Novel nanocomposites synthesized with pollen grain, as a precursor, were tested for CO2 adsorption performance. The pollen-derived carbons were obtained by direct calcination (PC), calcination followed by KOH-chemical activation (PCKOH), and MgO incorporation using high-energy ball-milling (PC-MgO and PCKOH-MgO). All the as-prepared materials were texturally, morphologically and structurally characterized by N2 physisorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD); CO2 adsorption/desorption was measured by thermogravimetry. The four materials were able to adsorb CO2 at 30 ºC and 1 bar, but PCKOH-MgO, with the high surface area (12.4 m2 g-1), total pore volume of (0.13 cm3 g-1) and microporosity, was the best (2.06 mmol g-1 and percentage of adsorption (Qad) = 9.06%, at 1 bar). This result is due to the synergic effect of both synthesis methods. Neither temperature (from 30 to 100 ºC), nor pressure (from 1 to 15 bar), improved the adsorption process of PCKOH-MgO. CO2 desorption times at 300 ºC were 47 min for PCKOH-MgO and 30 min for the other adsorbents, showing the possibility of cycling. Based on the obtained results, the PCKOH-MgO activated carbon nanocomposite stands as a promising adsorbent to be potentially used for industrial CO2 capture applications and to contribute to long-term solutions to avoid dangerous climate-change and reduce CO2 emissions. grain precursor CO performance pollenderived derived PC, PC , (PC) KOHchemical KOH chemical PCKOH, PCKOH (PCKOH) highenergy energy ballmilling ball milling PCMgO PCKOHMgO. PCKOHMgO . PCKOH-MgO) asprepared prepared texturally N physisorption SEMEDS SEM EDS (SEM-EDS Xray X ray XRD (XRD) adsorptiondesorption thermogravimetry 3 bar PCKOHMgO, MgO, 12.4 124 12 4 (12. m g1, g1 g 0.13 013 0 13 (0.1 cm microporosity 2.06 206 2 06 (2.0 g- Qad (Qad 906 9 9.06% bar. bar) methods from 10 ºC, ºC) MgO. adsorbents cycling results longterm long term climatechange climate change emissions (PC (PCKOH (XRD 12. (12 0.1 01 (0. 2.0 20 (2. 90 9.06 (1 0. (0 2. (2 9.0 ( 9.

A growing body of literature suggests that the platformization of the public sphere is eroding the public debate, thus potentially leading to the fragmentation of the public sphere. While there exists mounting evidences supporting this perspective there also exists a substantial body of literature that suggests otherwise. Within this realm of mixed evidence, studies on climate change visibility play a prominent role, presenting findings that both weaken and reinforce the fragmentation hypothesis. To investigate this matter in a context conducive for a fragmented public sphere, we collected a longitudinal (2014-2022) and cross-platform (Instagram, Facebook and Twitter) dataset (n=794.281) and correlated it with a secondary database on the press coverage of climate change in Brazil (n=3.490). Our analysis reveals a robust positive correlation between these datasets, indicating that the Brazilian public sphere retains the capacity to interconnect various arenas of visibility. We argue that this finding is particularly significant, given that it emanates from a case characterized by circumstances favoring a high degree of public sphere fragmentation. Consequently, our discovery lends support to a less pessimistic assessment of the influence of platformization on political communication within the deliberative system. debate otherwise evidence role hypothesis 20142022 2014 2022 (2014-2022 crossplatform cross platform Instagram, Instagram (Instagram Twitter n=794.281 n794281 n 794 281 (n=794.281 n=3.490. n3490 n=3.490 . 3 490 (n=3.490) datasets significant Consequently system 2014202 201 202 (2014-202 n=794.28 n79428 79 28 (n=794.28 n349 n=3.49 49 (n=3.490 201420 20 (2014-20 n=794.2 n7942 7 2 (n=794.2 n34 n=3.4 4 (n=3.49 20142 (2014-2 n=794. n794 (n=794. n3 n=3. (n=3.4 (2014- n=794 n79 (n=794 n=3 (n=3. (2014 n=79 n7 (n=79 n= (n=3 (201 n=7 (n=7 (n= (20 (n (2 (

The sixth IPCC report states that a proper conception of climate justice that can address the complexity of the phenomenon of anthropogenic climate change as a whole requires considering not only one but rather three dimensions of justice today: redistributive, procedural, and recognition dimensions. In this article, my focus is on exploring the latter dimension, drawing special attention to climate policies addressing cultural-identity issues. In the first section, I illustrate how climate policies can be connected to discriminatory practices against minority cultures and their identities. To do so, I take the struggles of Black movements against environmental racism and the struggles of Indigenous peoples against a colonialist cultural heritage as case studies. In the second section, I look into the most advanced normative model to address the dimension of recognition, its advantages, and how it addresses the so-called ‘institutionalization of cultural patterns’ in climate policies: the Nancy Fraser model. Finally, in the third section, I investigate an aspect that remains open. It concerns the matter of how to use institutional authority to ‘deinstitutionalize’ non-ecological cultural patterns, while respecting pluralism and avoiding falling into the risks of institutional paternalism. today redistributive procedural article culturalidentity identity issues section identities so studies advantages socalled called institutionalization patterns Finally open ‘deinstitutionalize deinstitutionalize nonecological non ecological paternalism

Résumé Il existe un consensus croissant sur la pertinence de la participation des acteurs non étatiques à la gouvernance climatique. Cependant, de multiples obstacles aux niveaux national et mondial entravent encore l’efficacité de cet engagement. Sur la base d’une recherche ethnographique, cet article analyse comment les acteurs non étatiques de deux organisations Ecos et le Collectif autochtone chilien sur le changement climatique perçoivent leur participation à la gouvernance climatique nationale. Nous avons mené trente-six entretiens semi-structurés avec des participants de deux groupes engagés dans l’action climatique, l’un dirigé par des organisations de la société civile et l’autre convoqué par l’État et composé de dirigeants des peuples autochtones, en observant également les participants. Bien que leurs motivations soient diverses, ils partagent toutes l’objectif commun d’aborder les inégalités socio-écologiques à travers des réponses qui émergent de leurs territoires. Cependant, ces groupes montrent que la politique nationale sur le changement climatique et le scénario de gouvernance climatique internationale continuent de considérer la participation des acteurs non étatiques comme marginale, symbolique et instrumentale. Cependant lefficacité l efficacité engagement dune d une ethnographique trentesix trente six semistructurés semi structurés laction action lun lautre autre lÉtat État autochtones diverses lobjectif objectif daborder aborder socioécologiques socio écologiques territoires marginale instrumentale

Resumo Há um consenso cada vez maior sobre a relevância da participação de atores não-estatais na governança climática. No entanto, múltiplas barreiras, tanto nacionais quanto mundiais ainda atrapalham a eficácia deste envolvimento. De acordo com uma pesquisa etnográfica, este artigo analisa como atores não-estatais de duas organizações − Ecos e a Coletivo Indígena Chileno sobre a Mudança Climática – percebem a participação deles na governança climática nacional. Nós realizamos 36 entrevistas semiestruturadas com participantes de dois grupos comprometidos com ação climática, sendo um deles liderado por organizações da sociedade civil e o outro convocado pelo Estado e composto por líderes dos povos indígenas, também envolvidas na observação de participantes. Apesar de terem motivações diferentes, todos compartilham a meta comum de abordarem desigualdades sociais e ecológicas através de respostas que surgem dos seus territórios. No entanto, estes grupos mostram que tanto a política nacional de mudança climática quanto o cenário internacional de governança climática continuam a considerar a participação de atores não-estatais como marginal, simbólica e instrumental. nãoestatais não estatais entanto barreiras envolvimento etnográfica 3 indígenas diferentes territórios marginal instrumental

Resumen Existe un consenso cada vez mayor sobre la relevancia de la participación de los actores no estatales en la gobernanza climática. Sin embargo, aún existen múltiples barreras a nivel nacional y global para que este compromiso sea efectivo. Basándose en una investigación etnográfica, este artículo analiza la participación de actores no estatales de dos organizaciones - ECOS y Colectivo Indígena Chileno sobre Cambio Climático - en la gobernanza climática del Estado chileno. Realizamos treinta y seis entrevistas semi-estructuradas y observación participante entre los participantes de dos grupos comprometidos con la acción climática, uno liderado por organizaciones de la sociedad civil y el otro convocado por el Estado y compuesto por líderes de Pueblos Indígenas. Aunque sus motivaciones son diversas, todos comparten el objetivo común de hacer frente a las desigualdades socioecológicas mediante respuestas que surjan de sus territorios. Pero, estos grupos evidencian que tanto la política nacional de cambio climático, como la arena internacional de gobernanza climática, aun considera la participación de actores no estatales como marginal, simbólica e instrumental. embargo efectivo etnográfica chileno semiestructuradas semi estructuradas Indígenas diversas territorios Pero climático marginal instrumental

Abstract There is a growing consensus about the relevance of the participation of non-state actors in climate governance. However, multiple barriers at the national and global levels still hinder the effectiveness of this engagement. Based on ethnographic research, this article analyses how non-state actors from two organisations −Ecos and the Chilean Indigenous Collective on Climate Change− perceive their participation in national climate governance. We conducted thirty-six semi-structured interviews with participants of two groups committed to climate action, one led by civil society organisations and the other convened by the state and composed of Indigenous Peoples leaders, and also engaged in participant observation. Although their motivations are diverse, all share the common goal of addressing socio-ecological inequalities through responses that emerge from their territories. However, these groups show that both national climate change policy and the international climate governance scenario continue to consider the participation of non-state actors as marginal, symbolic, and instrumental. nonstate non However engagement research Ecos Change thirtysix thirty six semistructured semi structured action leaders observation diverse socioecological socio ecological territories marginal symbolic instrumental

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender a temática em torno dos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável Agenda 2030 e a produção de alimentos através de uma análise bibliográfica compreendendo o período de 2001 a 2021. Metodologicamente o estudo se enquadra como uma revisão bibliográfica e se utilizou a plataforma Scopus para obtenção da base de dados, sendo selecionados 243 artigos. Os resultados apontaram que os Estados Unidos apresentaram o maior número de documentos publicados (126). Em relação a afiliação de origem, universidades localizadas na Holanda (Universidy de Wageningen) e Canadá (Universidy de Guelph) são as que apresentam juntas o maior número de documentos publicados (24). Entre as palavras-chaves a que mais aparece é segurança alimentar, seguida de fornecimento de alimentos, sustentabilidade e mudanças climáticas. Finalmente, no que diz respeito às principais temáticas abordadas durante o período analisado, constatou-se que questões relacionadas a políticas públicas, uso da terra e segurança alimentar foram discutidas ao longo de todo período analisado. Já no período mais recente, que compreende sobretudo os artigos publicados a partir do ano de 2021, insere-se na agenda de discussão, influenciada pelo cenário vivenciado no mundo todo, aspectos relacionados à pandemia, Covid 19 e seus impactos. Ao mesmo tempo, ganharam relevância temas ainda pouco discutidos, os quais emergem também a partir da pandemia do Covid 19, dentre eles a agricultura digital e tecnologias digitais, que passaram a ter grande relevância. Finalmente, é possível inferir que alcançar os objetivos do desenvolvimento sustentável se tornou ainda mais desafiador em um contexto de Pandemia, vivenciado em todos os países do mundo no período de 2020 aos dias atuais. RESUMO 203 200 2021 dados 24 126. 126 . (126) origem Universidy Wageningen Guelph 24. (24) palavraschaves palavras chaves climáticas Finalmente analisado constatouse constatou públicas recente inserese insere discussão 1 impactos tempo discutidos digitais Pandemia 202 atuais 20 2 12 (126 (24 (12 (2 (1 (

ABSTRACT: This research aimed to understand the subject regarding the 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development Goals and food production through literature reviews covering the timespan from 2001 to 2021. Methodologically, this paper is framed as a literature review and uses the Scopus platform to get to the database, selecting 243 papers. The results pointed out that the United States presented the highest number of published documents (126). When it comes to the origin of affiliation, the universities located in the Netherlands (University of Wageningen) and Canada (University of Guelph) present together the highest number of published documents (24). Among the keywords, the most frequent are food safety, followed by the food supply, sustainability, and climate change. Finally, regarding the main subjects tackled during the analyzed time period, it was verified that the issues concerning public policies, land use, and food safety were discussed throughout the entire timespan. In turn, the most recent period, mainly covering the articles published from the year 2021 on, inserts into the discussion agenda the aspects of Covid-19, the pandemic, and its impacts, especially influenced by the setting experienced worldwide. At the same time, other subjects less discussed took the spotlight, also emerging from the Covid-19 pandemic, such as digital agriculture and digital technology, which began to have major relevance. At last, it is possible to infer that reaching sustainable development goals is even more challenging under a pandemic context experienced by all the countries from 2020 to the present day. ABSTRACT 203 200 Methodologically database 24 papers 126. 126 . (126) affiliation University Wageningen Guelph 24. (24) keywords supply sustainability change Finally period policies use turn 202 on Covid19, Covid19 Covid 19, 19 impacts worldwide spotlight Covid-1 technology relevance last day 20 2 12 (126 (24 Covid1 1 Covid- (12 (2 (1 (

ABSTRACT Traditional agroecosystems (TA) are considered more resilient to climatic extremes due to higher crop diversity and agroecological approach. The TA of Tének were studied to evaluate their drought tolerance. Open-ended questionnaire surveys, field visits, and botanical collections, with the participation of local farmers, were considered. Cultivated plant diversity was analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’), and the Morisita-Horn index (CMH) in ten different agroecosystems in April and August. Remote sensing methods included the triangular greenness index (TGI). Additionally, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and standardized precipitation index (SPI) were determined, covering the period from 2013 to 2022. The cultivated plant richness (P > 0.5382) and their abundance (P > 0.3622) did not change from April to August considering the total analyzed parcels. However, differences between types of agroecosystems were observed because higher diversity corresponded to managed jungle (teʼlom) (Hʼ = 1.5-1.7), and some parcels cultivated with maize (milpa) (Hʼ = 1.02-1.54). Nevertheless, in August, lower similarity was observed in milpa (CMH = 0.23-0.87) due to the absence of maize (Zea mays L.) and other herbaceous annual crops. Landscape interconnection can be affirmed with TGI correlations obtained by comparison of different TA. The negative SPI values were associated with a decrease of NDVI, but Tének polyculture agroecosystems maintained higher NDVI values compared to rainfed monocropping during the analyzed period. Tének polyculture agroecosystems exhibited higher drought tolerance, although maize and other herbaceous plants are susceptible to disappearing during prolonged drought events, thereby increasing food insecurity.

Abstract This paper aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the CCWorldWeatherGen tool, focusing on climate change in São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil. For this, dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, global solar radiation, and wind speed data from the test reference year weather file (1954) and the CCWorldWeatherGen file for the 2020 period (representing the 2011-2040 period) were compared with observational data collected between 2011 and 2023 by the Meteorological Station of the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics, and Atmospheric Sciences of the University of São Paulo. The accuracy of variables predicted using weather files was evaluated using five statistical measures of error. Annual relative root mean square error (RRMSE) values for dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, global solar radiation, and wind speed in the morphed weather file were 17.04% (good), 17.95% (good), 31.57% (poor), and 224.44% (poor), respectively. It is concluded that CCWorldWeatherGen is suitable for generating future weather files with complete information, mainly for its practicality. However, this approach requires caution, as sequences depend on the consistency of the weather file used as a basis. tool State Brazil drybulb dry bulb temperature humidity radiation 1954 (1954 202 representing 20112040 2040 2011-204 201 Astronomy Geophysics RRMSE (RRMSE 1704 17 04 17.04 good, good , (good) 1795 95 17.95 3157 31 57 31.57 poor, poor (poor) 22444 224 44 224.44 respectively information practicality However caution basis 195 (195 20 2011204 204 2011-20 170 1 0 17.0 (good 179 9 17.9 315 3 5 31.5 (poor 2244 22 4 224.4 19 (19 2 201120 2011-2 17. 31. 224. (1 20112 2011- (

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar a eficácia da ferramenta CCWorldWeatherGen, considerando as mudanças climáticas na cidade de São Paulo. Para tanto, as variáveis temperatura do ar (bulbo seco), umidade relativa do ar, radiação solar global, e velocidade do vento do arquivo climático de referência, de 1954, e do arquivo climático gerado pelo CCWorldWeatherGen para 2020 (representa 2011 a 2040), foram comparadas com observações da Estação Meteorológica do Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas da Universidade de São Paulo, obtidas entre 2011 e 2023. A acurácia das variáveis dos arquivos climáticos foi avaliada por meio de cinco indicadores de erro. Os resultados da raiz do erro quadrático médio relativo (RRMSE) anual para a temperatura de bulbo seco do ar, umidade relativa do ar, radiação solar horizontal global, e velocidade do vento foram 17,04% (bom), 17,95% (bom), 31,57% (ruim) e 224,44% (ruim), respectivamente. A ferramenta CCWorldWeatherGen é adequada, especialmente por sua praticidade, para gerar futuros arquivos climáticos com informações completas. Mas seu uso demanda cautela porque as progressões dependem da consistência dos dados do arquivo climático utilizado como base. Paulo tanto seco, , seco) global referência 1954 202 representa 201 2040, 2040 2040) Astronomia 2023 RRMSE (RRMSE 1704 17 04 17,04 bom, bom (bom) 1795 95 17,95 3157 31 57 31,57 ruim (ruim 22444 224 44 224,44 ruim, respectivamente adequada praticidade completas base 195 20 204 170 1 0 17,0 (bom 179 9 17,9 315 3 5 31,5 2244 22 4 224,4 19 2 17, 31, 224,

Abstract Thermal resilience refers to a building’s capacity to adapt to extreme thermal variations, maintaining a healthy environment for its occupants. This study aims to assess the thermal resilience of a naturally ventilated low-income residential building in overheating conditions within a region of savannah tropical climate. Various indices, including adaptive thermal comfort, Indoor Overheating Degree (IOD) and Exceedance Hours (HE), Heat Index (HI), and Standard Effective Temperature (SET) were calculated in current and climate change scenarios using two models, a standard building (HISp) and a building that incorporates passive bioclimatic strategies (HISe).It was demonstrated that thermal insulation and low absorption strategies significantly contribute to indoor environmental quality, reducing the risk of overheating exposure in all evaluated scenarios. Despite reducing discomfort hours and critical thermal stress levels, the idealized strategies do not provide adequate habitability conditions for the occupants. Overheating will become even more severe in projected future scenarios. Among the two dwellings, HISe demonstrates a superior potential to mitigate the risk of overheating compared to HISp in all the scenarios evaluated. buildings s variations occupants lowincome income indices comfort IOD (IOD HE, HE , (HE) HI, HI (HI) SET (SET models (HISp HISe.It HISeIt .It It quality levels dwellings (HE (HI

Resumo A resiliência térmica se refere à capacidade de um edifício de se adaptar às variações térmicas extremas, mantendo um ambiente saudável para seus ocupantes. Este estudo visa avaliar a resiliência térmica de uma edificação residencial de baixa renda, naturalmente ventilada, em situação de sobreaquecimento, localizada em região climática tropical de savana. Vários índices, incluindo conforto térmico adaptativo, Grau de Sobreaquecimento Interior (IOD) e Horas Excedentes (HE), Índice de Calor (HI) e Temperatura Efetiva Padrão (SET) foram calculados, no presente e cenários futuros de mudança climática, utilizando-se dois modelos, uma edificação padrão (HISp) e uma edificação que incorpora estratégias bioclimáticas passivas (HISe). Evidenciou-se que as estratégias de isolamento térmico e baixa absorção contribuíram significativamente para a qualidade ambiental interior, reduzindo os riscos de exposição ao sobreaquecimento. Apesar de reduzir as horas de desconforto e os níveis mais críticos de estresse térmico, as estratégias idealizadas não promovem condições adequadas de habitabilidade aos seus ocupantes. O sobrequecimento se tornará ainda mais severo nos cenários futuros projetados. Entre as habitações, a HISe demonstra um potencial superior ao da HISp para mitigar o risco de sobreaquecimento em todos os cenários avaliados. extremas ocupantes renda ventilada savana índices adaptativo IOD (IOD HE, HE , (HE) HI (HI SET (SET calculados utilizandose utilizando modelos (HISp HISe. . (HISe) Evidenciouse Evidenciou interior projetados habitações avaliados (HE (HISe

Abstract Introduction. Climate change adaptation measures require informed decision-making. However, small-scale agriculture shows low rates of technology adoption due to cost and lack of connectivity. Objective. To evaluate three low-cost prototypes of small-scale agriculture devices for soil moisture measurement in different soil textures, as well as to determine the respective calibration equations, and the effects of electrical conductivity and temperature on moisture measurement. Materials and methods. Three measurement and recording prototypes for soil moisture were evaluated in soils with variations in clay/sand content and electrical conductivity in productive plots at Zamorano University in Honduras and a demonstration farm in Popayán, Colombia during the first quarter of 2022. Commercial sensors were used as a reference to compare the performance of the prototypes through regression analysis of hourly sensor readings over 90 days. Electrical conductivity (dS/m) and temperature variables were collected to determine their influence on moisture reading accuracy. Results. The soil moisture measurement devices showed better performance in soils with lower sand content. The measurement from the devices overestimated moisture readings by 0.19 to 0.52 percentage points for each additional degree of soil temperature. Additionally, for each additional dS/m of electrical conductivity, the reading needed adjustment by 8 to 55 percentage points. Conclusions. Prototype A was the most accurate device, while prototype B was the most precise compared to commercial sensors. Soil moisture devices performed best in soils with lower sand content. The three models evaluated performed best in loam soil with a medium clay content.

Resumen Introducción. Las medidas de adaptación al cambio climático requieren de la toma de decisiones informadas. Sin embargo, la agricultura de pequeña escala muestra bajas tasas de adopción de tecnologías por su costo y falta de conectividad. Objetivo. Evaluar tres prototipos de dispositivos para agricultura de pequeña escala y de bajo costo para medir humedad de suelo en diferentes texturas, así como determinar las respectivas ecuaciones de calibración y los efectos de conductividad eléctrica y temperatura en la medida de humedad. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron tres prototipos de dispositivos de medición y registro de humedad de suelo, en suelos con diferencial en contenido de arcilla/arena y conductividad eléctrica en parcelas productivas de la Universidad Zamorano, en Honduras; y Finca demostrativa en Popayán, Colombia, durante el primer trimestre del 2022. Se tomaron como referencia sensores comerciales para la comparación del desempeño de los prototipos, mediante análisis de regresión de las lecturas por hora de los sensores durante 90 días. Se recolectaron las variables de conductividad eléctrica (dS/m) y temperatura para determinar la influencia en la precisión de la lectura de humedad. Resultados. Los dispositivos de medición y registro de humedad presentaron un mejor desempeño en suelos con menor contenido de arena. La medición de los dispositivos sobrestimó entre 0,19 y 0,52 puntos porcentuales la lectura de humedad por cada grado adicional de temperatura del suelo, y que por cada dS/m adicional de conductividad eléctrica la lectura se debe ajustar entre 8 y 55 puntos porcentuales. Conclusiones. El prototipo A fue el dispositivo más exacto, mientras que el prototipo B fue el más preciso, con respecto a los sensores comerciales. Los dispositivos de humedad presentaron un mejor desempeño en suelos con menor contenido de arena. Los tres modelos evaluados obtuvieron el mejor desempeño en suelo franco con contenido medio de arcilla.

Abstract Introduction. The coffee agroecosystems holds significant environmental, social, and economic importance in the subtropical regions of Mexico, but it is vulnerable to unexpected events such as climate change. In recent history, it has been documented that the coffee agroecosystem undergoes a constant process of self-organization based on adaptation and learning in the face of various adverse scenarios. Objective. To determine the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem in the central region of the Veracruz state. Materials and methods. The research was conducted from December 2017 to November 2018 in Tezonapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Fifty-two interviews were conducted with coffee growers to measure the resilience index, which is composed of thirty variables corresponding to seven factors (social, economic, technological, infrastructure, communications, institutional, and environmental). These factors were normalized using the mim-max scaling method. Resilience was estimated on a scale of 0-1, where values close to zero represent low resilience capacity and values close to one, represent high resilience. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Chi-squared tests. Results. Statistically significant differences (p<0,05) were found for the economic (0,06) and technological (0,22) dimensions indicators, which had the lowest contribution to resilience. Conversely, the social (0,78) and environmental (0,74) dimensions had a the highest contribution to resilience capacity, determined by the altitudinal gradient. Conclusion. The indicators that contributed the most to the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem were those in the social and environmental dimensions, while the economic and technological dimensions contributed the least.

Resumen Introducción. El agroecosistema de café presenta gran importancia ambiental, social y económica en regiones subtropicales de México, pero también es vulnerable a eventos inesperados como el cambio climático. En la historia reciente, se ha documentado que el agroecosistema de café presenta un proceso constante de autoorganización basada en la adaptación y el aprendizaje ante los diversos escenarios adversos. Objetivo. Determinar la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema cafetalero en la región centro del estado de Veracruz. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó de diciembre de 2017 a noviembre de 2018 en Tezonapa, Veracruz, México. Se realizaron 52 entrevistas a caficultores para medir el índice de resiliencia, integrado por treinta variables, correspondientes a siete factores (social, económico, tecnológico, infraestructura, comunicaciones, institucional y ambiental). Estos factores fueron normalizados por el método de escalamiento mínimo-máximo. La resiliencia se estimó en una escala de 0-1, donde valores cercanos a cero representan baja capacidad de resiliencia y cercanos a uno, alta resiliencia. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva y pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y chi-cuadrado. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,5) para los indicadores de las dimensiones económica (0,06) y tecnológica (0,22), con la menor contribución a la resiliencia. Por el contrario, las dimensiones sociales (0,78) y ambiental (0,74) tuvieron mayor contribución a la capacidad de resiliencia, determinado por el gradiente altitudinal. Conclusiones. Los indicadores con el mayor aporte a la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema de café fueron los de dimensiones social y ambiental, y con bajo aporte las dimensiones económica y tecnológica.

Abstract Introduction. Sustainable practices are important tools for mitigating and adapting to climate change, making it essential to understand the factors influencing rice producers’ decisions to adopt conservation practices in their production system. Objective. To determine the causal relationships between variables that explain the adoption of conservation practices by rice producers. Materials and methods. A study was conducted between July and September 2021 in rice production systems in Costa Rica, involving producers from the Brunca, Chorotega, Huetar, and Central Pacific regions through quota sampling. A survey was administered to a total of 67 rice producers. The research was quantitative, identifying degrees of adoption of conservation practices, performing cluster groupings, and using an ordered probit model was to analyze the factors influencing the intensity of adoption of conservation technologies or practices in these production systems. Results. Greater adoption of conservation practices in rice production systems was influenced by the producer’s level of education, membership or affiliation with organizations in rice sector, and land ownership. Conclusions. The design of strategies for conservation practice in rice cultivation benefits from a better understanding of the relationships between socioeconomic, productive, and environmental variables, which can increase the likelihood that a producer will implement and maintain these conservation practices over time.

Resumen Introducción. Las prácticas sostenibles son importantes como herramientas de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, por lo que es oportuno comprender qué factores influencian las decisiones de las personas productoras del cultivo de arroz en adoptar una práctica de conservación en su sistema de producción. Objetivo. Determinar las relaciones causales entre las variables que permiten entender la adopción de prácticas de conservación en el cultivo del arroz por parte de las personas productoras. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio entre julio y septiembre del 2021 en los sistemas productivos de arroz en Costa Rica, con personas productoras de las regiones Brunca, Chorotega, Huetar y Pacífico Central, a través de un muestreo por cuotas. Se aplicó una encuesta a un total de 67 personas productoras de arroz. La investigación realizada fue cuantitativa y se identificaron grados de adopción de prácticas de conservación, se realizaron agrupaciones mediante clústeres y se utilizó un modelo probit ordenado para analizar los factores que influyen en la intensidad de adopción de tecnologías o prácticas de conservación en estos sistemas productivos. Resultados. Una mayor adopción de prácticas de conservación en los sistemas productivos del cultivo de arroz estuvo influenciada por el nivel de escolaridad de la persona productora, la pertenencia o afiliación a organizaciones del sector arrocero y la tenencia de la tierra. Conclusiones. El diseño de estrategias de prácticas de conservación en el cultivo del arroz se beneficia de una mejor comprensión de las relaciones entre las variables socioeconómicas, productivas y del entorno, que permitan aumentar la probabilidad de que una persona productora implemente y mantenga en el tiempo el uso de estas prácticas de conservación.

Abstract Introduction. Corn is one of the oldest known food grains. With climate change and frequent and severe droughts, the water available in the soil will be considerably reduced. Water deficit affects maize crop development to varying degrees, and sensitivity to this stress varies at different development stages. Objective. To identify the phenological stages most sensitive to water deficit in maize. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted during two growing seasons in 2020 and 2021 in El Ejido, Los Santos province, Panama, under semi-controlled conditions in the greenhouse facilities of the Instituto Coronel Segundo de Villarreal. The commercial corn hybrid ADV-9293 was used and agronomic management was carried out according to the recommendations of the Institute for Agricultural Innovation of Panamá (IDIAP). Plant height, leaf length and width, stem diameter, biomass and yield components, such as number of rows per ear, number of grains per row and 100-grain mass, were determined throughout the crop cycle. Soil moisture was also determined by the gravimetric method. Water deficit at different stages was generated by drought simulation. Results. The grain yields of the control were higher than the different treatments evaluated with 12.83 t ha-1, followed by the treatment with grain filling stress with 10.31 t ha-1. Two periods were determined to be more sensitive to water deficit; these were the stages from 20 to 35 and 40 to 55 days after planting. Water deficit in the different phenological stages of the crop had a negative impact on the relative chlorophyll content. Conclusion. The pre-flowering and flowering stages were more sensitive to water deficiency in maize.

Resumen Introducción. El maíz es uno de los granos alimenticios más antiguos conocido. Con el cambio climático y las sequías severas y frecuentes, se reducirá en gran medida el agua disponible en el suelo. El déficit hídrico afecta en diversos grados el desarrollo del cultivo de maíz y la sensibilidad a este estrés varía en las diferentes etapas de desarrollo. Objetivo. Identificar las etapas fenológicas más sensibles al déficit hídrico en el cultivo de maíz. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se realizó durante dos ciclos en los años 2020 y 2021 en El Ejido, Provincia de Los Santos, Panamá. Se desarrolló bajo condiciones semicontroladas en la casa de cultivo del Instituto Coronel Segundo de Villarreal. Se utilizó el híbrido de maíz comercial ADV-9293. El manejo agronómico se realizó según las recomendaciones del Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá (IDIAP). Durante todo el ciclo del cultivo, se determinaron las variables altura de planta, largo y ancho de hojas, diámetro del tallo, biomasa y los componentes del rendimiento como número de hileras por mazorca, número de granos por hilera y peso de cien granos. También, se determinó la humedad del suelo por el método gravimétrico. El déficit hídrico en distintas etapas se generó a través de la simulación de sequía. Resultados. El rendimiento de grano del testigo superó los diferentes tratamientos evaluados con 12,83 t ha-1, seguido por el tratamiento con estrés en el llenado de grano con 10,31 t ha-1. Se determinaron dos períodos más sensibles al déficit hídrico; los cuales son las etapas comprendidas desde los 20 a 35 y 40 a 55 dds. El déficit hídrico, durante las diferentes etapas fenológicas del cultivo, tuvo un impacto negativo en el contenido relativo de clorofilas. Conclusión. Las etapas de prefloración y floración resultaron más sensibles a la deficiencia hídrica en el cultivo del maíz.

ABSTRACT One of the consequences of climate change is sea level change in coastal systems, which function as a baseline, where a variety of coastal processes operate at different time and space scales. The objective of the present research is to calculate the historic and current rate of sea level rise, from Limon tide gauge station’s data. Two methods were utilized for this purpose: Simple linear regression analysis and time series decomposition; with the first method, a rate of 2.32 mm/yr of sea level change was obtained for the time period 1952 to 1968; with the second one, a rate result of 3.41 mm/yr which is consequent with the existing publications. In the current period (2009 - 2021) a rate of 4.18 mm/yr was obtained with the first method and 4.28 mm/yr with the second method. The results gathered confirm the existence of an upward trend in sea level rise in the studied region. This situation should be considered when studying the transformation taking place in the coast, such as the coastal erosion identified in some of the Costa Rican Caribbean zone.

RESUMEN Entre las consecuencias del cambio climático en los sistemas costeros está el cambio del nivel del mar, el cual funciona como una línea base sobre la cual opera una variedad de procesos costeros, a diferentes escalas de tiempo y espacio. La presente investigación tiene por objetivo calcular la tasa histórica y actual de ascenso del nivel del mar a partir de datos de la estación mareográfica Limón. Para esto se utilizaron dos métodos: el análisis de regresión lineal simple y una descomposición de series temporales. Como resultado se obtuvo una tasa de cambio del nivel del mar para el período 1952 a 1968 de 2.32 mm/año con el primer método y 3.41 mm/año para el segundo método, que es consecuente con las publicaciones existentes. En el caso del período actual (2009 a 2021) se obtuvo una tasa de 4.18 mm/año para el primer método y 4.28 mm/año con el segundo método. Los resultados obtenidos confirman que existe una tendencia al aumento del nivel del mar en la región estudiada, situación que debe ser considerada al estudiar las transformaciones que están ocurriendo en la costa, como lo son la erosión costera identificada en algunas zonas del Caribe costarricense.

ABSTRACT The mangroves are exposed to threats such as sea level rise, coastal erosion, increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme events, in addition to socioeconomic pressures. This study aimed to carry out a vulnerability and risk climate analysis for the Colombian mangrove socioecosystem. 22 threat indicators, eight of sensitivity and 18 of adaptive capacity were used, and through multivariate numerical analysis, the vulnerability and climate risk indices for Colombian Pacific and Caribbean mangroves were generated. The mangroves that presented the highest risk in the Caribbean were located in the Manaure, Tubará and, Puerto Escondido municipalities, while in the Pacific these high-risk areas were located on the southern coast in the Olaya Herrera, Francisco Pizarro, and La Tola municipalities, and in the northern coast in the Bahía Solano municipality. The threat indicators that captured the greatest variability in the analysis were: sea level rise, change in the coastline, change in water supply, change in mangrove coverage due to change in the coastline, change in temperature and precipitation due to El Niño and La Niña, and human footprint. These results are input for climate management of mangroves in Colombia and will contribute to the National Mangrove Program. Likewise, it can contribute to the National Mangrove Restoration Plan, the Nationally Determined Contribution of Colombia (NDC), the Long-Term Climate Strategy of Colombia E 2050, and the Territorial Plans for Climate Change Adaptation of the states and municipalities.

RESUMEN Los manglares están expuestos a amenazas como el aumento del nivel del mar, la erosión costera, el aumento de la frecuencia e intensidad de eventos extremos, además de presiones socioeconómicas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar un análisis de vulnerabilidad y riesgo climático para el socioecosistema de manglar de Colombia. Se utilizaron 22 indicadores de amenaza, 8 de sensibilidad y 18 de capacidad adaptativa; mediante un análisis numérico multivariado se generaron los índices de vulnerabilidad y riesgo climático para los manglares del Pacífico y del Caribe de Colombia. Los manglares que presentaron mayor riesgo en el Caribe se ubicaron en los municipios de Manaure, Tubará y Puerto Escondido, mientras que en el Pacífico estas áreas de alto riesgo se ubicaron en la costa sur, en los municipios de Olaya Herrera, Francisco Pizarro y La Tola, y en la costa norte de Bahía Solano. Los indicadores de amenaza que capturaron la mayor variabilidad del análisis fueron: el aumento del nivel del mar, el cambio en la línea de costa, el cambio en la oferta hídrica, el cambio en la cobertura de manglares por cambio en la línea de costa, el cambio en la temperatura y la precipitación debido a El Niño y La Niña, y la huella humana. Estos resultados son un insumo para la gestión climática de los manglares en Colombia y contribuirán al Programa Nacional de Manglares. Asimismo, podrán contribuir al Plan Nacional de Restauración de Manglares, la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Colombia (NDC), la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo de Colombia E2050, y los Planes Territoriales de Adaptación al Cambio Climático de los departamentos y municipios.

Summary: Currently, agricultural activity is constantly threatened by the effects of climate change and radical expression of environmental factors as irregular rainfall distribution responsible for water availability and deficit. These factors generate water stress in productive systems, whose negative effect is reflected on morphological, physiological and biochemical aspects of vegetative growth. The use of biostimulants arises as a strategy to counteract this impact, improving crop efficiency in the use of resources and generating responses, as metabolite production, among other substances that mitigate the effects of oxidative stress. In this context, waxes, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), salicylic acid (SA) and ALGAENZIMSMR were used on raspberry plants subjected to moderate water stress (-0. 8 MPa) to evaluate the fruit response in aspects of vegetative growth, physiological and biochemical quality. For the establishment, a completely randomized design was used with 5 treatments: Green Cover as 5 mL L-1, H2O2 10-4 M, salicylic acid 0.27 mM, ALGAENZIMSMR 7.5 mL L-1 and the control with 50% recovery of the transpired volume as well as water potential similar to the rest of plants and 4 replicates. The results showed that waxes, SA and algal extract increased the photosynthetic rate; the four treatments increased root length; waxes increased root height; and H2O2 increased root biomass. Compared to the control, higher levels of vitamin C and anthocyanins were produced in fruits - a very important aspect due to the functionality of these compounds in human health. Therefore, the use of these biostimulants are a very useful tool for crop management in environments with water restriction.

Resumen: En la actualidad la actividad agrícola se ve amenazada constantemente por los efectos del cambio climático y la expresión radical de los factores ambientales, como la irregularidad en la distribución pluvial responsable de la disponibilidad del agua y déficit, que genera estrés hídrico en los sistemas productivos, cuyo efecto negativo se refleja en aspectos de crecimiento vegetativo, morfológicos, fisiológicos y bioquímicos. El uso de bioestimulantes surge como estrategia para contrarrestar este impacto, mejorando la eficiencia de los cultivos en el uso de los recursos y generar respuestas, como la producción de metabolitos entre otras sustancias, que mitigan los efectos del estrés oxidativo. Bajo este contexto se planteó el uso de ceras, peróxido de hidrogeno (H2O2), ácido salicílico (AS) y algaenzims, sobre plantas de frambuesa sometidas a estrés hídrico moderado (-0.8 MPa) con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta en aspectos de crecimiento vegetativo, fisiológicos y calidad bioquímica de frutos, para el establecimiento se empleó un diseño completamente al azar con 5 tratamientos: greencover as® 5 mL L-1, H2O2 10-4 M, ácido salicílico 0.27 mM, algaenzims® 7.5 mL L-1 y el control con recuperación del 50% del volumen transpirado y con potencial hídrico similar al resto de plantas y 4 repeticiones. Como resultados se obtuvo que las ceras, AS y el extracto de algas incrementaron la tasa fotosintética, los cuatro tratamientos aumentaron la longitud de raíces, las ceras la altura, y el H2O2 la biomasa de raíz. Por otro lado, en comparación con el control, se produjeron mayores niveles de vitamina C y antocianinas en frutos, un aspecto muy importante por la funcionalidad de estos compuestos en la salud humana. Por lo tanto, el uso de estos bioestimulantes se puede visualizar como una herramienta de gran utilidad para el manejo de cultivos en ambientes con restricción de agua.