Abstract. This work analyzes the labor conditions of merchants in two public markets in Mexico City. It argues that, within the context of current neoliberal policies aimed at the economic renewal of public markets in Mexico City, the socio-labor conditions of public market merchants have been disrupted in the name of urban landscape development. From an anthropological perspective and using a qualitative methodology, some findings indicate that the socio-labor situation of merchants shows gaps and increased social vulnerability concerning social protection. Additionally, there is a noted stagnation in labor precariousness and a misalignment of merchants within governance policies.

Resumen. En este trabajo se analizan las condiciones laborales de los comerciantes de dos mercados públicos en la Ciudad de México. Se argumenta que, en el contexto de las actuales políticas neoliberales encaminadas a la renovación económica de los mercados públicos en la Ciudad de México, las condiciones sociolaborales de los comerciantes/locatarios de mercados públicos se han visto trastocadas en aras del desarrollo del paisaje urbano. Desde una perspectiva antropológica y bajo una metodología cualitativa, algunos hallazgos refieren que la situación sociolaboral de los comerciantes presenta vacíos y mayor vulnerabilidad social en cuanto a protección social. También se refiere un estancamiento de la precarización laboral y un desenfoque de los comerciantes en las políticas de gobernanza.

Abstract As a result of COVID-19, new dynamics emerged in many urban systems, including the acquisition and distribution of food. The pandemic revealed vulnerabilities in the functioning of facilities and intensified problems such as informality, insecurity, and immigration. In order to contribute to the identification and characterization of these dynamics within food markets, a case study methodology was adopted for this article using mixed techniques - a quantitative approach using a survey and a qualitative approach featuring a focus group. Both methods were applied in the San Roque market in the Metropolitan District of Quito, an iconic food market and distribution facility. The results highlight new commercial dynamics and preferences, as in recent years informal trade and the presence of supermarket chains have proliferated; new logistic means have been created; and wholesale trade has intensified. In addition, the pandemic accentuated the vulnerability of the market at the administrative level and the precariousness of some informal jobs, in turn, accelerated changes among traders. It is concluded that these dynamics merit new conceptual, organizational, and spatial approaches in architectural and urban terms, as well as different policies that favor the sustainable management of markets.

Resumen A raíz de la covid-19 se dieron nuevas dinámicas en muchos sistemas urbanos entre las que destaca la de adquisición y distribución de alimentos. La pandemia mostró la vulnerabilidad en el funcionamiento de equipamientos e intensificó problemáticas como la informalidad, la inseguridad y la inmigración. Con el objetivo de aportar a la identificación y caracterización de estas dinámicas dentro de los mercados de alimentos, para el presente artículo se adoptó una metodología de caso de estudio con técnicas mixtas: cuantitativas por medio de una encuesta y cualitativas a partir de un grupo focal. Ambas técnicas se aplicaron en el mercado San Roque en el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito, equipamiento icónico en cuanto a la comercialización y distribución de alimentos. En los resultados sobresalen las nuevas dinámicas y preferencias comerciales, ya que en los últimos años han proliferado el comercio informal y la presencia de cadenas de supermercados, se han creado nuevos medios logísticos y se ha intensificado el comercio mayorista. Además, la pandemia acentuó la vulnerabilidad del mercado a nivel administrativo y la precarización de algunos trabajos informales, a su vez, aceleró un cambio entre el grupo de comerciantes. Se concluye que estas dinámicas ameritan nuevas aproximaciones conceptuales, organizativas y espaciales a escala arquitectónica y urbana, y también distintas políticas que favorezcan la gestión sostenible de los mercados.

Abstract Despite experiencing significant transformations in recent decades, the municipal markets of Madrid continue to play a crucial role in the supply of fresh food. These markets are regarded as spaces where consumers can acquire high-quality products through proximity and trust. This article presents findings derived from participant observation and interviews with merchants conducted in the central district of Madrid throughout the final months of 2022. The study examines shifts in food consumption patterns during and following the COVID-19 pandemic, with a specific focus on the perception of risks, quality, and health associated with food. The obtained results offer valuable insights into trends and processes pertinent to contemporary food consumption. decades highquality high quality trust 2022 COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 pandemic risks 202 COVID1 1 COVID- 20 2

Resumo Ainda que nas últimas décadas tenham passado por intensas transformações, os mercados municipais de Madrid permanecem tendo papel significativo no abastecimento de alimentos frescos e são considerados espaços em que, através da proximidade e da confiança, podem ser adquiridos produtos de qualidade. A partir de observação participante e de entrevistas junto a comerciantes, realizadas durante os últimos meses de 2022 nos mercados municipais do distrito central da cidade de Madrid, este artigo discute mudanças no consumo alimentar ocorridas durante e após a pandemia de Covid-19. A análise se detém, especialmente, em aspectos associados a percepção de risco, qualidade e saúde relacionados com a alimentação. Os resultados obtidos fornecem pistas para a reflexão sobre tendências e processos pertinentes ao consumo alimentar na contemporaneidade. transformações confiança comerciantes 202 Covid19. Covid19 Covid 19. 19 Covid-19 detém especialmente risco alimentação contemporaneidade 20 Covid1 1 Covid-1 2 Covid-

Resumo Os rumores, boatos e fofocas são parte constitutiva das sociedades e possuem um papel fundamental na coerção, controle e disciplinarização dos indivíduos em prol da coesão social. Eles tendem a emergir em momentos de tensões sociais e choques civilizacionais, a fim de dar respostas e saídas para os eventos que deles emergem. Tendo esse cenário em mente, o presente artigo tem por objetivo compreender o papel dos rumores produzidos e partilhados por comerciantes cabo-verdianas que versam sobre a presença de imigrantes chineses no país para a construção das imagens que representam este grupo. Para isso, analiso dois contextos etnográficos e comerciais profundamente marcados pela presença de mulheres cabo-verdianas e pela concorrência da diáspora comercial chinesa: o do comércio transnacional de produtos industrializados em Mindelo, na ilha de São Vicente, e o de produção e venda do artesanato “genuinamente” cabo-verdiano no mercado de souvenirs na ilha de Santiago.

Abstract Rumours, hearsay and gossip are a constitutive part of societies and play a fundamental role in coercing, controlling and disciplining individuals in the search for social cohesion. They tend to emerge at times of social tension and civilisational conflict, in order to provide answers and solutions to the resulting events. In this sense, the aim of this article is to understand the role of rumours produced and shared by Cape Verdean shopkeepers about the presence of Chinese immigrants in the country. To do this, I analyse two ethnographic and commercial contexts that are deeply marked by the presence of Cape Verdean women and competition from the Chinese commercial diaspora: the transnational trade in industrialised products in Mindelo, on the island of São Vicente, and the production and sale of “genuine” Cape Verdean handicrafts in the souvenir market on the island of Santiago.

Abstract The article seeks to identify the neighborhood spaces occupied by indigenous people within Mexico City by the end of the colonial period. The central argument is that in the indigenous neighborhoods it was already possible to visualize constructive transformations in their ways of living, which would hypothetically be a sign of resilience and of agreements between merchants, brotherhoods, and convents to install solid, multifamily, and accessory buildings within a traditionally indigenous land, free of appraisals or taxes until at least 1812. The methodology used was to map the location of neighborhoods and their types of housing mainly from the information of property and tax registers, compared throughout different years: 1790, 1800, 1807, and 1813. The outcome was the differentiation between the indigenous neighborhoods, where those of the south-east stand out, with a greater attachment to traditional ways of life.

Resumen El artículo se propone identificar los espacios vecinales ocupados por indígenas dentro de la ciudad de México a fines del periodo colonial. El argumento central es que dentro de los barrios de indios ya era posible visualizar transformaciones constructivas en sus formas de habitar, lo que sería hipotéticamente un signo de resiliencia y de acuerdos entre comerciantes, cofradías y conventos de instalar construcciones sólidas, multifamiliares y accesorias dentro de un suelo tradicionalmente indio, libre de tasaciones o impuestos por lo menos hasta 1812. La metodología empleada fue mapear la localización de barrios y de sus tipos de vivienda principalmente a partir de la información de padrones de propietarios y de tributarios, comparados en diferentes años: 1790, 1800, 1807 y 1813. El resultado fue la diferenciación entre los barrios de indios, donde sobresalen los del sureste, con un mayor apego a formas tradicionales de vida.

Abstract Traditionally, scholars have pointed out the harmful effects of indigenous mercantile participation: acculturation, economic dependence and social polarization. In this article, we offer evidence that gives a more nuanced image in the case of the indigenous communities of the southeastern Pampas between the 18th and 19th centuries, where indigenous mercantile participation was neither forced, nor even induced, but enthusiastically spontaneous. Taking the evidence of a century of inter-ethnic trade, we observe that the indigenous peoples became avid consumers, skilled traders and industrious producers of goods. They zealously defended their freedom to trade, set up commercial ports in their territory and became part of local, regional and overseas trade networks. In short, the indigenous peoples of the southeastern Pampas created their own forms of mercantile participation that earned them the label of “trading peoples” in the transition between the Ancien Régime and economic liberalism.

Resumen Tradicionalmente, se han señalado los efectos desestructurantes de la participación mercantil indígena: aculturación, dependencia económica y polarización social. En este artículo brindamos indicios que permiten matizar esta imagen para el caso del mundo indígena del sudeste pampeano entre los siglos XVIII y XIX, donde la participación mercantil indígena no fue forzada, ni siquiera inducida, sino entusiastamente espontánea. Con la evidencia de un siglo de comercio interétnico, observamos que los indígenas se convirtieron en ávidos consumidores, hábiles traficantes e industriosos productores de mercancías; defendieron celosamente su libertad de comercio, habilitaron puertos de intercambio en su territorio y se insertaron en redes mercantiles locales, regionales y ultramarinas. En suma, los pueblos indígenas del sudeste pampeano gestaron sus propias modalidades de participación mercantil que les valieron el apelativo de “naciones comerciantes” en la transición entre el Antiguo Régimen y el liberalismo económico.

Resumen: Los mercados públicos en San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, por un lado, son espacios multiculturales, cargados de historias, de migraciones, de conflictos y de defensa de los medios de subsistencia; pero también son espacios propicios para el mal uso y manejo del poder. El objetivo de este artículo es el de visibilizar desde adentro, a través de la narración de los comerciantes, las prácticas del poder de ciertos dirigentes. Los mercados seguirán, los dirigentes desaparecerán, pero surgirán otros; los problemas continuarán mientras no exista una atención estructural dentro de las políticas públicas.

Abstract: Public markets in San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, on the one hand, are multicultural spaces, loaded with histories, migration, conflicts, resistance and defense of livelihoods, but they are also spaces conducive to misuse and management power. The objective of this paper is to make visible from within, through the narration of the merchants, the practices of the power of certain leaders. The markets will continue, the leaders fall and others will emerge; the problems will drag on as long as there is no structural attention within public policies.

Abstract This article analyzes the influence of several immigrant merchants arrival in Yucatan during the context of trade opening in the Caribbean. Likewise, it examines the mechanisms for strengthening the Yucatecan mercantile sector and the social, political and economic interference of these agents that allowed the commercial elite of Mérida and Campeche to position themselves as a power group in the region at the end of the Colonial era.

Resumen El presente artículo analiza la influencia de varios comerciantes inmigrantes que llegaron a Yucatán durante el contexto de apertura comercial en el Caribe. Asimismo, se examinan los mecanismos de fortalecimiento del sector mercantil yucateco y la injerencia social, política y económica de estos agentes que permitieron a la élite de negociantes de Mérida y Campeche posicionarse como grupo de poder en la región a fines de la época colonial.

Abstract These lines address the participation of Campeche in the Asiento de Negros granted to England by Spain from 1713 to 1739. The legal introduction of enslaved people through the port of Campeche had its highest rate during the first half of the 18th century due to the indicated Asiento. Despite the fact that Campeche was not considered among the points for the factories of arrival and sale within the Treaty of 1713. The forest interest and the commercial expansion of the English inclu- ded the Yucatan territory, and they established a “factory” in Campeche, which they subleased to other settled merchants in Jamaica. Despite the discontent of Spain, the “factory” was made “official” with the nomination of a Spanish authority to supervise it. The consulted his- torical archives and the previous investigations confirm that during the two decades of that Asiento in Campeche, the legal forced migration amounted to more than 800 enslaved people.

Resumen Estas líneas abordan la participación de Campeche en el Asiento de Negros concedido a Inglaterra por parte de España, de 1713 a 1739. La introducción de gente esclavizada a través del puerto de Campeche de manera legal, tuvo su mayor índice durante la primera mitad del siglo XVIII, debido al Asiento señalado, no obstante que aquella villa no fue considerada entre los puntos para las factorías de llegada y venta dentro del Tratado de 1713. El interés forestal y la expansión comercial de los ingleses abarcó el territorio yucateco, y establecieron en Campeche una “factoría” que subarrendaron a otros comerciantes radicados en Jamaica. A pesar del descontento de España, la “factoría” fue “oficializada” con la designación de una autoridad española que la supervisara. Los diversos acervos históricos consultados y las investigaciones precedentes, con- firman que, durante las dos décadas de ese Asiento en Campeche, la migración legal forzada ascendió, hasta donde se sabe, a poco más de 800 esclavizados.

Resumen Introducción/objetivo: la economía informal se suele presentar como una entrada al emprendimiento, donde el único objetivo para los emprendedores es la de salir adelante, pasando por encima de las leyes impuestas en el país. Este estudio tiene como finalidad determinar la percepción de los comerciantes sobre la relación entre la informalidad de las empresas de la región Lima Provincias y el desempeño de la economía del Perú. Metodología: se desarrolló un estudio cuantitativo, de diseño no experimental transeccional y alcance correlacional. Se elaboró y administró un cuestionario a los dueños de 380 empresas informales ubicadas en la región Lima Provincias, con un margen de error del 5 % y un nivel de confianza del 95 %. Resultados: mediante el estadístico no paramétrico de Rho de Spearman, se halló una correlación negativa y significativa de −0.415 (p < 0.05) para la percepción de la informalidad empresarial y la economía. Conclusiones: se comprobó que a medida que la percepción de los comerciantes de la región Lima Provincias sobre la informalidad empresarial aumenta, la evaluación de estos sobre la economía tiende a disminuir.

Abstract Introduction/Objective: The informal economy is often presented as a gateway to entrepreneurship, where the only objective for entrepreneurs is to get ahead, bypassing the laws imposed in the country. The purpose of this study was to determine the perception of traders on the relationship between the informality of businesses in the Lima Provinces region and the performance of the Peruvian economy. Methodology: A quantitative study was developed, with a non-experimental, cross-sectional design and correlational scope. A questionnaire was prepared and administered to the owners of 380 informal enterprises located in the Lima Provinces region, with a margin of error of 5 % and a confidence level of 95 %. Results: Using Spearman’s non-parametric Rho statistic, a negative and significant correlation of −0.415 (p < 0.05) was found for the perception of business informality and the economy. Conclusions: It was found that as the perception of traders in the Lima Provinces Region regarding business informality increases, their evaluation of the economy tends to decrease.

Abstract Markets are important to public decision-makers in Côte d'Ivoire, who are constructing communal markets. The commune of Daloa serves as an example: apart from its central market, each district hosts a secondary market. However, despite this infrastructure, the Tazibouho-Université district features individual markets dispersed throughout densely populated areas. This scattered distribution, with limited spheres of influence, contradicts the evolutionary principle of markets. Market fragmentation diminishes the exchange of goods and services, despite its prevalence in Tazibouho-Université. This article analyzes the underlying reasons for this situation, which opposes the natural dynamics of markets. To achieve this, a literature review on markets was conducted, followed by a field survey involving merchants, customers, and suppliers. Additionally, a geographic information system was utilized to establish causal relationships and connections among stakeholders and services. This allowed us to demonstrate that this market arose from the intersection of the district's social structure and spatial organization, leading merchants to cater to local residents as customers and receive supplies from other markets and distant farmers. Furthermore, its expansion is attributed to the socio-professional status of local civil servants, whose purchasing behavior is influenced by the proximity strategies employed by merchants.

Resumen Los mercados son importantes para los responsables públicos de Costa de Marfil, que están construyendo mercados comunales. La comuna de Daloa es un ejemplo de esto, ya que además de su mercado central, cada uno de sus barrios cuenta con un mercado secundario. Sin embargo, a pesar de su presencia, el distrito de Tazibouho-Université cuenta con mercados individuales que se distribuyen en zonas densamente pobladas. Esta dispersión, con zonas de influencia reducidas, es contraria al principio de evolución del mercado. La fragmentación del mercado reduce los bienes y servicios intercambiados, aunque esté de moda en Tazibouho-Université. Este artículo se propone analizar las razones de esta situación, contraria a la dinámica natural de los mercados. Posteriormente, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre los mercados, seguida de una encuesta sobre el terreno a comerciantes, clientes y proveedores. Además, se utilizó un sistema de información geográfica para establecer relaciones causales y vínculos entre agentes y servicios. Esto permitió demostrar que este mercado surgió de la convergencia de la estructura social y el sistema espacial del barrio, lo que llevó a sus comerciantes a tener como clientes a los residentes locales y como proveedores a otros mercados y agricultores de la periferia. Además, la expansión de este mercado se debe al estatus socioprofesional de los funcionarios locales, cuyo comportamiento adquisitivo está determinado por las estrategias de proximidad de los comerciantes.

Resumo Os mercados são importantes para os decisores públicos da Costa do Marfim, que estão a construir mercados comunais. A comuna de Daloa insere-se neste contexto e, para além do seu mercado central, cada um dos seus bairros dispõe de um mercado secundário. No entanto, apesar da sua presença, o bairro de Tazibouho-Université possui mercados individuais que se distribuem em zonas densamente povoadas. Esta dispersão, com áreas de influência reduzidas, é contrária ao princípio da evolução dos mercados. A fragmentação dos mercados reduz os bens e serviços comercializados, embora esteja em voga no bairro de Tazibouho-Université. Este artigo propõe-se analisar as razões desta situação, que é contrária à dinâmica natural dos mercados. Para o efeito, foi efetuada uma revisão da literatura sobre os mercados. Seguiu-se um inquérito no terreno a comerciantes, clientes e fornecedores. Além disso, foi utilizado um sistema de informação geográfica para estabelecer causalidades e ligações entre atores e serviços. Isto permitiu mostrar que este mercado nasceu da convergência da estrutura social e do sistema espacial do bairro, levando os seus comerciantes a ter como clientes os residentes locais e como fornecedores outros mercados e agricultores da periferia. Além disso, a sua expansão deve-se ao estatuto socioprofissional dos funcionários públicos locais, cujo comportamento aquisitivo é moldado pelas estratégias de proximidade dos comerciantes.

Resumen La plaza de mercado La esmeralda se ubica en Popayán (Cauca), un municipio del Suroccidente Colombiano, es un lugar de suministro de productos agrícolas, considerada como un punto crítico por el manejo de residuos y el deterioro de su entorno, que afecta principalmente a comerciantes de la zona. El objetivo fue evaluar el manejo de residuos e identificar los síntomas en salud más comunes en los comerciantes del sector. Se llevó a cabo una investigación descriptiva empleando lista de verificación, encuestas, entrevistas y narrativas con los comerciantes de la plaza. La información recopilada se sistematizó utilizando Microsoft Excel y se importó al programa BioEstat 5.0 para analizar las variables socio-demográficas, ocupacionales y realizar pruebas Chi2 para comparar la relación entre condiciones de sociodemográficas, estilo de vida, manejo de residuos y síntomas presentados. Se establece un incumplimiento del 67% para planes y programas y un 90% para los aspectos ambientales, reflejando de manera significativa el problema organizacional frente a programas ambientales en la plaza de mercado. En el aspecto salud, el 75% de los comerciantes presentan síntomas gastrointestinales, 65.6% diarrea y 53.12% náuseas o vómitos. Se identificó la inadecuada disposición de residuos como un factor que podría agravar los problemas ambientales y de salud en el sector. Adicional, se evidenció que el 65.6% de los comerciantes no recibieron capacitación para el manejo de residuos, destacando la necesidad de estrategias de educación ambiental acerca de manejo y disposición adecuada de residuos, se recomienda implementarlas de manera continua dirigidas a los comerciantes y a la población en general, con el objetivo de mejorar las condiciones de salud, fomentar el autocuidado y reducir la vulnerabilidad a enfermedades.

Abstract The La Esmeralda marketplace is located in Popayán (Cauca), a municipality in southwestern Colombia. It is a place where agricultural products are supplied and is considered a critical point due to waste management and the deterioration of its environment, which mainly affects traders in the area. The objective was to evaluate waste management and identify the most common health symptoms in the traders of the sector. Descriptive research was carried out using a checklist, surveys, interviews and narratives with merchants in the plaza. The information collected was systematized using Microsoft Excel and imported into the BioEstat 5.0 program to analyze the socio-demographic and occupational variables and to perform Chi2 tests to compare the relationship between sociodemographic conditions, lifestyle, waste management and symptoms presented. A non-compliance of 67% for plans and programs and 90% for environmental aspects is established, reflecting in a significant way the organizational problem regarding environmental programs in the market place. In terms of health, 75% of the traders had gastrointestinal symptoms, 65.6% diarrhea and 53.12% nausea or vomiting. Inadequate waste disposal was identified as a factor that could aggravate environmental and health problems in the sector. In addition, it was found that 65.6% of the merchants did not receive training in waste management, highlighting the need for environmental education strategies on proper waste management and disposal, which should be implemented on an ongoing basis for merchants and the general population, in order to improve health conditions, promote self-care and reduce vulnerability to disease.

Abstract The sound impact of the urban passenger train is a phenomenon little studied in the country and in Latin America. In the particular case of Costa Rica, the train was reactivated without considering aspects such as the development of land use in the surroundings, so there is a potential impact on the population that for years lived next to inactive railway lines. The methodology followed combined field measurements at key locations for each station studied, geographic information systems, and opinions of the populations involved through surveys applied to users, neighbors, and merchants in the area of direct influence (ADI). The results show that the levels of noise pollution produced in the event of arrival and departure of the train in the stations of the San José - Tres Ríos branch exceed those allowed by law in at least 10% of the time. In addition, by intertwining the field data with the perception study, the sensory effect of noise was quantified. The main findings show that in general all populations feel a significant sound impact that affects their quality of life and the quality of service; that the people who live or work in points closer to the stations have felt a decrease in the acoustic environmental quality and that promoting a change in planning oriented towards this means of transport can be a solution to the problem.

Resumen El impacto sonoro del tren urbano de pasajeros es un fenómeno poco estudiado en el país y en América Latina. En el caso particular de Costa Rica, el tren fue reactivado sin considerar aspectos como el desarrollo del uso del suelo en los alrededores, por lo que existe una potencial afectación a la población que durante años vivió al lado de líneas férreas inactivas. La metodología seguida combinó mediciones de campo en puntos clave para cada estación estudiada, el uso de sistemas de información geográfica y sondeos de opiniones de las poblaciones implicadas mediante encuestas a personas usuarias, vecinas y comerciantes en el área de influencia directa (AID). Los resultados evidencian que los niveles de contaminación sónica producidos en el evento de llegada y salida del tren en las estaciones del ramal San José – Tres Ríos sobrepasan los permitidos por ley en al menos un 10% del tiempo. Además, al entrelazar los datos de campo con el estudio de percepción se cuantificó el efecto sensorial del ruido. Los principales hallazgos evidencian que en general todas las poblaciones sienten un impacto sonoro significativo que altera su calidad de vida y la calidad del servicio; que las personas que viven o trabajan en puntos más cercanos a las estaciones han sentido una disminución de la calidad acústica y que propiciar un cambio en la planificación orientada a este medio de transporte puede ser una solución al problema.

Resumo Um estudo socioeconômico foi realizado no distrito de Mardan, da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Paquistão, para obter maior conhecimento das espécies de árvores agroflorestais cultivadas em terras agrícolas, seu rendimento e estoque de carbono. Para a estimativa de produção e estoque de carbono, foram coletados os dados de 59 parcelas amostrais, medindo-se o diâmetro, a altura, o volume e a biomassa de espécies de árvores agroflorestais selecionadas por meio de fita D e altímetro Haga. Um total de 59 parcelas amostrais foi inventariado usando 2,5% de intensidade de amostragem. Cada parcela amostral possui uma área de 0,5 ha, em que cada árvore com Diâmetro à Altura do Peito (DAP) ≥ 5 cm foi inventariada. A quantidade calculada de volume de cada espécie de árvore foi então convertida em biomassa, multiplicando-a pela densidade da madeira e pelo Fator de Expansão da Biomassa (BEF). A produção total e o estoque de C para as espécies de árvores agroflorestais selecionadas foram 11.535,2 toneladas métricas e 2.102,2 toneladas métricas, respectivamente. Populus euroamericana foi classificada como a principal árvore com 28% de crescimento de estoque, seguida de Morus alba com 21%, enquanto Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Salix tetrasperma e Bombax ceiba apresentaram 15%, 12%, 8%, 6%, 7% e 3% de crescimento do estoque, respectivamente. Entre as espécies encontradas em diferentes parcelas de amostragem, o rendimento de Populus euroamericana foi de 4.747,5 toneladas, seguida pela espécie Morus alba, com rendimento de 2.027,3 toneladas. Da mesma forma, o volume de Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Dalbergia sissoo, Salix spp, Bombax ceiba e Acacia nilotica foi de 1.532,2 toneladas, 1.503 toneladas, 745,7 toneladas, 555,4 toneladas e 220,5 toneladas, respectivamente. O estoque de carbono para Populus euroamericana foi calculado como 777,8 ton/ha, enquanto para Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Melia azedarach, Morus alba, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Salix species e Bombax ceiba foi calculado como 312,3 ton/ha, 272,1 ton/ha, 363 ton/ha, 245,1 ton/ha, 51,4 ton/ha, 27,3 ton/ha e 53,2 ton/ha, respectivamente. A pesquisa por questionário, realizada para a dinâmica de preços, mostrou que os entrevistados, em sua maioria, compram madeira do mercado para construção, mas usam árvores de fazenda em construções urbanas de baixa qualidade. Eles não gostam de utilizar a madeira local na construção convencional, pois ela é suscetível ao ataque de insetos. Em relação às vendas diárias, 50% dos comerciantes vendem entre Rs. 50.000-100.000, enquanto 16,7% têm suas vendas entre Rs.150.000-200.000. Portanto, conclui-se que tanto o governo provincial quanto o governo federal devem promover, por meio de diferentes incentivos, a agrossilvicultura no Paquistão, por ter o potencial de lidar com o dilema do desmatamento de florestas naturais e melhorar a subsistência das populações locais. É fortemente recomendado que projetos especiais, como o Projeto de Reflorestamento de Dez Bilhões de Árvores (T-BTTP), sejam lançados para plantio agroflorestal e promoção no país para sustentar a harmonia ecológica e elevar a condição socioeconômica dos povos do Paquistão.

Abstract A socio-economic study was conducted in district Mardan of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan to get a comprehensive knowledge of the agroforestry tree species grown on the farmlands, their yield, and carbon stock. For yield and carbon stock estimation, data were collected from 59 sample plots by measuring the diameter, height, volume, and biomass of selected agroforestry tree species through D-tape and Haga altimeter. A total of 59 sample plots were inventoried using 2.5 percent sampling intensity. Each sample plot has an area of 0.5 ha, where each tree with a Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm was inventoried. The calculated amount of volume of each tree species was then converted to biomass by multiplying it by the density of wood and the Biomass Expansion Factor (BEF). Total yield and C stock for the selected agroforestry tree species were 11535.2 metric tons and 2102.2 metric tons, respectively. Populus euroamericana is classified as the main tree with 28% growing stock prior to Morus alba by 21%, while Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Salix tetrasperma, and Bombax ceiba consist of 15%, 12%, 8%, 6%,7% and 3% growing stock respectively. Among the species found in different sampling plots the yield of Populus euroamericana was found to be 4747.5 metric tons and it was followed by the species Morus alba found at 2027.3 metric tons. Similarly, the volume for Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Dalbergia sissoo, Salix spp, Boombox ceiba, and Acacia nilotica was 1532.2 tons,1503 ton,745.7,203.5ton, 555.4ton and 220.5ton, respectively. The carbon stock for Populus euroamericana was calculated as 777.8 ton/ha, while for Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Melia azedarach, Morus alba, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Salix species, and Bombax ceiba it was calculated as 312.3ton/ha, 272.1ton/ha, 363ton/ha, 245.1ton/ha, 51.4ton/ha, 27.3ton/ha and 53.2ton/ha, respectively. The questionnaire survey conducted for price dynamics showed that the majority of respondents purchase timber from the market for construction. But they use farm trees with low-quality city construction. They dislike using local timber in the conventional building as timber from farm trees is liable to insect attack. Rs. 50,000-100000, (33.33%) of daily sales was concluded from 50% of the trader while (16.7%) of the traders have their sales between Rs.150,000-200,000. Therefore, it is concluded by the authors that both provincial and federal government should promote agroforestry in Pakistan through different incentives because it has the potential to cope with dilemma of deforestation of natural forests and improve the livelihood of local peoples. It is strongly recommended that special projects just like the Ten Billion Tree Afforestation Project (T-BTTP) should be launched for agroforestry plantation and promotion in the country to sustain the ecological harmony and uplift the socio-economic condition of the peoples of Pakistan.

RÉSUMÉ L’article présente et analyse l’histoire et les liens de différentes expériences de commerce du livre à São Paulo, Minas Gerais et Rio de Janeiro, entre 1972 et 2018, à savoir : Livraria Contexto, Livraria Eboh, Livraria Griot, Sobá Livraria e Café, Kitabu Livraria Negra , Iná Livros et Livraria Africanidades. Des librairies spécifiquement noires, avec des propriétaires noirs, dédiées à la littérature en circulation produite et éditée par des auteurs noirs et/ou africains. Parfois, avec des liens avec des associations et des mouvements noirs contemporains. Compte tenu de la rareté des recherches sur cet objet spécifique, la principale méthode utilisée a été l’entretien structuré avec les sujets impliqués dans l’activité, l’analyse des sources secondaires, ainsi que l’utilisation de la recherche dans les journaux, qui s’est avérée très importante pour comprendre certaines des les significations sociales attribuées par les commerçants noirs à leur activité, leur portée, leurs liens de sens et limites. Larticle L article lhistoire l histoire Paulo Janeiro 197 2018 Contexto Eboh Griot Café Africanidades noires etou ou africains Parfois contemporains spécifique lentretien entretien lactivité, lactivité activité l’activité lanalyse secondaires lutilisation utilisation journaux sest s est portée limites 19 201 1 20 2

RESUMEN El artículo presenta y analiza la historia y las conexiones de diferentes experiencias de comercio de libros en São Paulo, Minas Gerais y Rio de Janeiro, entre 1972 y 2018, a saber: Livraria Contexto, Livraria Eboh, Livraria Griot, Sobá Livraria e Café, Kitabu Livraria Negra, Iná Livros, Livraria Africanidades . Estas son, específicamente, librerías negras, de propietarias negras y dueños negros, que se dedicaron a hacer circular la literatura producida y editada por autoría negra y/o africana. En ocasiones, estas librerías han tenido conexiones con asociaciones y movimientos negros coetáneos. Considerando la escasez de investigaciones sobre este objeto de estudio en específico, fue utilizado como método principal la entrevista estructurada con los sujetos involucrados en esta actividad, el análisis de fuentes secundarias, así como la investigación en periódicos, que se reveló bastante importante para comprender algunos de los sentidos sociales atribuidos por los comerciantes negros a su actividad, sus alcances, conexiones de sentidos y límites. Paulo Janeiro 197 2018 saber Contexto Eboh Griot Café Negra Livros son específicamente yo o africana ocasiones coetáneos específico actividad secundarias periódicos alcances límites 19 201 1 20 2

ABSTRACT This article presents and analyzes the history and connections among various black bookstore experiences in Southeast Brazil between 1972 and 2018. Given the lack of research on the topic in Brazil, this study relies heavily on structured interviews with some of the individuals in the sector, as well as on the analysis of secondary data and news. The stores studied are Livraria Contexto, Livraria Eboh, Livraria Griot, Sobá Livraria e Café, Kitabu Livraria Negra, Iná Livros and Livraria Africanidades, located in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. They are owned by black women and men devoted to selling black and African literature, some of whom have been activists in different segments of Brazil’s black movements. Our findings have advanced a deeper understanding of the social meanings black traders assign to their activity, their reach, the connections among their purposes, and their limitations. 197 2018 sector news Contexto Eboh Griot Café Negra Africanidades Paulo Janeiro literature Brazils s movements activity reach purposes limitations 19 201 1 20 2

RESUMO O artigo apresenta e analisa a história e as conexões de diferentes experiências de comércio livreiro em São Paulo, Minas Gerais e Rio de Janeiro, entre 1972 e 2018, a saber: Livraria Contexto, Livraria Eboh, Livraria Griot, Sobá Livraria e Café, Kitabu Livraria Negra, Iná Livros, Livraria Africanidades. Especificamente livrarias negras, de proprietárias negras e donos negros, que se dedicaram a fazer circular a literatura produzida e editada pela autoria negra e/ou africana. Por vezes, com conexões com associações e movimentos negros coetâneos. Considerando a escassez de pesquisas sobre este objeto específico, foi utilizado como método principal a entrevista estruturada com os sujeitos envolvidos na atividade, análise de fontes secundárias bem como o recurso a pesquisa em jornais, que se revelou bastante importante para compreender alguns dos sentidos sociais atribuídos pelos comerciantes negros em sua atividade, seus alcances, conexões de sentidos e limites. Paulo Janeiro 197 2018 saber Contexto Eboh Griot Café Negra Livros Africanidades eou ou africana vezes coetâneos específico atividade jornais alcances limites 19 201 1 20 2