Protium ovatum Eng. Burseraceae is an endemic species in Brazil used in traditional medicine. This study investigated the chemical variation and the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of dichloromethane soluble fraction of hydrolate (DSFH) from leaves of P. ovatum collected from five different vegetation physiognomies within the Cerrado Goiano. The region was characterized based on the DSFH chemical composition by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were performed to compare the different DSFHs from five Savannah regions in Brazil. The DSFHs from the Cerrado stricto sensu (CSS), Mata de Galeria (MG) and Cerradão (C) regions were grouped in the negative part of PC1, showing high similarity. Samples from the C and MG regions showed antioxidant activity of IC50 = 0.98 and 0.78 mg mL-1, respectively, and 0.250 mg mL-1 of butylated hydroxytoluene (positive control). DSFH from different regions exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The results show that the chemical composition and the biological activity of DSFHs can be affected according to the area of collection. Eng medicine (DSFH P Goiano GCMS GC MS (GC-MS PCA (PCA HCA (HCA CSS, CSS , (CSS) (MG (C PC1 PC similarity IC IC5 098 0 98 0.9 078 78 0.7 mL1, mL1 mL 1, 1 respectively 0250 250 0.25 mL- positive control. control . control) albicans collection (CSS 09 9 0. 07 7 025 25 0.2 02 2

Abstract The way residents occupy and operate houses influences the energy consumption. The objective of this paper is to findpatterns of occupant behaviour in actual data for thermal performance simulation.Data on occupancy of rooms and operation of doors and windows were obtained through a database created by means of application of questionnaires in low-income houses located in Florianópolis, southern Brazil. The reference profiles were obtained using cluster analysis, hierarchical and non-hierarchical techniques combined. Such profiles were submitted to computer simulations. The results showed significant variability within the clusters regarding the occupancy and operation of doors and windows. It was possible to verify the impact that different profiles have on the performance of the house, either due to occupancy or heat losses and gains from air changes through doors and windows. The combination of these effects resulted in some profiles that were highly vulnerable to external temperature conditions, while others were able to maintain the internal temperatures more constant. It was possible to verify that the use of reference profiles based on actual data lead to more reliable performance indicators. consumption simulationData simulation Data lowincome low income Florianópolis Brazil analysis nonhierarchical non combined simulations house conditions constant indicators

Resumo A forma como os moradores ocupam e operam as casas influencia o consumo de energia. O objetivo deste trabalho é encontrar padrões de comportamento dos moradores em dados reais para fins de simulação do desempenho térmico. Dados sobre ocupação de cômodos e funcionamento de portas e janelas foram obtidos por meio de um banco de dados criado por meio da aplicação de questionários em habitações de interesse social localizadas em Florianópolis. Os perfis de referência foram obtidos por meio de análise de agrupamento, com técnicas hierárquicas e não hierárquicas combinadas. Tais perfis foram submetidos a simulações computacionais. Os resultados mostraram variabilidade significativa entre os grupos quanto à ocupação e operação de portas e janelas. Foi possível verificar o impacto que diferentes perfis têm no desempenho da casa, seja pela ocupação ou pelas perdas de calor e ganhos com as trocas de ar através de portas e janelas. A combinação desses efeitos resultou em alguns perfis altamente vulneráveis às condições de temperatura externa, enquanto outros foram capazes de manter as temperaturas internas mais constantes. Foi possível verificar que a utilização de perfis de referência baseados em dados reais leva a indicadores de desempenho mais confiáveis. energia térmico Florianópolis agrupamento combinadas computacionais casa externa constantes confiáveis

Abstract Introduction. Sustainable practices are important tools for mitigating and adapting to climate change, making it essential to understand the factors influencing rice producers’ decisions to adopt conservation practices in their production system. Objective. To determine the causal relationships between variables that explain the adoption of conservation practices by rice producers. Materials and methods. A study was conducted between July and September 2021 in rice production systems in Costa Rica, involving producers from the Brunca, Chorotega, Huetar, and Central Pacific regions through quota sampling. A survey was administered to a total of 67 rice producers. The research was quantitative, identifying degrees of adoption of conservation practices, performing cluster groupings, and using an ordered probit model was to analyze the factors influencing the intensity of adoption of conservation technologies or practices in these production systems. Results. Greater adoption of conservation practices in rice production systems was influenced by the producer’s level of education, membership or affiliation with organizations in rice sector, and land ownership. Conclusions. The design of strategies for conservation practice in rice cultivation benefits from a better understanding of the relationships between socioeconomic, productive, and environmental variables, which can increase the likelihood that a producer will implement and maintain these conservation practices over time.

Resumen Introducción. Las prácticas sostenibles son importantes como herramientas de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, por lo que es oportuno comprender qué factores influencian las decisiones de las personas productoras del cultivo de arroz en adoptar una práctica de conservación en su sistema de producción. Objetivo. Determinar las relaciones causales entre las variables que permiten entender la adopción de prácticas de conservación en el cultivo del arroz por parte de las personas productoras. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio entre julio y septiembre del 2021 en los sistemas productivos de arroz en Costa Rica, con personas productoras de las regiones Brunca, Chorotega, Huetar y Pacífico Central, a través de un muestreo por cuotas. Se aplicó una encuesta a un total de 67 personas productoras de arroz. La investigación realizada fue cuantitativa y se identificaron grados de adopción de prácticas de conservación, se realizaron agrupaciones mediante clústeres y se utilizó un modelo probit ordenado para analizar los factores que influyen en la intensidad de adopción de tecnologías o prácticas de conservación en estos sistemas productivos. Resultados. Una mayor adopción de prácticas de conservación en los sistemas productivos del cultivo de arroz estuvo influenciada por el nivel de escolaridad de la persona productora, la pertenencia o afiliación a organizaciones del sector arrocero y la tenencia de la tierra. Conclusiones. El diseño de estrategias de prácticas de conservación en el cultivo del arroz se beneficia de una mejor comprensión de las relaciones entre las variables socioeconómicas, productivas y del entorno, que permitan aumentar la probabilidad de que una persona productora implemente y mantenga en el tiempo el uso de estas prácticas de conservación.

RESUMEN Los Centennials presentan más disposición para comprar en redes sociales, aunque son evidentes las diferencias sobre el uso y consumo de contenidos e información de Instagram entre los miembros de esta generación, lo que sugiere que su comportamiento de compra también puede diferir Por ello en esta investigación se propone clasificar el comportamiento de compra de los Z en esta red social basados en su actitud hacia la publicidad y el uso de la aplicación. Se abordó un enfoque cuantitativo a través de un análisis factorial confirmatorio seguido de una prueba de conformación de clúster jerárquicos en una muestra de 494 participantes entre los 18 a 29 años de ciudades y municipios colombianos y de diversos niveles socioeconómicos. Se encontró que las dimensiones de uso, acciones de compra, consumo de contenidos, interés social, agrado por la publicidad, atencionalidad a la publicidad y seguridad están presentes en el comportamiento de los usuarios en la red social. Estas variables se usaron para exponer tres tipologías de comportamiento concluyendo que existen diversos comportamientos de compra y actitud hacia la publicidad desplegada en el medio digital.

RESUMO Os Centennials estão mais dispostos a comprar nas redes sociais, embora existam diferenças evidentes na utilização e consumo do Instagram entre os membros desta geração, o que sugere que o seu comportamento de compra também pode ser diferente. Portanto, nesta pesquisa, propõe-se classificar o comportamento de compra do Z no Instagram com base na sua atitude em relação à publicidade e ao uso do aplicativo. Abordou-se uma abordagem quantitativa por meio de análise fatorial confirmatória seguida de teste hierárquico de formação de cluster em uma amostra de 494 participantes entre l8 e 29 anos das principais cidades intermediárias e pequenas do país e de diversos níveis socioeconómicos. Verificou-se que as dimensões uso, ações de compra, consumo de conteúdo, interesse social, gosto pela publicidade, atenção à publicidade e segurança estão presentes no comportamento dos usuários na rede social. Estas variáveis foram utilizadas para expor três tipologias de comportamento, concluindo que existem diversos comportamentos de compra e atitudes face à publicidade veiculada no meio digital.

ABSTRACT Centennials are more willing to buy on social networks, although not all of them have the same behavior differences observed by inner members of this generation, which suggests that their buying behavior may also differ For this reason, in this research it was proposed to classify the purchasing behavior of generation Z in the social network Instagram based on their attitude towards advertising and the use of the application. A quantitative approach was used through a confirmatory factor analysis followed by a hierarchical cluster confirmation test in a sample of 494 participants from 18 to 29 years old, residents in main, intermediate and small cities in the country and of various socioeconomic levels. It was found that the dimensions of use, purchase actions, content consumption, social interest, liking for advertising, attention to advertising and security are present in the behavior of users on the social network. These variables were used to expose three types of behavior, concluding that there are different purchasing behaviors and attitudes towards advertising displayed in digital media.

ABSTRACT Streamflow data from gauging stations are essential for effective water resources management. However, some regions in Brazil lack the necessary data. Hydrological regionalization is an alternative technique for obtaining data such regions. However, not all regions in Brazil have defined hydrological regionalization models, including the state of Goiás and the Brazilian Federal District. The objective of this study was to develop a hydrological regionalization methodology based on the separation of hydrologically homogeneous regions and multiple linear regression, using a Geographic Information System (GIS) program. Historical series data were used to calculate reference flows with 90 or 95% duration over time in the watercourse (Q90 and Q95) and the mean flow (Ǭ). Rain gauge station data were used to calculate the mean annual rainfall in each watershed through spatial interpolation by ordinary kriging. Subsequently, the physiographic characteristics of each watershed were calculated. The hydrologically homogeneous regions were delimited based on these data using cluster analysis, which identified seven hydrologically homogeneous regions in Goiás, two of them belonging to the Federal District. Multiple regression allowed the development of seven regionalization models. Models for regions 1, 3, 4, 5, and 7 showed better performance. management However models District GIS (GIS program 9 95 Q90 Q (Q9 Q95 Ǭ. Ǭ . (Ǭ) kriging Subsequently calculated analysis 1 3 4 5 performance Q9 (Q (Ǭ

RESUMO Para gerenciar os recursos hídricos de forma eficaz, os dados de vazão das estações hidrométricas são cruciais. No entanto, no Brasil, algumas regiões não dispõem dos dados necessários. A regionalização hidrológica é uma técnica alternativa para obter dados para essas regiões. Infelizmente, nem todas as regiões do Brasil têm modelos de regionalização hidrológica definidos, incluindo Goiás e o Distrito Federal. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma metodologia de regionalização hidrológica, baseada na separação de regiões hidrologicamente homogêneas e na regressão multivariada, utilizando o programa Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG). Com base na série histórica, foram calculadas as vazões de referência com 90 ou 95% de permanência ao longo do tempo no curso d’água (Q90 e Q95) e a vazão média (Ǭ). Com os dados das estações pluviométricas, foi calculada a precipitação média anual de cada uma das bacias hidrográficas fluviométricas, por meio de interpolação espacial por krigagem ordinária. Posteriormente, foram calculadas as características fisiográficas de cada bacia. Com esses dados, as regiões hidrologicamente homogêneas foram delimitadas por meio da análise de agrupamento. A análise de cluster identificou sete regiões hidrologicamente homogêneas em Goiás, sendo que duas delas pertencem ao Distrito Federal. A regressão multivariada levou ao desenvolvimento de sete modelos de regionalização. Os modelos para as regiões 1, 3, 4, 5 e 7 apresentaram melhor desempenho. eficaz cruciais entanto necessários Infelizmente definidos Federal SIG. SIG . (SIG) histórica 9 95 dágua d água Q90 Q (Q9 Q95 Ǭ. Ǭ (Ǭ) pluviométricas fluviométricas ordinária Posteriormente bacia agrupamento 1 3 4 desempenho (SIG Q9 (Q (Ǭ

Los modelos de regresión convencionales tienen entre sus supuestos: 1) que la variable de respuesta es numérica y continua (en la jerga técnica, se dice que tiene una distribución de frecuencia "normal"); y 2) que las observaciones son independientes entre sí. Sin embargo, para la mayoría de los problemas de investigación en las investigaciones sociales este no es el caso. A menudo, la variable de respuesta es cualitativa, por ejemplo, en formato binario, nominal categórico u ordinal. Otra dificultad común se produce en relación con la independencia entre observaciones, ya que el resultado de una observación puede correlacionarse de varias maneras con el resultado de las demás. Los modelos generalizados de efectos mixtos, también llamados modelos jerárquicos generalizados, son una solución a estas limitaciones. Son una técnica apropiada para el estudio de casos en los que se cree que las características y comportamientos de una determinada observación están influenciados por el conglomerado o agrupación a la que pertenece. De esta manera, es posible que el investigador considere, en un mismo modelo, los datos de contexto, los datos de los individuos y la interacción entre los dos niveles. El presente trabajo pretende difundir el uso de la modelación jerárquica como herramienta para el análisis de datos organizados en niveles o agrupaciones cuando la variable de respuesta no es una variable numérica continua (es decir, no tiene una distribución normal). Para ello, se presenta la teoría estadística que subyace a la técnica, acompañada de un análisis aplicado a los resultados de las elecciones nacionales en Brasil.

Modelos de regressão convencionais têm entre seus pressupostos: 1) que a variável resposta é numérica e contínua (em jargão técnico, diz-se que tem distribuição de frequências ‘normal’); e 2) que as observações são independentes entre si. Contudo, para grande parte dos problemas de pesquisa em investigações sociais esse não é o caso. Frequentemente a variável resposta é qualitativa, por exemplo, em formato binário, categórico nominal ou ordinal. Outra dificuldade comum ocorre em relação à independência entre as observações, pois o resultado de uma observação pode estar correlacionado de diversas formas ao resultado das demais. Os modelos generalizados de efeito misto, também chamados de modelos hierárquicos generalizados, constituem uma solução para essas limitações. São uma técnica apropriada para o estudo de casos em que se acredita que as características e os comportamentos de uma determinada observação são influenciados pelo conglomerado ou agrupamento a que ela pertence. Desse modo, possibilita-se que o pesquisador considere, num mesmo modelo, dados de contexto e dados de indivíduos. O presente trabalho pretende difundir o uso da modelagem hierárquica como ferramenta de análise de dados organizados em níveis ou agrupamentos quando a variável resposta não é variável numérica contínua (isto é, não possui uma distribuição normal). Para tanto, apresenta-se a teoria estatística subjacente à técnica, acompanhada de uma análise aplicada aos resultados de eleições nacionais do Brasil. 

Traditional regression models typically rest on two key assumptions: 1) that the response variable is numerical and continuous (commonly assumed to follow a normal distribution), and 2) that the observations are independent of one another. However, in many social science research contexts, these assumptions often do not hold. Frequently, the response variable is qualitative—such as binary, nominal, or ordinal—and the independence of observations is often violated, as outcomes from one observation may be correlated with others. Generalized mixed-effects models, also known as hierarchical generalized models, address these limitations. These models are particularly well-suited for cases where the characteristics and behaviors of an observation are thought to be influenced by the cluster or group to which it belongs. This allows researchers to account for both individual-level and contextual-level data within a single model, as well as the interaction between these levels. This paper aims to promote the use of hierarchical modeling as a valuable tool for analyzing data that is structured in levels or clusters, particularly when the response variable is not continuous or normally distributed. To illustrate the technique, we present supporting statistical theory and apply it to analyze results of Brazilian national elections.  

ABSTRACT Creative industries tend to concentrate geographically, forming creative regions due to different factors. Soft factors seem to play a minor role at the European level, which have not been extensively studied. This paper examines this role and analyses whether regions with similar levels of other factors have higher concentrations of creative industries. A two-stage analysis is carried out. The first stage consists of a cluster analysis, to obtain groups of regions similar in other factors, and the second stage is the estimation of three econometric models that explain the concentration of creative industries by including a dummy variable for each group and soft factor variables. It is concluded that soft factors are relevant in explaining the concentration of creative industries by differentiating regions with similar levels in the remaining factors.

RESUMEN Las industrias creativas tienden a concentrarse geográficamente formando regiones creativas, proceso en que confluyen diferentes factores. Entre estos, los factores blandos parecen desempeñar un papel secundario en el ámbito europeo, por lo que no se han estudiado en profundidad. Este artículo aborda dicho papel, en particular si en las regiones con niveles similares de otros factores, los blandos permiten explicar las mayores concentraciones de industrias creativas. Con tal objetivo se lleva a cabo un análisis en dos etapas. La primera consiste en un análisis de clústeres, para obtener grupos de regiones similares en otros factores; y la segunda, en la estimación de tres modelos econométricos que explican la concentración de las industrias creativas mediante la inclusión de una variable ficticia para cada grupo, y variables de factores blandos. Las conclusiones muestran que los factores blandos son relevantes para explicar la concentración de industrias creativas, al diferenciar regiones con niveles similares en los otros factores.

ABSTRACT Agricultural cooperatives in Chile have not consolidated at the level of other OECD countries, developing in a spatially heterogeneous way in the country. To understand the territorial consolidation of agricultural cooperatives, this paper aims to analyze the patterns of spatial location of agricultural cooperatives in Chile and to identify whether there are clusters of agricultural cooperatives over Economic Importance (EI) organizations. To achieve this, non-spatial (cluster analysis and location analysis) and spatial (Moran index and spatial correlation analysis) clustering tools were used to determine the spatial dependence of the concentration of agricultural cooperatives in Chile. The results indicate the existence of productive cooperative clusters in the regions of Los Ríos and Coquimbo centered on EI cooperatives. Additionally, they also suggest a positive correlation between EI cooperatives and cooperative nuclei at the regional level.

RESUMEN El cooperativismo agrícola en Chile no está consolidado al nivel que se encuentra en otros países de la OCDE, habiéndose desarrollado de forma espacialmente heterogénea en el país. Para conocer la consolidación territorial del cooperativismo agrícola en Chile, este trabajo se propone analizar los patrones de localización espacial de las cooperativas agrícolas en el país e identificar si sobre las cooperativas de Importancia Económica (IE) existen clústeres cooperativos agrícolas que las engloben. En este marco se han utilizado herramientas de agrupamiento no espacial –análisis de conglomerado y análisis de localización) y espacial (índice de Moran y análisis de correlación espacial–, para determinar la dependencia espacial en la concentración del cooperativismo agrícola en Chile. Los resultados indican la existencia de clústeres productivos cooperativos en las regiones de Los Ríos y Coquimbo, centrados en cooperativas de IE. Adicionalmente, sugieren una correlación positiva entre cooperativas de IE y los núcleos cooperativos a nivel regional.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the extent of nutritional deficits in Argentina in 2019-2020 and their regional differentiation, relating them to poverty and inequality indicators. To achieve this, a relatively unexplored source of information in Argentina, the Cluster Survey of Multiple Indicator Clusters (MICS) by UNICEF, known in Argentina as the Encuesta Nacional de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes 2019-2020, was utilized. The study revealed the magnitude of these nutritional deficits, and their unequal spatial distribution across the country. Through validation with hospital discharge statistics, we identified extensive regions in the Northern part of the country with extreme values that significantly deviate from the calculated averages, highlighting the attribute of inequality that characterizes this society. Statistical methods for prevalence calculations and cartographic techniques were used to identify the spatial distribution and define clusters, which allowed us to pinpoint the most critical areas. It became evident how the combination of high poverty levels, their persistence, and inequality are interconnected and result in impacts such as child nutritional deficits, a critical stage where the implications are severe, and future opportunities are highly compromised by these deficits. This seems to be in contradiction with the agenda set within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals.

Resumen: El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo identificar las magnitudes del déficit nutricional en Argentina en 2019-2020 y su diferenciación regional, relacionándolo con indicadores de pobreza y desigualdad. Se utilizó para ello una fuente de información escasamente explorada -al menos para Argentina- que es la Encuesta por Conglomerados de Indicadores Múltiples (MICS, por sus siglas en inglés) de UNICEF, denominada en Argentina como Encuesta Nacional de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes 2019-2020. Se pudo generar evidencia empírica respecto a las magnitudes que alcanza dicho déficit, de su desigual distribución espacial en el territorio, y -a partir de su validación con estadísticas de egresos hospitalarios- se identificaron vastos sectores del norte del país con valores extremos que se alejan rotundamente de los promedios calculados, dejando claro el atributo de desigualdad que caracteriza a esta sociedad. Se utilizaron métodos estadísticos de cálculo de prevalencias y cartográficos para la identificación de la distribución espacial y definición de clústeres, los cuales permitieron la identificación de los territorios de mayor criticidad. Quedó claro de qué manera la conjunción de altos niveles de pobreza, la persistencia de estos y la desigualdad se articulan y suponen impactos en la salud como el déficit nutricional infantil, etapa vital donde las implicancias son severas y las ventanas de oportunidades futuras se ven severamente comprometidas por dicho déficit, lo cual pareciera discurrir un derrotero opuesto a la agenda enmarcada dentro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenibles.

RESUMEN Introducción: la yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) constituye un recurso alimentario autóctono, formando parte de la tradición y cultura alimentaria del Paraguay. Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios locales sobre los hábitos de consumo y preferencias por los paraguayos. Objetivo: describir los hábitos de consumo de la yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) en el Departamento Central en el 2022. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, transversal, con datos primarios, realizado en el Departamento Central de Paraguay. Muestreo no probabilístico en racimos. Instrumento de elaboración propia, diseñado como encuesta digital en la plataforma Google Form® (EE.UU.). Las variables fueron agrupadas en datos demográficos, relacionados al consumo de mate, tereré y cocido, procesados en Microsoft Excel® (EE.UU.) y EPI INFO® 7.0 (EE.UU.). Resultados: participaron 207 personas, la mayoría contaban entre 18 a 40 años, sexo femenino (83,22 %, 119), solteros, universitarios. El consumo más frecuente fue mate+ tereré+ cocido (43,96 %, 91) y tereré + cocido (14,01 %, 29). Todos los encuestados percibían más de dos salarios mínimos, y eran trabajadores de tiempo completo. El 81,64 % (169) consumían tereré, 69,08 % (143) mate, 80,23 % (138) cocido. El tipo de yerba más consumido fue la “compuesta con hierbas medicinales”, con un promedio de 1,5 Litros diarios. Conclusión: las formas más consumidas son tereré, cocido y mate, el tipo de yerba es la compuesta con el agregado de hierbas medicinales. Se sugieren realizar estudios poblacionales más amplios sobre el consumo de bebidas a base de yerba mate en Paraguay, así como ampliar estudios sobre las posibles interacciones e inocuidad entre la yerba mate con hierbas medicinales.

ABSTRACT Introduction: yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) constitutes a native food resource, forming part of the food tradition and culture of Paraguay. However, there are few local studies on the consumption habits and preferences of Paraguayans. Objective: to describe the consumption habits of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) in the Departamento Central in 2022. Methodology: descriptive, cross-sectional study, with primary data, carried out in the Departamento Central of Paraguay. Non-probability cluster sampling. Self-developed instrument, designed as a digital survey on the Google Form® platform (USA). The variables were grouped into demographic data, related to the consumption of mate, tereré and cocido, processed in Microsoft Excel® (USA) and EPI INFO® 7.0 (USA). Results: people participated was 207, the majority were between 18 and 40 years old, female (83.22 %, 119), single, university students. The most frequent consumption was mate + tereré + cooked (43.96 %, 91) and tereré + cooked (14.01 %, 29). All respondents received more than two minimum wages, and were full-time workers. 81.64 % (169) consumed tereré, 69.08 % (143) consumed mate, 80.23 % (138) cooked. The most consumed type of herb was “composed with medicinal herbs”, with an average of 1.5 Liters per day. Conclusion: the most consumed forms are tereré, cooked and mate, the type of yerba is the one composed with the addition of medicinal herbs. It is suggested to carry out larger population studies on the consumption of yerba mate-based drinks in Paraguay, as well as expand studies on the possible interactions and safety between yerba mate and medicinal herbs.

RESUMEN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar la morfometría de la mano de individuos jóvenes sanos de diferentes países e investigar las diferencias en la mecanografía de la mano entre países en función de los valores morfométricos obtenidos. En el estudio, se midieron 16 parámetros diferentes, incluidas dos superficies y 14 longitudes, de la mano derecha de 579 voluntarios (250 mujeres, 329 hombres) de 7 países diferentes (Turquía, Chad, Marruecos, Gabón, Kazajstán, Senegal y Siria). Se realizó un análisis factorial de los parámetros, un análisis de conglomerados según la puntuación factorial obtenida y se determinaron los tipos de manos en el estudio. Como resultado, se definieron cuatro tipos diferentes de manos y se analizó la distribución de estos tipos según países. Todos los parámetros mostraron diferencias significativas entre países en ambos sexos (p<0,05). Según los resultados del estudio, hubo una diferencia entre los tipos de manos de los hombres y de las mujeres entre países. En las mujeres, el tipo de mano tipo 1 se encontró solo en Gabón, el tipo de mano tipo 2 se encontró solo en Senegal, el tipo de mano tipo 3 se encontró en Turquía, Marruecos y Kazajstán, mientras que la mano tipo 4 se distribuyó significativamente en Senegal y Gabón (X2=104,62; gl=18, p<0,05). En los hombres, el tipo de mano tipo 1 se encontró en Turquía, el tipo de mano tipo 2 en Senegal y Gabón, el tipo de mano tipo 3 en Turquía, mientras que la mano tipo 4 se distribuyó significativamente en Marruecos y Kazajstán (X2=76,964; gl=18, p <0,05).

SUMMARY: This study aims to examine the hand morphometry of healthy young individuals from different countries and investigate the differences between countries in typing of hand based on the morphometric values obtained. In the study, 16 different parameters, including two surface areas and 14 lengths, were measured from the right hand of 579 volunteers (250 females, 329 males) from 7 different countries (Turkey, Chad, Morocco, Gabon, Kazakhstan, Senegal and Syria). Factor analysis was performed on the parameters, cluster analysis was performed according to the factor score obtained, and the hand types in the study were determined. As a result of the study, four different hand types were defined, and the distribution of these types according to countries was analyzed. All parameters showed significant differences between countries in both genders (p<0.05). According to the results of the study, there was a difference between male and female hand types between countries. In females, the type 1 hand type was found only in Gabon, the type 2 hand type was found only in Senegal, the type 3 hand type was found in Turkey, Morocco and Kazakhstan, while the type 4 hand type was significantly distributed in Senegal and Gabon (X2 =104.62; df=18, p<0.05). In males, type 1 hand type was found in Turkey, type 2 hand type in Senegal and Gabon, type 3 hand type in Turkey, while type 4 hand type was significantly distributed in Morocco and Kazakhstan (X2 =76.964; df=18, p<0.05).

Abstract The scientific literature in the field of sustainable tourism emphasizes the crucial importance of the perception of the host community in small tourist destinations, due to its significant impact on the quality perceived by tourists. The objective of this article is to examine the perception of the host community of San Juan de Churin with respect to the economic, social and environmental development derived from tourism activity. A mixed methodology with a cross-sectional design was implemented to categorize the members of the host community into hierarchical groups, based on their perception of the impact of tourism on local development. The study combined quantitative (survey with closed-ended questions) and qualitative (semi-structured interviews) methods. In-depth interviews revealed a convergence between leaders and community regarding the perception of achievements and challenges of local sustainable tourism. Spearman's correlation analysis, applied to the survey results, evidenced a moderate to strong positive relationship, between the dimensions of economic, social and environmental development and the overall perception of development by the community (0.563 ≤ ρ ≤ 0.834). Hierarchical cluster analysis, combined with nonparametric analysis of variance (Kruskal-Wallis Test), identified groups of individuals with similar perceptions of local tourism development. This classification provides an in-depth understanding of variations in community perceptions and needs, which could guide specific tourism management strategies and policies.

Resumo A literatura científica no campo do turismo sustentável enfatiza a importância crucial da percepção da comunidade anfitriã em pequenos destinos turísticos, devido ao seu impacto significativo na qualidade percebida pelos turistas. O objetivo deste artigo é examinar a percepção da comunidade anfitriã de San Juan de Churin em relação ao desenvolvimento econômico, social e ambiental derivado da atividade turística. Foi implementada uma metodologia mista com um projeto de corte transversal para categorizar os membros da comunidade anfitriã em grupos hierárquicos com base em sua percepção do impacto do turismo no desenvolvimento local. O estudo combinou métodos quantitativos (pesquisa com perguntas fechadas) e qualitativos (entrevistas semiestruturadas). As entrevistas aprofundadas revelaram uma convergência entre os líderes e a comunidade em termos de percepções das conquistas e dos desafios do turismo sustentável local. A análise de correlação de Spearman, aplicada aos resultados da pesquisa, mostrou uma relação positiva moderada a forte entre as dimensões de desenvolvimento econômico, social e ambiental e a percepção geral de desenvolvimento da comunidade (0,563 ≤ ρ ≤ 0,834). A análise de agrupamento hierárquico, combinada com a análise não paramétrica de variância (teste de Kruskal-Wallis), identificou grupos de indivíduos com percepções semelhantes do desenvolvimento do turismo local. Essa classificação fornece uma compreensão aprofundada das variações nas percepções e necessidades da comunidade, o que poderia orientar estratégias e políticas específicas de gerenciamento do turismo.

Resumen La literatura científica en el campo del turismo sostenible enfatiza la importancia crucial de la percepción de la comunidad receptora en los pequeños destinos turísticos, debido a su impacto significativo en la calidad percibida por los turistas. Examinar la percepción de la comunidad receptora de San Juan de Churin respecto al desarrollo económico, social y medioambiental, derivado de la actividad turística, constituye el objetivo de este artículo. Para su cumplimiento se implementó una metodología mixta con diseño transversal para categorizar a los miembros de la comunidad receptora en grupos jerárquicos, basándose en su percepción del impacto turístico en el desarrollo local. El estudio combinó métodos cuantitativos (encuesta con preguntas cerradas) y cualitativos (entrevistas semiestructuradas). Las entrevistas en profundidad revelaron una convergencia entre líderes y comunidad en cuanto a la percepción de logros y desafíos del turismo sostenible local. El análisis de correlación de Spearman, aplicado a los resultados de la encuesta, evidenció una relación positiva de moderada a fuerte, entre las dimensiones de desarrollo económico, social y medioambiental y la percepción general del desarrollo por parte de la comunidad (0,563 ≤ ρ ≤ 0,834). El análisis de clúster jerárquico, combinado con el análisis de varianza no paramétrico (Prueba de Kruskal-Wallis), identificó grupos de individuos con percepciones similares sobre el desarrollo turístico local. Esta clasificación proporciona una comprensión profunda de las variaciones en percepciones y necesidades de la comunidad, lo que podría orientar estrategias de gestión turística y políticas específicas.

ABSTRACT The availability of hot pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) hybrid varieties is limited compared to those in chili, bell or sweet pepper hybrid. Heterosis, heterobeltiosis, and reciprocal are critical indicators in F1 hybrids, valuable for developing hybrid varieties. This research aimed to evaluate both phenotypic and genotypic changes in F1 hybrids from single cross-hybridization. The study observed 53 phenotypic characteristics encompassing morphological (plant, leaves, flowers, and fruits), four production-related (fruit weight, fruit number per plant, fruit weight per plant, and yield per hectare), and 10 chemical characteristics (proximate, simple sugar, and secondary metabolite). Genotypic changes were analyzed using ten SSR markers. Employing a randomized complete block design, the study included two parents, F1, and reciprocal F1 hybrids, across four treatments with two replicates each. Phenotypic changes were analyzed using ANOVA and comparison test, while genotypic changes were analyzed through cluster analysis. Result indicated heterosis in 12 characters, heterobeltiosis in eight characters, and reciprocal effects in eight characters. Significant improvements were noted in key characteristics such as plant height, fruit maturity, fruit weight per plant, yield per hectare and vitamin C. Genotypic evaluation revealed distinct genetic differences between F1 and its parents, including the reciprocal F1. These phenotypic and genotypic changes suggest that hot pepper could be more productive and of higher quality when developed as a hybrid variety, indicating promising avenue for future breeding programs.

Abstract In Tamaulipas extensive goat production systems in the semi-arid region of the Altiplano contribute annually with the production of 41% of live animals and 87% of milk in the state. The objective of the study was to characterize the goat production units in the municipalities of Jaumave, Bustamante and Tula, in which a significant number of production units are located. Through the application of structured surveys conducted in December 2021 and January 2022, socioeconomic, nutritional, productive, reproductive, and sanitary information was obtained from 40 goat production units. Data was analyzed using principal component factor analysis and a cluster analysis with the Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS version 24). Four factors (management, production, grazing and reproduction) explained most of the total variation of the data and four groups of production units were determined. The characterization of the extensive goat production system in the Altiplano of Tamaulipas is described in general terms with management and production variables. However, the analysis of the typologies of production units showed heterogeneity in the system, in this sense, the differences between the means of the groupings that stood out the most were zootechnical purpose, reproduction, production and annual income. Underfeeding, scarce water sources and poor reproductive management are associated with low productivity and high animal mortality.

Resumen En Tamaulipas la ganadería caprina extensiva de la región semiárida del Altiplano contribuye anualmente con la producción del 41% de ganado en pie y el 87% de leche en el estado. El objetivo de la investigación fue caracterizar el sistema extensivo que practican las unidades de producción caprinas de los municipios de Jaumave, Bustamante y Tula. Mediante la aplicación de encuestas estructuradas que se realizaron en meses de diciembre 2021 y enero 2022 se obtuvo información socioeconómica, alimenticia, productiva, reproductiva y sanitaria de 40 unidades de producción caprinas. Para sintetizar y tipificar la información se realizó un análisis factorial de componentes principales y un análisis clúster mediante el Programa Estadístico de Ciencias Sociales (SPSS versión 24). Se identificaron cuatro factores (manejo, producción, pastoreo y reproducción) que explican la mayor parte de la variabilidad total de los datos y se determinaron cuatro grupos de unidades de producción. La caracterización del sistema caprino de producción extensiva en el Altiplano de Tamaulipas se describe de forma general con variables de manejo y producción. Sin embargo, el análisis de las tipologías de unidades de producción mostró heterogeneidad en el sistema, en este sentido, las diferencias entre las medias de las agrupaciones que más destacaron fueron finalidad zootécnica, reproducción, producción e ingresos anuales. La subalimentación, escasez de agua y deficiente manejo reproductivo se asocian a la baja productividad y alta mortalidad de los animales.

Abstract In some areas of Oaxaca, Mexico, it is necessary to implement plantations that use seeds of genetic quality, to increase productivity and phenotypic quality. The objective was to select outstanding phenotypes of Pinus chiapensis (Martínez) Andresen and P. douglasiana Martínez, evaluating quantitative and qualitative characteristics. In 2021, 15 superior phenotypes per species were selected to evaluate inventory variables (height, diameter), density (trees ha-1), age and chip increments, recording climate and site data. Crown area (m2), basal area (m2) and total volume with bark (VTcc, m3) were determined for each tree; site index (SI) was determined based on anamorphic curves, density guides and average VTcc. Data were analyzed with Student's t tests, Pearson's correlation (( = 0.05), cluster analysis, and principal component analysis. The species showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) in dasometric characteristics. Using the average volume as a selection criterion, six P. chiapensis trees presented volumes above average (≥ 9.76 m3) and seven P. douglasiana trees presented volume above average (> 4.14 m3) and clear stem height (18.7 m), in places with high precipitation; while comparing morphological, of site and climatic characteristics, 10 individuals of P. chiapensis and six of P. douglasiana with excellent quality IS were selected. The selected trees have outstanding characteristics of wood quality and volume, so it is convenient to use them to collect seeds in the study area.

Resumen En algunas zonas de Oaxaca, México se requiere implementar plantaciones que usen semillas de calidad genética, para aumentar productividad y calidad fenotípica. El objetivo fue seleccionar fenotipos sobresalientes de Pinus chiapensis (Martínez) Andresen y P. douglasiana Martínez, a través de sus características cuantitativas y cualitativas. En 2021 se seleccionaron 15 fenotipos superiores por especie, para evaluar variables dasométricas (altura, diámetro), densidad (árboles ha-1), edad e incrementos en virutas, registro de datos climáticos y de sitio. En cada árbol se determinó área de copa (m2), área basal (m2) y volumen total con corteza (VTcc, m3); se determinó índice de sitio (IS) con base a curvas anamórficas, guías de densidad y promedio de VTcc. Los datos se analizaron con pruebas t-Student, correlación de Pearson (( = 0.05), análisis clúster y análisis de componentes principales. Las especies mostraron diferencias significativas (p ≤ 0.01) en características dasométricas. Al utilizar el volumen promedio como criterio de selección seis árboles de P. chiapensis presentaron volúmenes superiores al promedio (≥ 9.76 m3) y siete árboles de P. douglasiana obtuvieron mayor volumen al promedio (> 4.14 m3) y altura de fuste limpio (18.7 m), en sitios con alta precipitación; mientras que, comparando características morfológicas, de sitio y climáticas, se seleccionaron 10 individuos de P. chiapensis y seis de P. douglasiana con IS de excelente calidad. Los árboles seleccionados tienen características sobresalientes de calidad de madera y volumen, por lo que conviene usarlos para colectar semilla en la zona de estudio.