ABSTRACT The paper analyzes the quality of the water supplied by the potable water treatment plant Altos of Quintero to the city of Santiago de Cuba through the study of five consumers. The quality of the parameters analyzed was determined for pH, color, turbidity, residual free chlorine and determination of total and fecal coliforms, resulting in La Colonia, La Cervecería Hatuey and the Combined Milk, which residual free chlorine and turbidity are outside the norm in some occasions. The effects of the quality of drinking water coming from the potabilizer were mainly the deterioration of the infrastructure of the supply networks and poor storage conditions of the liquid in the above mentioned institutions. Options are presented to ensure that water quality is maintained in the different consumption centers and a predictable model is proposed that allows the maximum time that guarantees the minimum level of allowable residual chlorine that a consumer source should have.

RESUMEN El trabajo analiza la calidad del agua que suministra la potabilizadora Altos de Quintero a la ciudad de Santiago de Cuba mediante el estudio de cinco consumidores. Al agua de los seis centros analizados se les determinó su calidad por la medición de los parámetros: pH, color, turbidez, cloro libre residual y determinación de coliformes totales y fecales, resultando La Colonia, La Cervecería Hatuey y el Combinado Lácteo las entidades en las cuales el cloro libre residual y la turbidez se encuentran fuera de norma en algunas ocasiones. Las afectaciones de la calidad del agua potable procedente de la potabilizadora se deben fundamentalmente al deterioro de la infraestructura de las redes de abastecimiento y a las malas condiciones de almacenamiento del líquido en las instituciones antes mencionadas. Se presentan opciones para garantizar que se mantenga la calidad del agua en los diferentes centros de consumo y se propone un modelo predictivo que posibilita determinar el tiempo máximo que garantiza el mínimo nivel de cloro residual libre permisible que debe disponer una fuente consumidora.

Stormwater harvesting is a promising solution for global freshwater depletion, particularly in tropical regions with abundant rainfall. However, it is not widely used due to the lack of suitable treatment technologies for domestic applications. Multi-stage filtration (MSF) is an effective integrated treatment technology that provides a cost-effective alternative for stormwater treatment. This study investigated MSF's capacity for treating stormwater at different stages. The MSF designed and built comprised the down-flow roughing filter (DRF) and slow sand filter (SSF). The results achieved by the MSF for the treated effluents were: pH (7.1-8.1), temperature (27.6-29.4°C), electrical conductivity (EC) (100-190 µS/cm) and total dissolved solids (TDS) (70-130 mg/L). Turbidity removal efficiency of the MSF was in the range of 36-99% (5.825-164.05 NTU) and the overall average removal efficiency of the MSF was 74%, 90% and 86% for total coliforms (TC) (360-11 800 CFU/ 100 mL), faecal coliforms (FC) (0-1 300 CFU/100 mL) and Enterococcus spp. (120- 1 400 CFU/100 mL), respectively. The study identified stormwater reuse potentials based on international guidelines and benchmarks. For the treated effluent, pH, temperature, EC and TDS were all within the permissible limits for toilet, laundry, bathing, recreational and agricultural water reuse, while turbidity suited agricultural (non-food crop) and restricted urban reuse. 46% of the effluent was suitable for recreational purposes as this satisfied the 50 NTU standard. 62.5% of the effluent satisfied the FC standard for toilets and urinals and agricultural reuse (non-food crop) purposes, while 87.5 % of the effluent satisfied urban reuse purposes (restricted access). 66.67% of the effluent satisfied the Enterococcus spp. standard for agricultural reuse (non-food crop). All treated effluents satisfied the TC bathing standard. This study shows that after minimal disinfection, stormwater effluents offer potential reuse in household applications, thereby reducing potable water demand.

Resumo O presente estudo envolve a análise química e bacteriológica de água de diferentes fontes, ou seja, furo, poços, garrafa e torneira, dos distritos de Peshawar, Mardan, Swat e Kohat da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Paquistão. De cada distrito, 50 amostras de água (10 amostras de cada fonte), independentemente do status urbano e rural, foram coletadas dessas fontes e analisadas para sulfatos, nitratos, nitritos, cloretos, sólidos solúveis totais e coliformes (E. coli). Os resultados indicaram que a maioria das fontes de água tinha uma contagem inaceitável de E. coli, ou seja, > 34 UFC / 100 mL. As amostras positivas para E. coli foram elevadas no distrito de Mardan, seguido por Kohat, Swat e distrito de Peshawar. Além disso, algumas fontes de água também foram contaminadas quimicamente por diferentes fertilizantes inorgânicos (nitratos/nitritos de sódio, potássio), mas em níveis seguros, enquanto os resíduos agrícolas e industriais (compostos de cloreto e sulfato) estavam em níveis inseguros. Entre todos os distritos, a qualidade da água foi considerada comparativamente mais deteriorada nos distritos de Kohat e Mardan do que nos distritos de Peshawar e Swat. Essas fontes de água química e bacteriologicamente impróprias para beber podem causar problemas à saúde humana.

Abstract The present study involves the chemical and bacteriological analysis of water from different sources i.e., bore, wells, bottle, and tap, from Peshawar, Mardan, Swat and Kohat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, Pakistan. From each district, 50 water samples (10 samples from each source), regardless of urban and rural status, were collected from these sources and analysed for sulphates, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, total soluble solids and coliforms (E. coli). Results indicated that majority of the water sources had unacceptable E. coli count i.e.> 34 CFU/100mL. E. coli positive samples were high in Mardan District, followed by Kohat, Swat and Peshawar district. Besides this, the some water sources were also chemically contaminated by different inorganic fertilizers (nitrates/nitrites of sodium, potassium) but under safe levels whereas agricultural and industrial wastes (chloride and sulphate compounds) were in unsafe range. Among all districts, the water quality was found comparatively more deteriorated in Kohat and Mardan districts than Peshawar and Swat districts. Such chemically and bacteriologically unfit water sources for drinking and can cause human health problems.

Leachate from a composting plant was characterized and applied as a biofertilizer in lettuce crops. Characteristics of untreated (UE) and anaerobically treated (TE) leachate samples were compared. The pH of TE (8.2) increased in relation to the UE (5.2) due to an increase in ammonia nitrogen in TE (1197 mg L-1) compared to UE (859 mg L-1). Anaerobic treatment was efficient in the removal of organic matter from the leachate, evaluated by the decrease of dissolved organic carbon, biochemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon and total solids. K presented the highest concentration (1743 mg L-1) in TE, followed by Mg (135 mg L-1). Cd, Pb and Cr were present at low concentrations in the samples, 0.047, 0.206 and 0.081 mg L-1, respectively. Salmonella, thermotolerant coliforms and viable helminth eggs were not present in TE, which was applied as a biofertilizer in a lettuce crop and compared to mineral fertilization based on fresh matter and dry matter production. Lettuce production using TE was statistically equivalent to mineral fertilization. Toxic metals were not detected in the lettuce shoots. It was concluded that the anaerobically treated leachate from the composting company has the potential to be used as a biofertilizer.

Resumen Las tasas de crecimiento y urbanización de las ciudades pronostican el aumento de residuos. En los países en desarrollo la fracción orgánica representa aproximadamente la mitad del total de residuos generados; esta fracción genera lixiviados, gases tóxicos y la aparición de vectores. El compostaje es la alternativa más sencilla y económica para la recuperación de los residuos orgánicos. En este estudio se evaluó la calidad de dos compost elaborados con residuos orgánicos (CRO) y heces de mascota (CM). La pregunta de investigación analizó el efecto de estos abonos en la germinación y crecimiento de hortalizas seleccionadas. Se determinaron los principales parámetros de calidad y se diseñaron tratamientos con diferentes mezclas de CRO y CM. Los abonos evaluados se encuentran en su mayoría dentro de los parámetros de calidad. El porcentaje de germinación del CRO (18 %) y del CM (10 %) fue menor al requerido (80 %); y el CM excedió (1100 NMP/g) el máximo recomendado de coliformes totales (1000 NMP/g). La germinación fue mayor CRO y CM al 25 % (84 % en ambos casos). En los ensayos de crecimiento el control finalizó con mayor altura (13.88 cm), seguido del CRO al 10 % (13.22 cm) y CM al 25 % (11.50cm). Los resultados demuestran el potencial de los residuos orgánicos urbanos, incluyendo los desechos de mascotas, para el compostaje y sus efectos beneficiosos en el crecimiento de las plantas.

Abstract The rates of urban growth and urbanization indicate a projected increase in waste generation. In developing countries, the organic fraction constitutes approximately half of the total waste, leading to the production of leachate, toxic gases, and the emergence of vectors. Composting emerges as a straightforward and cost-effective solution for organic waste recovery. This study focused on evaluating the quality of compost derived from organic waste (CRO) and pet feces (CM). The research aimed to investigate the impact of these composts on the germination and growth of selected vegetables. The primary quality parameters were assessed, and different mixtures of CRO and CM were implemented as experimental treatments. The majority of the fertilizers examined complied with the quality standards. However, the germination percentage of CRO (18 %) and CM (10 %) fell below the required threshold (80 %), and CM surpassed the recommended maximum level of total coliforms (1100 NMP/g compared to the recommended 1000 NMP/g). Notably, a higher germination percentage (84 %) was observed for both CRO and CM at a 25 % compost addition. In terms of growth trials, the control group exhibited the tallest plants (13.88 cm), followed by the 10 % CRO treatment (13.22 cm) and the 25 % CM treatment (11.50 cm). The findings underscore the potential of urban organic waste, including pet waste, for composting and its positive impact on plant growth.

Abstract Introduction: The trout aquacultural activity has gradually increased in Costa Rican highlands. Residual waters from this activity are discarded directly in the rivers without any previous treatment process. Consequently, this activity could severely contaminate the river with bacteria that can affect human health. Objective: To evaluate bacterial contamination from trout aquaculture on Río Savegre, Costa Rica. Methods: We counted total coliforms and Escherichia coli from monthly samples (2015-2018) at three sections of the largest aquacultural development in the upper drainage of the river. We collected samples at the fish ponds entrance, exit and 200 m downwards. Results: We found fewer total coliforms and E. coli in the water collected just at the exit of the fish ponds. We counted more total coliforms in 2016 and 2017, and more E. coli in 2016. Conclusions: Coliform and E. coli counts are high in the river, but, unexpectedly, low in the water discarded from the fish tanks. Perhaps the mucus produced by the trouts or substances released by mosses on the fish tank walls reduce bacterial growth, as suggested by other studies. River pollution appears to come from other sources.

Resumen Introducción: La acuacultura de truchas ha incrementado gradualmente en las tierras altas de Costa Rica. Las aguas residuales de esta actividad son descartadas directamente en los ríos, sin tratamientos previos. Como consecuencia, la actividad truchícola puede contaminar severamente el agua de los ríos con bacterias que pueden afectar la salud humana. Objetivo: Evaluar la contaminación bacteriana por la acuacultura de truchas en el río Savegre, Costa Rica. Métodos: Contamos los coliformes totales y Escherichia coli de muestras mensuales (2015-2018) en tres secciones del proyecto de acuacultura más grande de la cuenca alta del río. Recolectamos las muestras en la entrada de los estanques para las truchas, a la salida, y 200 m hacia abajo. Resultados: Encontramos menos coliformes totales y E. coli en el agua recolectada justo en la salida del agua de los estanques. El número de coliformes totales fue mayor en el 2016 y 2017, y de E. coli en el 2016. Conclusiones: Conteos de coliformes y de E. coli es muy alto en el río, pero inesperadamente, su número disminuye en el agua residual descartada de los estanques. Podría ser que el mucus producido por las truchas o sustancias liberadas del musgo que cubre la pared de los estanques reduzca el crecimiento de bacterias, como se ha sido sugerido en otros estudios. La contaminación del río parece venir de otras fuentes.

RESUMEN Las plantas purificadoras de agua que carecen de un adecuado sistema de control de calidad pueden generar problemas de salud pública. El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la calidad microbiológica del agua proveniente de pequeñas plantas purificadoras de la ciudad de Puebla, así como, determinar la existencia de bacterias Aeromonas sp y Pseudomonas sp, y caracterizar si presentan un fenotipo patógeno oportunista. Se recolectaron 70 muestras de garrafones de agua de 25 establecimientos. La cuantificación bacteriana se realizó mediante el método de goteo en placa. Se comprobaron los géneros microbianos mediante análisis bioquímico. En las cepas que mostraron discrepancia se utilizó la identificación molecular con base a secuencias parciales del gen 16S rRNA para confirmar su especie y se les evaluaron sus características de patogenicidad: multirresistencia a antibióticos, producción de biopelícula y actividad hemolítica. El 40 % de las plantas purificadoras no cumplieron con la calidad microbiológica del agua para consumo humano. El 41.4 % de los garrafones de agua muestreados incumplió la normativa, presentando coliformes totales 35.7 %, Pseudomonas 30 %, Enterococcus faecalis 8.6 % y bacterias coliformes fecales el 5.7 %. Se obtuvieron 56 aislados, provenientes de los 29 garrafones contaminados; 10 de ellos se caracterizaron molecularmente, resultando 7 aislados relacionados con especies diferentes de P. aeruginosa y 3 con especies de Aeromonas. De los aislados de Pseudomonas, 5 presentaron resistencia a 2 familias de antibióticos y 2 mostraron multirresistencia. El 36 % de los 10 aislados produjeron hemólisis y biopelícula. Dos cepas de Aeromonas mostraron resistencia a Cefalosporina 3a generación pero no produjeron hemólisis. Los 10 aislados analizados fueron clasificados como no patógenos. Es necesario un seguimiento sanitario más estricto para lograr el cumplimiento de las normas nacionales e internacionales relacionadas con el consumo de agua purificada, para evitar dañar la salud de los consumidores.

ABSTRACT Water purification establishments that lack an adequate quality control system can cause public health problems. The objective of this study was to examine the microbiological quality of water from small purification establishments in the city of Puebla, as well as to determine the existence of Aeromonas sp and Pseudomonas sp bacteria, and to characterize whether they present an opportunistic pathogenic phenotype. 70 water jug samples were collected from 25 establishments. Bacterial quantification was performed using the drop plate method. Microbial genera were determined by biochemical analysis using the standard methodology. In the strains that showed discrepancy, molecular identification based on partial sequences of the 16S rRNA gene was used to confirm their species, and their pathogenic characteristics were evaluated: multiresistance to antibiotics, biofilm production, and hemolytic activity. The results showed that 40 % of the purification establishments did not comply with the microbiological quality of water for human consumption. Similarly, 41.4 % of the jugs of water sampled failed to comply with the regulations, presenting total coliforms 35.7 %, Pseudomonas 30 %, Enterococcus faecalis 8.6 % and fecal coliform bacteria 5.7 %. Likewise, 56 isolates were obtained from the 29 contaminated jugs, of which 10 were molecularly characterized, resulting in 4 different species for P. aeruginosa and 3 for Aeromonas. Of the 7 Pseudomonas isolates, 5 presented resistance to 2 families of antibiotics and 2 showed multiresistance. In total, 36 % of the 10 isolates produced hemolysis and biofilm. Two Aeromonas strains showed resistance to 3rd generation Cephalosporin but did not produce hemolysis. The 10 isolates analyzed were classified as non-pathogenic. A stricter sanitary monitoring is necessary to achieve compliance with national and international standards related to the consumption of purified water, to avoid harming the health of consumers.

Resumen Con el fin de investigar el efecto de cuatro biosólidos de las industrias láctea, maltera, jabonera y papelera sobre el crecimiento y producción de biomasa de plántulas de Vicia faba L., se realizaron mezclas de biosólido:suelo en proporciones 20:80, 40:60 y 60:40. Se realizaron análisis fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos a cada biosólido y las mezclas. Los biosólidos mostraron diferencias en la presencia (NMP) de coliformes fecales de 3 a 1 100 Salmonella sp., de 2 a 3 y de 0 a 16 huevos de helmintos por g de sólidos totales. La concentración (mg kg-1) de metales pesados en cobre fue de 0.7 a 1.9, cromo de 0.8 a 2.4, cadmio de 0 a 0.6, zinc de 4.3 a 8.6, níquel 1.2 a 3.8 y plomo 1.3 a 5.7, sin arsénico y mercurio. Los contaminantes fueron inferiores a los límites permisibles según la SEMARNAT (2002), además, entre los biosólidos el pH varió de 7 a 9.8 y la materia orgánica (MO) de 0.3 a 6.2%. Los biosólidos de la industria láctea y malta incorporados al suelo modificaron el pH de 8.1 a 7.4, incrementaron la MO de 1.2 a 3.5%, el nitrógeno total de 7 a 35 mg kg-1 y el fósforo disponible de 5 a 25 mg kg-1. A 30 días después de la siembra en invernadero, las plántulas de V. faba que crecieron en suelo con el biosólido de la industria láctea en la mayor proporción incrementaron la producción de biomasa en 1 145% y la longitud en 342%.

Abstract In order to investigate the effect of four biosolids from the dairy, malt, soap and paper industries on the growth and production of biomass of Vicia faba L. seedlings, biosolid:soil mixtures were made in ratios 20:80, 40:60 and 60:40. Physicochemical and microbiological analyses were performed on each biosolid and mixtures. Biosolids showed differences in the presence (MPN) of fecal coliforms from 3 to 1 100, Salmonella sp., from 2 to 3 and from 0 to 16 helminth eggs per g of total solids. The concentration (mg kg-1) of heavy metals in copper was from 0.7 to 1.9, chromium from 0.8 to 2.4, cadmium from 0 to 0.6, zinc from 4.3 to 8.6, nickel from 1.2 to 3.8 and lead from 1.3 to 5.7, without arsenic and mercury. The contaminants were below the permissible limits according to SEMARNAT (2002), in addition, among biosolids the pH varied from 7 to 9.8 and organic material (OM) from 0.3 to 6.2%. Biosolids from the dairy and malt industries incorporated into the soil modified the pH from 8.1 to 7.4, increased OM from 1.2 to 3.5%, the total nitrogen from 7 to 35 mg kg-1 and the available phosphorus from 5 to 25 mg kg-1. At 30 days after sowing in the greenhouse, V. faba seedlings grown in soil with the biosolid from the dairy industry in the highest ratio increased biomass production by 1 145% and length by 342%.

Abstract The protected area called Río Dulce National Park is located in the northeastern Caribbean region of Guatemala. It is administered by the National Council of Protected Areas (CONAP) and governed by a master plan. However, it faces challenges every day, such as a) the increase in real estate development due to its scenic beauty, b) the population increase of the recognized communities within the various areas of the park, c) non-regularized discharges of ordinary and special wastewater. Given this incipient situation, it is necessary to evaluate the quality of the water in Río Dulce through internationally recognized methods; such is the case of the ICA-NSF Water Quality Index, with the aim of interpreting the results in a holistic manner and being able to discuss them in academic settings, not only locally, but also internationally. For this, twelve sampling stations were georeferenced at the source of the main tributaries along the Río Dulce National Park. After the collection of water samples and laboratory analysis of the parameters: fecal coliforms, hydrogen potential, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrates, total phosphorus, temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen, the ICA-NSF was estimated using the online calculator from the Water Research Center of the United States of America. In general, considering the quality of the water of the tributaries, the ICA-NSF varied between 71 and 90, which qualifies as good quality. The critical parameters in the decrease of the ICA-NSF in the various stations evaluated were the presence of fecal coliforms and total dissolved solids, which allows the generation of guidelines for the sustainable management of the Río Dulce National Park. It is concluded that the water of the Río Dulce is not suitable for human consumption directly, requiring a purification process.

Resumen El área protegida denominada Parque Nacional Río Dulce se encuentra ubicada en el nororiente del caribe de Guatemala. Es administrada por el Consejo Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (CONAP) y regido por un plan maestro. Sin embargo, afronta cada día retos, tales como a) el incremento de desarrollo inmobiliario debido a su belleza escénica, b) el incremento poblacional de las comunidades reconocidas dentro de las diversas zonas del parque y c) vertidos no regularizados de aguas residuales tipos ordinarias y especiales. Ante esta incipiente situación, se hace necesaria la evaluación de la calidad del agua de Río Dulce a través de métodos reconocidos internacionalmente; tal el caso del Índice de Calidad del Agua ICA-NSF, con la finalidad de interpretar los resultados de una manera holística y poder discutirlos en ámbitos académicos, no solo a nivel local, sino internacional. Para ello se georreferenciaron doce estaciones de muestreo en las desembocaduras de los principales tributarios a lo largo del Parque Nacional Río Dulce. Posterior a las colectas de muestras de agua y análisis en laboratorio de los parámetros: coliformes fecales, potencial de hidrógeno, demanda bioquímica de oxígeno, nitratos, fósforo total, temperatura, turbidez, sólidos totales disueltos y oxígeno disuelto, se estimó el ICA-NSF mediante la calculadora en línea del Centro de Investigación del Agua de los Estados Unidos de América. De manera general, considerando la calidad del agua de los afluentes, el ICA-NSF varió entre 71 y 90, lo que se cualifica como una calidad buena. Los parámetros críticos en la disminución del ICA-NSF en las diversas estaciones evaluadas fueron la presencia de coliformes fecales y los sólidos totales disueltos, lo que permite generar lineamientos para el manejo sustentable del Parque Nacional Río Dulce. Se concluye que el agua del Río Dulce no es apta para el consumo humano de forma directa, necesitando de un proceso de potabilización.

Water is an indispensable component for life on the planet, today it is known that most of the planet earth is composed of water. However, only 3% is water with potential for human use, the rest is salt water. When it comes to the quality of water for human consumption, it must be understood that it is not limited to being sweet or salty, good water for human consumption does not pose risks to the health of those who consume it, and its basic parameters such as color, taste, turbidity, pH and microbiological are within the portability standards established by legislation. Water with characteristics outside of potability standards and distributed for human supply is a potential vehicle for disease transmission. Therefore, given the importance of water quality for human consumption, it is necessary to maintain its control and surveillance, as well as new research and studies on this subject, which can contribute to improving information, techniques, and development. general related to the topic. In this context, through water collection and laboratory analysis of basic parameters such as pH, apparent color, temperature, turbidity, chlorine, and coliforms, this study aimed to establish a diagnosis of the quality of water distributed for human consumption in two systems of distribution in the urban area of Oriximiná-Pará, taking as a criterion a system that provided previously treated water (Cosanpa) and another that did not perform any type of treatment before distribution (Residencial Tia Ana). Also, this study aimed to compare the results between the systems studied, and their variations according to the region's seasonality (rain and drought). The results obtained during the study period showed that the two points studied presented, for the most part, unsatisfactory results in terms of drinking water, such as pH, which in most samples was in a range outside the standards established by legislation both in Residential Tia Ana and at Cosanpa. Was also observed, alarming results regarding the microbiological quality of the water consumed in one of the studied points, of the total of 12 analyzed 3 samples, 11 presented positive results for bacteria of the total Coliforms group, and 3 presented positive results for Escherichia coli. Also, through laboratory and statistical analysis, this study was able to show the influence of seasonality in the region on some water quality parameters, such as pH, turbidity, and microbiology. Thus, as established by the Ministry of Health, through Ordinance No. 888 of May 4, 2021, it can be said that the population supplied by Residencial Tia Ana frequently consumes water of an inappropriate quality for human consumption. On the other hand, Cosanpa, despite carrying out some water treatment steps before distribution, is still ineffective, since many of the laboratory results of the waters from this system showed values outside of what is required by the Ministry of Health.

A água é um componente indispensável para a vida no planeta, hoje sabe-se que a maior parte do planeta terra é composto por água. Contudo, apenas 3% é água com potencial de utilização humana, o restante é água salgada. Quando se trata de qualidade de água para consumo humano, deve-se entender que esta não se limita apenas em ser doce ou salgada, uma água boa para o consumo humano é aquela que não oferece riscos à saúde de quem a consome, que seus parâmetros básicos como cor, gosto, turbidez, pH e microbiológico estejam dentro dos padrões de potabilidade estabelecidos pela legislação. A água com características fora dos padrões de potabilidade e distribuída para abastecimento humano se configura em potencial veículo de transmissão de doenças. Portanto, tendo em vista a importância da qualidade da água para consumo humano, faz-se necessário manter o controle e vigilância da mesma, assim como novas pesquisas e estudos acerca deste assunto, os quais possam contribuir para o aprimoramento de informações, técnicas e desenvolvimento geral relacionados ao tema. Neste contexto, por meio de coletas de águas e análises laboratoriais dos parâmetros básicos como pH, cor aparente, temperatura, turbidez, cloro e coliformes, este estudo teve como objetivo estabelecer um diagnóstico da qualidade da água distribuída para consumo humano em dois sistemas de distribuição na zona urbana de Oriximiná-Pará, levando como critério um sistema que disponibilizasse de água previamente tratada (Cosanpa) e outro que não realizasse nenhum tipo de tratamento antes da distribuição (Residencial Tia Ana). Também, este estudo visou realizar um comparativo dos resultados entre os sistemas estudados, e suas variações conforme a sazonalidade da região (chuva e seca). Os resultados obtidos durante o período de estudo mostraram que os dois pontos estudados apresentaram, em sua maioria, resultados insatisfatórios em termos de água potável, como por exemplo o pH, que na maioria das amostras esteve numa faixa fora dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação tanto no Residencial Tia Ana quanto na Cosanpa. Observou-se também, resultados alarmantes quanto à qualidade microbiológica da água consumida em um dos pontos estudados, que do total de 12 amostras analisadas, 11 apresentaram resultados positivos para bactérias do grupo coliformes totais, e 3 apresentaram resultados positivos para Escherichia coli. Ainda, por meio das análises laboratoriais e estatísticas, este estudo conseguiu mostrar a influência da sazonalidade da região sobre alguns parâmetros de qualidade da água, como pH, turbidez e microbiologia. Com isso, conforme o estabelecido pelo Ministério da Saúde, por meio da Portaria N° 888 de 04 de maio de 2021, pode-se afirmar que a população abastecida pelo Residencial Tia Ana consome frequentemente águas com qualidade imprópria ao consumo humano. Já a Cosanpa, apesar desta realizar algumas etapas de tratamento da água antes da distribuição, ainda está sendo ineficaz, visto que muitos dos resultados laboratoriais das águas deste sistema, apresentaram valores fora do que é exigido pelo Ministério da Saúde.

Abstract The serrano artisanal cheese (SAC) is a traditional raw milk dairy produced in southern Brazil. The maturation temperature plays a crucial role regarding the cheeses’ microbiological and physicochemical features and has been underexplored when it comes to unpasteurized milk dairy in Brazil. The objective of the present work is to evaluate the effect of ripening temperature on foodborne bacteria (total and thermotolerant coliforms, positive coagulase Staphylococcus and the production of its enterotoxin, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.) and physicochemical attributes (moisture, water activity, pH, acidity and sodium chloride concentration) of SAC during maturation at 5ºC-20ºC for up to 60 days. Metagenomic analysis was also evaluated through the rDNA 16S method at ripening time of 0-60 days. The samples were safe for L.monocytogenes, E.coli, Salmonella spp. and staphylococcal toxin. The physicochemical parameters reached legal boundaries as follows: moisture, after 30 days at 5ºC; fat, after 30 days at 12.5ºC and 20ºC; fat at dry extract, after 30 days at 12.5ºC or 15 days at 5ºC. The microbiological features indicate that positive coagulase Staphylococcus reached legal conditions after 30 days when cheeses were ripped at 12.5ºC and 20ºC; thermotolerant coliforms after 30 days at 12.5ºC and 20ºC; and total coliforms after 15 days at 20ºC. Lower temperatures lead to lower inactivation rates, and Staphylococcus did not reach legal parameters at 5ºC positive coagulase regarding moisture, water activity and pH reduction. Meanwhile, sodium chloride concentration and enhanced acidity played important role regarding foodborne pathogen inactivation. The main lactic acid bacteria within the cheeses during ripening were Enterococcus sp. and Lactococcus sp.

Abstract Different land uses and occupations can influence water quality and affect the lives of the population, especially of people who live in rural areas. Because rural populations live under conditions of socio-environmental vulnerability, it is necessary to monitor the quality of water resources to prevent diseases. This work aimed to analyze surface water quality in rural and traditional communities in the state of Goiás through the Bascarán Water Quality Index (WQIB) to evaluate the effects of the predominant land use and occupation of each location. Raw water samples were collected from specific points during the dry season. The presence of pesticides was verified through chromatographic analysis, without quantification, and 11 physical-chemical and microbiological parameters were assessed according to standard methods. The results showed that the WQIB ranged in quality from “good” to “pleasant”. Classification as “pleasant” was statistically related to a high incidence of pasture area (> 80%) and classification as “good” with a percentage of agriculture below 30%. The main land uses and occupations were forest, pasture and agriculture. The apparent parameters color, thermotolerant coliforms and dissolved oxygen also indicated contamination of water courses. The detection of pesticides with a high degree of toxicity in the analyzed water resources, mainly in two rivers (the Facada and Sucuapara creeks), put human health at risk in rural areas, even under conditions of small exposure. Carbofuran, banned since 2017, was detected near the Itacaiú community, making it necessary to alert the local government, residents and tourists who use the Araguaia River for different purposes.

Resumo Os diferentes usos e ocupações do solo podem influenciar na qualidade da água e afetar a vida da população, principalmente daquela que habita o meio rural. Por residir sob condições de vulnerabilidade socioambiental, faz-se necessário monitorar a qualidade dos recursos hídricos para prevenir doenças. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a qualidade das águas superficiais em comunidades rurais e tradicionais do estado de Goiás por meio do Índice de Qualidade da Água de Bascarán (IQAB), avaliando os efeitos do uso e ocupação do solo preponderantes em cada localidade. Amostras de água bruta dos mananciais foram coletadas de forma pontual, na estiagem. Foi verificada a presença de agrotóxicos por análise cromatográfica, sem quantificação, e foram avaliados 11 parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos. Os resultados demonstraram que o IQAB variou de bom a agradável. A classificação da qualidade da água como “agradável” foi relacionada estatisticamente com a alta incidência de área de pastagem (> 80%), e a classificação como “boa” com o percentual de agricultura inferior a 30%. Os principais usos e ocupações do solo foram florestas, pastagens e agricultura. Os parâmetros cor aparente, coliformes termotolerantes e oxigênio dissolvido também indicaram a contaminação dos cursos d’água. A detecção de agrotóxicos com alto grau de toxicidade nos recursos hídricos analisados, principalmente em dois mananciais (córregos Facada e Sucuapara), colocam em risco a saúde humana no meio rural, mesmo que em condições de pequenas exposições. O carbofurano, proibido desde 2017, foi detectado no rio Araguaia, nas proximidades da comunidade Itacaiú, sendo necessário alertar o governo local, moradores e turistas que utilizam o rio Araguaia para fins diversificados.

ABSTRACT In order to evaluate the microbiological quality of water and oysters from natural banks and oyster farms located on the Island of São Luís, Maranhão (MA), 60 samples were analyzed from September 2020 to February 2021, 30 of water and 30 of oysters (Crassostrea sp.), collected directly from shellfish farmers and owners of oyster farms in the municipalities of the Island of São Luís, MA. For the determination of total coliforms and Escherichia coli in the water samples the Colilert® rapid method was used. For the enumeration of total and thermotolerant coliforms in oysters the Most Probable Number (MPN) method was used and E. coli by biochemical tests (Indol, MV, VP, Citrate). The enumeration of coagulase positive Staphylococcus was performed using Baird Parker medium for isolation and identification, as well as biochemical tests. The geometric mean result of E. coli counts in the water samples ranged from 604.3 to 1,130.8 MPN/100mL, indicating unsatisfactory microbiological quality. As for the oyster samples, 8 (26.7%) out of 30 samples were unfit for consumption, and 4 (13.3%) were contaminated by Salmonella sp. and E. coli, respectively. According to RDC No. 331/19 and IN No. 60 of ANVISA, the results are worrisome for public health and mitigating actions are recommended, such as regular monitoring of the microbiological quality of the water.

Resumo Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de águas e ostras de bancos naturais e ostreiculturas localizados na ilha de São Luís (MA), foram analisadas no período de setembro de 2020 a fevereiro de 2021 60 amostras, sendo 30 de água e 30 de ostras (Crassostrea sp.), coletadas diretamente com os marisqueiros e proprietários de cultivos nos municípios da ilha de São Luís. Para a determinação de coliformes totais e Escherichia coli nas amostras de água, foi utilizado o método rápido Colilert®. A contagem de coliformes totais e termotolerantes em ostras foi realizada pelo método do número mais provável (NMP) e de E. coli por testes bioquímicos (Indol, VM, VP, Citrato). A enumeração de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva ocorreu pelo meio Baird Parker para isolamento e identificação, assim como por testes bioquímicos. A média geométrica do resultado da contagem de E. coli nas amostras de água variou entre 604,3 e 1.130,8 NMP/100 mL, indicando qualidade microbiológica insatisfatória. Quanto às amostras de ostras, oito (26,7%) das 30 amostras estavam impróprias para consumo, sendo quatro (13,3%) contaminadas por Salmonella sp. e E. coli, respectivamente. Segundo a Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada nº 331/19 e a Instrução Normativa nº 60 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, os resultados são preocupantes para a saúde pública, e recomendam-se ações mitigadoras, como o monitoramento regular da qualidade microbiológica da água.

Abstract Mangrove forests play a critical role in natural disaster resistance and provide meaningful livelihoods for local communities, especially integrated mangrove shrimp farming (IMSF) systems. Organic shrimp certification actually increases the value chains of shrimp farming in addition to ameliorating mangrove–forest management. Identifying technical issues and assessing environmental risks are the leading concerns when considering organic shrimp production certification. In this study, the technical practices of 30 households were investigated, and surface water and sediment samples were collected in the IMSF models and adjacent rivers in the Thua Duc Forest Management Board area, Ben Tre Province. Data collected from shrimp farming ponds and the environmental background were referred to both the Naturland and National Standards. The results showed that the average mangrove forest and shrimp pond ratio was 56.90:42.70 (%). Two technical issues were highlighted: (i) the use of rotenone, known as a toxin to kill undesirable fish before stocking shrimp, and (ii) annual shrimp pond regeneration causing increased pollution. The data showed that higher concentrations of TSS and P-PO4 3- were detected in surrounding rivers, while surface water in either IMSF ponds or adjacent rivers slightly surpassed the permissible levels of total Fe concentration. All parameters—including heavy metals; toxic and persistent parameters; oil and grease and coliforms analysed in surface water, and sediment samples—were lower than the detection and permissible levels. The results provided evidence that the IMSF’s practices and environmental characteristics were suitable for recommending the Naturland Standards. Recommendations and technical interventions for farmers are necessary to help reduce Fe levels and the safe use of rotenone in IMSF systems. An environmental quality monitoring programme at the target area should be applied when launching organic shrimp production.

ABSTRACT This research aimed to produce activated carbon (AC) from the seed of açaí of the native species Euterpe precatoria, as well as to perform physical analysis of the AC and verify its filtering capacity. For this, three different types of AC were carried out, two of which were carried out in the laboratory with the variation of temperature and exposure time and another type of AC carried out in the field (rural area). The AC produced, both in the laboratory and in the field, had a significant reduction in apparent mass and electron microscopy proved to be of good quality. The filter with açaí stone charcoal proved to be effective in partially removing coliforms and with a significant increase in pH, it raised alkalinity and conductivity levels, reduced hardness and improved turbidity, and proved to be a great tool that, added to the chlorination process, it can take treated water to isolated communities that do not have access to treated water, having characteristics of low cost and reuse of waste.

RESUMO Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo produzir carvão ativado (CA) a partir do caroço do açaí da espécie nativa Euterpe precatoria, bem como realizar análises físicas do CA e verificar a sua capacidade de filtragem. Para isso, foram realizados três diferentes tipos de CA, sendo dois feitos em laboratório com a variação de temperatura e tempo de exposição e outro tipo de CA realizado em campo (área rural). O CA produzido, tanto em laboratório, como em campo, teve significativa redução de massa aparente e a microscopia eletrônica comprovou ser de boa qualidade. O filtro com o carvão de caroço de açaí mostrou-se eficaz na remoção parcial de coliformes e com um aumento significativo do pH, elevou os níveis de alcalinidade e condutividade, reduziu a dureza e melhorou a turbidez, e provou ser uma ótima ferramenta que, somada com o processo de cloração, pode levar água tratada a comunidades isoladas que não tem acesso a água tratada, tendo características de baixo custo e reaproveitamento de resíduos.