Abstract The Calliphoridae family is an essential component of the post mortem interval (PMI) for their developed ability to detect decaying human bodies at great distances, also for their ability to colonize carcasses at different temperatures in multiple geographic areas. We report for the first time, four species for the state of Yucatan, Mexico: Chrysomya putoria Wiedemann, Chysomya rufifacies Macquart, Lucilia cuprina Wiedemann, and L. sericata Meigen. We provide an identification key with illustrations included for the nine species present in the state and we include comments of their distribution.

Resumen La familia Calliphoridae es un componente integral de la estimación del intervalo post mortem (IPM) debido a su desarrollada capacidad para detectar la descomposición de cadáveres a grandes distancias y la habilidad para colonizarlos a diferentes temperaturas en diversas áreas geográficas. Se reportan cuatro primeros registros de la familia Calliphoridae para la entomofauna de Yucatán, México: Chrysomya putoria Wiedemann, Chrysomya rufifacies Macquart, Lucilia cuprina Wiedemanny y L. sericata Meigen. Se incluye una clave de identificación e ilustraciones para las nueve especies presentes en el estado y comentarios sobre su distribución.

Distribuição e ocorrência de moscas-varejeiras de importância forense foi realizada durante 2007 e 2008 nas províncias de Chiang Mai e Lampang, norte da Tailândia. Os levantamentos foram feitos em áreas de florestas, durante 30 minutos usando rede de varredura para coletar as moscas atraídas por iscas. Um total de 2115 moscas-varejeiras pertencentes a seis gêneros e 14 espécies foram coletados; Chrysomya megacephala(Fabricius) (44,7%), C. pinguis(Walker) (15,1%), C. chani Kurahashi (9,3%), C. thanomthini Kurahashi & Tumrasvin (0,3%); Achoetandrus rufifacies(Macquart) (10,5%), A. villeneuvi(Patton) (2,2%); Lucilia papuensisMacquart (2,2%), L. porphyrina(Walker) (12,4%), L. sinensisAubertin (0,7%); Hemipyrellia ligurriens(Wiedemann) (1,3%), H. pulchra(Wiedemann) (0,1%); Hypopygiopsis infumata (Bigot) (0,6%), Hy. tumrasvini Kurahashi (0,2%) e Ceylonomyia nigripes Aubertin (0,4%). Dentre elas a C. megacephala foi a espécie predominante coletada particularmente no verão. As espécies capazes de predominar nas áreas altas são: C. pinguis, C. thanomthini, Hy. tumrasvini, L. papuensis e L. porphyrina.

Distribution and occurrence of blow flies of forensic importance was performed during 2007 and 2008 in Chiang Mai and Lampang Provinces, northern Thailand. Surveys were conducted in forested areas for 30 minutes using a sweep net to collected flies attracted to a bait. A total of 2,115 blow flies belonging to six genera and 14 species were collected; Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (44.7%), C. pinguis (Walker) (15.1%), C. chani Kurahashi (9.3%), C. thanomthini Kurahashi & Tumrasvin (0.3%); Achoetandrus rufifacies (Macquart) (10.5%), A. villeneuvi (Patton) (2.2%); Lucilia papuensis Macquart (2.2%), L. porphyrina (Walker) (12.4%), L. sinensis Aubertin (0.7%); Hemipyrellia ligurriens(Wiedemann) (1.3%), H. pulchra(Wiedemann) (0.1%); Hypopygiopsis infumata (Bigot) (0.6%), Hy. tumrasvini Kurahashi (0.2%) and Ceylonomyia nigripes Aubertin (0.4%). Among them, C. megacephala was the predominant species collected, particularly in the summer. The species likely to prevail in highland areas are C. pinguis, C. thanomthini, Hy. tumrasvini, L. papuensis and L. porphyrina.

Diptera is one of the major groups of insects that contribute to organic matter decomposition, including several species of Calliphoridae and Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) has been recorded as the principal species that colonizes carrion in the Comarca Lagunera of Coahuila. An experiment was conducted during spring and summer of 2010 in order to study the larval development as well as to know the complete life cycle of C. rufifacies. It was divided in two stages at Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro-Unidad Laguna facilities. In the first stage 4 chicken carcasses were used, whereas in the second, 4 pig heads were used as necrotraps. Pregnant females of C. rufifacies were collected, which were reared to obtained eggs and study the biological cycle until adult emergence. Five larvae specimens were measured every four hours, recording its length and diameter and instar changes. Temperature in the breeding room was recorded to calculate degree days accumulated (DDA) for this species. During spring C. rufifacies accumulated 192.57 DD while in the summer it accumulated 190.69 DD, these amounts were necessary to complete the cycle from the egg to adult emergence. During spring and summer C. rufifacies pupated in 96 hours after egg hatching. The results of this study contribute to knowledge of C. rufifacies biology as well as increasing the sarcosaprophagous fauna database of the Comarca Lagunera, especially in Torreon, Coahuila

Los dípteros conforman uno de los principales grupos de insectos descomponedores de materia orgánica, destacando varias especies de la familia Calliphoridae y Cihrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) ha sido consignada como la principal especie califórida colonizadora de carroña en la Comarca Lagunera de Coahuila. Durante primavera y verano del año 2010 se estableció un experimento para estudiar el desarrollo larval así como conocer el ciclo de vida de C. rufifacies. Éste estuvo dividido en dos etapas en las instalaciones de la Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro-Unidad Laguna. En la primera etapa se usaron cuatro carcasas de pollo, mientras que en la segunda fueron usadas cuatro cabezas de cerdo como necrotrampas. Se colectaron hembras grávidas de C. rufifacies, las cuales fueron criadas y alimentadas para obtener huevos y estudiar el ciclo de desarrollo hasta adulto. Se midieron cinco larvas cada cuatro horas, tanto en longitud como en diámetro, además de registrar el cambio de estadío en cada medición. Se registró la temperatura del cuarto de cría diariamente y se calcularon las Unidades Calor Acumuladas (UCA) necesarias para completar el ciclo de C. rufifacies. En primavera C. rufifacies necesitó 192. 57 UC y en verano 190.69 UC para pasar de huevo hasta la emergencia del adulto. En ambas etapas la larva de esta especie pupó a las 96 horas después de la eclosión (HDDE). Con los resultados de este trabajo se contribuye al conocimiento de la biología de C. rufifacies así como también se incrementa la base de datos sobre fauna sarosaprófaga de la Comarca Lagunera y en especial de Torreón, Coahuila.

Primeiro registro de Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (Diptera, Calliphoridae) para o Brasil. A região Neotropical compreende além da fauna nativa, quatro espécies de moscas varejeiras exóticas do gênero Chrysomya. No Brasil, até o momento, foram registradas três espécies desse gênero: Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), e Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann). C. rufifacies (Macquart), na América do Sul, foi registrada somente para a Argentina e Colômbia. Neste estudo, C. rufifacies é registrada pela primeira vez para o Brasil. Os espécimes foram coletados em uma região de cerrado, no município de Caxias, estado do Maranhão, atraídos por carcaças de porcos.

First record of Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (Diptera, Calliphoridae) from Brazil. In addition to its native fauna, the Neotropical region is known to be inhabited by four introduced species of blow flies of the genus Chrysomya. Up until now, only three of these species have been recorded in Brazil - Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), and Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann). In South America, C. rufifacies (Macquart) has only been reported from Argentina and Colombia. This study records C. rufifacies from Brazil for the first time. The specimens were collected in an area of cerrado (savanna-like vegetation) in the municipality of Caxias in state of Maranhão, and were attracted by pig carcasses.

Se registran 22 especies de artrópodos en cadáveres humanos en Ciudad de Panamá, durante los levantamientos de los cuerpos y en las autopsias. Las especies más comunes fueron las moscas Calliphoridae Chrysomya rufifacies, C. megacephala y Cochliomyia macellaria, tanto en etapas inmaduras como adultas. Del mismo modo se pudieron identificar artrópodos omnívoros, parasitoides y depredadores, indicando el grado de información que éstos pudieran dar.

In this work, we report 22 taxa of arthropods from human corpses in Panama City, Panamá, collected in field work and autopsies. The most common species were Calliphoridae flies and larvae of Chrysomya rufifacies, C. megacephala y Cochliomyia macellaria. In addition, we identified other taxa classified as omnivores, predators and parasitoids, and discuss their importance as providers of additional informatión of forensic importance.

Durante los meses de julio a septiembre de 2003, se realizó la caracterización de la entomofauna de importancia forense presente en la descomposición de dos cerdos (Sus scrofa), utilizados como sujeto de muestreo y control respectivamente, en la granja experimental de la Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia (sede Consacá, Nariño). Los primeros insectos colonizadores del cadáver fueron las familias Calliphoridae y Sarcophagidae (Diptera); de la primera se capturaron individuos pertenecientes a Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann 1819), Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart 1843), Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann 1818) y Lucilia sp. siendo C. albiceps y Lucilia sp. las más abundantes durante el muestreo. Además de Diptera se presentaron algunas familias del orden Coleoptera, de los cuales los más importantes fueron: Histeridae, Staphilinidae, Silphidae, como depredadores, y Dermestidae como necrófago. Los otros grupos de insectos fueron observados ocasionalmente. Sin embargo, Labidus sp. subfamilia Ecitoninae (Formicidae), que se comportó como depredador de larvas de Diptera, estuvo presente durante todo el proceso de descomposición.

During July to September of 2003, characterization of entomofauna attracted by decomposition of two pigs (Sus scrofa) was carried out in the experimental farm of Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia at Consacá (Nariño). One of the two pigs was used as a control sample. Pioneer settler insects of carcass belonged to families Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae (Diptera). From Calliphoridae individuals from Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann 1819), Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann 1818), Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart 1843) and Lucilia sp. were captured. C. albiceps and Lucilia sp. were the most abundant species. Families from Coleoptera order were also found: Histeridae, Staphilinidae, Silphidae, as predators, and Dermestidae as necrophagous. Other groups of insects were observed occasionaly. Nevertheless, as predators of Diptera grubs, individuals of Labidus sp. (Formicidae: subfamily Ecitoninae) were present during the entire decomposition process.

We present the results of a study on myiasis in Panama during the first years of a Cochliomyia hominivorax eradication program (1998-2005), with the aim of investigating the behavior of the flies that produce myiasis in animals and human beings. The hosts that registered positive for myiasis were cattle (46.4%), dogs (15.3%), humans (14.7%), birds (12%), pigs (6%), horses (4%), and sheep (1%). Six fly species caused myiasis: Dermatobia hominis (58%), Phaenicia spp. (20%), Cochliomyia macellaria (19%), Chrysomya rufifacies (0.4%), and maggots of unidentified species belonging to the Sarcophagidae (3%) and Muscidae (0.3%). With the Dubois index, was no evidence that the absence of C. hominivorax allowed an increase in the cases of facultative myiasis.

O padrão de interação larval em moscas-varejeiras na presença de Chrysomya albiceps Wied. e C. rufifacies Maquart pode ser alterado em função do comportamento predatório das duas espécies, mudando a estratégia de competição do tipo explorativa para competição por interferência. A predação facultativa é um comportamento freqüente em C. albiceps e C. rufifacies durante o estágio larval. Neste estudo, investigamos a dinâmica de predação intraguilda por C. albiceps sobre outras espécies de moscas, em experimentos delineados para analisar a sobrevivência interespecífica e intraespecífica em C. albiceps, C. megacephala Fabricius e C. macellaria Fabricius. O delineamento experimental do estudo permitiu avaliar de que modo fatores como, espécies, densidade e abundância de alimento, influenciaram a sobrevivência das espécies em culturas puras e mistas. Quando C. albiceps foi confinada com C. megacephala ou C. macellaria, somente adultos de C. albiceps sobreviveram em diferentes densidades e abundância de alimento. Além disso, a sobrevivência de C. albiceps foi superior em culturas mistas se comparada aos experimentos com culturas puras. As implicações desses resultados para a dinâmica de C. albiceps foram discutidas.

The pattern of larval interaction in blowflies confined with Chrysomya albiceps Wied. and C. rufifacies Maquart can be changed in response to the predatory behaviour of the two species to a contest-type process instead of the scramble competition that usually occurs in blowflies. Facultative predation is a frequent behaviour in C. albiceps and C. rufifacies that occurs as an alternative food source during the larval stage. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of intraguild predation by C. albiceps on other fly species in order to analyse interspecific and intraspecific survival in C. albiceps, C. megacephala and C. macellaria Fabricius. The experimental design of the study allowed us to evaluate how factors such as species, density and abundance of food influenced the survival of the calliphorid species. When C. albiceps was confined with C. megacephala or C. macellaria, only adults of C. albiceps survived at different larval densities and abundance of food. In addition, the survival of C. albiceps was higher in two-species experiments when compared to single species experiments. The implications of these results for the dynamics of C. albiceps were discussed.

Adult specimens of Cochliomyia macellaria, Chrysomya megacephala, Ch. rufifacies, Lucilia sp. (Calliphoridae), Musca domestica (Muscidae), Oxelytrum discicolle (Silphidae) and Sarcophagidae were recovered from 12 human cadavers in Cali, Valle, Colombia. Information regarding these findings is presented.