to identify noise reduction possibilities. The key finding was that motor noise was a significant contributor, producing multiple pure tones at mid and high frequencies. Additionally, the noise signature was heavily influenced by the arm’s geometric shape and angles, underscoring the complex nature of rotor-airframe flow and acoustic interactions. sUAS (sUAS recently uses However security control rotorairframe rotor airframe interaction interactions issue configurations Highdefinition High definition levels Aweighted A weighted possibilities contributor frequencies Additionally arms s angles

SIGNIFICANCE: For considerations of public policy, research in South Africa is not (merely) a purpose in itself, but a fundamental contributor to the South African economy. Because research data - which may consist of personal information - often has commercial value, it is important that we consider legal pathways for repurposing research data for commercial use. The POPIA draft Code of Conduct for Research should provide guidance in this regard

RESUMEN. Esta investigación identifica cómo ha sido interpretado por las altas cortes el artículo 1058 c.co. a la hora de resolver reclamaciones de seguros en las que las aseguradoras se niegan a pagar la indemnización por considerar que las tomadoras incumplieron con su deber precontractual de información. Se evidencia que las primeras interpretaciones favorecían la defensa planteada por las aseguradoras, pero que esta postura cambió al inclinarse las cortes por interpretaciones que privilegian a las demandantes, de tal forma que se tiende a mantener la validez del contrato de seguro y a condenar al pago de la indemnización.

ABSTRACT. This paper analyzes over 50 judicial decisions by the Colombian Supreme and Constitutional Courts to determine how the regime on precontractual nondisclosure and misrepresentation set in article 1058 of the Colombian Commercial Code has been interpreted. It shows that up to the first half of the 20th century the Courts tended to side with insurance companies by focusing on the insured's pre-contractual disclosure duties, but that during the last decade a shift has occurred and novel interpretation that favor the insured's position have become prevalent.

ABSTRACT Increasing orchard productivity is among the main objectives of pitaya producers. However, the commercial productivity may reduce due to reduction of fruit size as a function of the high amount per plant. This study evaluated the influence of the number of fruit per cladode in commercial productivity and in quality of fruits of two pitaya species at different harvest times. The experiment was carried out in a six-year-old orchard formed by the species Selenicereus undatus and Hylocereus polyrhizus. At each flowering time, the number of fruits set per cladode was counted and plants with two, four, five and six fruits per cladode were selected, and surplus fruits removed. The evaluations followed a split plot design over time, with the main plot as the number of fruit per cladode and the subplot as the harvest seasons: December, February and March, with four replicates and one plant per plot. Plants grown with two fruits per cladode presented the highest percentage of fruits with commercial size and commercial productivity. Both species showed fruits with commercial size in the first harvest of the cycle (December). S. undatus fruits classified as Class I and H. polyrhizus fruits classified as Extra and Class I showed the best quality. producers However times sixyearold year old time selected removed seasons December March December. . (December) S H (December

Resumen: La presente investigación tiene como objetivo brindar respuestas a las interrogantes que se desprenden de la reforma del año 1996 del artículo 1235 del Código de Comercio vigente en la Federación, debido a que dicho artículo aún es omiso en precisar diversas cuestiones que atañen cuando se solicita la ratificación de la confesión, cuando está es producida sin la presencia judicial.

Abstract: The present research addresses and enunciates a possible solution to the unknowns that are thrown and arise from article 1235 of the Commercial Code in force in the Federation, since the article fails to specify various questions that concern when the ratification of the confession is requested, when it is produced without judicial presence.

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence of current commercial cigarette smoking, as well as those of e-cigarette and hookah experimentation and current use among adults (≥ 18 years of age) in Brazil. Methods: This study was based on a countrywide cross-sectional telephone-based survey conducted in 2022. The sample was designed to be representative of the five macroregions in Brazil and included 1,800 individuals from each of the regions. Telephone numbers, using a random digit dialing procedure, were proportionally selected for each direct distance dialing code in each region and then electronically validated (i.e., 900 cell and 900 landline phone numbers per region). Information on current commercial cigarette smoking (regardless of frequency/amount), as well as lifetime history of or current e-cigarette and hookah use (regardless of amount), were collected. Results: The prevalence of lifetime history of e-cigarette and hookah use was identical (7.3%; 95% CI: 6.0-8.9), whereas the prevalence of current commercial cigarette smoking was 12.2% (95% CI: 10.4-14.1). Young adults (18-24 years) had the highest prevalence of e-cigarette experimentation (19.7%; 95% CI: 15.1-17.0) and hookah experimentation (17%; 95% CI: 12.2-23.2). E-cigarette and hookah use was more common in the Central-West region and among those with a high level of education, whereas current commercial cigarette smoking was more common among those with a lower level of education. Individuals who used the three forms of nicotine delivery corresponded to 1.5% of the sample (nearly 2 million individuals based on the estimated size of the Brazilian adult population). Conclusions: Surveillance is essential for the monitoring and prevention of these new forms of nicotine consumption. Objective ecigarette e ≥ ( 1 age Methods crosssectional cross sectional telephonebased telephone 2022 1800 800 1,80 regions procedure i.e., ie i (i.e. 90 region. . region) regardless frequency/amount, frequencyamount frequency/amount , frequency amount frequency/amount) amount, amount) collected Results 7.3% 73 7 3 (7.3% 95 CI 6.08.9, 6089 6.0 8.9 6 0 8 9 6.0-8.9) 122 12 12.2 (95 10.414.1. 104141 10.4 14.1 10 4 14 10.4-14.1) 1824 24 (18-2 19.7% 197 19 (19.7% 15.117.0 151170 15.1 17.0 15 17 15.1-17.0 17% (17% 12.223.2. 122232 23.2 23 12.2-23.2) Ecigarette E CentralWest Central West education 5 1.5 nearly population. population population) Conclusions consumption 202 180 80 1,8 i.e. (i.e 7.3 (7.3 08 6.08.9 608 60 6. 89 8. 6.0-8.9 12. (9 414 10.414.1 10414 104 10. 141 14. 10.4-14.1 182 (18- 19.7 (19.7 117 15.117. 15117 151 15. 170 17. 15.1-17. (17 223 12.223.2 12223 232 23. 12.2-23.2 1. 20 1, i.e 7. (7. 6.08. 6.0-8. 41 10.414. 1041 10.4-14. (18 19. (19. 11 15.117 1511 15.1-17 (1 22 12.223. 1222 12.2-23. (7 6.08 6.0-8 10.414 10.4-14 (19 15.11 15.1-1 12.223 12.2-23 6.0- 10.41 10.4-1 15.1- 12.22 12.2-2 10.4- 12.2-

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência do consumo atual de cigarros industrializados, bem como da experimentação e uso atual de cigarro eletrônico e narguilé entre adultos (≥ 18 anos) no Brasil. Métodos: Este estudo baseou-se em uma inquérito telefônico nacional realizada em 2022. A amostra foi projetada para ser representativa das cinco macrorregiões do Brasil e foi composta por 1.800 indivíduos de cada uma das regiões. Por meio de um procedimento de discagem aleatória, os números de telefone foram selecionados proporcionalmente para cada código de discagem direta à distância em cada região e, em seguida, validados eletronicamente (isto é, 900 telefones celulares e 900 telefones fixos por região). Foram coletadas informações sobre o consumo atual de cigarros industrializados (independentemente da frequência/quantidade), bem como sobre a história de uso ou uso atual de cigarro eletrônico e narguilé (independentemente da quantidade). Resultados: As prevalências de história de uso de cigarro eletrônico e narguilé foram idênticas (7,3%; IC95%: 6,0-8,9), ao passo que a prevalência de consumo atual de cigarros industrializados foi de 12,2% (IC95%: 10,4-14,1). Adultos jovens (18-24 anos) apresentaram as maiores prevalências de experimentação de cigarro eletrônico (19,7%; IC95%: 15,1-17,0) e de narguilé (17%; IC95%: 12,2-23,2). O uso de cigarro eletrônico e narguilé foi mais comum na região Centro-Oeste e entre aqueles com maior grau de escolaridade, ao passo que o consumo atual de cigarros industrializados foi mais comum entre aqueles com menor grau de escolaridade. Os indivíduos que usavam as três formas de liberação de nicotina corresponderam a 1,5% da amostra (quase 2 milhões de indivíduos com base na estimativa do tamanho da população adulta brasileira). Conclusões: A vigilância é essencial para o monitoramento e prevenção dessas novas formas de consumo de nicotina. Objetivo ≥ ( 1 anos Métodos baseouse baseou se 2022 1800 800 1.80 regiões aleatória seguida isto 90 região. . região) independentemente frequência/quantidade, frequênciaquantidade frequência/quantidade , frequência quantidade frequência/quantidade) quantidade. quantidade) Resultados 7,3% 73 7 3 (7,3% IC95% IC95 IC 6,08,9, 6089 6,0 8,9 6 0 8 9 6,0-8,9) 122 12 12,2 (IC95% 10,414,1. 104141 10,4 14,1 10 4 14 10,4-14,1) 1824 24 (18-2 19,7% 197 19 (19,7% 15,117,0 151170 15,1 17,0 15 17 15,1-17,0 17% (17% 12,223,2. 122232 23,2 23 12,2-23,2) CentroOeste Centro Oeste escolaridade 5 1,5 quase brasileira. brasileira brasileira) Conclusões 202 180 80 1.8 7,3 (7,3 IC9 08 6,08,9 608 60 6, 89 8, 6,0-8,9 12, (IC95 414 10,414,1 10414 104 10, 141 14, 10,4-14,1 182 (18- 19,7 (19,7 117 15,117, 15117 151 15, 170 17, 15,1-17, (17 223 12,223,2 12223 232 23, 12,2-23,2 1, 20 1. 7, (7, 6,08, 6,0-8, (IC9 41 10,414, 1041 10,4-14, (18 19, (19, 11 15,117 1511 15,1-17 (1 22 12,223, 1222 12,2-23, (7 6,08 6,0-8 (IC 10,414 10,4-14 (19 15,11 15,1-1 12,223 12,2-23 6,0- 10,41 10,4-1 15,1- 12,22 12,2-2 10,4- 12,2-

RESUMEN La criminalización de los actos de corrupción en el sector privado en el Código Orgánico Integral Penal (COIP) forma parte de una corriente expansiva e intensiva del Derecho penal que no es aislada o autónoma para el Ecuador. En la nueva legislación anticorrupción es posible observar ciertos problemas, tal vez derivados de los conflictos que existen con los principios limitadores del Derecho penal, dentro del modelo constitucional de derechos y justicia, así como otras incógnitas a la hora de interpretar los elementos objetivos del tipo penal, sobre todo si se tiene en cuenta la política criminal que busca satisfacer esta necesidad. Aplicando una metodología analítica y comparativa frente a estas actuales cuestiones, la experiencia española en materia penal puede servir de guía, por cuanto incorporó a su legislación una figura similar hace ya más de una década. Desde esta perspectiva podrán establecerse una serie de conclusiones que acentuarán la necesidad de reformar el Código Orgánico Integral Penal para evitar previsibles problemas en la aplicación del nuevo delito.

ABSTRACT The criminalization of the commercial bribery in the Código Orgánico Integral Penal (COIP) is part of an expansive and intensive current of criminal law that is not exclusive or autonomous for Ecuador. In the fresh anti-corruption legislation, several important issues can be observ ed, perhaps originated from the conflict that exists with the limiting principles of Criminal Law, within the constitutional system of rights and justice, as well as other unknowns when interpreting the objective elements of the offence, especially if we consider the criminal policy that seeks to satisfy this need. Applying an analytical and comparative methodology to these current issues, the Spanish experience in criminal matters can serve as a guide, since it incorporated a similar figure into its legislation more than a decade ago. From this perspective, some conclusions may be established that will emphasize the need to amend the Comprehensive Organic Criminal Code to prevent foreseeable problems in the application of the new offence.

Resumen Este artículo contiene los resultados de una investigación que ha tenido como objetivo estudiar las normas colombianas de derecho internacional privado relativas al estatuto de las personas físicas y las sociedades mercantiles extranjeras. Dichas normas se encuentran básicamente en el Código Civil y en el Código de Comercio de Colombia. En la investigación también se consideraron las normas existentes en otros países latinoamericanos. En este sentido, la metodología de la investigación consistió en ubicar y organizar sistemáticamente las normas sobre dicha temática vigentes en el sistema colombiano y en otros países de la región, para proceder posteriormente a hacer un análisis comparado general. El panorama que ofrece el artículo permite identificar algunas debilidades del derecho internacional privado colombiano. Partiendo de ello, se concluye que es necesario revisar las normas colombianas que regulan el derecho aplicable al estatuto personal tanto de las personas físicas como de las sociedades mercantiles extranjeras.

Résumé Cet article contient les résultats d’une recherche visant à étudier les règles colombiennes de droit international privé relatives au statut des personnes et des sociétés étrangères. Ces règles se trouvent essentiellement dans le Code civil et le Code commercial. La recherche a également pris en compte les règles existant dans d’autres pays d’Amérique latine. En ce sens, la méthodologie de recherche a consisté à localiser et organiser systématiquement les règles en vigueur en la matière dans le système colombien et dans d’autres pays de la région, puis à procéder à une analyse comparative générale. L’aperçu fourni par l’article permet d’identifier certaines faiblesses du droit international privé colombien. Sur cette base, il est conclu qu’il est nécessaire de revoir les règles colombiennes qui régissent le droit applicable au statut personnel des personnes physiques et des sociétés étrangères.

Abstract This article contains the findings of a research aimed at studying the Colombian private international law rules regarding the status of individuals and foreign commercial companies. Such rules are basically found in Colombia’s Civil and Commercial Codes. The research also considered the existing rules in other Latin American countries. In this sense, the research methodology consisted of systematically locating and organizing the rules on this subject that are in force in the legal system of Colombia and in those of other countries in the region, and then proceeding to a general comparative analysis. The overview offered by the article allows the identification of some weaknesses of Colombian private international law. Based on this, it is concluded that it is necessary to review the Colombian rules that regulate the law applicable to the personal status of both individuals and foreign commercial companies.

Abstract: The objective of this article is to evaluate the degree of adoption of the principles of universal cooperativism in the legislation that applies to cooperatives that has been issued in the country, throughout history. For this purpose, work was carried out comprehensive comparative analysis between the spirit and philosophical orientation of the cooperative principles originally formulated by the Cooperative Society of Rochdale Equitable Pioneers, formed in 1844 and subsequently embodied in three declarations approved by the International Cooperative Alliance in the years 1937, 1966 and 1995 and the way in which they were included in the normative content, both of the Commercial Code of 1889 and in the four versions of the General Law of Cooperative Societies: 1927,1933, 1938 and 1994. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the legislation up to now issued has not succeeded in translating into a fundamental legal norm of the cooperative system the essential content of its doctrinal principles, which does not is due to a technical problem but is directly related with the conditions and political needs in which they have been dictated the different legal precepts.

Resumen: El objetivo del presente artículo consiste en evaluar el grado de adopción de los principios del cooperativismo universal en la legislación que sobre cooperativas se ha emitido en el país, a lo largo de la historia. Para ello se efectuó una labor exhaustiva de análisis comparativo entre el espíritu y orientación filosófica de los principios cooperativos originalmente formulados por la Sociedad Cooperativa de los Equitativos Pioneros de Rochdale, formada en 1844 y, posteriormente, plasmados en tres declaraciones aprobadas por la Alianza Cooperativa Internacional en 1937, 1966 y 1995, y la forma en que éstos fueron incluidos en el contenido normativo, tanto del Código de Comercio de 1889, como en las cuatro versiones de la Ley General de Sociedades Cooperativas: 1927, 1933, 1938 y 1994. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que la legislación hasta ahora expedida no ha logrado traducir en norma jurídica fundamental del sistema cooperativo el contenido esencial de sus principios doctrinarios, lo cual no obedece a un problema de orden técnico, sino que está directamente relacionado con las condiciones y necesidades políticas en las que se han dictado los distintos preceptos legales.

Resumen El presente artículo busca indagar en la participación de mujeres trabajadoras ante el Tribunal de Comercio de Buenos Aires. En particular, se centra en los cambios que la sanción del Código de Comercio de 1859 pudo haber provocado en dicha participación, dadas las restricciones que la nueva codificación explicitaba, tanto en torno a lo que quedaba comprendido en el acto de comercio, como al lugar de las mujeres en ese ámbito. A través de un estudio de expedientes radicados en aquel Tribunal en las décadas de 1850 y 1860, se propone una aproximación a los márgenes de acción, estrategias y nociones de justicia de algunas de las mujeres que allí comparecieron.

Abstract This article seeks to investigate the participation of working women before the Commercial Court of Buenos Aires. In particular, it focuses on the changes that the sanction of the Commercial Code of 1859 could have caused in said participation, given the restrictions that the new codification explicitly set, both regarding what was included in the act of commerce and the place of women in this field. Through a study of files raised before that Court in the 1850s and 1860s, we propose an approximation to the margins of action, strategies, and notions of justice of some of the women who appeared before that Court.

Abstract The number of assisted reproduction treatments with donated gametes (eggs and/ or sperm) has progressively increased. As of the sanction of the Civil and Commercial Code (2015), reproductive technologies became a new source of filiation with its own characteristics, such as the obligation to register the birth of the child born from donated gametes. Heterosexual couples tend to omit this information more often. This omission can respond to different reasons, fears and insecurities. The psychological recommendations aim to accompany the gamete recipients to contribute to the elaboration of mourning for the loss of the genetic contribution. This paper explores the conditions and meanings linked to genetic grief by analyzing the meanings associated with reproductive genetics in a subgroup of cis heterosexual women who, according to reproductive medicine criteria, have advanced maternal age (over 40 years of age). Since 2004, women seeking a pregnancy after the age of 40 constitute a subgroup that registers an increase in cases, making age the first cause for resorting to donated eggs in Argentina (Mackey et al. 2020; Zegers et al. 2021). The results are consistent with other investigations and show that the way of signifying the genetic origin depends on the family structure, the (non)reproductive trajectories and the passage of time, where the genetic component tends to be relativized in pursuit of upbringing and the shared bond in gestation, breastfeeding and childbirth. Two specific instances appeared where the donated gamete acquires a “threatening” condition, one is due to a possible future illness in the newborn and the other is due to the obligation to register the birth.

Resumen La cantidad de tratamientos de reproducción asistida con gametos (óvulos y/o espermatozoides) donados ha aumentado progresivamente. A partir de la sanción del Código Civil y Comercial (2015), las tecnologías reproductivas se convirtieron en una nueva fuente de filiación con características propias, como la obligación de inscribir el nacimiento del/a nacido/a de donación de gametos. Las parejas heterosexuales tienden a omitir esta información con mayor frecuencia. Esa omisión puede responder a distintos motivos, miedos e inseguridades. Las recomendaciones psicológicas tienen como objetivo acompañar a los receptores de gametos para contribuir en la elaboración del duelo por la pérdida del aporte genético. Este trabajo explora las condiciones y sentidos vinculados con el duelo genético a partir de analizar las significaciones asociadas con la genética reproductiva en un subgrupo de mujeres cis heterosexuales que, según criterios de la medicina reproductiva, presentan edad materna avanzada (mayores de 40 años). Desde 2004, las mujeres que buscan un embarazo luego de los 40 años constituyen un subgrupo que registra un aumento de casos, convirtiendo la edad en la primera causa para recurrir a óvulos donados en Argentina (Mackey et al. 2020; Zegers et al. 2021). Los resultados son congruentes con otras investigaciones y demuestran que el modo de significar el origen genético depende de la conformación familiar, de las trayectorias (no)reproductivas y del paso del tiempo, donde el componente genético tiende a relativizarse en pos de la crianza y el vínculo compartido en la gestación, el amamantamiento y el parto. Aparecieron dos instancias en las que el gameto donado adquiere una condición “amenazante”, una es ante una posible enfermedad futura en el nacido y la otra por la obligación de registrar el nacimiento.

RESUMEN En este trabajo se estudia la institución de la prescripción en el derecho internacional privado desde un análisis histórico y actual. La clásica distinción entre naturaleza sustancial y procesal no es tan tajante hoy en día. Se puede decir que posee una naturaleza híbrida. La tendencia en el presente es hacia su regulación desde la lex causae en el derecho interno y por normas materiales en el derecho convencional. En el 2015, el Código Civil y Comercial de la República Argentina vino a incorporarla dentro de estas tendencias.

ABSTRACT This work addresses from a historical and current analysis the institution of prescription in Private International Law. It seems quite clear that the classical distinction between substantial and procedural nature is not so acute in our days. We could also say that it has a hybrid nature of sorts. Currently, the trend is its regulation based on the lex causae and the material norms of Conventional Law. The Civil and Commercial Code of Law of Argentina incorporated it in 2015, seemingly as part of this trend.