Resumen Objetivo. Determinar la distribución altitudinal de Calliphoridae (Diptera) en la vertiente oriental de la Cordillera Oriental en la Amazonía Andina, Colombia. Alcance. Promover el conocimiento de la diversidad de Calliphoridae en la Amazonia Andina colombiana, los cuales pueden ser utilizadas como indicadores forenses en esta region del país. Metodología. El estudio se realizó en un gradiente altitudinal de 250 a 2500 metros. Durante marzo, abril y junio (temporada alta de lluvias) y septiembre, noviembre y diciembre (temporada baja de lluvias), se utilizaron trampas Van Someren-Rydon cebadas con pescado en descomposición. Resultados. Se recolectaron un total de 4.437 especímenes de Calliphoridae, distribuidos en nueve géneros y 14 especies, las especies más abundantes fueron Chloroprocta idioidea (Robineau-Desvoidy), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) y Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius). Una prueba de ANOVA con post-hoc de Tukey HSD mostró que las dos temporadas y las cinco estaciones de muestreo no fueron estadísticamente diferentes. Se utilizaron curvas de acumulación de especies para medir el esfuerzo de muestreo y se utilizó una curva de rarefacción basada en el número de individuos para comparar la riqueza de especies entre las estaciones de muestreo. El índice de diversidad de Shannon mostró que la altitud más diversa fue Macagual a 250 metros (H = 2,39) y el índice de Simpson mostró que la localidad con mayor dominancia fue Los Lirios a 1.400 metros (D = 1,33). Las especies mostraron una distribución de rango altitudinal específica basada en los resultados de un Análisis de Correspondencia Factorial y agrupación de rango de altitud mediante análisis de conglomerados. Conclusiones. Los resultados mostraron que la distribución y diversidad de las especies de Calliphoridae en la vertiente oriental de la Cordillera Oriental en la Amazonía Andina Colombiana están fuertemente influenciadas por las condiciones climáticas.

Abstract Objetive. The objective was to determine the altitudinal distribution of Calliphoridae (Diptera) on the eastern slope of the Eastern Mountain Range in the Andean Amazon, Colombia. Scope. Promote knowledge of the diversity of Calliphoridae in the Colombian Andean Amazon, which can be used as forensic indicators in this region of the country. Methodology. The study was done in an altitudinal gradient from 250 to 2,500 meters. During March, April, and June (high rainy season) and September, November, and December (low rainy season), using Van Someren-Rydon traps baited with decomposing fish. Results. A total of 4,437 specimens of Calliphorid were collected, distributed in nine genera and 14 species; the most abundant species were Chloroprocta idioidea (Robineau-Desvoidy), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann), and Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius). ANOVA with a post-hoc Tukey HSD test showed that the two sampling seasons and the five sampling stations were not statistically different. Species accumulation curves were used to measure sampling effort and a rarefaction curve based on the number of specimens was used to compare species richness between sampling stations. Shannon diversity index showed that the most diverse altitude was Macagual at 250 meters (H = 2.39), and the Simpson index showed that the locality with the highest dominance was Los Lirios at 1400 meters (D = 1.33). Species showed specific altitudinal range distribution based on the results from a Factorial Correspondence Analysis and on an altitude range grouping using cluster analysis. Conclusions. The results showed that the distribution and diversity of the Calliphoridae species the eastern slope of the Eastern Mountain Range in the Colombian Andean Amazon are strongly influenced by weather conditions.

Resumen Introducción. El gusano barrenador del ganado, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), es una plaga de importancia económica para animales de sangre caliente, principalmente el ganado vacuno. Objetivo. Caracterizar molecularmente seis cepas de Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) y la especie Cochliomyia macellaria, por medio de las secuencias del mtADN. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó durante los años 2006 y 2007, utilizando seis cepas de colonias procedentes de México, Panamá y Costa Rica, ubicadas en el Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Instituto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales, Panamá. Se optimizaron tres cebadores de seis que fueron evaluados, por medio del método de secuenciación cíclica. Para establecer las relaciones filogenéticas entre las cepas se realizaron los análisis de Parsimonia, NJ (Neighbor-Joining), Máxima Verosimilitud y Bayesiano. Para C. macellaria se evaluaron tres cebadores que fueron utilizados para C. hominivorax. Resultados. Se obtuvieron las regiones del genoma mitocondrial NADH4–tRNA–NADH5. Todos los análisis mostraron la misma topología formando cuatro clados definidos. El primero formado por las cepas de Oaxaca y Quintana Roo, el segundo por las cepas de Chiapas, el tercero por las cepas de Costa Rica y Panamá y el cuarto por la población de Brasil, obtenida de GenBank. En C. macellaria dos cebadores lograron amplificar la región NADH4 y uno la región NADH5. Conclusión. Las amplificaciones obtenidas en esta investigación aportan información para continuar con los estudios moleculares entre las especies de C. macellaria y C. hominivorax; también para identificar el origen geográfico de las cepas.

Abstract Introduction. The cattle borer worm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), is an economically important pest for warm-blooded animals, mainly cattle. Objective. Molecularly characterize six strains of Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) and the Cochliomyia macellaria species using the mtDNA sequences. Materials and methods. The study was conducted during 2006 and 2007, using six strains from colonies of Mexico, Panama, and Costa Rica, located in the Molecular Biology Laboratory of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama. Three out of six primers were optimized and evaluated, using the cyclic sequencing method. Parsimonia, NJ (Neighbor-Joining), Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian analyzes were performed to establish the phylogenetic relationships between the strains. Three primers used for C. hominivorax were evaluated for C. macellaria. Results. The regions of the mitochondrial genome NADH4-tRNA-NADH5 were obtained. All the analyzes showed the same topology forming four defined clades. The first formed by the strains from Oaxaca and Quintana Roo, the second by the strains from Chiapas, the third by the strains from Costa Rica and Panama, and the fourth by the population from Brazil, obtained from GenBank. In C. macellaria two primers were able to amplify the NADH4 region and one NADH5 region. Conclusion. The amplifications obtained in this research provide information to continue the molecular studies between the species of C. macellaria and C. hominivorax; also to identify the geographical origin of the strains.

Resumen: Introducción: la falta de estudios en Venezuela que demostraran la importancia de moscas de interés médico como vectores mecánicos de enteroparásitos, motivó la realización de este trabajo descriptivo transversal, con muestra intencional, donde con trampas plásticas y ecológicas se capturaron adultos de moscas. Materiales y método: los ejemplares eran inactivados, para luego ser clasificadas por género, lavados con solución salina 0,85%, separados de la solución, y luego esta era centrifugada 10 minutos a 3.000 rpm, para posteriormente utilizar el pelet, el cual se montaba entre lámina y laminilla para observar el sedimento al microscopio. Resultados: se lograron capturar 1.061 adultos de moscas, los cuales correspondían taxonómicamente a los géneros: Phaenicia sp (29,2%), Blepharicnema splendens (6,4%), Cochliomyia hominivorax (3,8%), Musca domestica (3,4%), Sarcophaga sp; (3%), Cochliomyia macellaria (2,5%) y la sumatoria de otras especies (51,7%), tal que, de más de siete especies de moscas, se logró identificar los enteroparásitos Blastocystis sp, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba hartmanni, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Entamoeba coli, Iodamoeba butschlii, Pentatrichomonas sp (Trichomonas sp), mientras que los únicos helmintos conseguidos fueron las uncinarias (Anquilostomideos). Conclusiones: la contaminación enteroparasitaria de más de siete especies de moscas, con siete especies de enteroparásitos diagnosticados, resalta el papel transmisor de estos dípteros en el ciclo de los parásitos entéricos.

Abstract: Introduction: the lack of studies in Venezuela that demonstrate the importance of flies of medical interest as mechanical vectors of enteroparasites, motivated the realization of this crosssectional descriptive work, with intentional sample, where with plastic and ecological traps, adults of flies were captured. Materials and methods: the specimens were inactivated, to be classified by gender, washed with 0.85% saline, separated from the solution and then centrifuged 10 min at 3000 rpm, to later use the pellet, which was mounted between lamina and lamella to observe the sediment under a microscope. Results: 1.061 adults of flies were captured, which corresponded taxonomically to the genera: Phaenicia sp (29,2%), Blepharicnema splendens (6,4%), Cochliomyia hominivorax (3,8%), Musca domestica (3,4), Sarcophaga sp; (3%), Cochliomyia macellaria (2,5%) and the sum of other species (51,7%), such that from more than seven species of flies were able to identify the enteroparasites: Blastocystis sp, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba hartmanni , Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Entamoeba coli, Iodamoeba butschlii, Pentatrichomonas sp (Trichomonas sp), while the only helminths obtained were Uncinarias (Anquilostomideos). Conclusions: the enteroparasitic contamination of more than seven species of flies with seven species of enteroparasites diagnosed highlights the role of these dipterous transmitters in the cycle of enteric parasites.

Resumo: Introdução: a falta de estudos demonstrando Venezuela voa a importância de interesse médico como vetores mecânicos enteroparasitas, conduziu à realização do presente trabalho descritiva em corte transversal, onde amostra intencional com plástico e armadilhas ecológicas, moscas adultas foram capturados. Materiais e métodos: as amostras foram inactivadas, e, em seguida, são classificados por género, lavada com 0,85% de solução salina, separado da solução e, em seguida, esta foi centrifugado 10 min a 3000 rpm, e, em seguida, usando o sedimento, que foi montado entre a lâmina e a lamela para observar o sedimento ao microscópio. Resultados: conseguiram capturar 1.061 moscas adultas, que taxonomicamente correspondiam aos géneros: Phaenicia sp (29,2%), Blepharicnemasplendens (6,4%), Cochliomyia hominivorax (3,8%), Musca domestica (3,4), Sarcophaga sp; (3%), Cochliomyia macellaria (2,5%) e a soma de outras espécies (51,7%), de modo que mais do que sete espécies de moscas podem ser identificados parasitas intestinais: Blastocystis sp, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba hartmanni histolytica / dispar Entamoeba, Entamoeba coli, Iodamoeba butschlii, Pentatrichomonas sp (Trichomonas sp), ao passo que apenas foram obtidos helmintos Uncinarias (Ancilóstomo). Conclusões: contaminação enteroparasitaria de mais de sete espécies de moscas com sete espécies de parasitas intestinais sublinha o papel destes transmissor Diptera no ciclo de parasitas entéricos diagnosticados.

Resumen Las miasis son infestaciones parasitarias en humanos y animales causadas por estadios larvarios de moscas; son de distribución mundial y son una enfermedad frecuente en nuestro medio. En la literatura solo existen algunos casos reportados; por lo cual, su verdadera incidencia es difícil de establecer debido al sub-registro y ausencia de tipificación de larvas. Objetivo. Identificar, clasificar y caracterizar morfológicamente las larvas causantes de miasis como base para futuras aplicaciones e intervenciones en salud pública. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron 262 larvas obtenidas del cepario de la Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca que se encontraban almacenadas sin ningún tipo de identificación, organización e historia. Resultados. Se realizó la identificación con estereoscopio y claves dicotómicas de las familias Cuterebridae, Oestridae y Calliphoridae. Las especies encontradas son asociadas a diferentes tipos de miasis humana y animal, entre ellas; Dermatobia hominis, Dermatobia cyaniventris, Oestrus ovis, Cochliomyia hominivorax y Lucilia sp. Discusión. Las formas más comunes de este parasitismo son cavitarias y forunculares; causadas por Dermatobia hominis y Cochliomyia hominivorax, sin embargo, éstas no son de reporte obligatorio ante los servicios médicos humanos. Por lo tanto, es indispensable la información y capacitación de profesionales de la salud para la correcta conservación, identificación y reporte de las larvas extirpadas en pacientes con miasis, hasta el punto de ser considerada una práctica de rutina en el diagnóstico clínico.

Abstract Myiasis is the parasitic infestation of the body in humans and animals caused by larval stages of flies; such diseases are worldwide distributed and they are frequent in our environment. In the literature, there are only a few reports; therefore, its real incidence is difficult to be established due to sub-recorded cases and absence of larval typing. Objective. To identify, classify and morphologically characterize myasis-producing larvae of importance in public health. Material and methods. 262 larvae were analysed, obtained from the Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca that were stored without any identification, organization and history. Results. Larvae were identified using a stereomicroscope and morphology was based on dichotomous keys of the Cuterebridae, Oestridae and Calliphoridae families. The species found are associated with different types of myiasis, including; Dermatobia hominis, D. cyaniventris, Oestrus ovis, Cochliomyia hominivorax, C. macellaria and Lucilia spp. Discussion. As a conclusion, we found that cavitary and foruncular were the most common forms of this parasitism in the collection from the Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca. and that Dermatobia hominis and Cochliomyia hominivorax were the main involved species; however, these are not mandatory reporting species for medical services. Therefore, generating information about preservation, identification and recording of myasis-producing larvae, as well as training of professionals in public health might be considered as a routine practice for an accurate clinical diagnosis.

ABSTRACT The intra-puparial development of the blowflies Cochliomyia macellaria (n = 310) and Lucilia cuprina (n = 470), was studied under controlled conditions in laboratory. The 3rd instar larvae were reared until they stopped feeding, and the pre-pupae were separated according to the size in larval length and degree of pigmentation and of the cuticle. We observe a set of five continuous events or phases: (1) pupariation, (2) larva-pupa apolysis, (3) cryptocephalic pupa, (4) phanerocephalic pupa and (5) pharate adult. The total time of the intra-puparial development, larva-pupa apolysis to pharate adult, lasted for 120 h (5 days) to C. macellaria and 210 h (8.75 days) to L. cuprina.

ABSTRACT The classic episode of biological invasion: Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius, 1775) versus Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) - evaluation of the biotic potential. The biotic of the native fly Cochliomyia macellaria and the exotic Chrysomya megacephala was compared, through the reproductive capacity and longevity. The experiment took place in a climatized chamber, with four repetitions of 15 grouped couples of each species. The posture, egg mass weight, and death of individuals were observed daily. C. macellaria showed an average of longevity of 27.72 days while in C. megacephala the average was 41.96 days. The egg mass weight average per repetition was 0.58 g and 1.22 g, respectively. These results give a better understanding about the population dynamics of these species in nature.

La búsqueda de dietas alternativas con bajo costo para mantener la calidad de la cría de insectos en laboratorio es esencial. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la longevidad de los adultos y capacidad reproductiva de Cochliomyia macellaria, provenientes de formas inmaduras, criadas con dieta de mollejas de pollo en comparación con aquellas alimentadas con carne. Poco después de la aparición de los adultos, se formaron parejas, distribuidas en cuatro jaulas, para un total de 40 pares por tratamiento y se mantuvieron a 30 °C día/28 °C noche, a 70 ± 10% HR y fotoperiodo de 12 h. Fue ofrecida molleja/carne, dependiendo del tratamiento, para estimular la ovoposición. El peso promedio de la masa de huevos (1,063 g; 1,12 g), el peso promedio de la masa de huevos/día (0,0658 g; 0,0698 g) y el peso promedio de la masa de huevos/ hembra/día (0,0118 g; 0,0125 g) no difirieron significativamente entre las dietas de molleja y carne, respectivamente. Igualmente, el número promedio de huevos/g (8221,23; 8569,29) y la media de viabilidad de los huevos (99%; 94%), no difirieron de manera significativa entre las dietas (prueba t de Student α = 5%). Se demostró a través del método no paramétrico Kaplan-Meier y del método paramétrico de regresión de Weibull, que no se presentaron diferencias (en días) entre el tiempo mediano total de longevidad (37 vs. 38), el tiempo promedio estimado para la longevidad de machos (41,08 vs. 40,04) y hembras (33,79 vs. 36,29) alimentados con molleja y carne, respectivamente. El máximo de longevidad fue de 74 días para ambas dietas. Los Resultados demostraron que la dieta de mollejas de pollo es una alternativa eficaz y económica de criar C. macellaria en laboratorio.

The search for alternative diets that are cheap and maintain rearing stock quality is very important. The objective of the present study was to assess the adult longevity and reproductive capacity of Cochliomyia macellaria derived from juveniles reared on a chicken gizzard diet compared to those fed beef diet. Couples were formed shortly after adult emergence and distributed in four cages, totaling 40 couples per treatment, and maintained at 30 °C day/28 °C night, 70 ± 10% RH, anda12 hour light period. Chicken gizzards or beef were offered according to the treatment to stimulate oviposition. The mean weight of the egg mass (1.063 g; 1.12 g), mean weight of the egg mass/day (0.0658 g; 0.0698 g), and the mean weight of the egg mass/female/day (0.0118 g; 0.0125 g) did not differ significantly between the chicken gizzard and beef diets, respectively. The mean number of eggs/g (8221.23; 8569.29) and the mean viability of eggs (99%; 94%) did not differ significantly by a Student t-test, (α = 5% = 5%) for the chicken gizzard and beef diets, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier non-parametric method and the Weibull parametric regression method found no differences (in days) in the mean total longevity (37 vs. 38) and mean estimated longevity of males (41.08 vs. 40.04) and females (33.79 vs. 36.29) fed chicken gizzards and beef, respectively. The maximum longevity was 74 days for both diets. The chicken gizzard diet is an efficacious and cheap alternative for rearing C. macellaria in the laboratory.

Preliminary study of insects associated to indoor body decay in Colombia. This is the first report studying insects associated to indoor body decay process of a white pig (Sus scrofa) (Artiodactyla, Suidae) in a controlled indoor environment in an urban area of Florencia city, Amazonia Piedmont, Colombia. For a period of 54 days, 9,220 individuals (immature and adults), distributed in 3 orders, 5 families, 10 genera, and 10 species were collected using entomological nets and tweezers. Five decaying stages are described (fresh, bloated, active decay, advanced decay and remains). During the fresh stage we recorded Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius, 1775), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819), Ophyra aenescens (Wiedemann, 1830), Oxysarcodexia sp., Lepidodexia sp. and Lasiophanes sp.; during the bloating stage C. macellaria, C. albiceps, Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann, 1819), Hemilucillia semidiaphana (Rondani, 1850), Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758, O. aenescens, Oxysarcodexia sp., Lepidodexia sp., Dermestes maculatus De Geer, 1774 and Lasiphanes sp.; during the active decay C. macellaria, C. albiceps, L. eximia, M. domestica, O. aenescens, Lepidodexia sp. D. maculatus and Lasiophanes sp.; during the advanced decay C. macellaria, C. albiceps, M. domestica, Lepidodexia sp. and Lasiophanes sp.; and during the remains stage C. albiceps, D. maculatus and Lasiophanes sp. The insects were sorted out in 3 ecological categories; necrophagous, predators and parasites and sarco-saprophagous. According to Chao and Jack estimators, total richness was observed on day 20, with 100% of the expected species.

La entomología forense surge como apoyo técnico-científico a la investigación criminalística, aportando información sobre la data de muerte. Un método comúnmente utilizado es la sucesión de la entomofauna cadavérica sobre el cuerpo, sin embargo, la mayoría de los estudios se realiza empleando cadáveres de animales. Debido a esto, el presente estudio pretende utilizar como biomodelo vísceras de res, para determinar la secuencia de sucesión de las especies de importancia forense en el Estado Carabobo. Se emplearon pulmón e hígado, y la entomofauna fue colectada e identificada durante ocho días. Se obtuvieron 127 individuos adultos del Orden Diptera, pertenecientes a las Familias: Calliphoridae (67,9%), Muscidae (23,1%), Piophilidae (5,3%) y Sarcophagidae (3,7%); en Coleoptera se obtuvieron 7 ejemplares adultos de Dermestidae y Cleridae. Las especies reportadas fueron Chrysomya megacephala, Lucilia cuprina, Chrysomya albiceps y Cochliomyia macellaria, para Calliphoridae; Dermestes maculatus y Necrobia rufipes en Dermestidae y Cleridae, respectivamente. La mayor riqueza y abundancia de insectos se encontró en los primeros días de descomposición, seguido de la aparición de larvas que degradan de forma progresiva los tejidos y la presencia de coleópteros. El patrón de sucesión coincide con otros estudios realizados en los Estados Aragua y Carabobo, los cuales contemplaron el uso de cadáveres de conejos y roedores, respectivamente. La implementación de este biomodelo permitirá el desarrollo de protocolos de muestreo con el fin de generar una base de datos que relacione las fases de descomposición con listados de especies de importancia forense.

Forensic entomology emerges as technical and scientific support for criminal investigation, providing information on the date of death. A commonly used method is the succession of necrofagous entomofauna on the body; however, most studies are performed using animal carcasses. Because of this, the present study intends to use beef viscera as biomodel, to determine the succession of species of forensic importance in Carabobo State. Lung and liver were used, and the entomofauna was collected and identified during eight days. 127 adult individuals of the Order Diptera, belonging to the families: Calliphoridae (67.9%), Muscidae (23.1%), Piophilidae (5.3%) and Sarcophagidae (3.7%), were obtained; and in Coleoptera, seven adult insects of Cleridae and Dermestidae. The species reported were Chrysomya megacephala, Lucilia cuprina, Chrysomya albiceps and Cochliomyia macellaria in Calliphoridae; Dermestes maculatus and Necrobia rufipes in Dermestidae and Cleridae, respectively. The richest variety and abundance of insects was found in the early days of decomposition, followed by the emergence of Diptera larvae and beetles breaking down tissues progressively. The succession pattern is consistent with other studies conducted in the states of Aragua and Carabobo, which considered the use of dead rabbits and rodents, respectively. The implementation of this biomodel will allow the development of sampling protocols in order to generate a database that links the decomposition phases with species of forensic importance.

In order to know the behavior of the Cattle Screwworm (CS) and its relationship with primary myasis and other disease-producing agents in a Canton, Manabi, 830 samples of all cases of myasis, detected in six months in the area, were taken. Diptera larvae present in each case were collected, directly from wounds and transported to the laboratory in closed bottles with alcohol 70°. The specimens were diagnosed by the descriptions provided by FAO (1992) to identify Cochliomyia spp. The differential diagnosis with other agents was performed using the taxonomic criteria reported by FAO (1994). A morphological study of the various stages of diptera in myasis cases was carried out determining their distribution and association, as well as to relate their presence. In the case of CS, the primary cause for the implementation of the agent was taken into account. Similarly, the presence of the agent associated to different animal species affected by the parasite was related. Proportion Comparison and Duncan's test were applied to determine the difference among the findings. Thus, the presence of SC based on the characteristics of eggs and third stage larvae was evident the results the under predisposing conditions to the implementation of the agent show that the vulvar wounds, followed by those produced by barbed wire, are the most important causes promoting the attraction of adult flies followed by others. C. macellaria was found studied areas found in cases of myiasis in the studied areas, in low rates and together with other agents and pure infestations. It is concluded that these results provide a first important element on the behavior of infestation by C. hominivorax and C. macellaria, to be followed by dupen studies in order to applied an effective control in the region.

Con el objetivo de conocer el comportamiento del Gusano Barrenador del Ganado, y su relación con las myasis primarias y con otros agentes productores de la enfermedad, en un Cantón de la región de Manabí, se tomaron 830 muestras de todos los casos de myasis detectados en el curso de seis meses. Las larvas de los dípteros presentes en cada caso fueron colectadas directamente de las heridas y transportadas al laboratorio en frascos cerrados contentivos de alcohol 70°. Los ejemplares fueron diagnosticados mediante las descripciones brindadas por FAO (1992) para la identificación de Cochliomyia spp. El diagnóstico diferencial con otros agentes fue realizado mediante los criterios taxonómicos referidos por FAO (1994).Se realizó un estudio morfológico de los diferentes estadios de los dípteros encontrados en casos de myasis, con vistas a determinar la distribución de los mismos y su asociación, así como relacionar la presencia de ellos. En el caso del GBG, se tuvo en consideración la causa primaria que propició la implantación del agente. Del mismo modo, se relacionó la presencia del agente con diferentes especies de animales afectados por el parásito. Se aplicó Comparaci6n de Proporciones y Dócima de Duncan, para determinar la diferencia entre los hallazgos encontrados. De esa manera, se puso en evidencia la presencia de GBG sobre la base de las características de los huevecillos y las larvas del tercer estadio. Los resultados obtenidos sobre las condiciones predisponentes a la implantación del agente, demuestran que las heridas vulvares, seguidas de las producidas por alambres de púas, son las causas más importantes que propician la atracción de las moscas adultas, seguidas de otras. C. macellaria se presentó en casos de myiasis en las zonas estudiadas, aunque en tasas bajas, junto a otros agentes y en infestaciones puras. Se concluye que estos resultados brindan un primer elemento de importancia sobre el comportamiento de la infestación por ambos agentes, que debe seguirse profundizando con vistas a un control más eficaz, en la región.

Morfologia comparada das espermatecas de espécies de Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy e Cochliomyia Townsend (Diptera, Calliphoridae). Pouco se conhece sobre a morfologia das estruturas quitinizadas das espermatecas de Calliphoridae. Nesse trabalho as espermatecas de Chrysomya albiceps Wiedemann, 1819, C. megacephala Fabricius, 1794, Cochliomyia macellaria Fabricius, 1775 e C. hominivorax Coquerel, 1858 são descritas e ilustradas. Foi registrada pela primeira vez a ocorrência em uma espécie com quatro espermatecas, uma forma atípica em califorídeos. A análise dessas estruturas possibilitará uma melhor compreensão do grupo e fornecerá caracteres taxonômicos para futuros estudos filogenéticos.

Comparative morphology of the spermathecae of some species of Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy and Cochliomyia Townsend (Diptera, Calliphoridae). Little is known about the morphology of the chitinized structures of the spermathecae of the Calliphoridae. In this work, the spermathecae of Chrysomya albiceps Wiedemann, 1819, C. megacephala Fabricius, 1794, Cochliomyia macellaria Fabricius, 1775 and C. hominivorax Coquerel, 1858 are described and illustrated. The occurrence in one species of four spermathecae, an atypical form for blow flies, was recorded for the first time. The analysis of these structures will allow a better understanding of this group as well as provide taxonomic characters for future phylogenetic studies.

Myiases are infestations with dipteran larvae in both necrosed and living tissues, the food source of these insects. These illnesses occur in warm humid climates, and are most frequent in developing countries. We assessed the epidemiological aspects and the influence of climate on the occurrence of myiases and the bioagents in patients admitted to the federal Hospital do Andaraí in Rio de Janeiro from February 2007 to 2008. The influence of abiotic factors (temperature, humidity, and rainfall) on the incidence of myiases was investigated by using the Pearson's correlation test. Of the 40 patients studied, the prevalence of myiases was higher in adults, particularly in the 40 to 65 year-old (37.5%) African descent males (57.5%). Most of the injuries were caused by trauma (62.5%). Some patients made use of licit (50%) and illicit drugs (17.2%). The occurrence of myiases was not affected by the abiotic factors investigated. The cases reported here were treated in only one hospital, indicating that the disease is relatively common. The most frequent bioagent was Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), but Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) and Dermatobia hominis (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) were also detected causing myiases. Chrysomya albiceps is an exotic etiologic agent of myiases.

Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae), conhecida como mosca-varejeira, ocorre no continente americano e apresenta importância médico-veterinária e forense. O presente estudo teve como objetivo conhecer a flutuação sazonal dessa espécie na região do Pantanal. De dezembro/2004 a novembro/2007 foram realizadas coletas de dípteros na fazenda Nhumirim, sub-região da Nhecolândia, Pantanal sul-mato-grossense. Foram utilizadas quatro armadilhas orientadas pelo vento, iscadas com fígado bovino deteriorado. As armadilhas permaneceram ativas durante todo o período de estudo, e coletas foram realizadas semanalmente. Foram capturados 159.397 califorídeos, sendo C. macellaria (57,33%) a espécie mais abundante. C. macellaria foi observada em todos os meses do ano, apresentando comportamento bimodal com picos populacionais em maio/julho (final de outono/início de inverno) e outubro/dezembro (primavera).

Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae), known as the secondary screwworm, occurs in the Americas and has medical-veterinary and forensic importance. This study aimed to describe the seasonal fluctuation of this species in the Pantanal region, Central-Western Brazil. From December 2004 to November 2007 fly catches using four windoriented traps baited with decaying bovine liver were carried out at the Nhumirim ranch, Nhecolândia subregion, Southern Pantanal. Traps remained active throughout the study period and collections were carried out on a weekly basis. A total of 159,397 Calliphoridae were caught and C. macellaria (57.33%) was the most abundant species. C. macellaria occurred all over the year showing a bimodal behavior with peaks in May-July (late autumn/early winter) and October-December (spring).

Desempenho do parasitóide Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) utilizando como hospedeiro Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius) (Diptera, Calliphoridae), sob diferentes tempos de exposição. Foram estudados o desenvolvimento pós-embrionário, a produtividade da pupa hospedeira, a taxa de parasitismo e a razão sexual de Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) criadas em pupas hospedeiras de Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius). Analisaram-se diferentes tempos de exposição: 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas. Fêmeas nulíparas foram individualizadas em tubos de ensaio contendo as pupas hospedeiras e tampados com algodão hidrófobo. Cada tratamento foi constituído de 10 repetições. Após a exposição, os himenópteros foram descartados e as pupas hospedeiras foram mantidas individualizadas. O controle consistiu de pupas de C. macellaria não expostas ao parasitismo utilizando-se o mesmo delineamento experimental. Os parasitóides apresentaram um desenvolvimento pós-embrionário mais lento com aumento do tempo de exposição. A exposição mais produtiva foi a de 72 horas. A razão sexual apresentou uma tendência ao nascimento de fêmeas após a exposição de 48 horas. A taxa de parasitismo apresentou crescimento até a exposição de 72 horas. A taxa de nascimento de dípteros também apresentou queda até o tempo de exposição de 72 horas.

The post-embryonic development, the productivity of the host pupae, the rate of parasitism and the sex ratio of Nasonia vitripennis reared in pupae of Cochliomyia macellaria were studied. Different exposition times were used: 24, 48, 72, 96 hours. Nulliparous females originating from the stock colony were individualized in test tubes covered with hydrophobic cotton and containing the host pupae. Each treatment was constituted by 10 replicates. After exposition, the hymenopterans were discarded and the host pupae were individualized in test tubes until the emergency of the adults of C. macellaria or N. vitripennis. Samples of host pupae not exposed to parasitism and receiving the same experimental treatment, were used as control. The parasitoids showed a slower development in relation to the increase exposition time. The 72 hours exposition was the one which enabled higher productivity. The sex ratio tended towards a deviation for the birth of females after 48 hour. The rate of parasitism increased up to 72 hours. The rate of dipteran's emergence showed a decrease until 72 hours.