Abstract Agroecological and artisanal produce markets have multiplied as part of a broader process that promotes food citizenship oriented towards justice and sustainability. However, this phenomenon is immersed in the complexity of food systems and entails great heterogeneity. This article analyzes the relationship between these types of initiatives and the gentrification processes in some of the areas where they are established. The topic is approached from ethnographic material collected in the framework of a research project on agroecological production initiatives and artisanal transformation in Mexico City and on the citizens’ collectives that facilitate the commercialization of this production. The findings show that in certain areas of the city these markets shape a broader set of “alternative” food supply networks linked to gentrification processes and the findings identify some of the factors that affect the reproduction of social inequalities within the framework of these initiatives. At the same time, the study underscores the agency of the actors involved and documents their abilities to use these spaces through the growing demand for fresh, healthy, and locally-sourced food to advance their own ends in areas subject to gentrification.

Resumen Los mercados de producción agroecológica y artesanal se han multiplicado como parte de un proceso más amplio que busca impulsar ciudadanías alimentarias orientadas a la justicia y la sustentabilidad. No obstante, este fenómeno se encuentra inmerso en la complejidad de los sistemas alimentarios y alberga gran heterogeneidad. En el presente artículo se analizan las relaciones entre este tipo de iniciativas y los procesos de gentrificación de algunas de las áreas donde se establecen. El tema es abordado a partir del material etnográfico recolectado en el marco de un proyecto de investigación enfocado en la documentación de iniciativas de producción agroecológica y la transformación artesanal que operan en la Ciudad de México y en los colectivos ciudadanos que facilitan la comercialización de sus productos. Los hallazgos muestran que en ciertas zonas de la ciudad estos mercados intervienen en un conjunto más amplio de oferta alimentaria “alternativa” vinculada a los procesos de gentrificación e identifica algunos de los factores que inciden en la reproducción de las desigualdades sociales en el marco de estas iniciativas. Al mismo tiempo, se visibiliza la agencia de los actores y se documenta su capacidad de utilizar el espacio de oportunidad creado por la creciente demanda de alimentos frescos, saludables y de origen local en las zonas sujetas a procesos de gentrificación para avanzar hacia sus propios fines.

Resumo No contexto social e político em que vivemos, com um incremento de atores sociais neopopulistas e um cenário de instabilidade democrática, é fundamental entender a qualidade do jornalismo na pós-democracia. A situação de infodemia, que vivemos durante a pandemia da COVID-19, ressaltou os aspetos negativos do uso das redes sociais como ferramenta de informação que ajuda a desenvolver as competências básicas para exercer uma cidadania ativa na democracia liberal. Nestas circunstâncias, é fundamental analisar o papel do jornalismo de referência no combate à desinformação e a sua importância no fomento do pensamento crítico da cidadania, para, desse modo, inserir na agenda pública temas de interesse público. O objetivo principal desta investigação é analisar a qualidade do conteúdo produzido por jornais espanhóis de referência e disponibilizado aos cidadãos por meio das redes sociais. Para isso, utilizamos como metodologia os paradigmas qualitativo e quantitativo, centrados no quadro epistemológico em que estão circunscritos, para realizar uma análise ao conteúdo, a sua tendência e viés político relativamente aos boatos sobre o coronavírus publicados pelos jornais de referência no cenário nacional e regional nos seus perfis do Facebook. Os resultados desta investigação revelam uma baixa interação da audiência com as publicações e abrem novas discussões sobre o tipo de matérias que atraem a atenção do público e que, ao mesmo tempo, podem cumprir com a formação e o fomento do pensamento crítico da cidadania.

Abstract In today’s social and political landscape, marked by the rise of neopopulist social players and heightened democratic uncertainty, it becomes imperative to understand the quality of journalism in post-democratic frameworks. The infodemic witnessed amidst the COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the pitfalls of relying on social media as a primary information source able to facilitate the development of fundamental skills necessary for active citizenship within liberal democracies. Given these circumstances, it is essential to analyse the pivotal role of mainstream journalism in countering disinformation and fostering critical thinking among citizens, thereby elevating public interest concerns onto the societal agenda. The primary objective of this research is to assess the quality of the content produced by prominent Spanish newspapers and disseminated to the public via social media. Employing both qualitative and quantitative paradigms as a methodology within the epistemological framework that guides them, we analyse the content’s tendencies and political biases concerning rumours about the coronavirus published by leading national and regional newspapers on their Facebook profiles. The findings of this investigation indicate minimal audience engagement with the posts, prompting further discussions on the kinds of stories that capture public interest while also nurturing critical thinking skills among citizens.

Resumen Introducción: En el presente artículo de reflexión se plantea que, por sus características, el modelo de ciudadanía republicana es la mejor alternativa para promover la participación ciudadana en las democracias occidentales contemporáneas. Objetivo: El propósito del texto es analizar las ventajas de la ciudadanía republicana respecto a otros modelos, así como explicar las razones por las que se le considera el enfoque más adecuado para el desarrollo teórico y práctico de la participación ciudadana. Método: Para su elaboración, se recurrió al método de investigación documental. En cuanto a la estructura del artículo, primero, se presenta el debate entre las visiones de democracia representativa y democracia participativa; posteriormente, se examina la influencia de los paradigmas realista e idealista como corrientes filosóficas políticas que subyacen y sustentan las principales premisas de ambas perspectivas de democracia. Al final, se describen los modelos de ciudadanía liberal, comunitarista y republicana, así como sus implicaciones para la participación ciudadana. Resultados: Del análisis realizado se concluye que el modelo de ciudadanía republicana permite superar la dicotomía representación-participación, además de brindar un cimiento más sólido y congruente tanto a la teoría como a la praxis del involucramiento ciudadano en los asuntos públicos. Introducción características contemporáneas Objetivo Método elaboración documental primero participativa posteriormente final liberal Resultados representaciónparticipación, representaciónparticipación representación participación, representación-participación públicos

Abstract Introduction: This article argues that, due to its characteristics, the republican citizenship model is the best alternative for promoting citizen participation in contemporary Western democracies. Objective: The purpose of the text is to analyze its advantages over other citizenship models, as well as to explain the reasons why it is considered the most appropriate approach for the theoretical and practical development of citizen participation. Method: For the elaboration of the article, the documentary research method and the argumentative analysis were used. First, the debate between the visions of representative democracy and participatory democracy is presented, to later examine the influence of the realist and idealist paradigms as political philosophical currents that underlie and sustain the main premises of each of these perspectives of democracy. Results: From the analysis, it is concluded that the republican citizenship model allows overcoming the representation-participation dichotomy, in addition to providing a more solid and congruent foundation for both the theory and the praxis of citizen involvement in public affairs. Introduction characteristics democracies Objective models Method used First presented Results representationparticipation representation dichotomy affairs

Abstract This article asks if the subject is an autonomous being in political deliberation or are the thoughts, positions and forms of political organization mediated by the different communicational tools to which the subject is exposed who determine it? Thus, it analyzes the relationship between Mass Media and politics with the deliberative capacity of the individual when making decisions in the political context based on Han and Chomsky. The methodology is qualitative with documentary design, the instrument are bibliographic sheets applied to primary and secondary sources. Databases are used with the algorithm: “Neoliberalism, Psycho-politic, Big Data, Mass Media and Democracy”. Thirteen (13) books and twenty (20) articles are analyzed. The argumentative text identifies the new forms and tools of political organization and the relationship between politics and the media. It is concluded that: 1) Neoliberalism directs the idea of a free market towards the individual himself; 2) Critical citizenship that has a more active role in democracy is necessary; 3) Psycho-politics is identified as a new form of political organization; 4) The new tool of politics is Big Data; 5) It is evident that the relationship between politics and Mass Media is linked to power groups; and 6) The emotionalization of political communication decreases individual autonomy.

Resumen El presente artículo indaga si ¿es el sujeto un ser autónomo en la deliberación política o son los pensamientos, las posturas y las formas de la organización política mediadas por las distintas herramientas comunicacionales a las que se ve expuesto quienes lo determinan? Así, analiza la relación que existe entre mass media y política, con la capacidad deliberativa del individuo al tomar decisiones en el contexto político, a partir de Chomsky y Han. La metodología es cualitativa con diseño documental, el instrumento son fichas bibliográficas aplicadas a fuentes primarias y secundarias. Se usan bases de datos con el algoritmo: “Neoliberalismo, psicopolítica, big data, medios de comunicación de masas y democracia”. Se analizan 13 libros y 20 artículos. Se identifican las nuevas formas y herramientas de organización política y la relación entre política y medios de comunicación. Se concluye que: 1) el neoliberalismo direcciona la idea de libre mercado hacia el individuo mismo, 2) es necesaria una ciudadanía crítica que tenga un rol más activo en la democracia, 3) se identifica a la psicopolítica como una nueva forma de organización política, 4) la nueva herramienta de la política es el big data, 5) se evidencia que la relación entre política y mass media está vinculada con los grupos de poder y 6) la emocionalización de la comunicación política disminuye la autonomía individual.

Abstract The main objective of this article is to study the representations, ideas and visions generated by the governmental and judicial elite of the Federal District regarding problems such as crimes against property, as well as the treatment and punishment of thieves, between 1823 and 1840. Its hypothesis is twofold: on the one hand, these representations of property crimes and their actors revolved around the consolidation of an ideal of property, which, although it did not emerge with the advent of the republic, configured the category of citizenship. Secondly, although the enlightened rhetoric regarding the punishment of such offenders had legal and juridical continuity, the exceptionality of some criminal laws left open the space for the administration of punishments contrary to the proportionality between crimes and punishments. The present proposal, therefore, seeks to study the class prejudices surrounding property rights and their violation, explained through the need to configure a new, moderately stable social and political order, which had the periodical press as its main organ of expression.

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como objetivo principal el estudio de las representaciones, las ideas y las visiones generadas por la élite gubernativa y judicial del Distrito Federal en torno a problemas como los delitos contra la propiedad, así como también el tratamiento y la punición a los ladrones, entre 1823 y 1840. Su hipótesis es doble: por una parte, dichas representaciones de los delitos contra la propiedad y sus actores giraron en torno a la consolidación de un ideal de propiedad, que si bien no surgió con el advenimiento de la república, configuró de un modo prístino la categoría de ciudadanía. En segundo término, aunque la retórica ilustrada con respecto al castigo de tales delincuentes tuvo continuidad legal y jurídica, la excepcionalidad de algunas leyes penales dejó abierto el espacio para la administración de castigos contrarios a la proporcionalidad entre delitos y penas. La presente propuesta, en consecuencia, busca estudiar los prejuicios de clase en torno a los derechos de propiedad y su vulneración, explicados a través de la necesidad de configurar un nuevo orden social y político medianamente estable, y que tuvo como principal órgano de expresión a la prensa periódica.

Abstract: This article analyzes how in a space inhospitable for the Peruvian State, the use of republican rhetoric, the instrumentalization of the condition of taxpayers and the appeal to ancestral customs, constituted the means for the Aymaras of the high Andean communities to make themselves heard. This negotiating and adaptive capacity allowed them to fight for the defense of their lands, goods and cultural specificity, inserting themselves in the long process of Peruvian national construction as active subjects in the political and socio-territorial. From the analysis of judicial and notarial documentary sources, we will visualize the diversity of means used by them for the defense of their communal rights and how from them, they deployed and developed an alternative political praxis, which allowed them to recognize and strengthen the liberal institutionality of the nation-state and adapt to a context that was not of the Old Regime.

Resumen: El artículo analiza cómo en un espacio inhóspito para el Estado peruano, el uso de la retórica republicana, la instrumentalización de la condición de contribuyentes y la apelación a las costumbres ancestrales, constituyeron los medios para que los aymaras de las comunidades altoandinas se hicieran escuchar. Esta capacidad negociadora y adaptativa les permitió pleitear por la defensa de sus tierras, bienes y especificidad cultural, insertándose en el largo proceso de construcción nacional peruano como sujetos activos en lo político y socioterritorial. A partir del análisis de fuentes documentales judiciales y notariales, visualizaremos la diversidad de medios usados por éstos para la defensa de sus derechos comunales y cómo a partir de ellos desplegaron y desarrollaron una praxis política alternativa, que les permitió reconocer y fortalecer la institucionalidad liberal del Estado-nación y adaptarse a un contexto que no era de Antiguo Régimen.

Abstract Purpose: To explore and discuss theoretical and practical scientific literature to compare sports diversification and early sports specialization as a sport and educational approach. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, and 61 studies were included. Results: Coaches, parents, and children consider that the best way to develop sports talent and enter the elite in sports is to practice a single discipline as early as possible to achieve specialization and maximum technical skills and physical and psychological conditions. Sports specialization paths may lead to a physical, social, and mental state that compromises their integral development. Conclusion: Sports diversification should be considered first at an early age and, afterward, the specialization once the bases of strength, conditioning, neuromuscular training, and a specific psychomotor maturation have been achieved, so that sports performance and health are not compromised in the medium or long term. It is necessary to consider that few children enter elite sports, so for many of them, sports education will be the basis for exercising their citizenship as active people.

Resumo Objetivos: Explorar e discutir literatura científica teórica e prática para comparar a diversificação e especialização esportiva precoce como uma abordagem esportiva e educacional. Métodos: uma revisão sistemática foi realizada seguindo as diretrizes do PRISMA, um total de 61 estudos foram incluídos Resultados: Treinadores, pais e crianças acreditam que a melhor maneira de desenvolver talentos esportivos e ingressar na elite do esporte é participar de uma única disciplina e fazer o mais cedo possível para alcançar a especialização e o máximo de habilidades técnicas, físicas e psicológicas. Os caminhos da especialização esportiva podem levar a uma situação física, social e mental que comprometa seu desenvolvimento integral. Conclusão: Primeiro, a diversificação esportiva pode ser considerada em uma idade precoce e depois a especialização, uma vez que os princípios básicos de força, condicionamento e treinamento neuromuscular tenham sido alcançados, bem como a maturação psicomotora específica para que seu desempenho esportivo e saúde não sejam comprometidos a médio ou longo prazo. É necessário considerar que poucas crianças conseguem obter um lugar nos esportes de elite, de modo que, para muitas delas, a educação em torno do esporte será a base para o exercício de sua cidadania como pessoas ativas.

Resumen Objetivo: Explorar y discutir literatura científica teórica y práctica para comparar la diversificación y la especialización deportivas tempranas como un enfoque deportivo y educativo. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo las pautas PRISMA, se incluyó un total de 61 estudios. Resultados: Entrenadores, padres e hijos consideran que la mejor forma de desarrollar el talento deportivo y alcanzar la élite en el deporte es participar en una sola disciplina y hacerlo lo antes posible para lograr la especialización y las máximas habilidades técnicas, físicas y psicológicas. Los caminos de especialización deportiva pueden conducir a una situación física, social y mental que comprometa su desarrollo integral. Conclusión: Se puede plantear, en primer lugar, la diversificación deportiva en edades tempranas y luego la especialización; una vez alcanzadas las bases de la fuerza, el acondicionamiento y el entrenamiento neuromuscular, así como una maduración psicomotora específica, para que su rendimiento deportivo y su salud no se vean comprometidos en el mediano o largo plazo. Es necesario considerar que pocos niños logran obtener un lugar en los deportes de élite, por lo que, para muchos de ellos, la educación en torno al deporte será la base para el ejercicio de su ciudadanía como personas activas.

RESUMEN El contexto internacional, posibilita la educación ciudadana desde la integración de los contenidos, por ello el problema científico es cómo contribuir a la integración de los contenidos de Historia Universal para el desarrollo de la Educación Moral y Ciudadana en Secundaria Básica. El objetivo consiste en explicar la integración de los contenidos de Historia Universal para el desarrollo de la Educación Moral y Ciudadana en Secundaria Básica. Se utilizaron métodos investigativos, partiendo del método general dialéctico materialista. Los resultados orientan a la fundamentación de la necesaria integración de los contenidos de Historia Universal y Educación Moral y Ciudadana.

ABSTRACT The international context makes possible the citizenship education from the integration of the contents, therefore the scientific problem is how to contribute to the integration of the contents of Universal History for the development of Moral and Citizenship Education in Basic Secondary Education. The objective is to explain the integration of the contents of Universal History for the development of Moral and Citizenship Education in Basic Secondary Education. Research methods were used, starting from the general dialectical-materialistic method. The results are oriented to the foundation of the necessary integration of the contents of Universal History and Moral and Citizenship Education.

Resumen Los comics, con su contenido visual, actúan como una herramienta de aprendizaje social y un instrumento didáctico capaz de moldear o influir en el pensamiento de la ciudadanía. El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar la contribución de los comics al reforzamiento de imaginarios colectivos en la población de Manabí-Ecuador. La metodología fue de corte mixta, con uso de herramientas como la encuesta y el análisis multimodal aplicado a las imágenes seleccionadas para el estudio. Se analizaron cómics producidos en Ecuador y en otros casos extranjeros (globales), y como las imágenes, mensajes, secuencias e historietas que forman parte de la estructura de la animación dejan improntas que orientan la vida social de los espectadores. Se evidenció la influencia que tienen los personajes, sus roles y estereotipos y como estos reflejan y encarnan experiencias sociales que son discriminatorias, excluyentes y desconectadas de la realidad.

Abstract Comics, with their visual content, act as a social learning tool and a teaching instrument capable of molding or influencing the thinking of citizens. The objective of this research is to analyze the contribution of comics to the reinforcement of collective imaginaries in the population of Manabí-Ecuador. The methodology was mixed, with the use of tools such as the survey and multimodal analysis applied to the images selected for the study. Comics produced in Ecuador and in other foreign (global) cases were analyzed and how the images, messages, sequences and comics that are part of the structure of animation leave imprints that guide the social life of the viewers. The influence of the characters, their roles and stereotypes was evident and how these reflect and embody social experiences that are discriminatory, exclusive and disconnected from reality.

Abstract This article identifies the factors that have influenced varying levels of citizen involvement in municipal elections in Uruguay since 2010. Several studies show that turnout in local elections is lower than in national elections, whereas that participation increases as the size of the municipality decreases. However, in Uruguay turnout is very high in all elections because voting is compulsory. For that reason, we use a novel way to measure citizen involvement in subnational elections by quantifying the “partial blank vote” or level abstention, which captures the percentage of those who turn out to vote but abstain at one of the levels (departmental or municipal). We show that the inverse relationship between municipality size and electoral participation also holds, even when compulsory voting does not show it in turnout. In many small municipalities the votes for local authorities exceed those obtained by departmental authorities, thus inverting the relationship of the second level election model. Our findings allow us to observe varying levels of citizen involvement beyond the mere turnout to vote, which has been the only variable analyzed thus far by the academic community.

Resumen En este artículo se establecen los factores que influyen en los distintos niveles de involucramiento de la ciudadanía en las elecciones municipales en Uruguay a partir de 2010. Diversos estudios muestran que la concurrencia a votar en las elecciones locales es inferior a las nacionales, pero que la participación aumenta a medida que disminuye el tamaño del municipio. Sin embargo, en Uruguay la concurrencia a votar es muy alta en todas las elecciones porque el voto es obligatorio. Por esa razón, utilizamos una forma original para medir el involucramiento de la ciudadanía en las elecciones subnacionales mediante la cuantificación del “voto en blanco parcial” o la abstención de nivel, que captura el porcentaje de quienes asisten a votar, pero se abstienen en alguno de los niveles (departamental o municipal). Verificamos que la relación inversa entre tamaño del municipio y participación electoral también se cumple aun cuando el voto obligatorio no la muestra en la concurrencia a votar, pues en muchas municipalidades pequeñas los votos por las autoridades locales superan los obtenidos por las departamentales, con lo cual se invierte la relación del modelo de elecciones de segundo nivel. Nuestros hallazgos permiten observar diferentes niveles de involucramiento de la ciudadanía, más allá de la mera concurrencia a votar, la única variable analizada hasta ahora por la comunidad académica.

Education systems are shaped by various internal and external contextual forces (De Beer, 2017). External contextual trends typically include language, demography, geography, technology, politics, and financial and economic trends. Religion represents one of these external contextual trends that can affect an education system (see Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010; Wolhuter & Van der Walt, 2018). Making use of established metabletic-comparative methodology, this article seeks to highlight the impact of religion as a formative factor of education in the BRICS countries. Religion is treated significantly differently in the education systems of the BRICS member states. In schools in India and China, no religious activities are allowed in accordance with the respective constitutions, while any religious activities may take place in schools in Brazil, Russia and South Africa, provided that the activities comply with particular guidelines. Broadly considered, any religious activities are conducted in primary schools in Brazil, provided that attendance is voluntary. Religion in Brazilian schools is influenced by the strong position of the Roman Catholic faith in Brazilian society, which could potentially be detrimental to minority groups in Brazil (Senefonte, 2018:440). Learners in Russia, according to Russian law, are free to choose for themselves the religious module in which they wish to receive education. Schools in Russia do not, however, always implement this legislation correctly, since a school's resources actually determine which module the learners should take. The manner in which religion is being dealt with, causes unhappiness among learners and parents as they do not really have freedom of choice regarding the religious module in which they wish to receive instruction (Zöllner, 2016). The legislation in China clearly states that no religious activities may take place in public schools, yet the ruling party of China intends to enshrine tenets of atheism in learners in schools (Vickers, 2022; Wang & Froese, 2020). Compared to the other BRICS member states, China has the most officially, constitutionally recognised ethnic groups. In terms of legislation and policy formulations, the ethnic minority groups obtain various benefits in terms of education. The wide variety of ethnic groupings poses various challenges to the government of China as the views of all these groups in the education system have to be taken into account. Various documents, including the South African Schools Act 76 of 1996, and other education policies provide clear guidelines as to how religion ought to be dealt with in South African schools. In South Africa, learners are taught various major deities worldwide. All learners in South Africa are exposed to the concept of religion through the subject Life Orientation (Grades 7-12). Teachers in South Africaface the challenge of respecting all kinds of religions and not preaching their own views on a religion. This challenge of respecting all religions can result in conflict in schools, as learners may feel that they will be discriminated against if one type of religion is singled out, for example during assembly. This underscores the role and value of South African teachers in inculcating citizenship values (see Wolhuter, Janmaat, Van der Walt & Potgieter, 2020). The Government of India faces opposition from minority groups with regard to religion in schools as the socio-political hegemony religion is especially preferred in terms of the drafting of academic textbooks (Traub, 2018). This preferential treatment of a particular religion is contrary to the Indian constitution, as no single religion may be singled out, nor should any religion be discriminated against (Majumdar, 2018). The preference given to a particular religion in textbooks can result in a negative impact on the education system of India. The analysis and interpretation show that there is still a close relationship between religion and education in the BRICS countries. However, all five BRICS member states face different problems regarding religion and each of the five member states also deals with its problems differently. This conclusion is now unpacked in this summary, and in detail defended in the ensuing full text. In terms of dealing with religion, South Africa appears to be more tolerant than Brazil, Russia, India and China, although this tolerance still causes more problems for the South African government, in the sense of opposition from various adherents of a wide variety of faith groupings who would like schools to play a role in strengthening the religious beliefs of their children. Several court cases have been fought in South Africa as schools struggle to accommodate the wishes of all religious groups in South Africa (see Nthontho, 2020). In contrast to forces in all the BRICS countries trying to separate religion and (public) education, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, the proto-charter of Human Rights Charters in the contemporary world, Article 26 states that everyone has the right to education, education should be oriented towards the total development of the child's personality, and that parents have a preferential right to decide on the type of education their children should receive. The BRICS member states can learn from each other how to deal with religion in schools, even though none have yet managed to deal satisfactorily with religion in education. The common factor among all five BRICS countries is that religion is used again and again (consciously or unconsciously) to reinforce political or ideological hegemony. It seems that the shortcoming in all these countries is pointing to a lack of recognition of the place and role of religion in the lives of their citizens and that secular-political objectives, notably the forcing of official ideological hegemony, as well as the achievement of national unity above the full recognition of religious freedom, are also stated in the education system and in citizens 'choice of the kind of religious education of their children. As a result, the role of religion in creating a strong moral fibre for a society therefore never seems to come into its own. Moreover, judging by the United Nations Charter's Human Rights provisions on education, educative education (incl. teaching and learning), in accordance with its full scope of semantic value, does not currently come into its own. The same seems to be the case as regards the human right to parental advocacy with respect to religious education. The experience of the BRICS countries in terms of religion-in-education shows that it is sensible and even necessary, for example, along the path of enlarged parental speech in education and school autonomy, to allow more room for religious freedom in education. The BRICS countries are currently being proposed as the leading grouping of the Global South in a new formative world order. Against this background, current trends regarding religion-in-education in these countries therefore probably represent a bold example. However, it should nonetheless be denounced by the academic community and better examples should subsequently be extracted and presented from other national education systems from future research.

'n Onderwysstelsel word deur verskeie samelewingskontekstuele kragte gevorm. Hierdie kontekstuele faktore sluit taal, demografie, geografie, tegnologie, politiek en finansiële en ekonomiese tendense in. Godsdiens is een van die laasgenoemde tendense wat 'n onderwys-stelsel kan beïnvloed. Die BRICS-organisasie bestaan uit Brasilië, Rusland, Indië, Sjina en Suid-Afrika en is 'n supra-nasionale blok wat baie aandag in die openbare sowel as akademiese diskoers oor internasionale politiek en maatskaplike kwessies trek (De Beer, 2017). Godsdiens word wyd geag as 'n omstrede en sensitiewe faktor in onderwysstelsels (sien Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010). In hierdie artikel word godsdiens as vormgewende faktor van die onderwysstelsels in die BRICS-lande ondersoek, om die waarde daarvan as 'n aanskouingsles vir Suid-Afrika en ander lande te bepaal. Die BRICS-lidlande is doelbewus vir hierdie navorsing gekies weens die besondere waarde van hierdie lande as vertoonvenster van onderwysstelsels se antwoord op samelewingstendense van die een-en-twintigste eeu. Dokumentontleding is uitgevoer ten opsigte van beleidsdokumente, wetgewing, artikels en staatspublikasies, ten einde inligting in te samel. In die verwerking en interpretasie van inligting is die metableties-vergelykende metode gebruik ten einde beste praktyke ten opsigte van die hantering van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels vanuit die BRICS-lidlande te identifiseer. Die ondersoek het ernstige tekortkominge in al die BRICS-lande se hantering van godsdiens in onderwys aan die lig gebring. Nie een van die lande se beleid of praktyk slaag die toets, soos gemeet aan die Verenigde Nasies se Handves van Menseregte nie. Die noodsaak van voortgesette navorsing oor die plek van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels van die wêreld word ten slotte verduidelik.

RESUMEN El fenómeno inmigratorio que vive el Ecuador, es un hecho que obliga al establecimiento de políticas públicas y educación para una sana convivencia entre ciudadanos nacionales y extranjeros. Se presenta un estudio desde la perspectiva constitucional, determinando el papel desarrollado por la función legislativo para proteger a este grupo social, parte del conocimiento teórico general sobre las políticas públicas respecto a los migrantes en la República del Ecuador y reconoce la migración como un concepto holístico ligado a intervenciones gubernamentales, se analiza la producción legislativa respecto a las políticas públicas del país desde el año 2017 al 2022, en especial los que brindan garantías fundamentales y como resultado el conocer que todas las personas consideradas refugiadas y migrantes son un grupo de atención prioritaria y de decisiones y programas de gobierno para garantizar los principios de ciudadanía universal, que les permita a los migrantes alcanzar mejores condiciones de vida en relación con los derechos humanos.

ABSTRACT The immigration phenomenon that Ecuador is experiencing is a fact that requires the establishment of public policies and education for a healthy coexistence between nationals and foreigners. A study is presented from the constitutional perspective, determining the role developed by the legislative function to protect this social group, part of the general theoretical knowledge about public policies regarding migrants in the Republic of Ecuador and recognizes migration as a holistic concept linked to government interventions, legislative production is analyzed with respect to public policies in the country from 2017 to 2022, especially those that provide fundamental guarantees and as a result the knowledge that all persons considered refugees and migrants are a group of priority attention and government decisions and programs to ensure the principles of universal citizenship, allowing migrants to achieve better living conditions in relation to human rights.

RESUMEN La educación ciudadana significa desarrollar en el individuo las competencias necesarias para captar o percibir los problemas sociales como propios. En este trabajo investigativo se expone, uno de los resultados del proyecto investigativo “La educación ciudadana y la educación cívica en la escuela cubana actual”, asociado al Programa: “Problemas del sistema educativo cubano. Perspectivas de desarrollo”. El objetivo de la investigación fue proponer un sistema de acciones, de carácter multifactorial y multidimensional, para el desarrollo del civismo desde la educación ciudadana, en los escolares de la Escuela Secundaria Básica José Ramón León, en Santa Clara, provincia de Villa Clara, Cuba. En este sentido, se definieron diferentes direcciones y vías para la implementación de las acciones. En la propuesta, se integraron la metodología cualitativa y cuantitativa, lo que permitió la concepción del resultado y su socialización en diferentes eventos y espacios metodológicos y científicos. Se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico y del nivel empírico, para determinar las insuficiencias en cuanto al comportamiento ciudadano en los escolares. La implementación del sistema de acciones de educación ciudadana para desarrollar el civismo, propicia el desarrollo de conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes que contribuyen al desarrollo del civismo mediante la educación ciudadana en la secundaria básica.

ABSTRACT Citizenship education means to develop in the individual the necessary competences to grasp or perceive social problems as their own. This research work presents one of the results of the research project "Citizenship education and civic education in the current Cuban school", associated to the Program: "Problems of the Cuban educational system. Development perspectives". The objective of the research was to propose a system of educational activities, of multifactorial and multidimensional character, for the development of civics from citizenship education in schoolchildren of the José Ramón León Basic Secondary School, in Santa Clara, Villa Clara province, Cuba. In this sense, different directions and ways were defined for the implementation of the activities. In the proposal, qualitative and quantitative methodology were integrated, which allowed the conception of the result and its socialization in different events, methodological and scientific spaces. Theoretical and empirical methods were used to determine the inadequacies in terms of citizenship behavior in schoolchildren. The implementation of the system of educational activities favored the development of knowledge, skills and attitudes that contributed to the development of civility through citizenship education, in basic secondary school.

RESUMEN La formación del alumnado infantil para convertirse en parte de una ciudadanía bien informada y dispuesta a actuar por la sostenibilidad de su planeta es un tema social candente principalmente desde la aparición de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) de la ONU. Los libros ilustrados permiten reflexionar sobre cuestiones locales para comprender las globales y, por tanto, desarrollar un aprendizaje crítico, también en clase de inglés como lengua extranjera (ILE). Por tanto, La literatura infantil es una herramienta adecuada para concienciar sobre los diferentes temas relacionados con la sostenibilidad. Esto es debido a que pueden ser una herramienta eficaz para trabajar las competencias clave de la LOMLOE “ciudadanía” y “conciencia y expresiones culturales” a través de la Educación para la Sostenibilidad (EpS). El objetivo principal de este artículo es crear una selección básica de libros ilustrados en inglés, el kit básico de literatura infantil ODS, que cubran los temas relacionados con los ODS para que pueda ser útil para trabajar la EpS de forma competencial también en la clase de inglés. La investigación ha proporcionado un listado de 12 libros que ayudan a fortalecer las prácticas sostenibles al mostrar personajes en una gran variedad de roles y acciones.

ABSTRACT Pupils’ education to become part of a well-informed citizenry, willing to act for the sustainability of their planet is a live social issue, mainly since the appearance of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Picture books allow us to reflect on local issues to understand global ones and, therefore, develop critical learning, also in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) class. Therefore, children's literature is an appropriate tool to raise awareness about the different issues related to sustainability. This is because it can be an effective tool for working on the key competencies of the LOMLOE "citizenship" and "awareness and cultural expressions" through Education for Sustainability (EfS). The main objective of this article is to create a basic selection of illustrated books in English, the ODS children's literature basic kit, that covers the topics related to the SDGs so that it can be useful to work on EfS in a competence-based way also in the class of English. Research has provided a list of 12 books that help strengthen sustainable practices by showing characters in a variety of roles and actions.

Every individual has or presents their own way of learning and the right to accessibility for people with disabilities is based on human and citizenship rights, being regulated, in Brazil, by Law No. 13,146 of 2015. However, Anatomy textbooks are materials full of figures, illustrations, colors and other resources inaccessible to people with visual impairments, therefore, for this subject to have access to learning, it is necessary to develop materials that provide their knowledge. This study aims to create an E-Book and Talking Book on anatomy. Initially, students enrolled in a private higher education institution in the city of Rio de Janeiro under the guidance and coordination of the Anatomy Professor, chose the topics on human anatomy in order to structure the guidelines for the material to be developed. The visual identity was created and the content of the E-Book was written, using the graphic design website Canva and the Microsoft Word 365 program, respectively. Recordings, reviews and editions of the Talking Book were carried out using the Audacity program. Two E-books were produced and consequently, two Anatomy Talking Books totaling 23 topics covered which were validated by five blind people. All created products are freely available in the public domain. The content covered in the spoken books produced is quite understandable, and achieves its objective of contributing significantly to the teaching-learning process of content related to human anatomy, favoring inclusive education in higher education for people with visual impairments.

Cada individuo tiene o presenta su propia forma de aprender y el derecho a la accesibilidad de las personas con discapacidad se basa en los derechos humanos y de ciudadanía, siendo regulado, en Brasil, por la Ley nº 13.146 de 2015. Sin embargo, los libros de texto de Anatomía son materiales llenos de figuras. , ilustraciones, colores y otros recursos inaccesibles para las personas con discapacidad visual, por lo tanto, para que esta materia tenga acceso al aprendizaje, es necesario desarrollar materiales que aporten sus conocimientos. Este estudio tiene como objetivo crear un libro electrónico y un libro hablado sobre anatomía. Inicialmente, estudiantes matriculados en una institución privada de educación superior de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, bajo la orientación y coordinación del Profesor de Anatomía, eligieron los temas sobre anatomía humana con el fin de estructurar las pautas del material a desarrollar. Se creó la identidad visual y se redactó el contenido del E-Book, utilizando el sitio web de diseño gráfico Canva y el programa Microsoft Word 365, respectivamente. Las grabaciones, reseñas y ediciones del Talking Book se realizaron mediante el programa Audacity. Se produjeron dos libros electrónicos y, en consecuencia, dos libros parlantes de anatomía con un total de 23 temas tratados que fueron validados por cinco personas ciegas. Todos los productos creados están disponibles gratuitamente en el dominio público. Los contenidos abordados en los libros hablados producidos son bastante comprensibles, y logran su objetivo de contribuir significativamente al proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de contenidos relacionados con la anatomía humana, favoreciendo la educación inclusiva en la educación superior de personas con discapacidad visual.

Todo indivíduo possui ou apresenta uma maneira própria de aprender e o direito à acessibilidade das pessoas com deficiência fundamental-se nos direitos humanos e de cidadania, sendo regulamentado, no Brasil, pela Lei nº 13.146 de 2015. Porém, os livros didáticos de Anatomia são materiais repleto de figuras, gráficos, núcleos e outros recursos inacessíveis para pessoas com deficiência visual, portanto para que esse sujeito tenha acesso à aprendizagem, torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de materiais que proporcionem o seu conhecimento. Esse estudo tem como objetivo a elaboração de E-Book e Livro Falado de Anatomia. Inicialmente, os estudantes inscritos em uma instituição de ensino superior da rede privada da cidade do Rio de Janeiro sob orientação e coordenação da Professora da disciplina de Anatomia, escolheram os temas sobre anatomia humana, estruturaram as diretrizes do material a ser desenvolvido. Foi criada a identidade visual e redigido o conteúdo do E-Book, utilizando-se o site de design gráfico Canva e o programa Microsoft Word 365, respectivamente. Foram realizadas gravações, revisões e edições do Livro Falado utilizando-se o programa Audacity. Foram produzidos dois E-books e consequentemente, dois Livros Falados de Anatomia totalizando 23 temas envolvidos que foram validados por cinco pessoas cegas. Todos os produtos criados estão disponíveis gratuitamente em domínio público. O conteúdo abordado nos livros falados confeccionados mostra-se bastante claro, e atinge seu objetivo de contribuir de forma significativa para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem do conteúdo relativo à anatomia humana favorecendo uma educação inclusiva no ensino superior de pessoas com deficiência visual.