Este artigo descreve aspectos metodológicos e caracteriza a participação no primeiro ano do estudo Impacto da Regulamentação do Ambiente Alimentar Escolar. O estudo visa monitorar a comercialização de alimentos nas cantinas e no entorno de escolas privadas de três cidades brasileiras com distintos contextos regulatórios, bem como investigar a percepção dos escolares sobre a cantina escolar. Trata-se de um estudo transversal repetido (2023/24 e 2025), com amostras independentes, em Recife (PE), Niterói (RJ) e Porto Alegre (RS). Para o Módulo Cantina, planejou-se uma amostragem de escolas privadas de ensino fundamental e médio, estratificada pelo porte escolar e com reposição inversa. Para o Módulo Ambulante, uma amostra de conveniência. E para o Módulo Aluno, uma amostra por conglomerados em três estágios. Os dois primeiros módulos replicam a metodologia do estudo Comercialização de Alimentos em Escolas Brasileiras – Caeb. A primeira coleta de dados ocorreu entre setembro de 2023 e maio de 2024. Participaram 202 escolas e 532 alunos. Apenas três vendedores ambulantes foram localizados. As taxas de participação escolar foram de 47,8% em Porto Alegre, 53,9% em Niterói e 69,9% em Recife. Houve resistência das escolas em receber a pesquisa, o que prolongou a coleta de dados e exigiu adaptações metodológicas. O artigo discute os desafios enfrentados no trabalho de campo e os ajustes metodológicos para o segundo ano de acompanhamento, trazendo recomendações para futuros estudos no ambiente escolar. Este projeto é fruto da colaboração entre academia e sociedade civil organizada, que demandou informações para apoiar ações de advocacy pela alimentação saudável na escola. As evidências geradas poderão subsidiar a formulação e o aprimoramento de políticas de proteção do ambiente alimentar escolar em outras cidades e níveis governamentais.

This article describes the methodological aspects and characterizes participation in the first year of the Impact of School Food Environment Regulation study. The study aims to monitor the commercialization of foods in canteens and the surrounding areas of private schools in three Brazilian cities with distinct regulatory contexts, as well as to investigate students' perceptions of the school canteen. It is a repeated cross-sectional study (2023/24 and 2025) with independent samples, conducted in Recife (PE), Niterói (RJ), and Porto Alegre (RS). For the Canteen Module, a stratified sampling of private elementary and high schools was planned, considering school size and using inverse replacement. The Street Vendor Module used a convenience sample, while the Student Module employed a three-stage cluster sampling. The first two modules replicate the methodology of the Commercialization of Food in Brazilian Schools (Caeb) study. The first data collection occurred between September 2023 and May 2024, involving 202 schools and 532 students. Only three street vendors were found. School participation rates were 47.8% in Porto Alegre, 53.9% in Niterói, and 69.9% in Recife. Schools' reluctance to participate in the study prolonged the data collection period and required methodological adaptations. This article discusses the challenges in fieldwork and the methodological adjustments planned for the second year of follow-up, offering recommendations for future studies in the school environment. This project results from a collaboration between academia and organized civil society, which sought information to support advocacy efforts for healthy eating in schools. The evidence generated may contribute to the development and improvement of policies aimed at protecting the school food environment in other cities and at different government levels.

ABSTRACT Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds, used as raw materials in the food and cosmetic industries globally, require high seed-producing varieties, as most developed ones focus on medical purposes. This study identified morphological traits affecting high seed yield in local hemp accessions collected from 63 locations across 11 districts in three northern Thailand provinces. The 37 surviving accessions were evaluated, clustered based on morphological data, and compared with hemp varieties RPF1 and RPF2. Cluster analysis classified these into five clusters, with Cluster 1 having the highest seed weight per plant (840.68 g) and longest inflorescence (11.25 cm). First-year correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship (p ≤ 0.01) between seed weight per plant and inflorescence length (0.50) and stem diameter (0.46). In the second year, the number of flowers per inflorescence significantly correlated with seed weight per plant (0.55). Path coefficient analysis showed a high direct effect on seed yield from inflorescence length (0.37) and stem diameter (0.32) in the first year and branch length (0.80), height (0.73), and number of flowers per inflorescence (0.72) in the second year. Moreover, 24 hemp lines from the second year with seed yield potential were selected for the hemp breeding program. Morphological traits directly affecting seed yield can be used as selection criteria in the hemp breeding programs.

The Council for Geoscience (CGS) performed a macroseismic investigation following the occurrence of an earthquake in the Boksburg area on 11 June 2023. The event had a magnitude of M L 4.4 and a focal mechanism that showed the event as having strike-slip motion along a northwest-southeast oriented fault. The event resulted in aftershocks, some of which occurred away from the causative fault in the east in an area without a mapped fault. However, the cluster of past events in that area suggests that there is an active fault. Due to the size of the main earthquake, a macroseismic survey was conducted to determine its impact on the community in the region. Analysis of observed data obtained from questionnaires resulted in the creation of 153 intensity data points. Their distribution showed high intensity values close to the earthquake source area. However, the investigation highlighted a number of anomalies, such as the higher than expected intensity values observed far from the event epicentre. It could be that these anomalies are caused by site conditions, for example, amplification of ground motion due to thick soil layers.

ABSTRACT Producing grapes for juice has been gaining prominence in the Northeast region of Brazil with diversification of grape cultivars for juice production over the past decade. The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of different vine training systems and rootstocks on the vigor, yield, and morpho-agronomic traits of ‘BRS Cora’ grapes over six production cycles. The experiment was conducted in Petrolina, PE, Brazil, from 2017 to 2020. A randomized block experimental design was used with four replications in split-split plots in time, with evaluation of the espalier, pergola, and lyre training systems combined with the rootstocks IAC 572 and IAC 766. The variables studied were the following: bud fertility index; yield per plant; number of clusters per plant; weight, width and length of cluster and berry; soluble solids (SS); titratable acidity (TA); and ratio SS/TA. The response of the ‘BRS Cora’ vines were different depending on the training system, rootstock, production cycle, or interaction among them. The bud fertility index varied only as a result of the production cycle. The pergola training system increased yield in relation to espalier and lyre systems, also favoring a larger number and size of clusters. The IAC 766 rootstock increased berry size and TA, whereas IAC 572 favored higher sugar/SS content and SS/TA ratio. The fourth production cycle (harvest on 9 May 2019) led to the best agronomic performance of ‘BRS Cora’ grapevines under the conditions of the Submédio do Vale do São Francisco region.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar o caso de uma criança com síndrome de Jacobsen visando fornecer informações fenotípicas sobre esta desordem genética rara. Descrição do caso: Pré-escolar do sexo feminino, com cinco anos de idade, foi diagnosticada com síndrome de Jacobsen por meio do teste do cariótipo. Apresentou uma variedade de anomalias craniofaciais e malformações, incluindo comprometimento cardíaco, caracterizado por um conjunto de malformações no ventrículo esquerdo em consonância com o diagnóstico do complexo de Shone. Comentários: A síndrome de Jacobsen ocorre em razão de uma deleção de genes contíguos no braço longo do cromossomo 11 (11q). As principais características associadas a esta síndrome genética são baixa estatura, atraso do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, trigonocefalia e dismorfismo craniofacial, além de alterações hematológicas, malformações cardíacas, entre outras. Dessa forma, a criança está em acompanhamento em um Centro de Anomalias Craniofaciais com uma equipe multiprofissional a fim de acompanhar seu desenvolvimento e tratar as comorbidades associadas.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to report the case of a child with Jacobsen syndrome in order to provide phenotypic information about this rare genetic disorder. Case description: A 5-year-old female preschooler was diagnosed with Jacobsen syndrome by karyotype testing. She presented with a variety of craniofacial anomalies and malformations, including cardiac impairment, characterized by a cluster of malformations in the left ventricle in line with the diagnosis of Shone’s complex. Comments: Jacobsen syndrome occurs due to a deletion of contiguous genes on the long arm of chromosome 11 (11q). The main characteristics associated with this genetic disorder are short stature and delayed neuropsychomotor development, trigonocephaly and craniofacial dysmorphism, hematological alterations, and cardiac malformations, among others. Thus, the child is being monitored at a Craniofacial Anomalies Center with a multi-professional team in order to monitor her development and treat the associated comorbidities.

RESUMO A quinoa é um pseudocereal muito importante devido ao seu conteúdo nutricional, grande adaptabilidade e ampla variabilidade genética. Na Colômbia, os estudos genéticos sobre a quinoa são escassos e não existem variedades certificadas. Em vez disso, crescem no campo misturas varietais que afetam a qualidade dos grãos e, portanto, os processos pós-colheita e de comercialização. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar morfoagronômicamente cinco cultivares de quinoa em condições de campo e casa de vegetação em Tunja-Boyacá, utilizando 21 descritores qualitativos e quantitativos, estimando sua variação com análises descritivas, multivariadas e de agrupamento. Os resultados mostram alta segregação fenotípica entre as cultivares, sendo a produtividade, o diâmetro e o comprimento da panícula as variáveis quantitativas com maior variação tanto no campo quanto na casa de vegetação. A análise multivariada mostrou que 72,54% da variância observada em casa de vegetação e 75,20% no campo foram explicadas pelos dois primeiros componentes, onde altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, densidade e cor da panícula e cor do caule foram variáveis discriminantes. No campo e em casa de vegetação, foram formados três grupos de cultivares de acordo com a produtividade e características morfoagronômicas desejáveis. Finalmente, nas atuais condições ambientais, os materiais de quinoa mais promissores para um programa de melhoramento foram Blanca Subachoque e Tunkahuan.

ABSTRACT Quinoa is a pseudocereal of great importance because of its nutritional content, great adaptability and broad genetic variability. In Colombia, genetic studies on quinoa are scarce, and there are no certified varieties. Rather, varietal mixtures that affect grain quality and, therefore, postharvest and marketing processes grow in the field. The objective of this study was to carry out a morphoagronomic characterization of five quinoa cultivars under field and greenhouse conditions in Tunja-Boyacá using 21 qualitative and quantitative descriptors, estimating their variation with descriptive, multivariate, and cluster analyses. The results show a high phenotypic segregation among cultivars, where yield, diameter, and panicle length were the quantitative variables with greater variation both in the field and in the greenhouse. The multivariate analysis showed that 72.54% of the variance observed in the greenhouse and 75.20% in the field were explained by the first two components, where plant height, stem diameter, panicle density and color, and stem color were discriminating variables. In the field and in the greenhouse, three groups of cultivars were formed according to the yield and desirable morphoagronomic characteristics. Finally, under the present environmental conditions, the more promising quinoa materials for a breeding program were Blanca Subachoque and Tunkahuan.

Abstract: In Chile, consumption has become the core of identity construction as a result of globalization and the neoliberal model. Adolescents are an important segment of the population which was affected by this transformation, since they constitute three different markets: the present, the future, and the influence on the family. A central aspect of consumption is the purchase decision making, which is divided in 3 styles: impulsive, planned, and compulsive. The aim of this study was to identify profiles of adolescents according to their purchase styles and exploring if they differ by sex, socioeconomic level, tendency to be influenced by peers and materialism. The study used a quantitative non-experimental design, of a correlational-multivariate type. Participants were selected using a two-staged sampling, which resulted in 1,108 adolescents, male and female, from La Serena, Coquimbo, Santiago, and Temuco. Participants answered a questionnaire which included: the Materialism Scale for Adolescents, the Questionnaire of Purchase Styles and the Scale of Susceptibility to Peer Influence on Consumption. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, 4 profiles were identified: compulsive buyers, planners, impulsive and diffuse. They had significant differences in socioeconomic status, tendency to influence peers and materialism. No significant differences were found regarding sex, but significant positive associations were found between materialism, peer influence, impulsive buying and compulsive buying, and a negative association between planned buying and materialism. Results are discussed considering the importance of economic literacy to achieve responsible and planned consumption.

Resumen: En Chile, el consumo se ha transformado en el núcleo de la construcción identitaria como consecuencia de la globalización y del modelo neoliberal. Los adolescentes son un segmento destacado de la población en la que impactó este cambio porque constituyen mercados: el presente, el futuro y el de influencia en la familia. Un aspecto clave del comportamiento de consumo es la toma de decisiones de compra, la que se divide en 3 estilos: impulsivo, planificado y compulsivo. El objetivo fue identificar perfiles de adolescentes según sus estilos de compra, determinando si estos difieren por sexo, nivel socioeconómico, tendencia a la influencia de pares y materialismo. El diseño fue cuantitativo no-experimental, correlacional-multivariado. A través de un muestreo por conglomerados bietápico, se seleccionaron 1.108 adolescentes chilenos de ambos sexos residentes en las ciudades de La Serena, Coquimbo, Santiago y Temuco. Se aplicó un cuestionario que incluyó la Escala de Materialismo para Adolescentes, Estilos de Compra y la Escala de Susceptibilidad a la Influencia de los Pares en el Consumo. Por medio de análisis de conglomerados jerárquicos, se identificaron 4 perfiles: compradores compulsivos, planificadores, impulsivos y difusos. Mostraron diferencias significativas según el NSE, tendencia a la influencia de pares y materialismo. No se encontraron diferencias con respecto al sexo, pero si se hallaron relaciones positivas entre materialismo, influencia de pares, compra impulsiva y compra compulsiva y una relación negativa entre compra planificada y materialismo. Se discuten los resultados considerando la importancia de la alfabetización económica para lograr un consumo responsable y planificado.

Protium ovatum Eng. Burseraceae is an endemic species in Brazil used in traditional medicine. This study investigated the chemical variation and the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of dichloromethane soluble fraction of hydrolate (DSFH) from leaves of P. ovatum collected from five different vegetation physiognomies within the Cerrado Goiano. The region was characterized based on the DSFH chemical composition by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were performed to compare the different DSFHs from five Savannah regions in Brazil. The DSFHs from the Cerrado stricto sensu (CSS), Mata de Galeria (MG) and Cerradão (C) regions were grouped in the negative part of PC1, showing high similarity. Samples from the C and MG regions showed antioxidant activity of IC50 = 0.98 and 0.78 mg mL-1, respectively, and 0.250 mg mL-1 of butylated hydroxytoluene (positive control). DSFH from different regions exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The results show that the chemical composition and the biological activity of DSFHs can be affected according to the area of collection. Eng medicine (DSFH P Goiano GCMS GC MS (GC-MS PCA (PCA HCA (HCA CSS, CSS , (CSS) (MG (C PC1 PC similarity IC IC5 098 0 98 0.9 078 78 0.7 mL1, mL1 mL 1, 1 respectively 0250 250 0.25 mL- positive control. control . control) albicans collection (CSS 09 9 0. 07 7 025 25 0.2 02 2

RESUMO Vários estudos etnobotânicos destacaram a importância da ameixa amarela como espécie vegetal útil no Nordeste brasileiro. Para domesticar e incorporar uma espécie nativa em sistemas produtivos é necessário obter informações sobre seu desenvolvimento e variação genética. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a variabilidade genética de indivíduos de X. americana, acessada por marcadores moleculares amplificados ao acaso (RAPD). Foram utilizados 26 genótipos de X. americana, coletados na reserva particular Fazenda Canto das Emas, na cidade de Caturité, estado da Paraíba, Brasil. Por meio da técnica RAPD, foi possível avaliar as diferenças genéticas entre genótipos nativos em uma população de ameixa silvestre. Baseado no coeficiente de dissimilaridade de Sokas e Rohlf, foi possível formar quatro grupos distintos pelo método UPGMA. O coeficiente de correlação cofenética foi de 0,83, revelando variabilidade na consistência do padrão de agrupamento. Os genótipos de X. americana apresentam diversidade genética detectada por marcadores RAPD, que têm se mostrado eficientes na caracterização de indivíduos. Os genótipos 4, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 24, e 25 são os mais divergentes e devem ser utilizados em estratégias de conservação e programas de melhoramento. brasileiro X RAPD. RAPD . (RAPD) 2 Emas Caturité Paraíba Brasil silvestre Rohlf UPGMA 083 0 83 0,83 agrupamento 4 8 9 11 13 14 15 16 18 21 24 melhoramento (RAPD 08 0,8 1 0,

ABSTRACT Several ethnobotanical studies highlighted the importance of yellow plum as a useful plant species in the Brazilian Northeast region. In order to domesticate and incorporate a native species in production systems it is necessary to obtain information on its development and genetic variation. This work aimed to analyze the genetic variability of individuals of X. americana, accessed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) molecular markers. 26 genotypes of X. americana, randomly collected at the private reserve Campo das Emas Farm located in the Caturité City, Paraíba State, Brazil, were used in the study. Through the RAPD technique it was possible to assess the genetic variations among native genotypes within a wild plum population. Based on Sokal and Rohlf dissimilarity coefficient it was possible to form four distinct groups using the UPGMA method. The Cophenetic Correlation Coefficient was 0.83, revealing variability in the consistency of the cluster pattern. The genotypes of X. americana have genetic diversity detected by RAPD markers, which have shown to be efficient in characterizing individuals. Genotypes 4, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 24, and 25 are the most divergent and should be used in conservation strategies and breeding programs. region variation X (RAPD markers 2 City State Brazil study population method 083 0 83 0.83 pattern 4 8 9 11 13 14 15 16 18 21 24 programs 08 0.8 1 0.

BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among adolescents in South Africa is a growing public health concern. AIM: To examine the clustering of NCD risk factors, with a focus on gender, socio-economic status (SES) and perceived stress among adolescents. SETTING: The study involved adolescents from eight schools in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality and Amatole district, Eastern Cape METHODS: A stratified random sample of 266 adolescents (aged 12 years-18 years) was assessed for anthropometric, physiological, and perceived stress measures. Data included body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), cholesterol, glucose levels, and perceived stress (via the Perceived Stress Scale). Analysis involved descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, t-tests, and k-means clustering. RESULTS: Females (n = 155) showed a higher prevalence of NCD risk factors, with 80.2% classified as overweight or obese compared to 19.8% of males, and 77.2% had elevated cholesterol versus 22.8% of males. Perceived stress was higher in affluent schools (59.8%) despite fewer metabolic risks. K-means analysis identified four health profiles with significant SES and health differences (p < 0.001). Cluster 1 (high SES) showed elevated BP, BMI, and stress, while Clusters 2-4 (low SES) varied in risks, with Cluster 4 showing the highest BP and metabolic risks despite low stress. CONCLUSION: These results highlight unique health profiles and risk factors across socio- economic contexts, with female adolescents from lower socio-economic backgrounds facing greater metabolic risks. CONTRIBUTION: This Study provides original insights into the interplay between gender, SES and perceived stress in shaping NCD risk among South African adolescents.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de prática de bullying e fatores associados entre adolescentes brasileiros, segundo a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2019. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com amostragem por conglomerados. A variável desfecho, prática de bullying, foi obtida pela pergunta "Nos últimos 30 dias, você esculachou, zombou, mangou, intimidou ou caçoou algum de seus colegas da escola tanto que ele ficou magoado, aborrecido, ofendido ou humilhado?" (sim/não). Foram analisadas associações com características sociodemográficas, familiares, saúde mental e comportamentos de risco, utilizando regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados: 12,1% (IC95% 11,7-12,6) dos adolescentes relataram praticar bullying. Houve associação positiva entre meninos (RP 1,66; IC95% 1,55-1,77); autodeclarados pretos (RP 1,23; IC95% 1,11-1,36) e pardos (RP 1,1; IC95% 1,02-1,18); de escola privada (RP 1,29; IC95% 1,21-1,37), que sentiam-se solitários (RP 1,17; IC95% 1,09-1,26), que a vida não vale a pena (RP 1,28; IC95% 1,19-1,39), apanharam de familiar (RP 1,67; IC95% 1,55-1,79), faltaram às aulas (RP 1,23; IC95% 1,15-1,31), usavam tabaco (RP 1,34; IC95% 1,22-1,47), álcool (RP 1,38; IC95% 1,28-1,50) e drogas regularmente (RP 1,17; IC95% 1,04-1,31) e tiveram relação sexual (RP 1,26; IC95% 1,18-1,35). A idade 16 e 17 anos (RP 0,82; IC95% 0,76-0,89) e supervisão familiar foram protetoras (RP 0,70; IC95% 0,66-0,75). Conclusão: Praticar bullying foi mais provável entre meninos, mais jovens, com problemas familiares e de saúde mental, e comportamentos de risco. Observa-se a importância de práticas como supervisão familiar contra o bullying.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the prevalence of bullying practices and associated factors among Brazilian adolescents, according to the National Survey of School Health 2019. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with cluster sampling. The outcome variable, bullying practice, was assessed by the question: "In the last 30 days, have you mocked, ridiculed, teased, intimidated, or bullied any of your schoolmates to the point that they felt hurt, upset, offended, or humiliated?" (yes/no). Associations with sociodemographic characteristics, family environment, mental health, and risk behaviors were analyzed using Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: 12.1% (95%CI 11.7-12.6) of adolescents reported bullying others. Positive associations were found among boys (PR 1.66; 95%CI 1.55-1.77); self-declared Black (PR 1.23; 95%CI 1.11-1.36) and brown (PR 1.1; 95%CI 1.02-1.18) adolescents; private school students (PR 1.29; 95%CI 1.21-1.37); those who felt lonely (PR 1.17; 95%CI 1.09-1.26); thought life was not worth living (PR 1.28; 95%CI 1.19-1.39); were physically assaulted by a family member (PR 1.67; 95%CI 1.55-1.79); skipped classes (PR 1.23; 95%CI 1.15-1.31); used tobacco (PR 1.34; 95%CI 1.22-1.47), alcohol (PR 1.38; 95%CI 1.28-1.50), and drugs (PR 1.17; 95%CI 1.04-1.31) regularly; and had sexual relations (PR 1.26; 95%CI 1.18-1.35). Ages 16 and 17 (PR 0.82; 95%CI 0.76-0.89) and family supervision were protective factors (PR 0.70; 95%CI 0.66-0.75). Conclusion: Bullying was more likely among boys, younger adolescents, those with family and mental health issues, and those engaged in risk behaviors. The importance of practices, such as family supervision in preventing bullying, is highlighted.

Resumen Este documento estudia la evolución de la estructura de la economía colombiana empleando herramientas de la teoría de redes. Para lograr el objetivo se construyeron las matrices insumo-producto (MIP) actividad-actividad para 61 ramas en los años 2005 a 2021 y se emplean el diámetro y la densidad para caracterizar las redes. Adicionalmente, se usan algoritmos de detección de comunidades para identificar las ramas de actividad económica que tienen una interconexión más fuerte cada año. Finalmente, se emplea, por primera vez en la literatura de análisis de redes, una metodología de análisis de estabilidad de clústeres para detectar cambios de un año a otro en la composición de las comunidades. Se encuentran siete comunidades y la existencia de cambios en la red que se reflejan en la MIP durante el periodo 20052021; sin embargo, no son sustanciales como para evidenciar fuertes cambios estructurales, al menos desde un punto de vista de comunidades.

Abstract This paper studies the evolution of the structure of the Colombian economy using network theory tools. To achieve this objective, activity-activity input-output (I-O) matrices for 61 sectors were constructed for the years 2005 to 2021, and diameter and density were used to characterize the networks. Additionally, community detection algorithms were used to identify the economic activity sectors that have a stronger interconnection each year. Finally, for the first time in the network analysis literature, a cluster stability analysis methodology was used to detect changes in community composition from one year to another. Seven communities were identified, and changes in the network were found to be reflected in the I-O matrix during the period 2005-2021; however, these were not substantial enough to evidence strong structural changes, at least from a community perspective.

RESUMEN Los Centennials presentan más disposición para comprar en redes sociales, aunque son evidentes las diferencias sobre el uso y consumo de contenidos e información de Instagram entre los miembros de esta generación, lo que sugiere que su comportamiento de compra también puede diferir Por ello en esta investigación se propone clasificar el comportamiento de compra de los Z en esta red social basados en su actitud hacia la publicidad y el uso de la aplicación. Se abordó un enfoque cuantitativo a través de un análisis factorial confirmatorio seguido de una prueba de conformación de clúster jerárquicos en una muestra de 494 participantes entre los 18 a 29 años de ciudades y municipios colombianos y de diversos niveles socioeconómicos. Se encontró que las dimensiones de uso, acciones de compra, consumo de contenidos, interés social, agrado por la publicidad, atencionalidad a la publicidad y seguridad están presentes en el comportamiento de los usuarios en la red social. Estas variables se usaron para exponer tres tipologías de comportamiento concluyendo que existen diversos comportamientos de compra y actitud hacia la publicidad desplegada en el medio digital.

ABSTRACT Centennials are more willing to buy on social networks, although not all of them have the same behavior differences observed by inner members of this generation, which suggests that their buying behavior may also differ For this reason, in this research it was proposed to classify the purchasing behavior of generation Z in the social network Instagram based on their attitude towards advertising and the use of the application. A quantitative approach was used through a confirmatory factor analysis followed by a hierarchical cluster confirmation test in a sample of 494 participants from 18 to 29 years old, residents in main, intermediate and small cities in the country and of various socioeconomic levels. It was found that the dimensions of use, purchase actions, content consumption, social interest, liking for advertising, attention to advertising and security are present in the behavior of users on the social network. These variables were used to expose three types of behavior, concluding that there are different purchasing behaviors and attitudes towards advertising displayed in digital media.

RESUMO Os Centennials estão mais dispostos a comprar nas redes sociais, embora existam diferenças evidentes na utilização e consumo do Instagram entre os membros desta geração, o que sugere que o seu comportamento de compra também pode ser diferente. Portanto, nesta pesquisa, propõe-se classificar o comportamento de compra do Z no Instagram com base na sua atitude em relação à publicidade e ao uso do aplicativo. Abordou-se uma abordagem quantitativa por meio de análise fatorial confirmatória seguida de teste hierárquico de formação de cluster em uma amostra de 494 participantes entre l8 e 29 anos das principais cidades intermediárias e pequenas do país e de diversos níveis socioeconómicos. Verificou-se que as dimensões uso, ações de compra, consumo de conteúdo, interesse social, gosto pela publicidade, atenção à publicidade e segurança estão presentes no comportamento dos usuários na rede social. Estas variáveis foram utilizadas para expor três tipologias de comportamento, concluindo que existem diversos comportamentos de compra e atitudes face à publicidade veiculada no meio digital.

Resumen Introducción. La combinación de curvas de calibración generadas por espectroscopía de infrarrojo cercano (NIR) con aprendizaje profundo ofrece una oportunidad para desarrollar métodos de discriminación de la calidad y origen del cacao, apoyando estrategias de valorización territorial y trazabilidad de cacaos diferenciados. Objetivo. Validar la aplicabilidad de un método de discriminación de cacaos según su origen geográfico, mediante técnicas de espectroscopía NIR portátil y aprendizaje profundo. Materiales y métodos. Se recolectaron 193 muestras de granos de cacao fermentados y secos de diversas regiones de Costa Rica, utilizando 72 muestras para calibración y 121 para predicción. Las muestras se analizaron para determinar su composición proximal, acidez titulable y compuestos fenólicos. Se empleó un espectrofotómetro NIR para recopilar datos espectrales (400-1700 nm). El preprocesamiento de los datos espectrales permitió desarrollar modelos de regresión para predecir características químicas. Para el modelo de clasificación geográfica, se eliminó el ruido de los espectros y se realizó un análisis de conglomerados, usando la distancia Gower y el método de agrupamiento Ward sobre los componentes obtenidos mediante Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP). Resultados. La grasa fue el principal componente presente en el conjunto de muestras (>39,67%). El análisis espectral demostró que el NIR puede diferenciar el cacao según el grado de fermentación y el contenido de compuestos fenólicos. El modelo de regresión de mínimos cuadrados parciales extendida (XLS) mostró la mejor capacidad predictiva para las propiedades químicas. El agrupamiento por origen geográfico identificó cuatro grupos influenciados principalmente por propiedades químicas relacionadas con prácticas poscosecha. Conclusión. El modelo de regresión lineal empleado demostró ser superior en la predicción de características químicas proximales. Se observó que la limitada diversidad genética y las prácticas poscosecha estandarizadas podrían reducir la variabilidad de calidad asociada al origen geográfico, limitando la utilidad del NIR en la identificación del origen y la trazabilidad. Se sugiere explorar espectros más amplios y equipos adicionales para análisis multivariados avanzados.

Abstract Introduction.The combination of calibration curves generated by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy with deep learning offers an opportunity to develop methods for discriminating the quality and origin of cocoa, supporting strategies for territorial valorization and traceability of differentiated cocoas. Objective. To validate the applicability of a method for discriminating cocoa according to its geographical origin using portable NIR spectroscopy and deep learning techniques. Materials and methods. A total of 193 samples of fermented and dried cocoa beans from different regions of Costa Rica were collected, using 72 samples for calibration and 121 for prediction. The samples were analyzed to determine their proximal composition, titratable acidity, and phenolic compounds. A NIR spectrophotometer was used to collect spectral data (400-1700 nm). Spectral data preprocessing allowed for the development of regression models to predict chemical characteristics. For the geographical classification model, noise was removed from the spectra, and cluster analysis was performed using the Gower distance and Ward's clustering method on components obtained through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results. Fat was the main component present in the sample set (>39.67%). Spectral analysis demonstrated that NIR can differentiate cocoa based on the degree of fermentation and phenolic compound content. The extended partial least squares (XLS) regression model showed the best predictive capacity for chemical properties. Clustering by geographical origin identified four groups mainly influenced by chemical properties related to post-harvest practices. Conclusion. The linear regression model used proved superior in predicting proximal chemical characteristics. It was observed that limited genetic diversity and standardized post-harvest practices could reduce the quality variability associated with geographical origin, limiting the utility of NIR in origin identification and traceability. It is suggested to explore broader spectra and additional equipment for advanced multivariate analyses.

Resumen Introducción. Las prácticas sostenibles son importantes como herramientas de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, por lo que es oportuno comprender qué factores influencian las decisiones de las personas productoras del cultivo de arroz en adoptar una práctica de conservación en su sistema de producción. Objetivo. Determinar las relaciones causales entre las variables que permiten entender la adopción de prácticas de conservación en el cultivo del arroz por parte de las personas productoras. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio entre julio y septiembre del 2021 en los sistemas productivos de arroz en Costa Rica, con personas productoras de las regiones Brunca, Chorotega, Huetar y Pacífico Central, a través de un muestreo por cuotas. Se aplicó una encuesta a un total de 67 personas productoras de arroz. La investigación realizada fue cuantitativa y se identificaron grados de adopción de prácticas de conservación, se realizaron agrupaciones mediante clústeres y se utilizó un modelo probit ordenado para analizar los factores que influyen en la intensidad de adopción de tecnologías o prácticas de conservación en estos sistemas productivos. Resultados. Una mayor adopción de prácticas de conservación en los sistemas productivos del cultivo de arroz estuvo influenciada por el nivel de escolaridad de la persona productora, la pertenencia o afiliación a organizaciones del sector arrocero y la tenencia de la tierra. Conclusiones. El diseño de estrategias de prácticas de conservación en el cultivo del arroz se beneficia de una mejor comprensión de las relaciones entre las variables socioeconómicas, productivas y del entorno, que permitan aumentar la probabilidad de que una persona productora implemente y mantenga en el tiempo el uso de estas prácticas de conservación.

Abstract Introduction. Sustainable practices are important tools for mitigating and adapting to climate change, making it essential to understand the factors influencing rice producers’ decisions to adopt conservation practices in their production system. Objective. To determine the causal relationships between variables that explain the adoption of conservation practices by rice producers. Materials and methods. A study was conducted between July and September 2021 in rice production systems in Costa Rica, involving producers from the Brunca, Chorotega, Huetar, and Central Pacific regions through quota sampling. A survey was administered to a total of 67 rice producers. The research was quantitative, identifying degrees of adoption of conservation practices, performing cluster groupings, and using an ordered probit model was to analyze the factors influencing the intensity of adoption of conservation technologies or practices in these production systems. Results. Greater adoption of conservation practices in rice production systems was influenced by the producer’s level of education, membership or affiliation with organizations in rice sector, and land ownership. Conclusions. The design of strategies for conservation practice in rice cultivation benefits from a better understanding of the relationships between socioeconomic, productive, and environmental variables, which can increase the likelihood that a producer will implement and maintain these conservation practices over time.