ABSTRACT The rootstock Poncirus trifoliata var. monstrosa flying dragon (FD) induces dwarfism to citrus trees. Dwarfism provides several positive aspects: allows dense planting, reduces the pruning frequency, improves productivity efficiency, and makes cultural practices easier. Evaluating the compatibility of the rootstock with different scion varieties is crucial for recommending this rootstock and requires many years of field observations. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the vigor and graft compatibility of Citrus × sinensis L. Osbeck and Citrus × latifolia Tanaka grafted onto FD. The experimental was a randomized block design, with five treatments, four replications, and each plot consisting of one tree. The cultivar Tahiti acid lime IAC-5 and Seleta, Lima, Bahia, and Folha Murcha oranges were the evaluated plants. Biometric measurements of canopy and graft incompatibility were assessed, and viables spacing were estimated. No signs of incompatibility were observed in any graft combination. After 12.5 years, FD induced dwarfism in all evaluated cultivars, but not to Tahiti acid lime. In the edaphoclimatic conditions of North Fluminense, we suggest planting densities of 511, 1,387, 1,486, 792 and 1,644 plants.ha-1 to Tahiti, Seleta, Lima, Bahia, and Folha Murcha oranges trees, respectively, when these are grafted onto the FD.

Resumen El glifosato es un herbicida de amplio espectro que ha sido aplicado en los campos agrícolas de más de 200 países desde hace 40 años. Debido a recientes investigaciones que demostraron su relación como cancerígeno, se ha abierto un debate a nivel mundial sobre su uso y prohibición. México se ha sumado al movimiento de prohibir su uso en el decreto emitido en diciembre de 2020. El efecto del glifosato residual debido a la aplicación constante del mismo tiene afectaciones en diferentes compartimentos ambientales, entre ellos el suelo. Por lo tanto, el objetivo fue identificar las prácticas agrícolas y manejo de arvenses que se emplean en el ejido de Bella Esperanza, Coatepec, Veracruz, como parte de la caracterización del sitio de muestreo para el proyecto de investigación en torno a la biorremediación del glifosato con microorganismos endógenos. Mediante un acercamiento de campo, se realizaron encuestas a los productores de la zona, donde los resultados mostraron que el 54% emplea el glifosato como principal control de malezas. Asimismo, no emplean ningún equipo de protección y consideran al glifosato como un producto inocuo para el medio ambiente. Del mismo modo, el resultado de este estudio observó que el ejido de Bella Esperanza es un área de muestreo adecuada para el estudio de microorganismos con posibles aplicaciones en biorremediación.

Abstract Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide that has been applied to agricultural fields in more than 200 countries for 40 years. Due to recent studies that demonstrated its relationship as a carcinogen, a worldwide debate has opened about its use and prohibition. Mexico has joined the movement to ban its use in the decree issued in December 2020. Due to its constant application, residual glyphosate impacts different environmental compartments, including the soil. Therefore, the objective was to identify the agricultural practices and weed management used in the ejido of Bella Esperanza, Coatepec, Veracruz, as part of the characterization of the sampling site for the research project on the bioremediation of glyphosate with endogenous microorganisms. Through a field approach, surveys were carried out with producers in the area, where the results showed that 54% use glyphosate as their primary weed control. They do not use any protective equipment either and consider glyphosate a product harmless to the environment. In the same way, the result of this study observed that the ejido of Bella Esperanza is a suitable sampling area for studying microorganisms with possible applications in bioremediation.

RESUMO O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar o potencial do óleo essencial de limão como substituto para conservantes sintéticos em linguiça de carne bovina, considerando a demanda dos consumidores por produtos cárneos saudáveis e produzidos com ingredientes naturais. O óleo essencial da casca do limão (OEL) foi obtido por hidrodestilação, e submetido a avaliação da atividade antibacteriana pelo método de difusão de discos e microdiluição, assim como, foi determinado a sua composição química por cromatografia gasosa acoplado a espectrometria de massas. Três formulações de linguiça de carne bovina foram desenvolvidas neste estudo: a primeira sem conservantes (LC), a segunda com conservante sintético (L1) e a terceira contendo 0,5% de óleo essencial de limão (L2). As análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas indicaram que todas as amostras estavam em conformidade com a legislação vigente, embora o teor de umidade tenha excedido o limite máximo. Durante o armazenamento refrigerado e congelado, o pH e a cor variaram significativamente, atingindo a estabilidade após 20 dias. O óleo essencial de limão, com d-limoneno como componente majoritário, mostrou-se eficaz na inibição do crescimento microbiano na concentração de 0,5%, preservando a composição físico-química da linguiça. Além disso, evidenciou-se uma tendência de estabilização da cor durante o armazenamento congelado. Portanto, a aplicação de 0,5% do óleo essencial de limão é uma alternativa viável e natural para aplicação em embutidos cárneos, como a linguiça frescal, além de agregar sabor e aroma diferenciados a este produto. naturais OEL (OEL hidrodestilação microdiluição massas LC, LC , (LC) L1 L (L1 05 0 5 0,5 L2. L2 . (L2) físicoquímicas físico químicas vigente máximo congelado significativamente 2 dias dlimoneno d limoneno majoritário mostrouse mostrou se físicoquímica disso evidenciouse evidenciou Portanto frescal produto (LC (L 0, (L2

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of lime essential oil as a substitute for synthetic preservatives in beef sausage, considering consumer demand for healthy meat products produced with natural ingredients. Lime peel essential oil (LEO) was obtained by hydrodistillation and subjected to an evaluation of antibacterial activity by the disc diffusion and microdilution method. Its chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Three sausage formulations were developed in this study: the first without preservatives (LC), the second with synthetic preservatives (L1), and the third containing 0.5% lime essential oil (L2). Physicochemical and microbiological analyses indicated that all treatments followed current legislation, although the moisture content exceeded the maximum limit. The pH and color varied significantly during refrigerated and frozen storage, reaching stability after 20 days. lime essential oil, with D-limonene as the majority component, proved to be effective in inhibiting microbial growth at a concentration of 0.5%, preserving the physicochemical composition of the sausage. Furthermore, there is a tendency for the color to stabilize during frozen storage. Therefore, 0.5% lime essential oil is a viable and natural alternative for application in meat sausages, such as fresh sausage, and adds a different flavor and aroma to this product. ingredients LEO (LEO method spectrometry LC, LC , (LC) L1, L1 L (L1) 05 0 5 0.5 L2. L2 . (L2) legislation limit storage 2 days Dlimonene D limonene component Furthermore Therefore sausages product (LC (L1 0. (L2 (L

RESUMEN El aumento de las exportaciones de lima tahití en el último año y las exigencias de calidad del mercado internacional han hecho necesario mejorar los procesos de producción para obtener frutos con características organolépticas cada vez mejores. Para ello, la base es la elección de un predio con condiciones edafoclimáticas adecuadas y un conocimiento preciso del comportamiento ecofisiológico del árbol en estas condiciones. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo documentar la fenología de la floración y estudiar las características fisicoquímicas de los frutos de lima tahití en dos ambientes de la región andina de Colombia. Se realizaron evaluaciones en ocho árboles de limón Tahití de diez años por huerto injertados en Sunki x English. Se realizaron observaciones durante doce meses de las yemas, flores y frutos de los árboles marcados en cada zona evaluada (Manizales - 2280 msnm y Santagueda 1010 msnm). Se evaluó la fenología de la floración según los estados de la escala fenológica BBCH, las características físico-químicas del fruto y las condiciones climáticas de las dos zonas evaluadas. Se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente aleatorizado y la comparación de medias de Duncan. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en diámetro polar, ácido ascórbico, sólidos solubles, rendimiento en jugo, masa de cáscara y acidez titulable según la localidad. La fenología de floración tardó menos tiempo, y la acumulación de unidades caloríficas fue mayor en la zona de menor altitud. Las características físicas y químicas de los frutos de lima tahití están influidas por el entorno en el que se desarrollan los árboles.

ABSTRACT The surge in Tahiti lime exports over the past year, combined with heightened quality standards of the international market, have made it necessary to improve production processes to obtain fruit with increasingly better organoleptic characteristics. Thus, the foundation lies in selecting a property with suitable edaphoclimatic conditions and possessing precise knowledge of the ecophysiological behavior of the tree in these specific conditions. This study aimed to document the flowering phenology and study the physicochemical characteristics of Tahiti lime fruits in two environments in the Andean region of Colombia. Evaluations were conducted on eight Tahiti lime trees (ten-year-old) per orchard grafted on Sunki x English. Observations were made for 12 months of the buds, flowers and fruits of the marked trees in each evaluated area (Manizales - 2280 m asl and Santagueda 1010 m asl). The flowering phenology according to the stages of the BBCH phenological scale, the physical-chemical characteristics of the fruit, and the climatic conditions of the two areas were evaluated. A completely randomized experimental design and Duncan's comparison of means were used. Significant differences were found in polar diameter, ascorbic acid, soluble solids, juice yield, shell mass, and titratable acidity according to locality. The Phenology of flowering took less time, and the accumulation of heat units was higher in the lower altitude zone. The physical and chemical characteristics of Tahiti lime fruits are influenced by the environment in which the trees develop.

RESUMEN En México, destacan Nayarit y Veracruz como productores de limón Persa. Nayarit por mayor superficie con alto potencial productivo y expansión de 68% en su área cultivada en los últimos 10 años. Veracruz por mayor superficie sembrada y volumen de producción. Esta investigación se realizó con el objetivo de determinar el período de estabilidad nutrimental en hojas de limón Persa y definir el período apropiado para muestreo foliar para diagnostico nutrimental. En 2017 se seleccionaron huertos de temporal en ambos estados. Por huerto se eligieron 20 árboles, se marcaron 50 brotes por flujo (Nayarit invierno y verano, Veracruz invierno y primavera), y se muestrearon mensualmente. Se realizó análisis de suelo y nutrimental foliar (nitrógeno total (N-total) (digestión semi-microKjeldahl), nitratos (NO3) (colorimetría), potasio (K) (absorción atómica, fósforo (P), azufre (S), calcio (Ca), magnesio (Mg), cobre (Cu), fierro (Fe), manganeso (Mn) y zinc (Zn), (ICP-Plasma acoplado óptico empleando un espectrofotómetro ICAP 7200 (Thermo Scientific®), boro (B) (colorimetría) (espectrofotómetro Genesis 20 (Thermo Scientific®)). Se calcularon los valores predichos diarios y se eligieron las mejores funciones (mayor R2, menor cuadrado medio del error y valor del coeficiente de Mallows). Se calcularon las derivadas matemáticas y el criterio para determinar el mejor periodo para el muestreo. Para Nayarit, el período apropiado para muestreo foliar fue: verano del 29 de julio al 18 de agosto e invierno del 08 de febrero al 19 de marzo. En Veracruz fue: invierno del 10 de abril al 10 de mayo, primavera del 23 de septiembre al 08 de octubre.

ABSTRACT In Mexico, Nayarit and Veracruz stand out as producers of Persian lemon. Nayarit has a larger surface area with high production potential and a 68% expansion of its cultivated area in the last 10 years. Veracruz has larger planted area and production volume. This investigation was conducted aiming to determine the period of nutritional stability in Persian lemon leaves and define the appropriate time to perform foliar sampling for nutritional diagnosis. In 2017, rainfed orchards were selected in both states. Per orchard, 20 trees were selected, 50 shoots were marked per flow (Nayarit winter and summer, Veracruz winter and spring), and sampled monthly. Soil and foliar nutrient analysis was performed (total nitrogen (N-total) (semi-microKjeldahl digestion), nitrates (NO3) (colorimetry), potassium (K) (atomic absorption), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), (ICP-Optical Coupled Plasma using an ICAP 7200 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific®), and boron (B) (colorimetry) (Genesis 20 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific®)). Daily predicted values were calculated and the best functions (highest R2, lowest mean square of the error and value of the Mallows coefficient) were chosen. Mathematical derivatives and criteria were calculated to determine the best period for sampling. For Nayarit, the appropriate period for leaf sampling was the summer flush of July 29 to August 18 and from February 8 to March 19 for the winter flush. In Veracruz, it was from April 10 to May 10 for the winter flush and from September 23 to October 8 for the spring flush.

Resumen Las especies Aegomorphus quadrigibbus (Say) y Thryallis undatus (Chevrolat) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) fueron identificados causando daño a árboles de limón persa en huertas del municipio de Martínez de la Torre, en el centro del estado de Veracruz, México. Se observaron perforaciones realizadas por los adultos para ovopositar los huevos en troncos y ramas, con galerías de entre dos y cinco cm de profundidad, que causaron la desecación de las ramas y, en algunos casos, la muerte total de los árboles. En árboles previamente afectados por patógenos vasculares o con deficiencias de nutrientes, el daño fue más severo porque las larvas formaron galerías que rodearon el tronco o las ramas, impidiendo el flujo de nutrientes. La incidencia media en los árboles muestreados fue del 10,8%. Dado que la zona de Martínez de la Torre es la región productora de limón persa más importante de México, es necesario monitorear los cultivos para determinar la presencia de insectos y desarrollar estudios para definir niveles de daño y estrategias de manejo de las poblaciones de insectos cuando se requiera. Este es el primer registro de A. quadrigibbus y T. undatus asociados con árboles de la familia Rutaceae y que causan daños en los huertos de limón persa.

Abstract The species Aegomorphus quadrigibbus (Say) and Thryallis undatus (Chevrolat) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) were identified causing damage to Persian lime trees in Martínez de la Torre municipality orchards, in central Veracruz state, Mexico. Ovopositions made by the adults to lay eggs on trunks and branches were observed, with galleries between two and five cm deep, which caused the branches to dry up and, in some cases, complete death of the trees. In trees previously affected with vascular pathogens or with nutrient deficiencies, the damage was more severe because the larvae formed galleries that surrounded the trunk or branches, preventing the flow of nutrients. The average incidence in the sampled trees was 10,8%. Since the Martínez de la Torre area is the most important Persian lime production region in Mexico, it is necessary to monitor crops to determine the presence of insects and develop studies to define levels of damage and management strategies for their insects’ populations when required. This is the first record of A. quadrigibbus and T. undatus associated with trees of the Rutaceae family and causing damage to Persian lime orchards.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the photosynthetic response of citrus varieties to the inoculation of isolates T30 and T3 of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) characterized as having potential to provide cross-protection against severe CTV isolates in citrus. Citrus plants of 'Campbell' orange, 'Persian' lime, and 'Key' lime were subjected to inoculations by both isolates by patch. Noninoculated plants were used as the control. Symptom expression, photosynthetic and transpiration rates, and stomatal conductance were evaluated by IRGA. Stomatal density and size were evaluated by epidermal impressions. The CTV isolates were also evaluated and molecularly characterized by RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. 'Campbell' orange and 'Persian' lime plants remained asymptomatic after the inoculations. The inoculation treatments with both CTV isolates did not reduce photosynthetic capacity, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance, in comparison with the control. Stomatal density and size varied according to the citrus species. T30 and T3 do not affect the photosynthetic responses of 'Campbell' orange and 'Persian' lime; therefore, these isolates have the potential to provide cross-protection to citrus varieties against severe isolates of CTV.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta fotossintética de variedades de citros submetidas à inoculação dos isolados T30 e T3 de Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) caracterizados como tendo potencial para conferir proteção cruzada a citros contra isolados severos de CTV. Plantas de citros de laranja 'Campbell', limão 'Tahiti' e limão 'Galego' foram submetidas à inoculação de ambos os isolados por “patch”. Plantas não inoculadas foram utilizadas como controle. A expressão dos sintomas, as taxas fotossintética e de transpiração, e a condutância estomática foram avaliadas por IRGA. A densidade e o tamanho estomáticos foram avaliados por impressões epidérmicas. Os isolados de CTV também foram avaliados e caracterizados molecularmente por RT-PCR e sequenciamento de Sanger. As plantas de laranja 'Campbell' e limão 'Tahiti' permaneceram assintomáticas após as inoculações. Os tratamentos de inoculação com ambos os isolados de CTV não reduziram capacidade fotossintética, taxas de transpiração e condutância estomática, em comparação ao controle. A densidade e o tamanho estomáticos variaram de acordo com a espécie. T30 e T3 não afetam as respostas fotossintéticas de laranja 'Campbell' e limão 'Tahiti'; portanto, estes isolados têm potencial para promover proteção cruzada a variedades de citros contra isolados severos de CTV.

Abstract The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic parameters and to evaluate the genotypic diversity of 12 'Tahiti' acid lime (Citrus latifolia) genotypes grafted onto two rootstocks. The experiment was carried out from July 2017 to January 2019, in the municipality of São Mateus, in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Vegetative (stem diameter, canopy projection diameter, and plant height), productive (yield and fruit number), and fruit quality (fruit diameter, soluble solids content, and juice yield) traits were determined. A mixed model was used to estimate heritability and repeatability coefficients, as well as to predict clonal values. Scion diversity was determined through the standardized mean difference of Euclidean distances, and genotypes were clustered by modified Tocher. Clustering quality and trait importance were evaluated using the principal component analysis (PCA). Genotypic variance was observed, which is indicative of the possibility of selection of superior genotypes. The Tocher method showed the presence of three clusters, which is in alignment with the PCA results. The multivariate analyses allows of the selection and the recommendation of superior 'Tahiti' acid lime genotypes.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os parâmetros genéticos e avaliar a diversidade genética de 12 genótipos de lima ácida 'Tahiti' (Citrus latifolia) enxertados em dois porta-enxertos. O experimento foi conduzido de julho de 2017 a janeiro de 2019, no município de São Mateus, no estado de Espírito Santo, Brasil. Foram mensuradas características vegetativas (diâmetro de caule, diâmetro de projeção de copa e altura de planta), produtivas (rendimento e número de frutos) e de qualidade de frutos (diâmetros de fruto, teor de sólidos solúveis e rendimento de suco). Utilizou-se modelo misto para estimar os coeficientes de herdabilidade e repetibilidade, bem como predizer os valores genéticos. A diversidade entre os enxertos foi obtida por meio da diferença da distância euclidiana média padronizada, e os genótipos foram agrupados pelo método de Tocher modificado. A qualidade do agrupamento e a importância dos caracteres foi avaliada pela análise de componentes principais (ACP). Observou-se variabilidade genética, o que indica a possibilidade de seleção de genótipos superiores. O método de Tocher mostrou a presença de três grupos de genótipos, o que foi congruente com os resultados da ACP. O uso de técnicas multivariadas permite a seleção e a recomendação de genótipos superiores de lima ácida 'Tahiti'.

ABSTRACT It is necessary to diversify the scion/rootstock combinations for Persian lime cultivation, notably under tropical rainfed conditions. Therefore, in this work we evaluated the performance of a new cultivar, BRS EECB IAC Ponta Firme, up to six years after planting on 26 citrus rootstocks under Aw climate in northern São Paulo state, Brazil. Thirty single-tree randomized replications of each rootstock were evaluated without irrigation at 1,000 trees·ha-1. Lemon-type, followed by mandarin rootstocks induced the largest tree size and higher mean yield, probably related to the higher drought tolerance. The true dwarfing rootstocks of Flying Dragon trifoliate orange and Lindcove citrandarin were highly drought-intolerant, but, in addition to Swingle citrumelo and four other citrandarins, they did not present huanglongbing-symptomatic trees during the evaluation period under strict control of the insect vector. Overall, BRS EECB IAC Ponta Firme fruit quality was minimally influenced by the rootstock cultivar and fulfilled the requirements for both domestic and export fresh fruit markets. Due to superior production efficiency associated with high yield in relation to the canopy size, the Goutoucheng sour orange, BRS Ary, BRS Bravo and BRS Matta hybrids were selected as potential rootstocks of rainfed BRS EECB IAC Ponta Firme lime under Aw climate (tropical savannah) conditions.

Resumen Los picudos (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) son una de las principales plagas en los sistemas de producción citrícola debido a su distribución y forma de alimentación. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar morfológicamente las especies de picudos asociados al cultivo de limón persa (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) en la zona citrícola del municipio de Huimanguillo, Tabasco, México. Las capturas de picudos se realizaron de manera directa en la copa de los árboles, de septiembre de 2019 a febrero de 2021, para un total de 17 muestreos en tres plantaciones de limón persa, dos con manejo convencional y una con manejo orgánico, cada una con parcelas útiles de dos hectáreas (624 plantas). Se colectaron 1,039 picudos correspondientes a cuatro morfoespecies, de las cuales 240 se identificaron morfológicamente como Epicaerus sp. (1), 355 como Epicaerus sp. (2), 112 como Exophthalmus opulentus y 332 como Cleistolophus subfasciatus.

Abstract Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are one of the main pests in citrus production systems due to their distribution and way of feeding. The objective of this work was to morphologically identify the species of weevils associated with the cultivation of Persian lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) in the citrus zone of the municipality of Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico. The captures of weevils were made directly in the canopy, from September 2019 to February 2021, for a total of 17 collected in three Persian lemon plantations, two with conventional management and one with organic management, each one with useful plots of two hectares (624 plants). A total of 1,039 weevils corresponding to four morphospecies were collected, of which 240 were morphologically identified as Epicaerus sp. (1), 355 as Epicaerus sp. (2), 112 as Exophthalmus opulentus and 332 as Cleistolophus subfasciatus.

Resumen La enfermedad de los cítricos conocida como Huanglongbing (HLB) es una de las más importantes a nivel mundial. Desde 2009 hasta la actualidad, México realiza el monitoreo poblacional y control del insecto vector de esta enfermedad, el psílido asiático Diaphorina citri, mediante el uso de insecticidas y enemigos naturales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estimar la distribución espacio-temporal de las poblaciones de D. citri en lima persa Citrus latifolia bajo un esquema de manejo regional en Nayarit, México. El estudio se llevó a cabo de agosto de 2018 a Julio de 2020 en dos ambientes: cálido subhúmedo y en semicálido subhúmedo. Se estimó la fluctuación temporal y distribución espacial mediante la captura de adultos del psílido en huertos de las dos zonas climáticas. Se utilizaron 2.041 trampas amarillas distribuidas en 1.100 hectáreas, las cuales se revisaron quincenalmente. Se realizaron análisis de varianza del número de adultos entre localidades, por zona climática y entre meses del año. Se estimaron correlaciones entre la población y la temperatura y la precipitación pluvial. La población de adultos de D. citri fue estadísticamente similar entre huertos de una misma zona climática, por lo que se justifica un manejo similar por zona climática. En ambos climas se detectó diferencia significativa de poblaciones de D. citri entre los meses del año. En clima cálido subhúmedo, las poblaciones más altas de adultos de D. citri se registraron en julio-agosto y en clima semicálido subhúmedo, ocurrieron en febrero-marzo y agosto por lo que se requeriría aplicar una medida de control en estos periodos. En este estudio no se detectó correlación significativa entre poblaciones de D. citri con la temperatura ni con la precipitación pluvial. El control de D. citri puede ser regional, diferenciado en cada zona climática y de acuerdo con los meses del año con mayor población.

Abstract The citrus disease known as Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most important worldwide. Present in Mexico since 2009, its current management is carried out mainly through population monitoring and control of its insect vector, Diaphorina citri with the use of insecticides and natural enemies. The objective of this research was to estimate the spatio-temporal distribution of Diaphorina citri populations in Persian lime Citrus latifolia with a regional management scheme in Nayarit, Mexico. The study was conducted in 2018-2020 in two environments: warm subhumid and semi-warm subhumid. Temporal fluctuation and spatial distribution were obtained by capturing psyllid adults in orchards in both climatic zones with 2.041 yellow traps, which were reviewed biweekly. Analysis of variance of the number of adults was carried out between localities, by climatic zone and between months of the year. Correlations between populations and temperature and rainfall were estimated. The adult population of D. citri was statistically similar between orchards in the same climatic zone, for which the same management by climatic zone is justified. In both climates, a significant difference in populations of D. citri was detected between the months of the year. In warm subhumid climate, the highest adult populations of D. citri were recorded in July and August, so it would be necessary to apply a control measure in this period. In semi-warm subhumid climates, the highest adult populations of the psyllid occurred in February-March and August, in this period is recommended to apply a control measure. In this study, no significant correlation was detected between populations of D. citri with temperature or rainfall. Control of D. citri can be regional, differentiated in each climatic zone and according to the months of the year with the largest population.

RESUMO: Embora a produtividade seja uma característica fundamental em programas de melhoramento da lima ácida Tahiti, outras características se destacam por proporcionar uma seleção mais eficiente ou mesmo influenciar na expressão de atributos produtivos. A aplicação de inferência Bayesiana, pode tornar o processo de identificação de indivíduos superiores e o estudo das correlações entre as características ainda mais acurado. Objetivou-se, por meio deste estudo, estimar valores genéticos em genótipos de lima ácida Tahiti através de inferência Bayesiana e estimar coeficientes de correlação e de trilha entre características vegetativas, produtivas e de qualidade de frutos. Vinte e quatro genótipos de lima ácida foram avaliados durante dois anos para peso e número de frutos, volume de copa, diâmetro de caule, teor de sólidos solúveis dos frutos, espessura de casca e rendimento de suco. Os valores genéticos foram estimados por meio de inferência Bayesiana e modelos com diferentes estruturas residuais foram testados via critério de informação de deviance. Coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e de análise de trilha foram determinados, removendo o efeito de multicolinearidade. A estimação de valores genéticos via inferência Bayesiana apresentou alta acurácia seletiva. As correlações obtidas entre caracteres de diferentes grupos podem ser úteis em estratégias de seleção para melhoramento da lima ácida Tahiti. A inferência Bayesiana demonstrou ser uma ferramenta importante e deve ser considerada em programas de melhoramento de culturas perenes.

ABSTRACT: Although the fruit yield has a core importance in Tahiti acid lime breeding programs, other traits stand out among the quality fruit and vegetative traits as ones that still need to be improved in selection of superior genotypes. Appling efficient tools aiming selection, such as the Bayesian inference, becomes an alternative in perennial crops. This study applied Bayesian inference in the genetic evaluation of Tahiti acid lime genotypes and estimated the interrelation between vegetative, productive and fruit quality traits. Twenty-four acid lime genotypes were evaluated for number of fruits, fruit yield, canopy volume, stem diameter, soluble solids content, shell thickness, and juice yield traits. The genotypic values were estimated through Bayesian inference and models with different residual structure were tested via deviance information criterion. Pearson’s correlation and the path analysis were estimated, removing the multicollinearity effect. The Bayesian inference estimates genotypic values with high selective accuracy. The correlations obtained between traits from different groups can be useful in selection strategies for improvement of Tahiti acid lime. The Bayesian inference demonstrated to be an important tool and should be considered in perennial breeding programs.

Resumo Poucas variedades de porta-enxertos são utilizadas para a limeira-ácida ‘Tahiti’, sendo que a diversificação se faz necessária, e o estudo das fases fenológicas de novas combinações copa/portaenxerto é importante para as estratégias de manejo do pomar. Objetivou-se avaliar a influência de diferentes porta-enxertos no somatório dos graus-dia (GD) e na fenologia das plantas, além da qualidade dos frutos de limeira-ácida ‘Tahiti IAC-5’, em Pindorama-SP. Foram marcados seis ramos em plantas enxertadas em 13 citrandarins (H), no limoeiro ‘Cravo’ (LC), no trifoliata ‘Flying Dragon’ (FD) e na tangerineira ‘Sunki’ (TS). A caracterização fenológica (antese à colheita) foi realizada utilizando-se de uma escala de notas. O acúmulo de GD (antese à colheita) foi determinado considerando-se a temperatura-base de 13 °C. Também foram avaliadas as características físicas (massa, altura, diâmetro e rendimento de suco) e químicas (acidez, sólidos solúveis totais e ratio) dos frutos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições e uma planta por parcela. Os porta-enxertos estudados influenciaram no acúmulo de GD e na fenologia, identificando-se combinações precoces (H5, H73, H121, H135, H145, H152, FD - 1.558 a 1.676 GD e 135 a 146 dias) e mais tardias (H10, H14, H42, H47, H70, H150, H173, LC e TS - 1.694 a 1.829 GD e 148 a 157 dias) quanto à maturação de frutos. O ponto de colheita dos frutos de limeira-ácida ‘Tahiti’ enxertada no citrandarim H145 e no FD foi adiantado em torno de 20 dias em relação ao porta-enxerto padrão de LC. Os teores de sólidos solúveis totais e o tamanho dos frutos foram influenciados pelos porta-enxertos, entretanto, todas as combinações apresentaram frutos com características de qualidade dentro dos padrões comerciais.

Abstract Few rootstock varieties are used for ‘Tahiti’ acid lime; therefore, diversification is necessary and studying the phenological phases of new scion/rootstock combinations is important for orchard management strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different rootstocks on the sum of degree days (DD) and on the phenology of plants and also on the quality of ‘Tahiti’ acid lime fruits, in Pindorama, SP. Six branches were marked on plants grafted onto 13 citrandarins (H), ‘Rangpur’ lime (RL), ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate orange (FD) and ‘Sunki’ mandarin (SM). Phenological characterization (anthesis to harvest) was performed using a grading scale. DD accumulation (anthesis to harvest) was determined considering the base temperature of 13 °C. Physical (weight, height and diameter, juice yield) and chemical (acidity, total soluble solids and ratio) characteristics of fruits were also evaluated. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with three replicates and one plant per plot. The rootstocks under study influenced DD accumulation and phenology, with early (H5, H73, H121, H135, H145, H152, FD - 1,558 at 1,676 DD and 135 to 146 days) and later combinations (H10, H14, H42, H47, H70, H150, H173, RL and SM - 1,694 to 1,829 DD and 148 to 157 days) regarding fruit maturation. The harvest point of ‘Tahiti’ acid lime fruits grafted onto H145 citrandarin and FD was advanced about 20 days in relation to the standard rootstock, RL. Total soluble solids content and fruit size were influenced by rootstocks; however, all scion/rootstock combinations presented fruits with quality characteristics within commercial standards.

Resumen La muerte descendente del limón ‘Persa’ (Citrus latifolia Tan.) causada por Lasiodiplodia spp., es una enfermedad de alta importancia. La intensidad de las podas en limón incrementa la susceptibilidad y la pérdida anual de hasta 35% de árboles, lo que resulta 60% de reducción de la producción. Durante los años 2016 y 2017, en el municipio de Papantla, Veracruz se evaluó la efectividad del control químico y biológico contra Lasiodiplodia spp., después de la poda. Se realizó un diseño de bloques completo al azar, se aplicaron cinco tratamientos: metil tiofanato (1 g L-1), tiabendazole (2.5 g L-1), clorotalonil (3 g L-1) y mancozeb (4 g L-1), Trichoderma harzianum + Trichoderma viridae (20 ml L-1) y un testigo (sin aplicación). Se realizaron dos aspersiones dirigidas a tronco, ramas y follaje hasta punto de goteo. Se evalúo la incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad cada siete días después de la primera aplicación. Con los datos de incidencia se realizó ajuste de modelos epidemiológicos y se calcularon los parámetros descriptivos como: intensidad inicial, tasa de incremento y área bajo la curva del progreso de la enfermedad. El fungicida metil tiofanato tuvo mayor efectividad para el control de la enfermedad, seguido de tiabendazol.

Abstract The descending death of ‘Persian’ lemon (Citrus latifolia Tan.) caused by Lasiodiplodia spp., is a high-importance disease. The intensity of lemon pruning increases the susceptibility and annual loss of up to 35% of trees, resulting in 60% reduction in production. During 2016 and 2017, in the municipality of Papantla, Veracruz it was assessed the effectiveness of chemical and biological control against Lasiodiplodia spp., after pruning. A complete block design was performed at random; five treatments were applied: methyl thiophanate (1 g L-1), thiabendazole (2.5 g L-1), chlorothalonil (3 g L-1), mancozeb (4 g L-1), Trichoderma harzianum + Trichoderma viridae (20 ml L-1) and a witness (without application). Two sprays were made aimed at trunk, branches and foliage up to drip point. The incidence and severity of the disease was evaluated every seven days after the first application. With the data, epidemiological models were adjusted and descriptive parameters such as: initial intensity, rate of increase and area under the disease progress curve were calculated. Methyl thiophanate fungicide was most effective in disease control, followed by thiabendazole.

Resumen Durante la producción y manejo postcosecha del nopal verdura (Opuntia ficus-indica) existe el riesgo de contaminar el producto con microorganismos patógenos como Salmonella. Actualmente, se carece de un producto efectivo para eliminar a Salmonella de nopal verdura. Para prevenir enfermedades a los consumidores de este producto en fresco es importante contar con un desinfectante efectivo que elimine a la bacteria sin que se afecte el color del cladodio. El objetivo del estudio consistió en evaluar el efecto de diferentes compuestos orgánicos como extractos de cálices de jamaica (Hibiscus sabdariffa), mezcla de vinagre blanco y jugo de limón (Citrus × latifolia) 1:1 (v/v), y solución de ácido láctico 1.5 %, sobre cultivos de Salmonella, además de identificar su efecto sobre el color del tejido de nopal verdura fresco, sin espinas. Para las pruebas se utilizaron cladodios de nopal de las variedades Atlixco, Copena V1, Milpa alta y Villanueva, inoculados con una mezcla (7.6 log10 UFC) de cepas de los serotipos S. Javiana y S. Typhimurium, resistentes a Kanamicina (Km50). Posterior al tiempo de incubación, los cladodios se pusieron en contacto con la solución desinfectante por 10 min, inmediatamente se lavaron con agua destilada estéril y se realizó la cuenta de bacterias al inocular en cajas con agar entérico Hektoen adicionado con Km50 las muestras previamente tratadas. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron reducción significativa (P ≤ 0.05) de 2.4 log10 mL-1 en la población de Salmonella con todas las soluciones evaluadas (extractos de cálices de jamaica, mezcla de vinagre blanco y jugo de limón, y de ácido láctico). La luminosidad del tejido resultó afectada (P ≤ 0.05) sólo con la mezcla de vinagre y jugo de limón, por lo que se concluye que todos los desinfectantes probados son adecuados para mantener la inocuidad y la calidad del nopal verdura.

Summary During the production and post-harvest handling of the nopal vegetable (Opuntia ficus-indica) there is a risk of contaminating this product with pathogenic microorganisms such as Salmonella. Currently, there is no effective product to eliminate Salmonella from fresh nopal vegetable. To prevent illnesses to consumers of this fresh product, it is important to have an effective disinfectant that eliminates the bacteria without affecting the color of the cladode. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of organic compounds such as hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) calyx extracts, a mixture of white vinegar and lemon (Citrus × latifolia) juice 1:1 (v/v), and 1.5 % lactic acid solution on Salmonella cultures, as well as identify their effect on the color of fresh vegetable nopal tissue, without thorns. Nopal cladodes of the Atlixco, Copena V1, Milpa alta and Villanueva varieties were used for the tests, inoculated with a mixture (7.6 log10 CFU) of strains of the serotypes S. Javiana and S. Typhimurium, resistant to Kanamycin (Km50). After the incubation time, cladodes were put in contact with the disinfectant solution for 10 min, they were immediately washed with sterile distilled water and the bacterial count was performed by inoculating the previously treated samples in boxes with Hektoen enteric agar added with Km50. Results obtained showed a significant reduction (P ≤ 0.05) of 2.4 log10 mL-1 in the Salmonella population with all the solutions evaluated (extracts of hibiscus calyces, a mixture of white vinegar and lemon juice, and lactic acid). The luminosity of the tissue was affected (P ≤ 0.05) only with the mixture of vinegar and lemon juice; thus, it is concluded that all the disinfectants tested are suitable to maintain the safety and quality of the nopal vegetable.