ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the outcomes of intravitreal dexamethasone implant used as either an adjuvant or a switching therapy for diabetic macular edema in patients with poor anatomic response after three consecutive monthly injections of ranibizumab. Methods: This retrospective study included patients with diabetic macular edema who received three consecutive doses of ranibizumab as initial therapy and demonstrated poor response. A single dose of intravitreal de xamethasone implant was administered to these patients. The patients were divided into two groups according to the treatment modalities: the adjuvant therapy group, consisting of patients who continued treatment with ranibizumab injection after receiving intravitreal dexamethasone implant, and the switch therapy group, consisting of patients who were switched from ranibizumab treatment to intravitreal dexamethasone implant as needed. The main outcome measurements were best corrected visual acuity and central retinal thickness at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of follow-up. Results: In this study that included 64 eyes of 64 patients, the best corrected visual acuity and central retinal thickness values did not significantly differ between the groups at baseline and at 6 months of follow-up (p>0.05). However, at 12 months, the best corrected visual acuity values in the adjuvant and switch therapy groups were 0.46 and 0.35 LogMAR, respectively (p=0.012), and the central retinal thickness values were 344.8 and 270.9, respectively (p=0.007). Conclusions: In a real-world setting, it seems more reasonable to use intravitreal dexamethasone implant as a switch therapy rather than an adjuvant therapy for diabetic macula edema refractory to ranibizumab despite three consecutive monthly injections of ranibizumab. Patients switched to intravitreal dexamethasone implant were found to have better anatomic and visual outcomes at 12 months than those who continued ranibizumab therapy despite their less-than-optimal responses. Purpose Methods modalities group needed 3 9 1 followup. followup follow up. up Results p>0.05. p005 p p>0.05 . 0 05 (p>0.05) However 046 46 0.4 035 35 0.3 LogMAR p=0.012, p0012 p=0.012 , 012 (p=0.012) 3448 344 8 344. 2709 270 270.9 p=0.007. p0007 p=0.007 007 (p=0.007) Conclusions realworld real world setting lessthanoptimal less optimal responses p00 p>0.0 (p>0.05 04 4 0. 03 p001 p=0.01 01 (p=0.012 34 27 270. p000 p=0.00 00 (p=0.007 p0 p>0. (p>0.0 p=0.0 (p=0.01 2 (p=0.00 p>0 (p>0. p=0. (p=0.0 p> (p>0 p=0 (p=0. (p> p= (p=0 (p (p=

Abstract Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a set of metabolic disorders that increase the risk of multisystemic diseases. In Mexico, Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) have been proposed for the healthcare of people with T2DM, from prevention to rehabilitation. However, although these guidelines emphasize the active participation of patients in their treatment to enhance treatment adherence, the necessary information on the procedures has not been provided. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to propose Human-Centered Design Thinking (HCDP) as a strategy for this purpose. The steps that constitute this methodology are described, as well as the results found in the international literature. The coherence of the HCDP with Mexican CPG recommendations is discussed, as is the importance of the methodological clarity provided by this model to improve treatment adherence in people with T2DM.

Resumen La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) es un conjunto de desórdenes metabólicos que aumenta el riesgo de afecciones multisistémicas. En México se han propuesto Guías de Práctica Clínica (GPC) para la atención de la salud en personas con DMT2, que van desde la prevención hasta la rehabilitación. Sin embargo, a pesar de enfatizar la participación activa de los pacientes en sus tratamientos para mejorar la adherencia al tratamiento, no cuenta con procedimientos claros. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo es proponer el pensamiento de diseño centrado en la persona (PDCP) como una estrategia para esta meta. Se describen los pasos que integran esta metodología, así como los resultados observados en la literatura internacional. Se discute la coherencia del PDCP con las recomendaciones de las GPC mexicanas, y la importancia de la claridad metodológica que brinda este modelo para mejorar la adherencia al tratamiento en personas con DMT2.

Abstract: The aesthetic integration of solar systems with multi-family buildings remains rare in Latin American countries. This article considers sixty-five projects by architecture students in Lima (Peru) to establish compositional criteria using typological classifications of the solar system layout on the roofs, volumetric composition, and their relationship with façades and lower spaces. The results show a wide range of variables that must be resolved. However, there are limitations to understanding this integration when dealing with the inclination of roofs as well as the coherence and geometric arrangement in irregular configurations. More emphasis is required on understanding the interior organisation and its implications for solar systems when designing multi-family houses. Previous research on the quantification of solar incidence has already been published; however, more research for further aesthetic assessments in medium-density multi-family dwellings could be carried out in the future.

Resumen: La integración estética de sistemas solares en multifamiliares es un desafío todavía inédito en países latinoamericanos. Sesenta y cinco proyectos desarrollados por estudiantes de arquitectura en Lima (Perú) fueron considerados para establecer criterios de composición mediante clasificación tipológica a nivel de disposición de los sistemas fotovoltaicos, composición volumétrica, relación con las fachadas y los espacios inferiores. Los resultados demuestran múltiples posibilidades. Sin embargo, existen limitaciones para entender esta integración cuando se trata de la inclinación de los techos, así como la coherencia y la disposición geométrica en las configuraciones irregulares obtenidas. Tratándose de multifamiliares y debiendo lidiar con aspectos técnicos, se requiere mayor énfasis en la comprensión de la organización interior y sus implicancias con los sistemas solares. Una investigación previa relacionada a la cuantificación de la incidencia solar ha sido ya publicada, sin embargo, investigaciones para mayores evaluaciones estéticas en multifamiliares de media densidad podrían realizarse a futuro.

ABSTRACT In the MAS Holding Boxing Club, in Sri Lanka, there are insufficiencies in the relationships between the organizational areas of the current structure and with it, little coherence of strategic actions to achieve the objectives of the sports institution; this is manifested in the poor stability of competitive results nationally and internationally, the above, associated with the fact that the organizational structure responds to very pragmatic and utilitarian criteria, is insufficient and has become a barrier that prevents creatively assuming the changes in the environment. The research aims to determine the components of a structure for the sports management of the MAS Holding Boxing Club, Sri Lanka. The result is in the theoretical conception of the organizational structure for the Mas Holding Boxing Club that responds to the legal, political and administrative foundations of the country, and responds to the demands for changes for the development of sporting activity. This structure is supported by principles such as efficiency, dynamic, flexible and innovative character and subject to change, depending on the scenarios presented to boxing.

RESUMO No MAS Holding Boxing Club, Sri Lanka, existem insuficiências nas relações entre as áreas organizacionais da estrutura atual e, com isso, pouca coerência de ações estratégicas para a consecução dos objetivos da instituição esportiva; isso se manifesta na pouca estabilidade dos resultados competitivos nacionais e internacionais, isso associado ao fato de que a estrutura organizacional responde a critérios muito pragmáticos e utilitários, é insuficiente e se tornou uma barreira que a impede de assumir, criativamente, as mudanças do ambiente. A pesquisa tem como objetivo determinar os componentes de uma estrutura para a gestão esportiva do MAS Holding Boxing Club, Sri Lanka. O resultado é a concepção teórica da estrutura organizacional do Mas Holding Boxing Club que atende aos fundamentos legais, políticos e administrativos do país e responde às demandas de mudança para o desenvolvimento da atividade esportiva. Essa estrutura se baseia em princípios como eficiência, caráter dinâmico, flexível e inovador e está sujeita a mudanças, de acordo com os cenários que surgem no boxe.

RESUMEN En el Club de Boxeo MAS Holding, en Sri Lanka, se constatan insuficiencias en las relaciones entre las áreas organizativas de la estructura actual y con ello, poca coherencia de acciones estratégicas para el logro de los objetivos de la institución deportiva; ello se manifiesta en la poca estabilidad de los resultados competitivos nacional e internacionalmente, lo anterior asociado a que la estructura organizativa responde a criterios muy pragmáticos y utilitarios, resulta insuficiente y se ha convertido en una barrera que impide asumir, creadoramente, los cambios del entorno. La investigación tiene como objetivo determinar los componentes de una estructura para la gestión deportiva del Club de Boxeo MAS Holding, Sri Lanka. El resultado está en la concepción teórica de la estructura organizacional para el Club de Boxeo Mas Holding que responde a los fundamentos jurídicos, políticos y administrativos del país, y da respuesta a las exigencias de cambios para el desarrollo de la actividad deportiva. Se sostiene dicha estructura en principios como la eficiencia, el carácter dinámico, flexible e innovador y sujeta a cambios, según los escenarios que se presenten al boxeo.

Resumen En el actual entorno de comunicación digital en Manabí, el presente estudio analiza la identidad visual corporativa de los medios periodísticos digitales, esencial para entender cómo estos se presentan visualmente a una audiencia conectada y exigente. Este análisis se centra en el diseño, colores, tipografía y elementos visuales, utilizando un enfoque metodológico mixto. Se seleccionaron cinco medios significativos por su alcance y trayectoria para el periodo 2020-2023. Los hallazgos indican una fuerte priorización del contenido visual, con un uso predominante de imágenes y videos para atraer audiencias y fortalecer el reconocimiento de marca. Aunque esta estrategia se alinea con las tendencias actuales del marketing digital, se observó que algunos medios podrían mejorar en coherencia visual y en la interacción con la audiencia. Los resultados sugieren que la identidad visual no solo influye en la percepción del usuario sino también en el reconocimiento y la interacción en línea. Se concluye que la mejora en estas áreas podría potenciar el compromiso y la viralidad del contenido periodístico, ofreciendo perspectivas valiosas para los medios en un mercado altamente competitivo y en constante evolución.

Abstract In the current digital communication environment in Manabí, this study analyzes the corporate visual identity of digital journalistic media, essential to understand how they are presented visually to a connected and demanding audience. This analysis focuses on design, colors, typography and visual elements, using a mixed methodological approach. Five significant media were selected due to their scope and trajectory for the period 2020-2023. The findings indicate a strong prioritization of visual content, with a predominant use of images and videos to engage audiences and strengthen brand recognition. Although this strategy aligns with current digital marketing trends, it was observed that some media could improve in visual coherence and interaction with the audience. The results suggest that visual identity not only influences user perception but also online recognition and interaction. It is concluded that improvement in these areas could enhance the engagement and virality of journalistic content, offering valuable perspectives for the media in a highly competitive and constantly evolving market.

ABSTRACT Academic writing at the university level stands as one of the fundamental tools for conveying knowledge, thoughts, ideas, results, alternative solutions, etc., stemming from rigorous research, analysis, organization, and reflection within specialized thematic fields. Throughout their professional development, the student generates various types of academic texts, underscoring the importance of their accurate construction in terms of coherence, cohesion, and appropriateness to effectively convey the author's communicative intent. The objective of the article was to disseminate an analysis of the theoretical foundations related to the four stages of the academic writing process in university students. The research methodology employed involved a comprehensive review of literature pertaining to the four stages of academic review: planning, text production, revision, and editing, fundamental in producing coherent, clear, cohesive, and field-appropriate texts. Scientific articles from databases such as Scielo, Scopus, ERIC, and EBSCO were compiled for the study. Findings were associated with identifying the primary contributions to the cognitive approach of the writing process and systematizing the logical sequence of the writing process. It was concluded that there is a necessity to raise awareness within the university community about the application of planning, text production, revision, and editing stages to enhance the production of academic texts; therefore, the attention of authorities, professors, and students is required to foster high-quality academic production.

RESUMO A redação acadêmica, no nível universitário, é uma das ferramentas fundamentais para transmitir conhecimentos, pensamentos, ideias, resultados, alternativas de solução, etc., resultantes de uma rigorosa investigação, análise, organização e reflexão em campos temáticos especializados. Ao longo de sua formação profissional, o estudante elabora diversos tipos de textos acadêmicos, destacando-se a importância de sua correta produção em termos de coerência, coesão e adequação para transmitir efetivamente o propósito comunicativo do autor. O objetivo do artigo foi socializar a análise das bases teóricas relacionadas às quatro etapas do processo de redação acadêmica em estudantes universitários. A metodologia de pesquisa empregada envolveu uma revisão abrangente da literatura relacionada às quatro etapas de revisão acadêmica: planejamento, textualização, revisão e edição, fundamentais para produzir textos coerentes, claros, coesos e adequados ao campo científico. Para o estudo, foram compilados artigos científicos de bases de dados como Scielo, Scopus, ERIC, EBSCO. As descobertas estão associadas à identificação das principais contribuições para a abordagem cognitiva do processo de escrita e à sistematização da sequência lógica do processo de redação. Concluiu-se que há a necessidade de conscientizar a comunidade universitária sobre a aplicação das etapas de planejamento, textualização, revisão e edição para aprimorar a produção de textos acadêmicos; portanto, é necessária a atenção das autoridades, professores e alunos para promover a produção acadêmica de qualidade.

RESUMEN La redacción académica, a nivel universitario, es una de las herramientas fundamentales para transmitir conocimientos, pensamientos, ideas, resultados, alternativas de solución, etc., producto de una rigurosa investigación, análisis, organización y reflexión de los campos temáticos especializados. En el transcurso de su formación profesional, el estudiante elabora diversos tipos de textos académicos, de ahí la importancia de su correcta producción en cuanto a coherencia, cohesión y adecuación para lograr transmitir el propósito comunicativo del autor. El objetivo del artículo fue socializar el análisis de las bases teóricas relacionadas a las cuatro etapas del proceso de la redacción académica en estudiantes universitarios. La metodología de investigación empleada consistió en una revisión general de la bibliografía relacionada con los cuatro procesos de revisión académica: planificación, textualización, revisión y edición, fundamental para producir textos coherentes, claros, cohesionado y adecuados al campo científico. Para el estudio se recopilaron artículos científicos de bases de datos científicas como Scielo, Scopus, ERIC, EBSCO. Los hallazgos se relacionan a la identificación de los principales aportes al enfoque cognitivo del proceso escritura; y la sistematización de la secuencia lógica del proceso de redacción. Se concluyó que existe la necesidad de concienciar en la comunidad universitaria la aplicación de las etapas de planificación, textualización, revisión y edición para mejorar la producción de textos académicos, por ello, se requiere la atención de autoridades, docentes y estudiantes, para fomentar la producción académica de calidad.

Abstract Introduction: Through guided and conscious deep breathing, cardiovascular biofeedback, an innovative technological tool that enables improved cardiac coherence and activation of the parasympathetic nervous system, which are vital for recovering and maintaining ho-meostasis and psycho-emotional health. Objective: To verify the effect of cardiovascular biofeedback on heart rate variability parameters in nursing professionals. Materials and Methods: This is a randomized clinical trial conducted in two groups - biofeedback and placebo - with 115 nursing professionals working in clinical and surgical inpatient units at a university hospital, who presented an overall stress level higher than 1, according to the Stress Symptom Scale. The groups participated in nine appointments over three weeks. The outcome was assessed by rMSSD parameters and cardiac coherence at the end of each appointment, which were measured using EmWave Pro Plus®, which uses photoplethysmography to quantify physiological data related to the heartbeat. The analysis was performed using generalized estimation equations, considering α= 5 %. Results: There was a significant time-group interaction in cardiac coherence parameters; the intervention group presented an increase in the mean cardiac coherence parameters at all measurement times, when compared to the control group (p < 0.001; r > 0.98). There was no significant time-group interaction in the rMSSD parameters at any of the measurement times (p = 0.432). As a mind-body therapy, cardiovascular biofeedback proved to be useful and promising. By promoting parasympathetic activation and relaxation, it is possible to prevent the deleterious effects associated with occupational stressors. Conclusion: The intervention with cardiovascular biofeedback proved to be superior to placebo in improving cardiac coherence, resulting in the recovery of the body's homeostasis. Clinical Trials Register: NCT04446689

Resumen Introducción: A través de la respiración profunda guiada y consciente, el biofeedback cardiovascular, una herramienta tecnológica innovadora, permite mejorar la coherencia cardiaca y la activación del sistema nervioso parasimpático, fundamentales para recuperar y mantener la homeostasis y la salud psicoemocional. Objetivo: Analizar el efecto del biofeedback cardiovascular sobre los parámetros de variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca en profesionales de enfermería. Materiales y método: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado con dos grupos -biofeedback y placebo- realizado con 115 profesionales de enfermería que trabajaban en unidades de hospitalización clínica y quirúrgica de un hospital universitario, que presentaban un nivel de estrés global superior a 1, según la Escala de Síntomas de Estrés. Los grupos participaron en nueve reuniones a lo largo de tres semanas. El desenlace se evaluó mediante parámetros de rMSSD y coherencia cardiaca al final de cada reunión, medidos con el EmWave Pro Plus®, que utiliza la fotopletismografía para cuantificar los datos fisiológicos relacionados con los latidos del corazón. El análisis se realizó mediante ecuaciones de estimación generalizada, considerando α = 5%. Resultados: se evidenció una interacción significativa tiempo-grupo en los parámetros de coherencia cardiaca; el grupo de intervención presentó un aumento de los parámetros medios de coherencia cardiaca en todos los momentos de medición en comparación con el grupo de control (p < 0,001; r > 0,98). No hubo una interacción significativa entre el tiempo y el grupo en los parámetros rMSSD en ninguno de los tiempos de medición (p = 0,432). Como terapia mente-cuerpo, el biofeedback cardiovascular demostró ser útil y prometedor, ya que al promover la activación parasimpática y la relajación es posible prevenir los efectos deletéreos asociados a los estresores ocupacionales. Conclusión: La intervención con biofeedback cardiovascular tuvo un efecto mayor que el placebo en la mejora de la coherencia cardiaca, lo que se tradujo en la recuperación de la homeostasis del organismo. Registro Clinical Trials: NCT04446689.

Resumo Introdução: A partir de uma respiração profunda guiada e consciente, o biofeedback cardiovascular, ferramenta tecnológica inovadora, possibilita melhorar a coerência cardíaca e a ativação do sistema nervoso parassimpático, fundamentais para a recuperação e manutenção da homeostase e da saúde psicoemocional. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito do biofeedback cardiovascular sobre os parâmetros da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca dos profissionais da enfermagem. Materiais e método: Ensaio clínico randomizado, com dois grupos - biofeedback e placebo -, realizado com 115 profissionais de enfermagem atuantes em unidades de internação clínica e cirúrgica de um hospital universitário, que apresentaram nível geral de estresse maior que 1, conforme a Escala de Sintomas de Estresse. Os grupos participaram de nove encontros por três semanas. O desfecho foi avaliado pelos parâmetros rMSSD e pela coerência cardíaca, ao final de cada encontro, aferidos através do Em-Wave Pro Plus®, que utiliza fotopletismografia para a quantificação de dados fisiológicos relacionados ao batimento cardíaco. A análise foi feita por equações de estimação generalizadas, considerando α = 5 %. Resultados: Evidenciou-se interação tempo-grupo significativa nos parâmetros da coerência cardíaca; o grupo intervenção teve aumento nas médias dos parâmetros da coerência cardíaca em todos os momentos de aferição quando comparado ao grupo controle (p < 0,001; r > 0,98). Não houve interação tempo-grupo significativa nos parâmetros da rMSSD em nenhum dos momentos de aferição (p = 0,432). Como terapia mente-corpo, o biofeedback cardiovascular mostrou-se útil e promissor, ao promover ativação parassimpática e relaxamento possibilita a prevenção de efeitos deletérios associados aos estressores ocupacionais. Conclusão: Intervenção com biofeedback cardiovascular demonstrou efeito superior a placebo na melhora da coerência cardíaca, refletindo em recuperação da homeostase do organismo. Registro Clinical Trials: NCT04446689.

Abstract Objective: The objective of the study is to compare the optic coherence tomography (OCT) parameters of the healthy and affected sides of patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) and to investigate the relationships between these and the improvement in hearing levels. Methods: A bilateral eye evaluation of patients diagnosed with ISSNHL was performed with OCT. The ganglion cell complex (GCC) and retina nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness values were recorded and the differences between the two eyes were examined. Results: An evaluation was made of 39 patients with a mean age of 44.82 ± 14.90 years. The RNFL thickness of the eyes was determined to be mean 89.87 ± 3.65 µm on the affected side and 103.87 ± 3.98 µm on the healthy control side (p = 0.0001). The mean GCC was determined to be mean 90.46 ± 3.49 µm on the affected side and 103.77 ± 3.96 µm on the healthy control side (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: A statistically significant difference was observed between the healthy and affected eyes of patients with ISSNHL with respect to mean GCC and mean RNFL thickness. OCT could be a useful technique for measuring this neural degeneration.

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar e investigar los parámetros de la tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) de los lados sanos y afectados de pacientes con pérdida auditiva neurosensorial súbita idiopática (PANSI). Método: La evaluación ocular bilateral de los pacientes diagnosticados con PANSI se realizó con OCT. Se registraron los valores de espesor del complejo de células ganglionares (CCG) y de la capa de fibras nerviosas de la retina (CFNR), y se examinaron las diferencias entre los dos ojos. Resultados: Se evaluaron 39 pacientes, con una edad media de 44.82 ± 14.90 años. Se determinó que el grosor de la CFNR de los ojos era una media de 89.87 ± 3.65 µm en el lado afectado y 103.87 ± 3.98 µm en el lado de control sano (p = 0.0001). Se determinó que el CCG medio era 90.46 ± 3.49 µm en el lado afectado y 103.77 ± 3.96 µm en el lado de control sano (p = 0.0001). Conclusiones: Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los ojos sanos y afectados de pacientes con PANSI con respecto al CCG medio y al espesor medio de la CFNR. La OCT podría ser una técnica útil para medir esta degeneración neuronal.

Abstract This research presents the validation of a Questionnaire-type Measurement Instrument (MI) through expert judgment, the IM was designed from the identification of criteria or factors through a Systematic Literature Review, determining 54 factors, same as they were discriminated with the application of Meta-Analysis, reducing to 29 factors, applied in the items. Subsequently, a group of five professional experts in Work Teams and Six Sigma evaluated the questionnaire on two criteria: quality and coherence. The empirical results show that, on a scale from one to four, 52.6% of the items were evaluated with a grade of four. Subsequently, through Friedman's statistical analysis, the disagreement was confirmed for the two criteria evaluated; Due to this, the measurement instrument was reviewed, improved and applied to a group of four different experts from the first group, repeating the Friedman test and obtaining a P value greater than 0.05 in the second evaluation, concluding that there is agreement between the experts. the 29 items of the IM and that it is valid (adequate) so that its application can be continued.

Resumo Esta investigação apresenta a validação de um Instrumento de Medida (IM) do tipo Questionário por meio do julgamento de especialistas, o MI foi concebido a partir da identificação de critérios ou fatores por meio de uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura, determinando 54 fatores, os quais foram discriminados com a aplicação do Meta -Análise, reduzindo a 29 fatores, aplicados nos itens. Posteriormente, um grupo de cinco profissionais especialistas em Equipes de Trabalho e Seis Sigma avaliou o questionário em dois critérios: qualidade e coerência. Os resultados empíricos mostram que, em uma escala de um a quatro, 52,6% dos itens foram avaliados com nota quatro. Posteriormente, por meio da análise estatística de Friedman, confirmou-se a discordância para os dois critérios avaliados; Devido a isso, o instrumento de medida foi revisado, aprimorado e aplicado a um grupo de quatro especialistas diferentes do primeiro grupo, repetindo o teste de Friedman e obtendo um valor de P maior que 0,05 na segunda avaliação, concluindo que há concordância entre os especialistas. os 29 itens do MI e que é válido (adequado) para que sua aplicação possa ser continuada.

Resumen Esta investigación presenta el procedimiento para validar un cuestionario/instrumento de medida (IM) por medio de juicio de expertos, el cual fue diseñado a partir de la identificación de factores o criterios a través de una revisión de literatura de forma sistemática. Para ello, se determinaron 54 factores, los cuales que se discriminaron con la aplicación de un metaanálisis que permitió reducirlos a 29. Posteriormente, un grupo de cinco profesionales expertos en equipos de trabajo y Seis Sigma evaluaron el cuestionario a partide de dos criterios: calidad y coherencia. Los resultados de manera empírica muestran que, en una escala del uno al cuatro, al 52.6 % de los ítems se les evaluó con calificación de 4. Luego, a través del análisis estadístico de Friedman se confirmó el desacuerdo para los dos criterios evaluados. En consecuencia, el instrumento de medición fue revisado, mejorado y aplicado a un grupo de cuatro expertos diferentes al primer grupo, por lo que se repitió la prueba de Friedman y en la segunda evaluación se obtuvo un valor de P mayor de 0.05. Por tanto, se concluye que existe acuerdo entre los expertos por los 29 ítems del IM y que este es válido (adecuado), de ahí que se pueda continuar con su aplicación.

Abstract Between 1927 and 1933, Walter Benjamin wrote radio scripts that were broad-cast on Radio Berlin and Radio Frankfurt, which he himself either acted in and narrated on the air, or directed and participated in their production. Although Benjamin himself viewed these collaborations with a certain disdain, and a large part of the scholars of his work have done similarly -largely because they are aimed at a child audience-, these pieces are particularly relevant because they specify the theoretical postulates of the Berlin philosopher in terms of form and content. This article seeks to show the coherence between the work that Benjamin did for the radio and his philosophical work, by exploring those radio pieces to highlight their critical edge and the way in which they manifest his search, present since his early days in his youth writings: the awakening from capitalist modernity’s dream.

Resumen Entre 1927 y 1933 Walter Benjamin escribió guiones radiofónicos que fueron transmitidos en Radio Berlín y Radio Frankfurt, los cuales él mismo actuó y narró al aire, o bien, dirigió y participó en su producción. Aunque el propio Benjamin veía con cierto desdén esas colaboraciones, y de forma similar lo han hecho los estudiosos de su obra -en buena medida por dirigirse al público infantil-, estos trabajos resultan en particular relevantes porque concretan los postulados teóricos del filósofo berlinés en términos de forma y contenido. Este artículo busca mostrar la coherencia entre el trabajo que Benjamin realizó para la radio y su obra filosófica, explorando aquellas piezas radiofónicas para destacar su filo crítico y la manera en que manifiestan la búsqueda presente en Benjamin desde sus escritos de juventud: el despertar del sueño de la modernidad capitalista.

Resumo Com esta pesquisa, buscou-se identificar as estratégias que os empreendedores sociais utilizam para criar e fazer crescer seus negócios a partir da análise da dimensão cognitiva e dos facilitadores do entorno. Recorreu-se ao estudo de caso múltiplo para explorar empresas sociais representativas do Peru. Os resultados mostraram que a desejabilidade do negócio define a gestão dos primeiros anos dele e é impulsionada pela empatia e pelos princípios morais, enquanto a factibilidade, guiada pela autoeficácia, permite um crescimento mais sustentado. As quatro estratégias, 1) manter a coerência, 2) balancear a paixão e a razão, 3) o autoaprendizado e 4) a colaboração ativa, permitem o crescimento das empresas sociais.

Resumen Con esta investigación se buscó identificar las estrategias que los emprendedores sociales utilizan para crear y hacer crecer sus negocios a partir del análisis de la dimensión cognitiva y de los facilitadores del entorno. Se recurrió al estudio de caso múltiple para explorar empresas sociales representativas del Perú. Los resultados mostraron que la deseabilidad del negocio define la gestión de los primeros años del negocio y es impulsada por la empatía y los principios morales, mientras que la factibilidad, guiada por la autoeficacia, permite un crecimiento más sostenido. Las cuatro estrategias, 1) mantener la coherencia, 2) balancear la pasión y la razón, 3) el autoaprendizaje y 4) la colaboración activa, permiten el crecimiento de las empresas sociales. Clasificación JEL: M10; M13; M14.

Abstract This research aimed to identify the strategies that social entrepreneurs use to create and grow their businesses through the analysis of cognitive dimensions and environmental facilitators. Multiple case studies were conducted to explore representative social enterprises in Peru. The results showed that business desirability defines the management of the initial years of the business, driven by empathy and moral principles, while feasibility, guided by self-efficacy, enables more sustainable growth. Four strategies, 1) maintaining coherence, 2) balancing passion and reason, 3) self-learning, and 4) active collaboration, facilitate the growth of social enterprises.

Abstract. - In this work, the analysis and comparison of results reported in the literature from 1987 to 2023 related to the specific energy absorption capacity of tubular columns of composite materials is presented. These materials were classified into three categories: a) Laminates with fibers in [0,90] orientation, b) Laminates with unidirectional fibers, and c) Laminates with multidirectional fibers. Specific energy absorption (SEA) was examined, and comparisons were made among the studies. The results exhibited a wide data scattering, even for quite similar configurations. Differences are attributed to factors such as specimen dimensions, constituent materials, and testing techniques. Additionally, a lack of standardized regulations was observed, hindering the comparison and identification of consistent patterns. It is concluded that the implementation of unified standards would enhance the coherence and comparability of results, providing a deeper understanding of these materials for future applications.

Resumen. - En esta investigación se presenta el análisis y comparación de los resultados reportados en la literatura de 1987 al 2023 relacionados con la capacidad de absorción de energía específica de columnas tubulares de materiales compuestos, los cuales se clasificaron en tres categorías: a) laminados con fibras en orientación de [0,90], b) laminados con fibras unidireccionales, y 3) laminados con laminados multidireccionales. Se examinó la absorción de energía específica (SEA) y se realizaron comparaciones entre los estudios. Los resultados exhibieron una amplia dispersión en los datos, incluso para configuraciones aparentemente similares. Las diferencias se atribuyen a factores como dimensiones de probetas, materiales utilizados y técnicas de ensayo. Además, se observó la falta de normativas estandarizadas, lo que dificulta la comparación y la identificación de patrones consistentes. Se concluye que la implementación de estándares unificados mejoraría la coherencia y comparabilidad de los resultados, proporcionando una comprensión más profunda de estos materiales en aplicaciones futuras.

This article deals with the nature of social cost-benefit analysis (SCBA) and economic impact analysis (ECIA) of road projects and describes the coherence of and distinctions between the two types of analysis. In the final part of the article, the reasons are given for not including in an SCBA the economic impacts of a road as determined through an ECIA, regardless of how positive they may be. The SCBA of a road project is a systematic procedure to determine the economic viability of the road project by considering the costs and benefits that accrue when the road is constructed and during the service period of the project. The cost component in the SCBA of a road project is the once-off investment or capital cost of taking the road into service or improving it. The benefit component in the SCBA of a road is the difference between recurring costs associated with an improved road and without the road improvement. Recurring costs of a road include (a) road user costs, (b) external costs arising from road use and (c) maintenance costs to protect and preserve the usefulness of the road. The beneficiaries in an SCBA are the road users. The following road user groups can be distinguished: (i) Normal traffic (consisting of existing, normal-growth and non-induced development traffic; (ii) diverted traffic; and (iii) induced traffic (consisting of generated, induced development, and transferred traffic.) To assess the efficiency of resource allocation, an SCBA is based on the consideration of social cost. From the perspective of allocative efficiency, as determined by an SCBA, a road project is regarded as economically viable when the current value of the reduction in recurring costs associated with the road during its service life exceeds the current value of the once-off investment cost of taking the road into service. Road provision and use have economic impacts. Unlike an SCBA, which focuses on the efficiency with which a road project increases accessibility for and the mobility of road users, a regional economic impact analysis (ECIA) focuses on the effectiveness of a project to affect the performance of the economy of a region by enhancing time and place utilities creation by non-road-users. Consequently, an analysis of the effect construction, operation and use of a road will have on regional economic performance should focus on their expected income multiplier and accelerator effects on the number and size of activities in the economy of a region. The following non-road-user groups can be distinguished: (a) The public, (b) landowners, occupants and land users, (c) roadside enterprises, (d) utility enterprises and (e) goods consignors and consignees (in their capacity as non-road-users). An ECIA is based on a consideration of market prices. In an ECIA the following objectives serve as criteria for judging the impact of a road project on the performance of the economy: • Economic growth (including economic development) • Full employment • Price stability • Balance of payments stability • Equitable distribution of income These impacts, regardless of how positive they may be, are not included in an SCBA for the following reasons: • A comprehensive economic assessment consists of two components that are performed in tandem, namely an SCBA and an ECIA. An SCBA relies on allocative efficiency as assessment criterion, while an ECIA relies on output effectiveness as assessment criterion. The inclusion of effectiveness criteria among efficiency criteria in an SCBA will result in a misrepresentation of project viability. • Double counting of benefits will occur when road user cost savings and economic impacts are combined. • Not all the economic benefits obtained through coordinated investment in various sectors, one of which may be a road, can be ascribed to the investment in the road alone. The reason for conducting an ECIA of a road project is to determine to what measure the analysed road is expected to affect the performance of the economy of the region concerned. Although the results of an ECIA do not form part of the outcome of an SCBA, an ECIA can be used as an instrument in the pursuit of the economic policy objectives of a government.

Die hoofdoel van die sosialekoste-voordeel-ontleding (SKVO) van 'n pad is om die inligting oor die koste en voordele te verskaf wat nodig is om die lewensvatbaarheid, al dan nie, van die voorsiening en gebruik van die pad te beraam. Die kostekomponent in die SKVO is die eenmalige investeringskoste om die pad tot stand te bring, en die voordeelkomponent is die daling van die herhalende koste wat uit die gebruik en instandhouding van die pad sal spruit. Die hoofdoel van die ekonomiese-impakontleding (EKIO) van 'n pad behels dat die verwagte gevolge van die voorsiening en gebruik van die pad op die ekonomiese vertoning van 'n bepaalde streek geïdentifiseer en bereken word. Dié ontleding berus hoofsaaklik op die volgende: (a) die beraming van die verwagte eenmalige streeksinkome-vermenigvuldigereffek wat uit die investeringsbesteding aan die pad sal spruit, en (b) die beraming van die herhalende streeksinkome-versnellereffek wat uit die gebruik en instandhouding van die pad sal spruit. Die ekonomiese uitwerking van 'n padprojek word nie by 'n SKVO ingereken nie. Die rede hiervoor is drievoudig: Eerstens berus 'n SKVO op toewysingsdoelmatigheid as beoordelingsnorm, en 'n EKIO op doeltreffendheid as beoordelingsnorm. Die kombinering van doeltreffendheidsnorme en doelmatigheidsnorme sal tot 'n wanvertolking van 'n projek se ekonomiese lewensvatbaarheid lei. Tweedens sal voordele dubbeld getel word indien padgebruikerskostebesparings en ekonomiese impakte saamgevoeg word. Derdens kan ekonomiese voordele wat verkry word deur gekoördineerde investering in verskeie sektore, waarvan een 'n pad is, nie alles aan investering in die pad toegeskryf word nie.

Abstract: The article provides a critical account of Will Kymlicka’s theory of multiculturalism and its practical consequences. By questioning its intellectual coherence, the essay calls into question the genealogy of multiculturalism offered by Kymlicka. That account of origins evidences the philosopher’s ambivalence towards universalism. Kymlicka’s multiculturalism is also inconsistent regarding the protection of individual rights from cultural minorities. The article cast doubts on the liberal character of Kymlicka’s theory because he relies on nationalism to devise normative justifications against external enforcement of individual rights. The article assesses the role of multiculturalism in the world and its role in the abandonment of some unfulfilled goals of liberal constitutionalism by providing some evidence from 21st century Colombia.

Résumé: L’article fournit un compte rendu critique de la théorie du multiculturalisme de Will Kymlicka et de ses conséquences pratiques. En questionnant sa cohérence intellectuelle, l’essai remet en question la généalogie du multiculturalisme proposée par Kymlicka. Ce récit des origines témoigne de l’ambivalence du philosophe envers l’universalisme. Le multiculturalisme de Kymlicka est également inconsistant en ce qui concerne la protection des droits individuels contre les minorités culturelles. L’article jette des doutes sur le caractère libéral de la théorie de Kymlicka parce qu’il s’appuie sur le nationalisme pour concevoir des justifications normatives contre l’application externe des droits individuels. L’article évalue le rôle du multiculturalisme dans le monde et son rôle dans l’abandon de certains objectifs non atteints du constitutionnalisme libéral en fournissant des documents à l’appui venant de la Colombie du XXe siècle.

Resumen: El artículo formula una explicación crítica de la teoría del multiculturalismo de Will Kymlicka y de sus consecuencias prácticas. Al cuestionar su coherencia intelectual, el trabajo pone en entredicho la genealogía del multiculturalismo que ofreció Kymlicka. Esa explicación de los orígenes evidencia la ambivalencia del filósofo a propósito del universalismo. El multiculturalismo de Kymlicka también es inconsistente en cuanto a la protección de los derechos individuales de las minorías culturales. El artículo plantea dudas sobre el carácter liberal de su teoría porque se basa en el nacionalismo para concebir justificaciones normativas en contra de hacer cumplir los derechos individuales de manera exógena. Además, el trabajo evalúa el papel del multiculturalismo en el mundo y en el abandono de algunos propósitos incumplidos del constitucionalismo liberal aportando algunas evidencias de la Colombia del siglo XX.

ABSTRACT: Within the dentistry program of the University of La Frontera, there is a need to undergo a process of curricular renewal. For this, three axes must be considered: Mention in Prevention in the Dentistry curriculum, the coherence with the Chilean legislation and the Educational Model of the University in the training and management of the program, and the updated training methodologies. The Mention in Prevention should be strengthened to provide comprehensive training to students, with emphasis on social responsibility. Chilean legislation currently requires a systematic review of the dentistry curriculum to comply with quality standards, and at the same time the University proposes an Educational Model that provides a quality seal for the work of the university, with which the program must also be aligned. On the other hand, the constant updating of disciplinary and pedagogical knowledge in Dentistry must be considered and studied for an optimal result in the process of curricular renovation, as well as the inclusion of new technological tools that have been developed. These are essential axes to consider in order to generate impact on education in dentistry.

RESUMEN: Dentro de la carrera de Odontología de la Universidad de La Frontera surge la necesidad de pasar por un proceso de renovación curricular. Para esto, se deben considerar tres ejes: la Mención en Prevención con la que cuenta el plan de estudios de Odontología, la coherencia con la legislación chilena y el Modelo Educativo de la Universidad en la formación y gestión de la carrera, y las metodologías de formación actualizadas. La Mención en Prevención se debe fortalecer para entregar una formación integral a los estudiantes, con énfasis en la responsabilidad social. La legislación chilena actualmente exige una revisión sistemática al plan de estudios de Odontología para cumplir con los estándares de calidad, y paralelamente la Universidad propone un Modelo Educativo que entrega un sello de calidad al trabajo de la casa de estudios, con el cual la carrera también debe alinearse. Por otra parte, la constante actualización de conocimientos disciplinares y pedagógicos en Odontología deben ser considerados y estudiados para un óptimo resultado en el proceso de renovación curricular, como así también la inclusión de las nuevas herramientas tecnológicas que se han desarrollado. Estos son ejes esenciales a considerar para generar impacto en educación en Odontología.