Abstract: The Arte de la Lengua General del Reyno de Chile is a cultural object that, like every printed book, constitutes at the same time an intellectual creation and a material product. It is made up of two inseparable dimensions, one internal, which includes the cognitive-intellectual and graphic-linguistic strata and another external dimension, made up of the physical-material stratum that is, ultimately, the product of the intervention of all the agents involved in the publishing business. Precisely, beyond the author, the interventions of editors, printers and booksellers were decisive for the material configuration of the ancient book. The analysis of the material aspects of the Arte from the direct observation of an original copy reveals particularities in the composition and typographic printing that, together with the consideration of certain passages of the text, allow us to verify that Febrés, beyond the authorship, took care of some problems associated with material aspects of publication that generally depended on decisions made by editors or printers. This is how it provides concrete data and even gives advice to the reader to achieve a better reception of its printed work, taking into account the deficiencies that it presented at a material level related to the layout on the page or the quality of printing, issues that show the conditions of unfavorable production conditions to which the Lima printing presses of the 18th century were subjected.

Resumen: El Arte de la Lengua General del Reyno de Chile (en adelante Arte) es un objeto cultural que, como todo libro impreso, constituye al mismo tiempo una creación intelectual y un producto material. Está conformado por dos dimensiones indisociables una interna, que comprende los estratos cognitivo-intelectual y gráfico-lingüístico y otra dimensión externa, que comprende el estrato físico-material que es, en definitiva, producto de la intervención de todos los agentes involucrados en el negocio editorial. Precisamente, más allá del autor, las intervenciones de los editores, impresores y libreros eran determinantes para la configuración material del libro antiguo. El análisis de los aspectos materiales del Arte a partir de la observación directa de un ejemplar original revela particularidades en la composición e impresión tipográfica que, junto a la consideración de determinados pasajes del texto permiten comprobar que Febrés, más allá de la autoría se ocupó de algunos problemas asociados con aspectos materiales de la publicación que generalmente dependían de las decisiones tomadas por editores o impresores. Es así como proporciona datos concretos e incluso brinda consejos al lector para lograr una mejor recepción de su obra impresa, habida cuenta de las carencias que presentaba a nivel material relacionadas con la puesta en página o la calidad de impresión, cuestiones que evidencian las condiciones de producción desfavorables a las que estaban sometidas las imprentas limeñas del siglo XVIII.

Resumen Con esta investigación se buscó identificar las estrategias que los emprendedores sociales utilizan para crear y hacer crecer sus negocios a partir del análisis de la dimensión cognitiva y de los facilitadores del entorno. Se recurrió al estudio de caso múltiple para explorar empresas sociales representativas del Perú. Los resultados mostraron que la deseabilidad del negocio define la gestión de los primeros años del negocio y es impulsada por la empatía y los principios morales, mientras que la factibilidad, guiada por la autoeficacia, permite un crecimiento más sostenido. Las cuatro estrategias, 1) mantener la coherencia, 2) balancear la pasión y la razón, 3) el autoaprendizaje y 4) la colaboración activa, permiten el crecimiento de las empresas sociales. Clasificación JEL: M10; M13; M14.

Abstract This research aimed to identify the strategies that social entrepreneurs use to create and grow their businesses through the analysis of cognitive dimensions and environmental facilitators. Multiple case studies were conducted to explore representative social enterprises in Peru. The results showed that business desirability defines the management of the initial years of the business, driven by empathy and moral principles, while feasibility, guided by self-efficacy, enables more sustainable growth. Four strategies, 1) maintaining coherence, 2) balancing passion and reason, 3) self-learning, and 4) active collaboration, facilitate the growth of social enterprises.

Resumo Com esta pesquisa, buscou-se identificar as estratégias que os empreendedores sociais utilizam para criar e fazer crescer seus negócios a partir da análise da dimensão cognitiva e dos facilitadores do entorno. Recorreu-se ao estudo de caso múltiplo para explorar empresas sociais representativas do Peru. Os resultados mostraram que a desejabilidade do negócio define a gestão dos primeiros anos dele e é impulsionada pela empatia e pelos princípios morais, enquanto a factibilidade, guiada pela autoeficácia, permite um crescimento mais sustentado. As quatro estratégias, 1) manter a coerência, 2) balancear a paixão e a razão, 3) o autoaprendizado e 4) a colaboração ativa, permitem o crescimento das empresas sociais.

Abstract Cognitive profile of students with low intellectual performance. Associations between intelligence and creativity. Summary: Students with low intellectual performance are characterized by presenting alterations in different areas of cognitive, academic and behavioral functioning, which is why it is essential to know their cognitive profiles to make curricular adjustments and achieve better development in the individual. Based on the above, the objective of this article was to identify if there is a relationship between the levels of intelligence and creativity in a group of students with low intellectual performance, based on a psychopedagogical evaluation that helps determine their educational needs. This is a quantitative and correlational research. 23 students participated (M age 9.04, SD = 1.51) from three public primary schools located in Tlaxcala, Mexico, who were referred by their teachers to a psycho-pedagogical evaluation during the 2022-2023 school year. The Raven Colored Form Progressive Matrices Test, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children WISC-IV and the Creative Thinking Test Figural Version A were applied. The results found that the Raven test correlated with the titles dimension of the creativity test (rs = .462*, sig = .027), it was also observed that perceptual reasoning evaluated with the WISC-IV was associated with total creativity (rs = .498*, sig = .016) and with the fluency indicator (rs = .482*, sig = .020). The results found that the Raven test correlated with the titles dimension of the creativity test (rs = .462*, sig = .027), it was also observed that perceptual reasoning evaluated with the WISC-IV was associated with total creativity (rs = .498*, sig = .016) and with the fluency indicator (rs = .482*, sig = .020). The previous results allow us to recognize the cognitive profile of the students and serve as a basis for intervention proposals within the classroom.

Resumen El estudiantado con bajo rendimiento intelectual se caracteriza por presentar alteraciones en distintas áreas del funcionamiento cognitivo, académico y conductual. Por ello es indispensable conocer los perfiles cognitivos para realizar las adecuaciones curriculares pertinentes y lograr un mejor desarrollo en la persona. Con base en lo anterior, el objetivo del presente artículo fue identificar si existía relación entre los niveles de inteligencia y creatividad en un grupo de estudiantes con bajo rendimiento intelectual a partir de una evaluación psicopedagógica que ayudara a determinar sus necesidades educativas. Se trató de una investigación cuantitativa y correlacional en la que participaron 23 estudiantes (M edad 9.04, D. E = 1.51) de tres escuelas primarias públicas de Tlaxcala, México, que fueron remitidos por sus docentes a una evaluación psicopedagógica durante el ciclo escolar 2022-2023. Se aplicaron el Test de Matrices Progresivas de Raven Forma Coloreada, Escala Wechsler de Inteligencia para Niños WISC-IV y la Prueba de Pensamiento Creativo Versión Figural A. En los resultados se encontró que la prueba Raven correlacionó con la dimensión de títulos de la prueba de creatividad (rs = .462*, sig = .027), también se observó que el razonamiento perceptual evaluado con el WISC-IV se asoció con la creatividad total (rs = .498*, sig = .016) y con el indicador de fluidez (rs = .482*, sig = .020). Los resultados anteriores permitieron reconocer el perfil cognitivo del estudiantado y constituyeron la base para las propuestas de intervención dentro del aula de clase.

RESUMEN: El estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar cómo el género meme multimodal ha sido movilizado en pruebas del área de Ciencias Naturales (Química, Física y Biología), utilizando como material de análisis las pruebas de los vestibulares tradicionales y seriados de las universidades públicas estaduales y federales aplicadas en los últimos 20 años (de 2001 a 2021), haciendo uso, para ello, de la Taxonomía de Bloom Revisada. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa, de tipo documental, realizada a través de la recolección y análisis de datos. Los resultados muestran que solo cinco memes estaban presentes en las pruebas analizadas y que tres de los memes identificados presentaban la dimensión del conocimiento efectivo/factual, mientras que los otros dos, por su parte, manifiestan conocimiento conceptual. Ya las dimensiones de los procesos cognitivos percibidos se refieren a los tres primeros niveles, a saber: recordar (nivel 1), comprender (nivel 2) y, finalmente, aplicar (nivel 3), mediante la problematización, de forma humorística. En relación a los contenidos abordados en los memes, cuatro son de Química (ácidos y bases; características generales del estado líquido; propiedades periódicas; enlaces covalentes) y uno de Biología (citología: organelas citoplásmaticas). No se encontraron memes enfocados en el área de Física. El estudio reveló, también, un número incipiente de memes en los vestibulares de las universidades analizadas, apuntando, con ello, a la necesidad de una mayor promoción e investigación de este artefacto de la cultura digital. RESUMEN Química, (Química Biología, , Biología) 2 200 2021, 2021 2021) uso ello Revisada cuantitativa documental datos efectivofactual efectivo factual efectivo/factual dos parte conceptual niveles saber nivel 1, 1 1) finalmente 3, 3 3) problematización humorística ácidos bases líquido periódicas covalentes citología (citología citoplásmaticas. citoplásmaticas . citoplásmaticas) reveló también apuntando digital 202

ABSTRACT: The present study aimed to investigate how the multimodal meme genre has been mobilized in tests in the area of Natural Sciences (Chemistry, Physics, and Biology), using as material for analysis the traditional and serial entrance exams of state and federal public universities applied in the recent years (from 2001 to 2021), using the Revised Bloom's Taxonomy. This is a qualitative-quantitative, documentary-type research, perfomed through data collection and analysis. The results show that only five memes were present in the tests analyzed and that three of the identified memes presented the dimension of effective/factual knowledge, while the other two, in turn, expressed conceptual knowledge. The dimensions of the perceived cognitive processes concern the first three levels: remember (level 1), understand (level 2), and, finally, apply (level 3) through problematization, in a humorous way. Regarding the content covered in the memes, four are from Chemistry (acids and bases; general characteristics of the liquid state; periodic properties; covalent bonds), and one is from Biology (cytology: cytoplasmic organelles). We did not find any memes focused on the area of Physics. The study also revealed an initial number of memes in the entrance exams of the universities analyzed, thus pointing to the need for a more comprehensive promotion and investigation of this digital culture artifact. ABSTRACT Chemistry, (Chemistry Physics Biology, , Biology) 200 2021, 2021 2021) Blooms Bloom s Taxonomy qualitativequantitative, qualitativequantitative qualitative quantitative, quantitative qualitative-quantitative documentarytype documentary type research effectivefactual effective factual knowledge two turn levels level 1, 1 1) 2, 2 2) finally 3 problematization way acids bases properties bonds, bonds bonds) cytology (cytology organelles. organelles . organelles) artifact 20 202

RESUMO: O presente estudo objetivou investigar como o gênero multimodal meme tem sido mobilizado em provas da área de Ciências da Natureza (Química, Física e Biologia), tendo como material de análise as provas de vestibulares tradicionais e seriados das universidades públicas estaduais e federais aplicadas nos últimos vinte anos (de 2001 a 2021), fazendo uso, para isso, da Taxonomia de Bloom Revisada. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa, do tipo documental, realizada por meio de levantamento e análise dos dados. Os resultados mostram que apenas cinco memes estavam presentes nas provas analisadas e que três dos memes identificados apresentavam a dimensão do conhecimento efetivo/factual, enquanto os outros dois, por sua vez, manifestavam conhecimento conceitual. Já as dimensões dos processos cognitivos percebidas dizem respeito aos três primeiros níveis, sendo eles: lembrar (nível 1), entender (nível 2) e, por fim, aplicar (nível 3), mediante a problematização, de forma humorada. Em relação aos conteúdos abordados nos memes, quatro são da Química (ácidos e bases; características gerais do estado líquido; propriedades periódicas; ligações covalentes) e um da Biologia (citologia: organelas citoplasmáticas). Não foram encontrados memes voltados para a área da Física. O estudo relevou, também, um número incipiente de memes nos vestibulares das universidades analisadas, apontando, com isso, para a necessidade de uma maior promoção e investigação deste artefato da cultura digital RESUMO Química, (Química Biologia, , Biologia) 200 2021, 2021 2021) uso isso Revisada Tratase Trata se qualiquantitativa, qualiquantitativa quali quantitativa, quantitativa quali-quantitativa documental dados efetivofactual efetivo factual efetivo/factual dois vez conceitual níveis eles nível 1, 1 1) 2 fim 3, 3 3) problematização humorada ácidos bases líquido periódicas covalentes citologia (citologia citoplasmáticas. citoplasmáticas . citoplasmáticas) relevou também apontando 20 202

Abstract: Merleau-Ponty is the founder of modern body phenomenology. His phenomenological masterpiece Phenomenology of Perception has greatly influenced the development direction of contemporary western cognitive science. The body theory runs through the beginning and the end of its philosophical thought, adopts phenomenological method to carry on the overview of the ontology of the body theory and turns the body into the cognitive subject’s field. By means of literature and logical analysis, this paper attempts to summarize the connotation and extension of Merleau-Ponty’s body theory, describe and interpret the ontological dimension of sports from the phenomenological perspective, bring sports back to the understanding and communication of exercise itself and, thus, trigger the thinking to provide multiple reference for the development of sports in each field. Abstract MerleauPonty Merleau Ponty phenomenology science thought subjects subject s field analysis MerleauPontys perspective thus

Resumen: Merleau-Ponty es el fundador de la fenomenología corporal moderna. Su obra maestra Phenomenology of Perception ha influido enormemente en la dirección del desarrollo de la ciencia cognitiva occidental contemporánea. La teoría del cuerpo recorre el principio y el final de su pensamiento filosófico, adopta el método fenomenológico para continuar con el panorama de la ontología de la teoría del cuerpo y convierte el cuerpo en el campo del sujeto cognitivo. A través de la literatura y el análisis lógico, este artículo intenta resumir la connotación y extensión de la teoría del cuerpo de Merleau-Ponty, describir e interpretar la dimensión ontológica del deporte desde la perspectiva fenomenológica, y acercar el deporte a la comprensión y comunicación del ejercicio mismo. De esta manera, se desea desencadenar el pensamiento para brindar múltiples referencias para el desarrollo del deporte en cada campo. Resumen MerleauPonty Merleau Ponty moderna contemporánea filosófico cognitivo lógico MerleauPonty, Ponty, fenomenológica mismo manera

Resumen: Antecedentes: Los síntomas neuropsiquiátricos (SNP) constituyen una dimensión psicopatológica de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas conformada por cambios en la personalidad, trastornos conductuales o alteraciones en funciones básicas como, entre otras, el apetito o el sueño. El objetivo de este estudio es la construcción y validación de un test de cribado para la identificación de estos SNP asociados a patologías neurodegenerativas en etapas preclínicas y prodrómicas y basado en los criterios ISTAART para el Deterioro Conductual Leve (DCoL). Método: Se empleó una muestra de 206 sujetos mayores de 55 años (117 cognitivamente sanos y 89 con Deterioro Cognitivo Leve) siendo el 69% mujeres, con una media de edad de 77 años (DT = 10,58). Resultados: La nueva escala desarrollada consta de 19 items y muestra una estructura unidimensional. La fiabilidad fue excelente (α = .94 y Ω = .97) y se observaron evidencias de validez convergente con el test MBI-C con una correlación de .88 y la NPI-Q con .82. Además, muestra una buena sensibilidad de .88 y especificidad de .80. Conclusiones: La escala desarrollada permite evaluar los SNP en el DCoL mostrando buenas propiedades psicométricas y constituyendo una herramienta muy útil en el diagnóstico precoz de las patologías neurodegenerativas.

Abstract: Background: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are a psychopathological dimension of neurodegenerative diseases, consisting of personality changes, behavioral disorders, and alterations in basic functions such as appetite or sleep, among others. The aim of this study was the construction and validation of a screening test to identify these NPS associated with neurodegenerative pathologies in preclinical and prodromal stages, based on the ISTAART criteria for Mild Behavioral Impairment (MBI). Method: The sample consisted of 206 subjects over 55 years old (117 cognitively healthy, 89 with Mild Cognitive Impairment). 69% were women, the mean age was 77 years (SD = 10.58). Results: The new scale consists of 19 items and exhibited a one-dimensional structure. Confidence was excellent (α = .94 and Ω = .97) and there was evidence of convergent validity with the MBI-C test (r = .88) and the NPI-Q (r = .82). In addition, the scale demonstrated good sensitivity (.88) and specificity (.80). Conclusions: The scale allows evaluation of NPS in DCoL. It exhibits good psychometric properties and makes a useful tool in early diagnosis of neurodegenerative pathologies.

ABSTRACT This article analyses the validity evidence based on the internal structure and reliability of the 12-item Herth Hope Index in a sample of 1255 inhabitants of the city of Arequipa (46.3% men and 53.7% women), located in the south of Peru. Five models were tested by confirmatory factor analysis and, based on the results, comparisons were made according to sex and age. The results suggest a two-factor structure similar to that reported in a sample from Lima. These factors are Optimism and Agencies. Regarding reliability, the first factor obtained adequate levels of internal consistency through McDonald's Omega test and Cronbach's Alpha test; while the second factor obtained low but acceptable levels of reliability with both tests. Likewise, no gender differences were recorded, although there were differences with respect to age in the agency dimension, given the results of low reliability in this dimension, it is suggested to take these results with caution.

RESUMEN El presente artículo analiza la evidencia de validez basada en la estructura interna y la confiabilidad del Índice de Esperanza de Herth de 12 reactivos en una muestra de 1255 habitantes de la ciudad de Arequipa (46.3% hombres y 53.7% mujeres), ubicada al sur de Perú. Se pusieron a prueba cinco modelos mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio y sobre la base de los resultados, se realizaron comparaciones en función del sexo y la edad. Los resultados sugieren una estructura de dos factores similar a la reportada en una muestra de Lima. Estos factores son Optimismo y Agencias. Con respecto a la confiabilidad, el primer factor obtuvo adecuados niveles de consistencia interna mediante la prueba Omega de McDonald y la prueba Alfa de Cronbach, mientras que el segundo factor obtuvo niveles bajos pero aceptables de confiabilidad con ambas pruebas. Asimismo, no se registraron diferencias en función del sexo, aunque sí con respecto a la edad en la dimensión de agencias, pero dados los resultados de baja confiabilidad en esta dimensión, se sugiere tomar estos resultados con cautela.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The actors in the educational field must manage adequate and coherent processes with the social mobility that occurs in society. Objective: To present the results of the diagnosis of the initial state of the didactic management of the teachers of the subject Gynecology and Obstetrics in contingency situations. Methods: A qualitative study was carried out at the Ana Betancourt de Mora Provincial Gynecobstetric University Hospital during the year 2022. The following dimensions were taken into account: cognitive, instrumental and attitudinal with their respective indicators and indices to be measured in the diagnosis of needs. The diagnosis made was applied to 17 teachers of the said subject who work in the aforementioned institution. Results: The cognitive dimension was evaluated as regular, although most of the teachers knew about the current program of the Gynecology and Obstetrics subject, most of them were unaware of the readjustments made in contingency situations. The instrumental dimension was evaluated poorly because the two indicators that comprise it were evaluated in the same way; while the attitudinal dimension was evaluated as regular. Conclusions: The determination of the initial situation of the didactic management of the teachers of the Gynecology and Obstetrics subject in contingency situations, confirmed the presence of insufficiencies in the didactic management of said subject under the indicated conditions. This reflects the need to implement ways for its improvement.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los actores del ámbito educativo deben gestionar procesos adecuados y coherentes con la movilidad social que acontece en la sociedad. Objetivo: Exponer los resultados del diagnóstico del estado inicial de la gestión didáctica de los docentes de la asignatura Ginecología y Obstetricia en situaciones de contingencia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo en el Hospital Universitario Ginecobstétrico Provincial Ana Betancourt de Mora durante el año 2022. Se tuvieron en cuenta las siguientes dimensiones: cognitiva, instrumental y actitudinal con sus respectivos indicadores e índices a medir en el diagnóstico de necesidades. El diagnóstico efectuado se aplicó a 17 docentes de dicha asignatura que laboran en la mencionada institución. Resultados: La dimensión cognitiva fue evaluada de regular, aunque la mayoría de los docentes conocían lo relativo al programa vigente de la asignatura Ginecología y Obstetricia, la mayor cantidad de ellos desconocían los reajustes realizados en situaciones de contingencia. La dimensión instrumental fue evaluada de mal porque los dos indicadores que la componen fueron evaluados de igual modo; mientras que la dimensión actitudinal fue evaluada de regular. Conclusiones: La determinación de la situación inicial de la gestión didáctica de los docentes de la asignatura Ginecología y Obstetricia en situaciones de contingencia, confirmó la presencia de insuficiencias en la gestión didáctica de dicha asignatura en las condiciones señaladas. Ello refleja la necesidad de instrumentar vías para su perfeccionamiento.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Artistic-pictorial series represent a unique type of document with informative particularities that pave new paths for representation activities. They prompt the valorization of a socio-cognitive approach that respects the cultural specificities of documentary production in the field of Arts. Objective: To discuss the artistic text, context, and intertext in the elaboration of thematic indexes of artistic-pictorial series, specifically focusing on the series "Linguagem do Agreste" by the Pernambuco artist Joaz Silva, based on the socio-cognitive dimension of documentary processes. The index in question was developed for the purpose of representing information stemming from visual narratives with memorial value and contextual production characteristics of the series. Thus, inferences are drawn regarding the series analysis processes, concept categorization, and the structure of the performed thematic index. Methodology: The research consists of a qualitative case study with an exploratory and interdisciplinary approach between the fields of Information Science and Arts. It is based on the development of thematic indexes through methodological triangulation for: analysis of works and artistic-pictorial series using the methodologies of Panofsky (1991) and Medeiros and Pinho (2018), concept categorization using facets adapted from Manini (2002), and cognitive systematization of subjects through the production of the index in question. Results: It presents the stages of documentary analysis, processing of the results of the documentary analysis, and the structuring of the thematic index. Conclusion: The interdisciplinary discussion established broadens and provides opportunities for Information Science discussions on artistic documents. The development of thematic indexes is a social contribution to the arts and artists, serving as material for consultation and reference for the indexing of artistic-pictorial series and for the research community as a source of information and consultation. Introduction Artisticpictorial Artistic pictorial activities sociocognitive socio Arts Objective text context artisticpictorial Linguagem Agreste Silva processes Thus Methodology 1991 (1991 2018, 2018 , (2018) 2002, 2002 (2002) Results Conclusion documents artists 199 (199 201 (2018 200 (2002 19 (19 20 (201 (200 1 (1 2 (20 ( (2

RESUMO Introdução: As séries artístico-pictóricas são um tipo de documento com particularidades informativas que enviezam novos caminhos para atividades de representação. Suscitam a valorização de uma abordagem sociocognitiva que respeite as particularidades culturais da produção documental no campo das Artes. Objetivo: Discutir sobre o texto artístico, o contexto e o intertexto na elaboração de índices temáticos de séries artístico pictóricas, em específico da série “Linguagem do Agreste” do artista plástico pernambucano Joaz Silva, com base na dimensão sociocognitiva dos processos documentários. O índice em questão foi desenvolvido para fins de representação das informações oriundas das narrativas visuais com valor memorialístico e de caráter contextual de produção da série. Deste modo, trazem-se inferências sobre os processos de análise da série, categorização de conceitos e estruturação do índice temático realizado. Metodologia: A pesquisa constitui-se de um estudo de caso de abordagem qualitativa e caráter exploratório e interdisciplinar entre os campos da Ciência da Informação e das Artes. Está pautado na elaboração de índices temáticos a partir de uma triangulação metodológica para: análise das obras e das séries artístico-pictóricas pelas metodologias de Panofsky (1991) e Medeiros e Pinho (2018), categorização de conceitos com o uso de facetas adaptadas a partir de Manini (2002) e sistematização cognitiva de assuntos pela produção do índice em questão. Resultados: Apresenta as etapas de análise documental, processamento dos resultados da análise documental e a estruturação do índice temático. Conclusão: A discussão interdisciplinar estabelecida amplia e oportuniza as discussões da Ciência da Informação sobre os documentos artísticos. A elaboração de índices temáticos é uma contribuição social para as artes e para os artistas, servindo como material de consulta e de referência para a indexação de séries artísticopictóricas e para a comunidade de pesquisadores, como fonte de informação e consulta. Introdução pictóricas Artes Objetivo Linguagem Agreste Silva documentários modo trazemse trazem se realizado Metodologia constituise constitui 1991 (1991 2018, 2018 , (2018) 2002 (2002 Resultados Conclusão artísticos artistas pesquisadores 199 (199 201 (2018 200 (200 19 (19 20 (201 (20 1 (1 2 (2 (

RESUMEN Introducción: En las unidades de cuidados intensivos, los pacientes son hospitalizados en una condición potencial mortal. Por ello requieren ventilación mecánica invasiva como método para ayudar a promover y mantener la permeabilidad de las vías respiratorias. Los cuidados de enfermería en dichas unidades son un pilar importante para el seguimiento y evolución de los pacientes ventilados. Objetivo: Identificar el nivel de conocimientos del personal de enfermería sobre el manejo del paciente con ventilación mecánica invasiva. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y de corte transversal en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández, de Matanzas, entre enero de 2022 y julio de 2023. El universo estuvo conformado por 62 enfermeros. Se tuvieron en cuenta como criterios de inclusión la voluntad de participar en el estudio y estar activo en el servicio, y como criterio de exclusión, aquellos enfermeros de estancia transitoria. Se diseñó un cuestionario. Resultados: El mayor por ciento de los enfermeros estudiados fue a pie de cama. El nivel de conocimientos que prevaleció en el cuestionario fue el regular. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico permitió identificar problemas y potencialidades del objeto estudiado. La dimensión cognoscitiva presentó las mayores dificultades. Se reafirmó la necesidad de desarrollar un sistema de superación que contribuya a fortalecer los conocimientos de los enfermeros sobre el cuidado del paciente con ventilación mecánica invasiva.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In intensive care units, patients are hospitalized in a potential mortal condition. Therefore, they require invasive mechanical ventilation as a method to help promote and to maintain airway permeability. Nursing care in these units is an important pillar for the monitoring and evolution of ventilated patients. Objective: To identify the level of knowledge of the nursing staff on the management of the patient with invasive mechanical ventilation Methods: A descriptive and cross sectional study was carried out in the Intensive Care Unit of the Clinical Surgical University Hospital Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández, in Matanzas, between January 2022 and July 2023. The universe was made up of 62 nurses. As inclusion criteria were taken into consideration the willingness to participate in the study and be active in the service, and as exclusion criteria those nurses of temporary stay. A questionnaire was designed. Results: The largest percent of the nurses studied were at the bedside. The level of knowledge that prevailed in the questionnaire was regular. Conclusions: The diagnosis allowed us to identify problems and potentialities of the object studied. The cognitive dimension presented the greatest difficulties. The need to develop an improvement system that contributes to strengthening nurses’ knowledge about the care of patients with invasive mechanical ventilation was reaffirmed.

RESUMEN Introducción: La evaluación del desempeño profesional pedagógico del tutor es vital para elevar la calidad del proceso educativo. Objetivo: Diagnosticar el estado actual de la evaluación del desempeño profesional pedagógico del tutor de Medicina General Integral. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva de corte transversal, con enfoque mixto, entre marzo y septiembre de 2022, en la Filial de Ciencias Médicas Dr. Eusebio Hernández Pérez, de Colón, en la provincia de Matanzas. Variable: el desempeño profesional pedagógico del tutor de Medicina General Integral. Unidades de estudio: 78 tutores, 275 residentes y 44 directivos. Dimensiones: cognoscitiva, procedimental y comportamental. Métodos: teóricos: análisis-síntesis e inducción-deducción; empíricos: análisis documental, encuesta, entrevista, observación; estadísticos: medidas de resumen para variables cualitativas y cuantitativas: frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Procedimientos: parametrización, triangulación metodológica. Resultados: Se identificaron problemas según las dimensiones cognoscitiva (poco dominio de las modalidades de educación en el trabajo y en la didáctica en la tutoría; poca preparación en metodología de la investigación y en buscadores de información científica en salud), procedimental (no correspondencia entre actividades presenciales y las de tutoría, poco nivel para planificar, ejecutar y controlar actividades), y comportamental (poca participación en superación relacionada con la tutoría, en eventos y poca producción científica). Las potencialidades se identificaron según las dimensiones procedimental (nivel de integración de conocimientos; promoción de cooperación y trabajo en equipo; relación entre temas de investigación y el banco de problemas del policlínico), y comportamental (nivel en que estimula el reforzamiento de valores y la ética médica; promoción de empatía y comunicación efectiva con el residente). Conclusiones: El diagnóstico permitió identificar problemas y potencialidades del objeto estudiado. Se propone una alternativa propia de las ciencias de la educación médica para resolver el problema científico, que es la elaboración de una metodología.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The evaluation of the professional pedagogical performance of the tutor is vital to raise the quality of the educative process. Objective: To diagnose the current status of the professional pedagogical performance of the tutor of Comprehensive General Medicine. Materials and methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional research, with mixed approach, was carried out between March and September 2022, in the Campus of Medical Sciences Dr. Eusebio Hernández Pérez, from Colon, in the province of Matanzas. Variable: professional pedagogical performance of the tutor of Comprehensive General Medicine. Units of study: 78 tutors, 275 residents and 44 members of the management staff. Dimensions: cognitive, procedural, and behavioral. Methods: theoretical methods: analysis-synthesis and induction-deduction; empirical methods: documentary analysis; surveys; interviews; observation. Statistical methods: summary measures for qualitative and quantitative variables; absolute and relative frequencies. Procedures: parameterization, methodological triangulation. Results: Problems were identified according to the cognitive dimensions (little mastery of the modalities of education at work and tutorship didactics; little training in research methodology and in search engines for scientific information in health); procedural dimension: no correspondence between face-to-face and tutoring activities, low level of planning, executing and controlling activities); and behavioral dimension (little participation in upgrading activities related to tutorship, in events, and little scientific production). Potentialities were identified according to procedural dimensions (level of knowledge integration; promotion of cooperation and teamwork promotion; relationship between research topics and policlinic’s problem bank), and behavioral (level at which it stimulates the reinforcement values and medical ethics; promotion of empathy and effective communication with the resident). Conclusions: The diagnosis allowed the authors to identify problems and potentialities of the object studied. An alternative specific of the medical education sciences is proposed to solve the scientific problem, which is the elaboration of a methodology.

RESUMEN Introducción: En la actualidad existe la necesidad de un modelo de formación de la competencia profesional gestión de seguridad de las personas enfermas en cuidados intensivos. Objetivo: Diseñar un modelo de formación de competencia profesional gestión de la seguridad de personas enfermas en cuidados intensivos. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación cualitativa-descriptiva en la Filial Ciencias Médicas de Baracoa de la Universidad Ciencias Médicas Guantánamo, Cuba, desde 2016 a 2018. El universo estuvo constituido por 74 docentes de la provincia. Se seleccionó una muestra por el método aleatorio simple de 21 docentes de Enfermería, equivalente al 30 %, se emplearon los métodos holístico-configuracional, modelación, análisis documental para la fundamentación de presupuestos epistemológicos, filosóficos, psicológicos y pedagógicos que lo sustentan. Se aplicó un cuestionario mediante entrevista a directivos y profesores. Luego se procedió a estructurar el modelo. Resultados: El modelo comprende tres dimensiones: cognitivo-afectiva de los cuidados intensivos, orientación cultural profesional y valoración reflexiva en la seguridad de la persona enferma en cuidados intensivos. De ellas se estructuraron las configuraciones, a partir de sus relaciones internas y emergieron las cualidades: cognitiva-intelectual de Enfermería en cuidados intensivos, procedimental-motriz y actitudinal-afectiva. Conclusiones: El modelo se conforma como síntesis dialéctica en la integración funcional del saber, saber hacer y saber ser, que le permiten al estudiante garantizar una atención de calidad a partir de identificar, evaluar, reducir o eliminar el riesgo de que se produzca un evento adverso que afecte a: personas enfermas, familiares, población, profesionales y a la propia institución.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nowadays, there is a need for a training model aimed at the professional competence management of safety of sick people in intensive care. Objective: To design a training model for the professional competence management of safety of sick people in intensive care. Methods: A qualitative-descriptive research was conducted in the Baracoa municipality’s medical sciences campus of Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Guantánamo, Cuba, from 2016 to 2018. The universe was made up of 74 professors of the province. Using the simple random method, a sample of 21 Nursing professors was selected, accounting for 30%. The holistic-configurational, modeling and documental analysis methods were used for the substantiation of epistemological, philosophical, psychological and pedagogical assumptions that support it. A questionnaire was applied by means of an interview to academic managers and professors. The model was then structured. Results: The model comprises three dimensions: the cognitive-affective dimension of intensive care, professional cultural orientation, and reflective assessment in the safety of the sick person in intensive care. From these, the configurations were structured, based on their internal relationships; and the qualities emerged: cognitive-intellectual of intensive care nursing, procedural-motor and attitudinal-affective. Conclusions: The model is shaped as a dialectical synthesis in the functional integration of knowledge, know-how and know-how to be (values), which allows the student to ensure quality care upon identifying, assessing, reducing or eliminating the risk of an adverse event affecting sick people, their family members, the population, professionals and the institution itself.

Cognitive behavioral stress management (CBSM) relieves physical and psychological burdens in patients with some central nervous system diseases, while its utility in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients is unclear. This study aimed to explore the effect of CBSM on neurologic recovery and psychosomatic health in AIS patients. Totally, 176 naive AIS patients were randomized into routine care (RC) group (n=88) and CBSM group (n=88) to receive a 3-month corresponding intervention. Modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores at the first month after discharge (M1) (P=0.008) and the third month after discharge (M3) (P=0.016) were lower in the CBSM group than in the RC group. The proportion of AIS patients with mRS score >2 at M3 was reduced in CBSM group vs RC group (P=0.045). Hospital anxiety depression scale (HADS)-anxiety score at M3 (P=0.016), HADS-depression score at M3 (P=0.005), and depression rate at M3 (P=0.021) were decreased in the CBSM group vs the RC group. EuroQol-5 dimension scores at M1 (P=0.024) and M3 (P=0.012) were decreased, while EuroQol-visual analogue scale score at M3 (P=0.026) was increased in the CBSM group vs the RC group. By subgroup analyses, CBSM had favorable outcomes in AIS patients with age ≤65 years. CBSM was beneficial to neurologic recovery and distress relief in AIS patients with an education level of middle school or above, and to health status in those with an education level of primary school or uneducated. In conclusion, CBSM benefitted neurologic recovery and psychosomatic health in AIS patients with minor neurological deficits, however, further studies should verify these results with a larger sample size and longer follow-up. (CBSM diseases (AIS unclear Totally 17 (RC n=88 n88 n 88 (n=88 3month 3 intervention (mRS M (M1 P=0.008 P0008 P 0 008 (P=0.008 (M3 P=0.016 P0016 016 (P=0.016 2 > P=0.045. P0045 P=0.045 . 045 (P=0.045) HADSanxiety HADS P=0.016, , HADSdepression P=0.005, P0005 P=0.005 005 (P=0.005) P=0.021 P0021 021 (P=0.021 EuroQol5 EuroQol 5 EuroQol- P=0.024 P0024 024 (P=0.024 P=0.012 P0012 012 (P=0.012 EuroQolvisual visual P=0.026 P0026 026 (P=0.026 analyses 65 ≤6 years above uneducated conclusion deficits however followup. followup follow up. up follow-up 1 n=8 n8 8 (n=8 (M P=0.00 P000 00 (P=0.00 P=0.01 P001 01 (P=0.01 P004 P=0.04 04 (P=0.045 (P=0.005 P=0.02 P002 02 (P=0.02 6 ≤ n= (n= P=0.0 P00 (P=0.0 (P=0.04 (n P=0. P0 (P=0. P=0 (P=0 P= (P= (P

RESUMEN: Este estudio se inserta en el campo de investigación que trata de la formación de profesores, con el fin de comprender cómo se forman estos profesionales en un contexto colectivo, como en un grupo de estudios e investigaciones. En este artículo, se presenta una interpretación de acciones realizadas en un grupo de estudios e investigaciones, que, a partir de algunos principios, pueden orientar la formación docente de los profesores participantes. Esta formación se plantea en la perspectiva de la actividad, partiendo de la premisa de que un colectivo de grupo de estudios e investigaciones que busca por acciones que vayan más allá de sus dimensiones estructurantes ofrece una formación que, con nuevas cualidades, transforma a los sujetos participantes. Así, se desarrolló una investigación basada en los supuestos de la Teoría Histórico-Cultural, con el objetivo de comprender principios que orientan la formación de profesores en un colectivo. Los datos fueron producidos a partir del análisis de acciones realizadas en un grupo de estudios e investigaciones, con 18 integrantes, vinculados al grupo como académicas de grado, profesoras que son estudiantes de posgrado y/o profesoras de Educación Básica o Enseñanza Superior que participan de sus proyectos. El proceso analítico, a partir de la dialéctica entre la dimensión orientadora y ejecutora, buscó identificar los principios orientadores de la formación docente en el grupo a partir de las diferentes acciones que él desarrolla. Los resultados indican que esas acciones permiten que los principios sean implementados para que ocurra la formación de sujetos desde la perspectiva de una personalidad colectivista, a partir de la unidad afectivo-cognitiva constituida en el proceso de participación en el grupo/colectivo, que puede contribuir al desarrollo de la personalidad de los sujetos que participan en él. RESUMEN artículo participantes actividad cualidades Así HistóricoCultural, HistóricoCultural Histórico Cultural, Cultural Histórico-Cultural 1 integrantes grado yo proyectos analítico ejecutora desarrolla colectivista afectivocognitiva afectivo cognitiva grupocolectivo grupo/colectivo

RESUMO: Este estudo se insere no campo de investigação que trata da formação de professores, a fim de compreender como esses profissionais se formam em um contexto coletivo, como o de um grupo de estudos e pesquisas. Neste artigo apresenta-se uma interpretação de ações realizadas em um grupo de estudos e pesquisas, que, a partir de alguns princípios, podem orientar a formação docente dos professores que participam dele. Tenciona-se essa formação na perspectiva da atividade, com base na premissa de que um coletivo de grupo de estudos e pesquisas que prima por ações que ultrapassam suas dimensões estruturantes oferece uma formação que, com qualidades novas, transforma os sujeitos que participam dele. Assim, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa a partir dos pressupostos da Teoria Histórico-Cultural, com o objetivo de compreender princípios que orientam a formação de professores em um coletivo. Os dados foram produzidos a partir da análise de ações realizadas em um grupo de estudos e pesquisas, com 18 integrantes, vinculados ao grupo como acadêmicas da graduação, professoras cursando a pós-graduação e/ou professoras da Educação Básica ou do Ensino Superior que participam de seus projetos. O processo analítico, a partir da dialética entre a dimensão orientadora e executora, procurou identificar princípios orientadores da formação docente no grupo a partir das diferentes ações que ele desenvolve. Os resultados apontam que essas ações permitem que os princípios se efetivem para que ocorra a formação dos sujeitos na perspectiva de uma personalidade coletivista, a partir da unidade afetivo-cognitiva constituída no processo de participação no grupo/coletivo, o que pode contribuir com o desenvolvimento da personalidade dos sujeitos que participam dele RESUMO apresentase apresenta Tencionase Tenciona atividade novas Assim desenvolveuse desenvolveu HistóricoCultural, HistóricoCultural Histórico Cultural, Cultural Histórico-Cultural 1 integrantes graduação pósgraduação pós eou projetos analítico executora desenvolve coletivista afetivocognitiva afetivo cognitiva grupocoletivo grupo/coletivo

ABSTRACT: This study falls within the field of research focused on teacher training, aiming to understand how these professionals are trained in a collective context, such as a study and research group. This article presents an interpretation of actions carried out in a study and research group, which, based on certain principles, can guide the teacher training of the participants. The intention is to view this training from the perspective of activity, based on the premise that a collective study and research group that emphasizes actions beyond its structural dimensions offers training that, with new qualities, transforms the individuals involved. Thus, a research was developed based on the premises of Historical-Cultural Theory, with the objective of understanding the principles that guide teacher training in a collective. Data were produced through the analysis of actions carried out in a study and research group with 18 members, comprising undergraduate students, teachers pursuing postgraduate studies, and/or teachers from Basic Education or Higher Education participating in its projects. The analytical process, grounded in the dialectic between the guiding and executing dimensions, sought to identify guiding principles of teacher training in the group through the various actions it develops. The results indicate that these actions allow the principles to be actualized, facilitating the formation of individuals from the perspective of a collectivist personality, based on the affective-cognitive unity constituted in the process of participating in the group/collective, which can contribute to the personality development of the individuals involved. ABSTRACT context participants activity qualities involved Thus HistoricalCultural Historical Cultural Theory 1 members students studies andor projects develops actualized affectivecognitive affective cognitive groupcollective group/collective

Abstract Research in the field of adult education has shown the positive impact of formal education on overall well-being. However, research on the impact of non-formal education remains scarce, particularly among older people. Given the phenomenon of an increasingly global ageing population, this ex-post facto correlational study aims to investigate how participation in non-formal education through senior or third age universities has a transformative potential on subjective well-being (SWB), self-esteem, health self-efficacy, and meaning in life for those attending such educational institutions in Portugal. Sixty seniors participated in the study, evenly split between users of a senior university (SU) and seniors who did not attend an SU or similar institution. Data were collected using internationally recognised questionnaires appropriate to the studied variables. The results show substantial effects in the SU attendance group on life satisfaction, negative affect, health self-efficacy, and the search for meaning in life compared to the control group. No significant differences were found for positive affect, as an affective component of SWB, self-esteem, or for the presence of meaning in life, with small effect sizes. The study concludes that senior universities contribute positively, particularly in the cognitive dimension of SWB, to health self-efficacy and to a dimension of meaning in life, supporting their role as contexts for active and healthy ageing and personal development. The need for further research on the topic is highlighted in order to overcome the identified limitations. wellbeing. wellbeing well being. being However nonformal non scarce people population expost ex post SWB , (SWB) selfesteem, selfesteem self esteem, esteem self-esteem selfefficacy, selfefficacy efficacy, efficacy Portugal (SU institution variables satisfaction affect sizes positively development limitations (SWB

Resumo A investigação no domínio da educação de adultos tem apontado para o efeito positivo da educação formal com relação ao bem-estar em sentido amplo, no entanto, quanto ao impacto da educação não formal os estudos são ainda escassos, particularmente com populações de idade avançada. Em face de uma população mundial cada vez mais idosa, este estudo, de tipo correlacional ex-post facto, busca investigar de que forma a participação na educação não formal, através de universidades seniores (US) ou da terceira idade, tem potencial transformador no bem-estar subjetivo (BES), autoestima, autoeficácia em saúde e no sentido da vida das pessoas que frequentam este tipo de estabelecimentos educacionais em Portugal. Participaram no estudo 60 seniores, repartidos de igual forma entre usuários de uma US e seniores que não frequentavam uma US ou outro estabelecimento similar. Os dados foram recolhidos mediante o emprego de questionários adequados às variáveis em estudo e de reconhecimento internacional. Os resultados revelam efeitos substanciais no grupo com frequência da US na satisfação com a vida e afetividade negativa, na autoeficácia em saúde e na procura de sentido na vida, em relação ao grupo de controle. Quanto à afetividade positiva, enquanto componente afetiva do BES, bem como a autoestima e a presença de sentido na vida, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas, revelando-se os tamanhos do efeito pequenos. Conclui-se pelo contributo positivo das US sobretudo na dimensão cognitiva do BES, na saúde e em uma das dimensões do sentido da vida, podendo ser consideradas contextos de envelhecimento ativo e saudável e de desenvolvimento pessoal, e salienta-se a necessidade de continuidade das investigações, no sentido de superação das limitações encontradas. bemestar estar amplo entanto escassos avançada idosa expost ex post facto (US BES , (BES) Portugal 6 similar internacional negativa controle positiva significativas revelandose revelando se pequenos Concluise Conclui pessoal salientase salienta investigações (BES