Resumen: La presencia de bacterias coliformes en el agua presenta una amenaza potencial a la salud pública, ya que puede incrementar el riesgo de enfermedades infecciosas en la población más vulnerable. El asunto resulta más complicado cuando se desconoce la calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica del agua que se consume. El presente estudio tiene la finalidad de evaluar el estado actual de la calidad de agua de consumo en tres Organizaciones Territoriales de Base (OTB’s) del Municipio de Vinto-Cochabamba y la relación de dependencia de los parámetros microbiológicos con las OTB’s. Los análisis de laboratorio de 30 muestras tomadas en los diferentes domicilios (10 muestras por OTB) muestran el cumplimiento de los límites máximos permisibles de los parámetros fisicoquímicos (pH, conductividad, alcalinidad y dureza) según la Norma Boliviana 512 (NB 512). Respecto a los parámetros microbiológicos para coliformes totales, de las 30 muestras analizadas solo 11 cumplieron con el límite máximo permisible, a diferencia del parámetro de coliformes termorresistentes, donde 25 de las 30 muestras cumplieron con el límite máximo permisible. Los parámetros microbiológicos fueron sometidos al análisis de chi-cuadrado, dando evidencia suficiente para afirmar con un 95% de confianza que los resultados de coliformes totales y termorresistentes no depende de la OTB (p=0.36). Al contrastar los resultados de agua de consumo domiciliario con la del agua suministrada, puede especularse que la contaminación de origen microbiológico ocurre ya sea en las tuberías de distribución, tanques domiciliarios y/o las prácticas de uso del agua de cada domicilio

Abstract:The presence of coliform bacteria in water presents a potential threat to public health, as it can increase the risk of infectious diseases in the most vulnerable population. The matter is more complicated when the physicochemical and microbiological quality of the water consumed is unknown. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current state of the quality of drinking water in three Territorial Base Organizations (OTB’s) of the Municipality of Vinto-Cochabamba and the relationship of dependence of the microbiological parameters with the OTB’s. Laboratory analyzes of 30 samples taken from different homes (10 samples per OTB) show compliance with the maximum permissible limits of physicochemical parameters (pH, conductivity, alkalinity and hardness) according to Bolivian Standard 512 (NB 512). Regarding the microbiological parameters for total coliforms, of the 30 samples analyzed, only 11 met the maximum permissible limit, unlike the total coliform parameter, where 25 of the 30 samples met the maximum permissible limit. The microbiological parameters were subjected to chi-square analysis, providing sufficient evidence to affirm with 95% confidence that the results of total and heat-resistant coliforms do not depend on the OTB (p=0.36). By contrasting the results of household water consumption with that of water supplied, it can be speculated that contamination of microbiological origin occurs either in the distribution pipes, household tanks and/or the water use practices of each household.

Abstract Surveillance indicators of the quality of water for human consumption in the Amazon were analysed from 2016 to 2020 using 185,528 samples from 11 microregions. Of the samples analysed, 93.20% were from urban areas, 66.65% were from the public water supply system (WSS), 31.02% were from the Collective Alternative Solution-CAS, and 2.33% from the Individual Alternative Solution-IAS. There was an increase in the number of records by the WSS, with a downwards trend and fluctuations in records for the CAS and the IAS. The quality indicators of chemical and physical parameters for urban areas were higher than those for rural areas and traditional communities. Most of the samples presented pH values below the recommended level. In the quantification of microbiological parameters, a higher presence of total coliforms and E. coli was identified in samples from rural areas and in traditional communities. In conclusion, there were inadequacies in the chemical, physical and microbiological parameters as well as problems related to the supply, storage and surveillance of water distributed for human consumption. These findings indicate the need to build an agenda for public management to address water insecurity and its likely effects on food insecurity in the region. 201 202 185528 185 528 185,52 1 microregions 9320 93 20 93.20 6665 66 65 66.65 WSS , (WSS) 3102 31 02 31.02 SolutionCAS, SolutionCAS Solution CAS, Solution-CAS 233 2 33 2.33 SolutionIAS. SolutionIAS IAS Solution-IAS communities level E conclusion region 18552 18 52 185,5 932 9 93.2 666 6 66.6 (WSS 310 3 0 31.0 23 2.3 1855 5 185, 93. 66. 31. 2.

Resumo Analisaram-se indicadores de vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano no Amazonas, de 2016 a 2020, utilizando 185.528 amostras provenientes de 11 microrregiões. Das amostras analisadas, 93,20% são da área urbana, 66,65% provinham do sistema público (SAA), 31,02% da Solução Alternativa Coletiva (SAC) e 2,33% da Solução de Alternativa Individual (SAI). Observou-se aumento do número de registros pelo SAA, com tendência de queda e oscilações de registros para a SAC e a SAI. Os indicadores de qualidade dos parâmetros químicos e físicos da área urbana foram superiores aos das áreas rurais e de comunidades tradicionais. A maior parte das amostras apresentou valores de pH abaixo do recomendado. Na quantificação dos parâmetros microbiológicos, identificou-se maior presença de coliformes totais e E.coli na área rural e em comunidades tradicionais. Em conclusão, verificaram-se inadequações nos parâmetros químicos, físicos e microbiológicos, assim como problemas relativos ao abastecimento, armazenamento e à vigilância da água distribuída para consumo humano. Tais achados indicam a necessidade de construir uma agenda, pela gestão pública, para o enfrentamento da insegurança hídrica e seus prováveis efeitos sobre a insegurança alimentar existente na região. Analisaramse Analisaram se Amazonas 201 2020 185528 185 528 185.52 1 microrregiões analisadas 9320 93 20 93,20 6665 66 65 66,65 SAA , (SAA) 3102 31 02 31,02 (SAC 233 2 33 2,33 SAI . (SAI) Observouse Observou tradicionais recomendado microbiológicos identificouse identificou Ecoli E coli conclusão verificaramse verificaram abastecimento agenda pública região 202 18552 18 52 185.5 932 9 93,2 666 6 66,6 (SAA 310 3 0 31,0 23 2,3 (SAI 1855 5 185. 93, 66, 31, 2,

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is the determination some quality parameters of grape and mulberry pestils (leathers) sold in Elazig. For this purpose, a total of 45 fruit pestil samples, of which 23 were grape pestils and 22 were mulberry pestils, were analyzed for their physical properties, chemical properties, and microbiological characteristics. In grape and mulberry pestils, the average L* (lightness/darkness) values were 42.72 and 44.81, a* (redness) values were 10.29 and 9.07, and b* (yellow) values were 20.90 and 20.90, respectively. In grape and mulberry fruit pestil samples, the thickness values were 1.62 and 1.34, pH values were 3.82 and 4.75, acidity values (as citric acid) were 0.63 and 0.22%, aw values were 0.602 and 0.627, dry matter values were 68.78% and 72.99 %, ash values were 2.25% and 0.64%, insoluble ash values in 10% HCl were 0.20 and 0.29, and Brix values were 18.83 and 19.36, respectively. TMAB, coliform, Staphylococcus-Micrococcus, and yeast-mold counts were found to be 4.72 and 4.48, 1.30 and 1.89, 2.11 and 2.12, and 2.04 and 2.11 log10 cfu/g, respectively, in all samples examined. In 14 of the samples (31.11%), the total number of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms was found to be >5 log10 cfu/g. Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were not found in any of the samples. However, the samples were found to contain significant levels of yeast-mold. There was no difference between the groups in microbiological terms in statistical analysis (P > 0.05). According to the current study, there was no standard production and not enough hygiene rules were observed in the pestil production process in family businesses in Elazig. On the other hand, essential information was obtained on some physical, chemical and microbiological quality parameters of grape and blackberry pulps sold in markets and stores in Elazig. ABSTRACT leathers (leathers Elazig purpose 4 2 properties characteristics L lightness/darkness lightnessdarkness lightness darkness (lightness/darkness 4272 42 72 42.7 4481 44 81 44.81 redness (redness 1029 10 29 10.2 907 9 07 9.07 b yellow (yellow 2090 20 90 20.9 respectively 162 1 62 1.6 134 34 1.34 382 3 82 3.8 475 75 4.75 as acid 063 0 63 0.6 022 0.22% 0602 602 0.60 0627 627 0.627 6878 68 78 68.78 7299 99 72.9 % 225 25 2.25 064 64 0.64% 020 0.2 029 0.29 1883 18 83 18.8 1936 19 36 19.36 TMAB coliform StaphylococcusMicrococcus, StaphylococcusMicrococcus Staphylococcus Micrococcus, Micrococcus Staphylococcus-Micrococcus yeastmold yeast mold 472 4.7 448 48 4.48 130 30 1.3 189 89 1.89 211 11 2.1 212 12 2.12 204 04 2.0 log log1 cfug cfu g cfu/g examined 31.11%, 3111 31.11% , 31 (31.11%) 5 spp However yeastmold. mold. P 0.05. 005 0.05 . 05 0.05) hand 427 7 42. 8 44.8 102 10. 9.0 209 20. 16 6 1. 13 38 3. 47 06 0. 02 0.22 060 60 062 0.62 687 68.7 729 72. 2.2 0.64 188 18. 193 19.3 4. 4.4 1.8 21 2. 311 31.11 (31.11% 00 0.0 44. 9. 68. 19. 31.1 (31.11 31. (31.1 (31. (31 (3 (

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo é a determinação de alguns parâmetros de qualidade de pestilos de uva e amoreira (couros) vendidos em Elazig. Para tanto, um total de 45 amostras de pestil de frutas, sendo 23 de uva e 22 de amoreira, foram analisadas quanto às suas propriedades físicas, químicas e microbiológicas. Em pestils de uva e amoreira, os valores médios de L* (claridade/escuridão) foram 42.72 e 44.81, os valores de a* (vermelhidão) foram 10.29 e 9.07, e os valores de b* (amarelo) foram 20.90 e 20.90, respectivamente. Nas amostras de pestil de uva e amoreira, os valores de espessura foram 1.62 e 1.34, os valores de pH foram 3.82 e 4.75, os valores de acidez (como ácido cítrico) foram 0.63 e 0.22%, os valores de aw foram 0,602 e 0.627, os valores de matéria seca foram 68.78% e 72.99%, os valores de cinzas foram 2.25% e 0.64%, os valores de cinzas insolúveis em HCl a 10% foram 0.20 e 0.29, e os valores Brix foram 18.83 e 19.36, respectivamente. As contagens de TMAB, coliformes, Staphylococcus-Micrococcus e fungos de levedura foram 4.72 e 4.48, 1.30 e 1.89, 2.11 e 2.12 e 2.04 e 2.11 log10 ufc/g, respectivamente, em todas as amostras examinadas. Em 14 das amostras (31.11%), o número total de microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos foi >5 log10 ufc/g. Escherichia coli e Salmonella spp. não foram encontrados em nenhuma das amostras. No entanto, verificou-se que as amostras continham níveis significativos de bolor de levedura. Não houve diferença entre os grupos em termos microbiológicos na análise estatística (P > 0,05). De acordo com o estudo atual, não houve produção padrão e não foram observadas regras de higiene suficientes no processo de produção de pestil em empresas familiares em Elazig. Por outro lado, foram obtidas informações essenciais sobre alguns parâmetros físicos, químicos e microbiológicos de qualidade das polpas de uva e amora-preta comercializadas em mercados e lojas de Elazig. RESUMO couros (couros Elazig tanto 4 frutas 2 físicas microbiológicas L claridade/escuridão claridadeescuridão claridade escuridão (claridade/escuridão 4272 42 72 42.7 4481 44 81 44.81 vermelhidão (vermelhidão 1029 10 29 10.2 907 9 07 9.07 b amarelo (amarelo 2090 20 90 20.9 respectivamente 162 1 62 1.6 134 34 1.34 382 3 82 3.8 475 75 4.75 como cítrico 063 0 63 0.6 022 0.22% 0602 602 0,60 0627 627 0.627 6878 68 78 68.78 7299 99 72.99% 225 25 2.25 064 64 0.64% 020 0.2 029 0.29 1883 18 83 18.8 1936 19 36 19.36 TMAB coliformes StaphylococcusMicrococcus Staphylococcus Micrococcus 472 4.7 448 48 4.48 130 30 1.3 189 89 1.89 211 11 2.1 212 12 204 04 2.0 log log1 ufcg ufc g ufc/g examinadas 31.11%, 3111 31.11% , 31 (31.11%) 5 spp entanto verificouse verificou se P 0,05. 005 0,05 . 05 0,05) atual lado físicos amorapreta amora preta 427 7 42. 8 44.8 102 10. 9.0 209 20. 16 6 1. 13 38 3. 47 06 0. 02 0.22 060 60 0,6 062 0.62 687 68.7 729 72.99 2.2 0.64 188 18. 193 19.3 4. 4.4 1.8 21 2. 311 31.11 (31.11% 00 0,0 44. 9. 0, 68. 72.9 19. 31.1 (31.11 72. 31. (31.1 (31. (31 (3 (

Resumen: Los cormos de malanga son tallos subterráneos con alto valor nutrimental por su contenido de carbohidratos y proteínas, además de ser altamente digestivos. El almidón que se extrae de ellos puede ser utilizado en la encapsulación de microorganismos probióticos, de gran importancia para la salud. El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar un suplemento alimenticio con características funcionales, usando bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL) (Lactobacilos casei), encapsuladas en almidón de malanga (Xanthosoma sagittifolium). El suplemento se realizó mezclando 150 mL de pulpa de fruta cocida (mango o manzana) con 400 mL de suero de leche (pH de 6.0), a 45 ± 1 °C, hasta conseguir la consistencia deseada (449.9 mPas/s a una temperatura de 25 ºC). Posteriormente, se adicionaron 1 % o 2 % de almidón de malanga (p/v) y 10 mL de cultivo probiótico por cada 100 mL de mezcla. Se deshidrató a 80 ºC y 150 ºC con flujo de aire de 20 mL/min para manzana y 8 mL/min para mango mediante secado por aspersión. El rendimiento fue de 12 %, con una viabilidad de las BAL en el suplemento deshidratado a los 3 meses de almacenamiento superior a 1 x 108 UFC/g. La ausencia de bacterias coliformes, así como de salmonella y shigella, indican que los suplementos son inocuos y aptos para consumo. La composición nutrimental del suplemento de manzana obtenido fue2.23 % de fibra, 5.93 % de grasa, 4.95 % de proteína y un 79 % de hidratos de carbono; el suplemento de mango, el contenido fue 0.59 % de fibra, 7.6 % de grasa, 4.2 % de proteína y 80.20 % de hidratos de carbono. El almidón de malanga permitió la microencapsulación de las BAL y mantener su viabilidad durante el almacenamiento de los suplementos alimenticios desarrollados con base en suero de leche y fruta.

Abstract: Malanga corms are an underground stem with a high nutritional value as it contains carbohydrates and proteins, in addition to being highly digestive; The starch extracted from them can be used in the encapsulation of probiotic microorganisms, which are of great importance for human health. The objective of this work was to develop a food supplement with functional characteristics, added with lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus casei) (LAB), using malanga (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) starch. The supplement was obtained by mixing 150 mL of cooked fruit pulp (mango or apple) with 400 mL of sweet whey (pH of 6.0), at a temperature of 45 ± 1 °C until the desired consistency (449.9 mPas/s at a temperature of 25 °C) was achieved. Subsequently, 1 % or 2 % of malanga starch (p/v) and 10 mL of probiotic cultures were added per each 100 mL of mixture. it was then dehydrated at 80 ºC and 150 °C with an air flow of 20 mL/min for apple and 8 mL/min for mango by spray drying. The yield was 12 %, with viability of LAB in the dehydrated supplement at 3 months of storage higher than 1 x 108 CFU/g. The absence of coliform bacteria, as well as Salmonella and Shigella, indicate that the supplements are safe and suitable for consumption. The nutritional composition of the apple supplement was 2.23 % fiber, 5.93 % fat, 4.95 % protein and 79 % carbohydrates; the mango supplement content was 0.59 % fiber, 7.6 % fat, 4.2 % protein and 80.20 % carbohydrates. The malanga starch allowed the LAB microencapsulation and the maintenance of their viability during the storage of sweet whey and fruit-based food supplements.

ABSTRACT The paper analyzes the quality of the water supplied by the potable water treatment plant Altos of Quintero to the city of Santiago de Cuba through the study of five consumers. The quality of the parameters analyzed was determined for pH, color, turbidity, residual free chlorine and determination of total and fecal coliforms, resulting in La Colonia, La Cervecería Hatuey and the Combined Milk, which residual free chlorine and turbidity are outside the norm in some occasions. The effects of the quality of drinking water coming from the potabilizer were mainly the deterioration of the infrastructure of the supply networks and poor storage conditions of the liquid in the above mentioned institutions. Options are presented to ensure that water quality is maintained in the different consumption centers and a predictable model is proposed that allows the maximum time that guarantees the minimum level of allowable residual chlorine that a consumer source should have.

RESUMEN El trabajo analiza la calidad del agua que suministra la potabilizadora Altos de Quintero a la ciudad de Santiago de Cuba mediante el estudio de cinco consumidores. Al agua de los seis centros analizados se les determinó su calidad por la medición de los parámetros: pH, color, turbidez, cloro libre residual y determinación de coliformes totales y fecales, resultando La Colonia, La Cervecería Hatuey y el Combinado Lácteo las entidades en las cuales el cloro libre residual y la turbidez se encuentran fuera de norma en algunas ocasiones. Las afectaciones de la calidad del agua potable procedente de la potabilizadora se deben fundamentalmente al deterioro de la infraestructura de las redes de abastecimiento y a las malas condiciones de almacenamiento del líquido en las instituciones antes mencionadas. Se presentan opciones para garantizar que se mantenga la calidad del agua en los diferentes centros de consumo y se propone un modelo predictivo que posibilita determinar el tiempo máximo que garantiza el mínimo nivel de cloro residual libre permisible que debe disponer una fuente consumidora.

ABSTRACT Due to the diversification of dairy products developed in the state of Falcón, the introduction of a fermented dairy product derived from yogurt combined with Aloe vera gel, a traditional crop of the region, is novel due to its nutritional properties and health benefits. The objective of this research was to evaluate the quality of a dairy drink with fermented aloe according to current regulations. Important authors such as Tamime and Robinson 1, Morillo and Toyo 2, Méndez and Romero 3 were taken as references. Product elaboration runs were carried out on a laboratory scale, in order to establish the adequate proportions of the fruity Aloe gel by mixing fruit pulp, sugar and Aloe gel, the most accepted being the 1:1:1 ratio. The physicochemical and microbiological characterization of the raw material and the finished product was carried out using the COVENIN standards and organoleptic tests to untrained judges to ensure the acceptance of the product, from which a fermented milk drink was obtained with the addition of 50 % gel of Fruity Aloe with a pH of 4,51; a titratable acidity of 0,837 % lactic acid; 3,64 % fat and 12,92 % non-fat solids. Regarding the microbiological quality, few yeasts and the absence of coliform bacteria were found, which complies with the physicochemical and microbiological requirements demanded by the regulations, allowing the obtaining of a quality product suitable for human consumption based on natural raw materials.

RESUMEN Debido a la diversificación de los productos de origen lácteo desarrollados en el estado Falcón, la introducción de un producto lácteo fermentado derivado del yogurt combinado con gel de Aloe vera, cultivo tradicional de la región, es novedoso por sus propiedades alimenticias y beneficios a la salud. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la calidad de una bebida láctea fermentada con gel de Aloe frutado según la normativa vigente. Se tomaron como referencias importantes autores como Tamime y Robinson, (1) Morillo y Toyo, (2) Méndez y Romero. (3) Se realizaron corridas de elaboración del producto a escala de laboratorio, a fin de establecer las proporciones adecuadas del gel de Aloe frutado mezclando pulpa de fruta, azúcar y gel de Aloe, siendo la más aceptada la proporción 1:1:1. Se realizó la caracterización fisicoquímica y microbiológica de la materia prima y del producto terminado mediante las normas COVENIN y pruebas organolépticas a 10 jueces no entrenados para asegurar la aceptación del producto, de donde se obtuvo una bebida láctea fermentada con la adición de 50 % de gel de Aloe frutado con un pH de 4,51; una acidez titulable de 0,837 % de ácido láctico; 3,64 % de grasa y 12,92 % de sólidos no grasos. Respecto a la calidad microbiológica se encontraron levaduras escasas y ausencia de bacterias coliformes, con lo cual se cumple con los requisitos fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos exigidos por la normativa, permitiendo la obtención de un producto de calidad apto para el consumo humano a base de materias primas naturales.

Resumo O presente estudo envolve a análise química e bacteriológica de água de diferentes fontes, ou seja, furo, poços, garrafa e torneira, dos distritos de Peshawar, Mardan, Swat e Kohat da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Paquistão. De cada distrito, 50 amostras de água (10 amostras de cada fonte), independentemente do status urbano e rural, foram coletadas dessas fontes e analisadas para sulfatos, nitratos, nitritos, cloretos, sólidos solúveis totais e coliformes (E. coli). Os resultados indicaram que a maioria das fontes de água tinha uma contagem inaceitável de E. coli, ou seja, > 34 UFC / 100 mL. As amostras positivas para E. coli foram elevadas no distrito de Mardan, seguido por Kohat, Swat e distrito de Peshawar. Além disso, algumas fontes de água também foram contaminadas quimicamente por diferentes fertilizantes inorgânicos (nitratos/nitritos de sódio, potássio), mas em níveis seguros, enquanto os resíduos agrícolas e industriais (compostos de cloreto e sulfato) estavam em níveis inseguros. Entre todos os distritos, a qualidade da água foi considerada comparativamente mais deteriorada nos distritos de Kohat e Mardan do que nos distritos de Peshawar e Swat. Essas fontes de água química e bacteriologicamente impróprias para beber podem causar problemas à saúde humana.

Abstract The present study involves the chemical and bacteriological analysis of water from different sources i.e., bore, wells, bottle, and tap, from Peshawar, Mardan, Swat and Kohat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, Pakistan. From each district, 50 water samples (10 samples from each source), regardless of urban and rural status, were collected from these sources and analysed for sulphates, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, total soluble solids and coliforms (E. coli). Results indicated that majority of the water sources had unacceptable E. coli count i.e.> 34 CFU/100mL. E. coli positive samples were high in Mardan District, followed by Kohat, Swat and Peshawar district. Besides this, the some water sources were also chemically contaminated by different inorganic fertilizers (nitrates/nitrites of sodium, potassium) but under safe levels whereas agricultural and industrial wastes (chloride and sulphate compounds) were in unsafe range. Among all districts, the water quality was found comparatively more deteriorated in Kohat and Mardan districts than Peshawar and Swat districts. Such chemically and bacteriologically unfit water sources for drinking and can cause human health problems.

Abstract Good manufacturing practices in production facilities are necessary to control microbiological growth and prevent foodborne illnesses. Among the various foods that can be contaminated by intensive handling, meat products such as fresh sausages stand out. With this in mind, the aim of this study was to establish a microbiological profile of the fresh sausages produced in the municipality of Alegrete-RS, Brazil, as part of the SIM/SISBI inspection between 2014 and 2016 and to promote and evaluate the producing establishments in terms of compliance with good manufacturing practices. Samples were regularly taken from 10 businesses in the city and tested for thermotolerant coliform bacteria, sulphitereducing Clostridium, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus and Salmonella spp. In addition, the adequacy of good manufacturing practices was assessed and measures in the form of questionnaires, guidelines and training to improve the production chain were implemented in these companies. Over the years, significant improvements in compliance with good manufacturing practices have been observed in the production units. The microbial count of thermotolerant coliforms, sulphite-reducing Clostridium, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus and Salmonella spp. decreased significantly, indicating that the interventions contributed to improving the microbiological profile of the fresh sausage produced in the community. illnesses handling out mind AlegreteRS, AlegreteRS Alegrete RS, RS Alegrete-RS Brazil SIMSISBI SIM SISBI 201 1 bacteria Clostridium coagulasepositive coagulase positive spp addition questionnaires companies years units coliforms sulphite reducing significantly community 20 2

Resumo Boas Práticas de Fabricação nas agroindústrias são necessárias para controlar a multiplicação de microrganismos e prevenir a ocorrência de doenças veiculadas por alimentos. Dentre os diversos alimentos que podem ser contaminados pela manipulação intensiva, destacam-se os produtos cárneos, como a linguiça frescal. Com base no exposto, objetivou-se avaliar o nível de contaminação de linguiças frescais produzidas no município de Alegrete (RS) no âmbito da fiscalização do SIM/SISBI entre 2014 e 2016 e correlacionar ao atendimento das Boas Práticas de Fabricação (questionários, orientações e treinamentos). Amostras regulares foram coletadas em 10 estabelecimentos da cidade e testadas para coliformes termotolerantes, Clostridium sulfito redutor, Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e Salmonella spp. A quantificação microbiana de coliformes termotolerantes, Clostridium sulfito redutor, Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e Salmonella spp. diminuiu significativamente, indicando que as intervenções contribuíram para melhorar o perfil microbiológico da linguiça frescal produzida na cidade. intensiva destacamse destacam se cárneos exposto objetivouse objetivou RS (RS SIMSISBI SIM SISBI 201 questionários, questionários (questionários treinamentos. treinamentos . treinamentos) 1 termotolerantes redutor spp significativamente 20 2

Abstract Solar Water Disinfection, known as SODIS, is a treatment method involving the exposure of water to solar radiation (UVA light and heat) to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms. Organic coagulants extracted from Moringa oleifera (T1) and Salvia hispanica (T2) were used in conjunction with the filtration process as auxiliaries. This process included sand filters with particle sizes ranging from 0.25 mm to 0.850 mm and a non-woven geotextile placed at its base. After undergoing the coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation/filtration process, the samples were exposed to sunlight in a solar concentrator using bottles painted on half of their surface (PR) and unpainted bottles (BR). The analyzed parameters included physicochemical properties such as pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, and apparent color, as well as microbiological parameters, including E. coli and total coliforms. The results of physicochemical analyses demonstrated the superiority of T1 in terms of turbidity and apparent color. Regarding microbiological analyses, they showed the effective removal of E. coli and total coliforms, with 100% inactivation observed in the samples. It was observed that the applied treatment sequence significantly reduced the microbiological load of the samples; however, it cannot be stated with certainty whether the coagulants exerted any influence on this result. Disinfection SODIS UVA heat microorganisms T (T1 T2 (T2 auxiliaries 025 0 25 0.2 0850 850 0.85 nonwoven non woven base coagulationflocculationsedimentationfiltration coagulation flocculation sedimentation PR (PR BR. BR . (BR) pH conductivity color E coliforms 100 however result (T 02 2 0. 085 85 0.8 (BR 10 08 8 1

Resumo O sistema de desinfecção solar, conhecido como SODIS (Solar Water Disinfection), é um método que envolve a exposição da água à radiação solar (luz UVA e calor) para eliminar microrganismos patogênicos. Coagulantes orgânicos extraídos da Moringa oleifera (T1) e Salvia hispanica (T2) foram usados em conjunto com o processo de filtração como auxiliares. Esse processo incluiu filtros de areia com tamanhos de partícula variando de 0,25 mm a 0,850 mm e uma manta geotêxtil não tecida colocada em sua base. Após passarem pelo processo de coagulação/floculação/sedimentação/filtração, as amostras foram expostas ao sol em um concentrador solar usando garrafas pintadas na metade de sua superfície (PR) e garrafas não pintadas (BR). Os parâmetros analisados incluíram propriedades físico-químicas como pH, condutividade elétrica, turbidez e cor aparente, bem como parâmetros microbiológicos, incluindo E. coli e coliformes totais. Os resultados das análises físico-químicas demonstraram a superioridade de T1 em termos de turbidez e cor aparente. Em relação às análises microbiológicas, as análises demostraram a remoção eficaz de E. coli e coliformes totais, com 100% de inativação observada nas amostras. Portanto, foi observado que a sequência de tratamento aplicada reduziu significativamente a carga microbiológica das amostras; contudo, não se pode afirmar com certeza se os coagulantes exerceram alguma influência nesse resultado. Solar Disinfection, Disinfection , Disinfection) luz calor patogênicos T (T1 T2 (T2 auxiliares 025 0 25 0,2 0850 850 0,85 base coagulaçãofloculaçãosedimentaçãofiltração coagulação floculação sedimentação coagulação/floculação/sedimentação/filtração PR (PR BR. BR . (BR) físicoquímicas físico químicas pH elétrica aparente microbiológicos E totais microbiológicas 100 Portanto contudo resultado (T 02 2 0, 085 85 0,8 (BR 10 08 8 1

Abstract This research evaluated the physical-chemical and microbiological parameters of water and dialysate in four distinct hemodialysis units located in the southeast region of Brazil. The physical-chemical parameters evaluated were pH, electric conductivity, turbidity, alkalinity, free chlorine, nitrate, fluoride, chloride, sulfate, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium ion concentrations. Microcystin was also quantified. The microbiological parameters evaluated were the detection of total coliform, total heterotrophic bacteria count (THB), and the isolation and identification of microorganisms in pre-reverse osmosis treatment and post-reverse osmosis treatment water samples and dialysate. The nitrate, fluoride and THB levels found in the water samples may present risk to the patient under hemodialysis treatment. Microcystin was detected in one of the potable water samples. Microorganisms were identified throughout the hemodialysis of the entire water treatment system, with Ralstonia sp. being the most frequent. The presence of emergent pathogenic bacteria highlighted in this study highlights the necessity of microbiological monitoring of water destined for hemodialysis. physicalchemical physical chemical Brazil pH conductivity turbidity alkalinity chlorine nitrate chloride sulfate sodium potassium calcium concentrations quantified coliform THB, , (THB) prereverse pre reverse postreverse post system sp frequent (THB

Resumo O objetivo da pesquisa foi a avaliação de parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos da água e dialisato em quatro unidades de hemodiálise localizadas na região sudeste do Brasil. Foram avaliados os parâmetros físico-químicos: pH, condutividade elétrica, turbidez, alcalinidade, cloro livre, concentração dos íons nitrato, fluoreto, cloreto, sulfato, sódio, potássio, cálcio e magnésio, também foi realizada a quantificação de microcistinas. Os parâmetros microbiológicos realizados foram a detecção de coliformes totais, quantificação de bactérias heterotróficas totais (BHT) e o isolamento e identificação de microrganismos em amostras de água pré, pós-tratamento por osmose inversa e dialisato. Os níveis de nitrato, fluoreto e BHT encontrados nas amostras de água podem apresentar risco ao paciente em hemodiálise. Foi identificada em uma amostra de água potável a presença de microcistinas. Microrganismos foram identificados ao longo do sistema de tratamento de água para hemodiálise, sendo a Ralstonia sp. a mais frequente. A presença de bactérias patogênicas emergentes detectadas neste estudo aponta a necessidade do monitoramento microbiológico da água para hemodiálise. físicoquímicos físico químicos Brasil pH elétrica turbidez alcalinidade livre nitrato cloreto sulfato sódio potássio magnésio microcistinas (BHT pré póstratamento pós sp frequente

Resumo Analisaram-se indicadores de vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano no Amazonas, de 2016 a 2020, utilizando 185.528 amostras provenientes de 11 microrregiões. Das amostras analisadas, 93,20% são da área urbana, 66,65% provinham do sistema público (SAA), 31,02% da Solução Alternativa Coletiva (SAC) e 2,33% da Solução de Alternativa Individual (SAI). Observou-se aumento do número de registros pelo SAA, com tendência de queda e oscilações de registros para a SAC e a SAI. Os indicadores de qualidade dos parâmetros químicos e físicos da área urbana foram superiores aos das áreas rurais e de comunidades tradicionais. A maior parte das amostras apresentou valores de pH abaixo do recomendado. Na quantificação dos parâmetros microbiológicos, identificou-se maior presença de coliformes totais e E.coli na área rural e em comunidades tradicionais. Em conclusão, verificaram-se inadequações nos parâmetros químicos, físicos e microbiológicos, assim como problemas relativos ao abastecimento, armazenamento e à vigilância da água distribuída para consumo humano. Tais achados indicam a necessidade de construir uma agenda, pela gestão pública, para o enfrentamento da insegurança hídrica e seus prováveis efeitos sobre a insegurança alimentar existente na região.

Abstract Surveillance indicators of the quality of water for human consumption in the Amazon were analysed from 2016 to 2020 using 185,528 samples from 11 microregions. Of the samples analysed, 93.20% were from urban areas, 66.65% were from the public water supply system (WSS), 31.02% were from the Collective Alternative Solution-CAS, and 2.33% from the Individual Alternative Solution-IAS. There was an increase in the number of records by the WSS, with a downwards trend and fluctuations in records for the CAS and the IAS. The quality indicators of chemical and physical parameters for urban areas were higher than those for rural areas and traditional communities. Most of the samples presented pH values below the recommended level. In the quantification of microbiological parameters, a higher presence of total coliforms and E. coli was identified in samples from rural areas and in traditional communities. In conclusion, there were inadequacies in the chemical, physical and microbiological parameters as well as problems related to the supply, storage and surveillance of water distributed for human consumption. These findings indicate the need to build an agenda for public management to address water insecurity and its likely effects on food insecurity in the region.

Resumen Las tasas de crecimiento y urbanización de las ciudades pronostican el aumento de residuos. En los países en desarrollo la fracción orgánica representa aproximadamente la mitad del total de residuos generados; esta fracción genera lixiviados, gases tóxicos y la aparición de vectores. El compostaje es la alternativa más sencilla y económica para la recuperación de los residuos orgánicos. En este estudio se evaluó la calidad de dos compost elaborados con residuos orgánicos (CRO) y heces de mascota (CM). La pregunta de investigación analizó el efecto de estos abonos en la germinación y crecimiento de hortalizas seleccionadas. Se determinaron los principales parámetros de calidad y se diseñaron tratamientos con diferentes mezclas de CRO y CM. Los abonos evaluados se encuentran en su mayoría dentro de los parámetros de calidad. El porcentaje de germinación del CRO (18 %) y del CM (10 %) fue menor al requerido (80 %); y el CM excedió (1100 NMP/g) el máximo recomendado de coliformes totales (1000 NMP/g). La germinación fue mayor CRO y CM al 25 % (84 % en ambos casos). En los ensayos de crecimiento el control finalizó con mayor altura (13.88 cm), seguido del CRO al 10 % (13.22 cm) y CM al 25 % (11.50cm). Los resultados demuestran el potencial de los residuos orgánicos urbanos, incluyendo los desechos de mascotas, para el compostaje y sus efectos beneficiosos en el crecimiento de las plantas.

Abstract The rates of urban growth and urbanization indicate a projected increase in waste generation. In developing countries, the organic fraction constitutes approximately half of the total waste, leading to the production of leachate, toxic gases, and the emergence of vectors. Composting emerges as a straightforward and cost-effective solution for organic waste recovery. This study focused on evaluating the quality of compost derived from organic waste (CRO) and pet feces (CM). The research aimed to investigate the impact of these composts on the germination and growth of selected vegetables. The primary quality parameters were assessed, and different mixtures of CRO and CM were implemented as experimental treatments. The majority of the fertilizers examined complied with the quality standards. However, the germination percentage of CRO (18 %) and CM (10 %) fell below the required threshold (80 %), and CM surpassed the recommended maximum level of total coliforms (1100 NMP/g compared to the recommended 1000 NMP/g). Notably, a higher germination percentage (84 %) was observed for both CRO and CM at a 25 % compost addition. In terms of growth trials, the control group exhibited the tallest plants (13.88 cm), followed by the 10 % CRO treatment (13.22 cm) and the 25 % CM treatment (11.50 cm). The findings underscore the potential of urban organic waste, including pet waste, for composting and its positive impact on plant growth.

RESUMEN El objetivo fue conocer la calidad e inocuidad del queso fresco que se expende en un mercado de la Ciudad de Riobamba con la finalidad de establecer si es apto para el consumo humano, el nivel de resistencia bacteriana y las repercusiones en la salud del consumidor, siguiendo procedimientos y normativas nacionales e internacionales. Se analizó la presencia de Staphylococcus aureus, Coliformes totales y Escherichia coli, con recuentos en Placas Petrifilm 3M, el procedimiento se manejó con tres diluciones consecutivas, las mismas que se inocularon, incubaron, cuantificaron, se realizaron las pruebas confirmatorias en Placas Petri y antibiograma utilizando el método Kirby Bawer. Los resultados fueron: 1,3x106 UFC/g de Staphylococcus aureus, 7x105 UFC/g de Escherichia coli y 8,5x105 UFC/g de Coliformes totales; después se comparó estadísticamente mediante el Test T de Student, demostrando que los valores sobrepasan los máximos permitidos para el consumo humano, lo cual indica una cadena agroalimentaria deficiente, en donde existe un gran nivel de contaminación del medio en el cual se procesan, transportan y expenden los quesos frescos, por ende se hace un llamado a las entidades municipales y gubernamentales de salud para que incluyan políticas de control y regulación.

ABSTRACT The objective was to determine the quality and safety of fresh cheese sold in a market in the city of Riobamba in order to establish whether it is suitable for human consumption, the level of bacterial resistance and the repercussions on consumer health, following national and international procedures and regulations. The presence of Staphylococcus aureus, total coliforms and Escherichia coli was analyzed with counts in 3M Petrifilm Plates, The procedure was handled with three consecutive dilutions, which were inoculated, incubated, quantified, and confirmatory tests were performed in Petri Plates and antibiogram using the Kirby Bawer method. The results were: 1.3x106 CFU/g of Staphylococcus aureus, 7x105 CFU/g of Escherichia coli and 8.5x105 CFU/g of total coliforms. Statistical comparisons were then performed using the Student's t-test. It was found that the levels exceed the maximum values allowed for human consumption, which indicates a deficient agri-food chain, where there is a high level of contamination of the environment in which fresh cheeses are processed, transported and sold. In this regard, a call is made to municipal and governmental health entities to include control and regulation policies.

Abstract s The profound deficiencies that the country faces in water management policies are reflected in the physicochemical, microbiological and biological contamination of national rivers. The objective of this study was to propose a community water monitoring strategy to improve the management of the Jorco River located in the canton of Acosta. The quality of the water in the upper, middle and lower part of the micro-basin was monitored during the rainy season, using two physicochemical quality indices (ICA): the Dutch and the Calvo-TEC; as well as a biological one: the BMWP-CR. The quality indicators of turbidity, alkalinity, ammonia, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrates, and fecal coliforms exceeded the permissibility limits in some samples; however, dissolved oxygen showed that there are good levels of oxygen for river recovery. Biochemical oxygen demand was low, indicating low organic load, and macroinvertebrates showed a degraded aquatic ecosystem. The Dutch ICA overestimated the quality of the water with respect to the ICA Calvo-TEC. The latter showed more realistic results because it uses more quality indicators, since it is based on environmental conditions and Costa Rican regulations. The ICA BMWP-CR revealed extreme contamination during the month of greatest rainfall. It was concluded that there is a problem of contamination in the river water whose main causes may be due to the lack of forest cover in the riparian zones, the expansion of coffee cultivation, the discharge of domestic wastewater and livestock activities. Therefore, an action plan was proposed to the municipal council and validated with them, to improve water quality with the participation of different actors in the area.

Resumen Las profundas deficiencias que enfrenta el país en políticas de gestión hídrica se reflejan en la contaminación fisicoquímica, microbiológica y biológica de los ríos nacionales. El objetivo de este estudio fue proponer una estrategia de monitoreo hídrico comunitario para mejorar la gestión del río Jorco ubicado en el cantón de Acosta. Se monitoreó la calidad del agua en la parte alta, media y baja de la microcuenca durante la época lluviosa, utilizando dos índices de calidad (ICA) fisicoquímicos: el Holandés y el Calvo-TEC; así como uno biológico: el BMWP-CR. Los indicadores de calidad de turbiedad, alcalinidad, amoniaco, nitrógeno amoniacal, nitratos, y coliformes fecales superaron los límites de permisibilidad en algunos muestreos; sin embargo, el oxígeno disuelto mostró que existen buenos niveles de oxígeno para la recuperación del río. La demanda bioquímica de oxígeno fue baja, indicando una carga orgánica baja y los macroinvertebrados mostraron un ecosistema acuático degradado. El ICA Holandés sobrevaloró la calidad del agua con respecto al ICA Calvo-TEC. Este último mostró resultados más realistas debido a que utiliza más indicadores de calidad, ya que este parte de las condiciones ambientales y la normativa costarricense. Por su parte, el ICA BMWP-CR reveló una contaminación extrema durante el mes de mayor lluvia. Se concluyó que existe un problema de contaminación en el agua del río cuyas causas principales pueden ser por la falta de cobertura boscosa en las zonas riparias, la expansión del cultivo de café, el vertido de aguas residuales domésticas y las actividades ganaderas. Por lo tanto, se propuso al consejo municipal un plan de acción y validado con ellos, con el fin de mejorar la calidad del agua con participación de diferentes actores de la zona.

Abstract Inefficient treated wastewaters are a critical factor for public health due to can be a dissemination vehicle for pathogens such as enteric viruses; nevertheless, the enteric viral circulation has been poorly studied in our region. This work aims to study the presence of five enteric virus, in parallel with operative parameters, in affluents and effluents of five wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) located in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica in 2013. The viral pathogens studied were enterovirus, hepatitis A virus, rotavirus A, and norovirus GI and GII (determined by end point PCR technique); since basic control parameters analyzed were biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, settable solids, fats and oils, blue methylene active substances, and fecal coliforms. All wastewater treatment plants showed acceptable removal of physicochemical parameters, but with microbial parameters, its efficiency was low; all enteric viruses were detected year-round at effluents and influents of the WWTP, with a predominance during the dry season. The most frequently detected virus was rotavirus, followed by norovirus G1. In conclusion, the studied wastewater treatment plants are efficient to remove physicochemical parameters; the year circulation of enteric virus in Costa Rica was demonstrated, and finally, a wastewater treatment plant improvement it is necessary to achieved treated waters safety discharges.

Resumen Las aguas residuales inadecuadamente tratadas son un factor de riesgo para la salud pública dado que son un vehículo de diseminación de microorganismos patógenos como virus entéricos. Sin embargo, la circulación de patógenos virales en esta matriz ha sido poco estudiada en la región. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la presencia de cinco virus enteropatógenos y parámetros operativos básicos, en afluentes y efluentes de cinco plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) con sistemas de lodos activados, ubicadas en el Gran Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica durante el 2013. Los patógenos virales estudiados fueron: enterovirus, virus de hepatitis A, rotavirus A, norovirus G1 y norovirus G2 (determinados por PCR punto final); mientras que los parámetros de control de rendimiento analizados incluyeron disponibilidad bioquímica de oxígeno, disponibilidad química de oxígeno, sólidos suspendidos, sólidos sedimentables, grasas y aceites, sustancias activas al azul de metileno y coliformes fecales. A nivel fisicoquímico todas las plantas mostraron un rendimiento aceptable, caso contrario a los parámetros microbiológicos, todos los virus investigados fueron detectados en aguas tratadas y no tratadas durante todo el año, siendo más frecuentes durante la época seca. El virus más frecuente fue rotavirus, seguido por norovirus G1. En conclusión, este estudio describe que durante el periodo estudiado las PTAR fueron eficientes en la remoción de parámetros fisicoquímicos, y que la circulación de virus entéricos es común en las PTAR estudiadas. Por ello, es necesaria la inclusión de procesos de desinfección adicionales para una descarga segura de las aguas tratadas.