Chitosan (CS) blends with collagen (CL) and Aloe vera (AV) have gained significant attention in the biomedical field due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and potential for wound healing applications. In this study, we investigated the preparation and characterization of CS/CL and CS/AV blends using selective precipitation and co-precipitation techniques. The synthesis processes were analyzed for yield and 4-hydroxyproline content (in CS/CL blends). The materials were characterized using bromatological analyses, viscosity measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These eco-friendly methods effectively promoted interactions between the biopolymers, resulting in homogeneous blends with tunable properties. Besides, they are simple, fast, safe, and require minimal infrastructure. This study demonstrated that selective precipitation and co-precipitation are effective methods for producing chitosan/collagen and chitosan/Aloe vera blends. These methods foster interactions and miscibility between the biopolymers, as confirmed by FTIR, XRD, viscosity, and 4-Hy content analyses. They also align with green chemistry principles by avoiding organic solvents, reducing environmental risks, and minimizing waste. The high yields achieved, especially for CS/AV blends (exceeding 96%), make these materials compatible with lyophilization procedures. The absence of segregated phases after appropriate washing underscores their suitability for pharmaceutical formulations and other applications. CS (CS CL (CL AV (AV biocompatibility biodegradability applications CSCL CSAV coprecipitation co techniques 4hydroxyproline hydroxyproline 4 . blends) analyses measurements Fouriertransform Fourier transform FTIR , (FTIR) Xray X ray XRD (XRD) SEM. SEM (SEM) ecofriendly eco friendly biopolymers properties Besides simple fast safe infrastructure chitosancollagen chitosan chitosanAloe 4Hy Hy solvents risks waste achieved exceeding 96%, 96 96% 96%) procedures (FTIR (XRD (SEM 9

In this study, it was investigated chitosan (CHIT) films in the presence or absence of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and silver nanoparticles (AgNP), whose chemical interactions involving metallic surfaces were characterized by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. Changes in the morphology were analyzed through atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM and AFM micrographs revealed that the incorporation of CNF significantly altered CHIT films, leading to changes in the polymer topography and surface texture due to intimal interactions between CNF and the CHIT matrix. Raman spectra of CHIT and CNF/CHIT films showed similar profiles, reflecting comparable molecular structures of both modified biopolymers. However, SERS spectra of both films, after recovering with AgNP, demonstrated distinct spectral profiles. Innovatively, density functional theory (DFT) calculations of an oligomer model for CHIT were employed to assign the vibrational modes observed in the SERS spectra, which allowed identify key interactions between CHIT moieties and AgNP surfaces. SERS results revealed that chemical adsorption of CHIT on AgNP surfaces occurs through interactions of glycosidic oxygen and amino groups. Such findings provide insights into the structural and chemical behavior of this nanocomposite, highlighting its potential for advanced biological applications. study (CHIT (CNF , (AgNP) surfaceenhanced enhanced (SERS spectroscopy (AFM SEM. . (SEM) matrix CNFCHIT profiles biopolymers However Innovatively DFT (DFT groups nanocomposite applications (AgNP (SEM

In this work, using the PM3 semi-empirical method, the oxidation of the single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) was studied by sulfuric and nitric acid for the incorporation of carbonyl (C=O), phenol (OH) and carboxylic (COOH) groups in the C=C bonds present on the surface of the nanotube. Subsequently, the crosslinking of the oxidized SWCNT (SWCNTox) and chitosan (Q) was observed through hydrogen bonds of the C=O and OH bonds with 2.34 Å, the process was endothermic and soluble in polar solvents due to the presence of OH and NH groups in the structure of SWCNTox/Q. The Monte Carlo modeling allowed to study the adsorption of pesticides in the SWCNTox/Q at different temperatures, where the QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationship) properties allowed predicting the behavior of the pesticides, that is, the degree of hydrophobicity (log P) and accessible surface area (ASA) were important parameters in the evaluation of SWCNTox/Q as an adsorbent and surface interacting with pesticides respectively. Finally, the adsorption was a physisorption process due to the electronegativity of the CO, OH, NH2, NH and C=O bonds. work PM semiempirical semi empirical method singlewalled single walled (SWCNT C=O, CO , C O (C=O) (OH COOH (COOH CC Subsequently SWCNTox (SWCNTox Q (Q 234 2 34 2.3 Å SWCNToxQ temperatures quantitative relationship is log P ASA (ASA respectively Finally NH2 (C=O 23 3 2.

ABSTRACT The ‘RD6’ glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.), developed from the popular aromatic rice ‘KDML105’ through gamma irradiation, is a key economic cultivar widely consumed in Thailand and exported throughout Asia. However, cultivation of the ‘RD6’ faces challenges due to its low grain yield and growth performance. The objective of this study was to use biostimulant chitosan and brassinosteroids to promote growth performance, nutrition, and yield of the ‘RD6’ rice. Chitosan (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mg L-1) and brassinosteroids (0.00005, 0.0005, 0.001, and 0.002 mg L-1) were sprayed twice at 40- and 75-d-old rice plants in paddy fields. The results demonstrated that foliar spraying with 7.5 mg L-1 chitosan can promote leaf growth of ‘RD6’ and improve grain yield by 24% as compared with the control. More pronounced effects were observed with 0.002 mg L-1 brassinosteroid, improving not only growth but also ‘RD6’ yield by 41.8% compared to the control. Moreover, 0.002 mg L-1 brassinosteroids can enhance antioxidant capacities (total phenolic contents), elemental K and Ca contents, and the aroma compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) contents in the rice grains. Furthermore, the use of 0.002 mg L-1 brassinosteroids proved to be a financially sound investment, yielding superior net returns and an advantageous benefit-cost ratio compared with 7.5 mg L-1 chitosan. Therefore, the use of exogenous brassinosteroids on glutinous rice in this study offers promising advantages for promoting the growth and physiological performance of rice plants.

Summary: Soil solution (SS) constitutes the volume from which plant roots extract dissolved nutrients. Despite its importance, the impact of its composition due to the application of organic amendments has been relatively little studied. The objective of this research was to study the impact of humic acids (HA) and chitosan (Cs) on the concentration of minerals in the SS, as well as their effect on the yield of the cabbage crop (Brassica oleracea L.). Under greenhouse conditions with calcareous soil, two doses of HA were applied (200 and 500 kg ha-1), as well as 50 and 150 kg ha-1 of Cs in a targeted manner. From the SS, 22 samples were taken non-destructively from the root zone once a week. The results of mineral content in the soil solution and mineral content on the biomass did not present significant differences, however, it was noted that the Cs50 treatment stimulated 41% higher plant biomass than the control (P ≤ 0.5, Tukey). It is concluded that Cs and HA do not significantly impact the ionic content of the SS or the mineral content of the biomass, although they do stimulate the yield.

Resumen: La solución del suelo (SS) constituye el volumen de donde las raíces de las plantas extraen los nutrientes disueltos. A pesar de su importancia, el impacto de su composición por la aplicación de enmiendas orgánicas se encuentra relativamente poco estudiado. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar el impacto de los ácidos húmicos (AH) y quitosán (Cs) sobre la concentración de los minerales en la SS, así como su efecto en el rendimiento del cultivo de col (Brassica oleracea L.). En condiciones de invernadero con suelo calcáreo se aplicaron dos dosis de AH (200 y 500 kg ha-1), así como 50 y 150 kg ha-1 de Cs de forma dirigida. De la SS se tomaron 22 muestras en forma no destructiva de la zona de la raíz una vez por semana. Los resultados del contenido mineral en la solución del suelo y del contenido mineral en la biomasa no presentaron diferencias significativas, no obstante, se apreció que el tratamiento Cs50 estimuló 41% la biomasa vegetal superior al testigo (P ≤ 0.5, Tukey). Se concluye que el Cs y AH no impactan significativamente el contenido iónico de la SS ni el contenido mineral de la biomasa, aunque si estimulan el rendimiento.

Summary: Bioestimulants such as chitosan in traditional agriculture have proven effective in promoting plant growth and development, as well as protecting them from diseases. However, in aquaponic production systems its effect is not documented, therefore the objective of the present work was to determine the effect of chitosan concentration (0, 500 and 1000 mg L-1) in three varieties (Great Lakes, Regina 500 and Red Rock) of lettuce (Latuca sativa L.), on production parameters in a circular aquaponics system. Using a completely randomized design with a 3×3 factorial arrangement, chitosan was applied by spraying at 10 and 45 days after transplantation. After the analysis of variance, the differences due to the variety were determined using the Tukey test and the effect of chitosan concentration through orthogonal polynomials, in addition to a correlation analysis and simple linear regression between the yield, height, number and length of the leaves. The results showed that the variables number of leaves, length of leaves and root, plant weight, plant height and yield increased as the dose of chitosan increased. The Red Rock variety outperformed the Regina 500 and Great Lakes varieties. No presence of insects or diseases was detected. It is concluded that chitosan favors the growth, development and yield of the lettuce plant in a circular aquaponic system, especially with doses of 1000 mg L-1 of chitosan, and that with respect to these same variables, the Red Rock variety surpasses to the Regina 500 and Great Lakes varieties.

Resumen: Los bioestimulantes como el quitosano en la agricultura tradicional han demostrado su eficacia para promover el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas, así como protegerlas de enfermedades. Sin embargo, en sistemas de producción acuapónicos su efecto no está documentado, por ello el objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el efecto de la concentración de quitosano (0, 500 y 1000 mg L-1) en tres variedades (Grandes Lagos, Regina 500 y Red Rock) de lechuga (Latuca sativa L.), sobre los parámetros de producción en un sistema circular de acuaponía. Utilizando un diseño completamente al azar con un arreglo factorial 3×3 el quitosano se aplicó mediante aspersión a los 10 y 45 días después del trasplante. Posterior al análisis de varianza, las diferencias debido a la variedad se determinaron utilizando la prueba de Tukey y, el efecto de la concentración de quitosano mediante polinomios ortogonales, además de un análisis de correlación y regresión lineal simple entre el rendimiento, altura, número y longitud de las hojas. Los resultados demostraron que las variables número de hojas, longitud de hojas y raíz, peso de planta, altura de planta y rendimiento, se incrementó conforme se aumentó la dosis de quitosano. La variedad Red Rock superó a las variedades Regina 500 y Grandes Lagos. No se detectó la presencia de insectos ni enfermedades. Se concluye que el quitosano favorece el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de la planta de lechuga en un sistema circular de acuaponía, sobre todo con dosis de 1000 mg L-1 de quitosano, y que respecto a estas mismas variables, la variedad Red Rock supera a las variedades Regina 500 y Grandes Lagos.

Summary: Chitosan as a natural biostimulant promotes the growth and development of crops, development and yield of crops. Several studies have proven the efficacy of chitosan to improve cucumber production, the study of the response to different doses of chitosan is necessary, therefore the objective of the present study was determine the effect of six concentrations of chitosan on the growth and production of the cucumber crop. Six treatments: T1= Control; T2= QuitoMax® 100 mg L-1; T3= QuitoMax® 200 mg L-1; T4= QuitoMax® 300 mg L-1; T5= 400 mg L-1 and T6= 500 mg L-1, were applied by manual spraying at 15, 30 and 45 days after transplanting the hybrid cucumber Diamante F1, using a randomized block experimental design with three repetitions and five plants per experimental unit. The variables length of the guide, number of fruits per plant, length, diameter and weight of the fruit, and yield in kg ha-1 were recorded. The length of the guide was measured at 15, 30 and 45 days, so for this variable a model of repeated measurements in time and comparison of means by least squares, for the rest of the variables an orthogonal polynomial analysis was used to determine the response of the variables to the different concentrations of chitosan. All variables presented a positive linear response to the application of chitosan. It is concluded that chitosan influences the growth and development of the cucumber plant. Increasing its yield as the dose of chitosan increases. The dose of 500 mg L-1 in this study was the one that had the best results. The need to study higher doses of chitosan is suggested.

Resumen: El quitosano como bioestimulante natural, promueve el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de los cultivos. Diversos estudios han probado la eficacia del quitosano para mejorar la producción de pepino, el estudio de la respuesta a diferentes dosis de quitosano se hace necesario, por ello el objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el efecto de seis concentraciones de quitosano sobre el crecimiento y producción del cultivo de pepino. Seis tratamientos: T1 = Testigo; T2 = QuitoMax® 100 mg L-1 ; T3 = QuitoMax® 200 mg L-1 ; T4 = QuitoMax® 300 mg L-1 ; T5 = QuitoMax® 400 mg L-1 y T6 = QuitoMax® 500 mg L-1, fueron aplicados mediante aspersión manual a los 15, 30 y 45 días después del trasplante del hibrido de pepino Diamante F1, utilizando un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones y cinco plantas por unidad experimental. Se registraron las variables longitud de la guía (cm), número de frutos por planta, longitud (cm), diámetro (cm) y peso del fruto (g), y el rendimiento en kg ha-1. La longitud de la guía se midió a los 15, 30 y 45 días, por lo que para esta variable se utilizó un modelo de mediciones repetidas en el tiempo y comparación de medias por mínimos cuadrados, para el resto de las variables se utilizó un análisis de polinomios ortogonales para determinar la respuesta de las variables a las diferentes concentraciones de quitosano. Todas las variables presentaron una respuesta lineal positiva a la aplicación de quitosano. Se concluye que el quitosano influye en el crecimiento y desarrollo de la planta del pepino, incrementando su rendimiento conforme se incrementa la dosis de quitosano. La respuesta lineal positiva sugiere que dosis de 500 mg L-1 o mayores de quitosano son recomendables para mejorar el rendimiento del cultivo de pepino.

ABSTRACT. Due to its beneficial biological properties, chitosan extracted from crustacean byproducts emerges as a viable strategy to mitigate the anti-nutritional factors in vegetable-based diets for juvenile white snook (Centropomus viridis). The growth, survival, and nutritional efficiency of juvenile white snook-fed diets containing chitosan were evaluated. Chitosan was extracted chemically and enzymatically from shrimp byproducts (exoskeletons and heads). It was then included in a soybean meal-based diet (48% protein and 19% kJ g-1 gross energy) at 0, 0.5, and 1.0% chitosan levels (D-Control, CHI-0.5%, and CHI-1.0%). Juvenile snook (initial weight: 44.5 ± 4.2 g) were randomly distributed into 300 L tanks and fed the experimental diets three times daily for 45 days. Fish fed the CHI-0.5% and CHI-1.0% diets were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in growth rates than the D-Control diet. No significant differences in survival were observed. The FCR of the CHI-0.5% and CHI-1.0% diets were lower when compared to the D-Control (P < 0.05). The results suggest the utilization of chitosan in diets with high soybean meal content for snook to obtain better growth and survival.

Resumen La frutilla chilena (Fragaria chiloensis) es una especie nativa de Chile. Es un fruto apreciado por los consumidores por sus propiedades organolépticas, pero es altamente perecedero. Dado que es un fruto no climatérico, debe ser cosechado en el momento óptimo de maduración para asegurar su calidad durante la comercialización. La calidad de estos frutos se mide por apariencia, sabor, aroma, valor nutricional y firmeza, la cual experimenta cambios durante el proceso de maduración. La especie presenta una alta tasa de pérdida de firmeza o ablandamiento, que se asocia a la elevada actividad de enzimas de las fracciones hemicelulosa y pectina de la pared celular, como la poligalacturonasa, a-arabinofuranosidasa, p-galactosidasa, endo-glucanasa, p-xilosidasa, xiloglucano endotransglicosilasa/hidrolasa y ramnogalacturonano liasa en diversas etapas de maduración. La firmeza es un atributo clave para la comercialización y la mantención de la calidad organoléptica, por lo que su control es necesario durante el almacenamiento. Para ello, se han investigado los efectos de tratamientos pre o postcosecha, como atmósferas modificadas, y aplicaciones exógenas de calcio, auxina, metil jasmonato, quitosano y sulfuro de hidrógeno, que contribuyen a mantener este atributo al reducir la solubilización de las pectinas, así como otros aspectos de la calidad organoléptica y nutricional durante el almacenamiento. Esta revisión bibliográfica presenta hallazgos sobre la biología de maduración de Fragaria chiloensis, las investigaciones más recientes sobre el fenómeno de ablandamiento y sus bases bioquímicas y moleculares, así como intervenciones orientadas a mantener la calidad y extender la vida postcosecha de este fruto.

Abstract The Chilean strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis) is a native species to Chile. Consumers value this fruit for its organoleptic properties, but it is highly perishable. Since it is a non-climacteric fruit, harvesting at the optimum ripening stage is essential to ensure its quality during commercialization. In this fruit, quality is determined by appearance, flavor, aroma, nutritional value, and firmness, which changes during ripening. The species presents a high rate of firmness loss or softening, associated with the elevated enzymatic activity of cell wall-modifying enzymes of the pectin and hemicellulose fractions, such as polygalacturonase, a-arabinofuranosidase, p-galactosidase, endo- glucanase, p-xylosidase, xyloglucan endotransglycosilase/hydrolase and rhamnogalacturonan lyase at different ripening stages. Firmness is a key trait for commercialization and organoleptic quality; hence, its management during storage is necessary. Different studies have investigated the effects of pre or postharvest treatments, such as modified atmosphere packaging and exogenous applications of calcium, auxin, methyl jasmonate, chitosan, and hydrogen sulfide, which maintain fruit firmness by reducing pectin solubilization and improve other attributes responsible for organoleptic and nutritional quality during storage. This literature review focuses on the ripening biology of Fragaria chiloensis and recent findings regarding softening and its biochemical and molecular basis, as well as interventions oriented to maintain the quality and extend the shelf-life of this fruit.

ABSTRACT Introduction: in the search for products that allow or contribute to the loss of body weight with a minimum of adverse reactions, the use of various preparations of different origins has been considered, one of them being chitosan. Objective: to describe the usefulness of chitosan in the treatment of obesity and some of its comorbidities. Methods: a descriptive bibliographic review was carried out. Google and Google Scholar were used as search engines. Information from different databases was used. The keywords used were: chitosan; chitosan; chitosan; obesity; anti-obesity drugs (in English and Spanish). Articles were evaluated, which in general were less than 10 years old, in the referred languages and which by title dealt with the topic of study. 43 articles were referenced. Results: chitosan is a natural biopolymer of glucosamine, it is biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, and has hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant biological effects, and as a nutritional supplement for weight loss, among other applications. However, the review of the literature does not support this latter approach, although its usefulness as an adjuvant in the treatment of obesity and the cardiometabolic comorbidities that usually accompany it is recognized. Conclusions: chitosan is a natural product that is not useful to obtain the long-awaited weight loss in obese patients. Although, it is useful as an adjuvant in its treatment, since it contributes to not increasing body weight and improves some of the cardiometabolic abnormalities associated with this disease.

RESUMEN Introducción: ante la búsqueda de productos que permitan o contribuyan a la pérdida de peso corporal, con un mínimo de reacciones adversas, se ha diseñado el uso de varios preparados de diversos orígenes, uno de ellos el quitosano. Objetivo: describir la utilidad del quitosano en el tratamiento de la obesidad y de algunas de sus comorbilidades. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica descriptiva. Se utilizó como motor de búsqueda a Google y Google Académico. Se empleo información de diferentes bases de datos. Las palabras clave utilizadas fueron: quitosano; chitosán; chitosano; obesidad; fármacos anti-obesidad (en inglés y español). Se evaluaron artículos, que en general tenían menos de 10 años de publicados, en los idiomas referidos y que por el título trataban el tema de estudio. Se referenciaron 43 artículos. Resultados: el quitosano es un biopolímero natural de glucosamina, es biodegradable, biocompatible, no tóxico y se le atribuyen efectos biológicos hipolipemiantes, antiinflamatorios, antidiabéticos, antioxidantes y como suplemento nutricional para perder peso, entre otras aplicaciones. No obstante, la revisión de la literatura no apoya este último planteamiento, aunque si se reconoce su utilidad como coadyuvante en el tratamiento de la obesidad y de las comorbilidades cardiometabólicas que la suelen acompañar. Conclusiones: el quitosano es un producto natural que no es de utilidad para obtener la tan anhelada pérdida de peso en pacientes con obesidad. Aunque, si es útil como coadyuvante en su tratamiento, pues contribuye al no aumento del peso corporal y mejora algunas de las anomalías cardiometabólicas acompañantes de esta enfermedad.

Abstract Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Thus, nanotechnology provides an excellent opportunity to treat drug-resistant microbial infections. Numerous antibiotics have been used to inhibit the growth and kill of microbes, but the development of resistance and the emergence of side effects have severely limited the use of these agents. Due to the development of the nanotechnology, nanoparticles are widely used as antimicrobials. Silver and chitosan nanoparticles have antifungal, antiviral and antibacterial properties, and many studies confirm the antifungal properties of silver nanoparticles. Nowadays, the use of nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases has developed due to less side effects and also the help of these particles in effective drug delivery to the target tissue. Liposomes are also used as carriers of drug delivery, genes, and modeling of cell membranes in both animals and humans. The ability of these liposomes to encapsulate large amounts of drugs, minimize unwanted side effects, high effectiveness and low toxicity has attracted the interest of researchers. This review article examines recent efforts by researchers to identify and treat infectious diseases using antimicrobial nanoparticles and drug nano-carriers. worldwide Thus drugresistant resistant infections microbes agents antimicrobials Nowadays tissue genes humans drugs nanocarriers. nanocarriers nano carriers. nano-carriers

Resumo As doenças infecciosas são a principal causa de morte no mundo. Assim, a nanotecnologia oferece uma excelente oportunidade para tratar infecções microbianas resistentes a medicamentos. Numerosos antibióticos têm sido usados para inibir o crescimento e a morte de micróbios, mas o desenvolvimento de resistência e o surgimento de efeitos colaterais limitaram severamente o uso desses agentes. Devido ao desenvolvimento da nanotecnologia, as nanopartículas são amplamente utilizadas como antimicrobianos. As nanopartículas de prata e quitosana têm propriedades antifúngicas, antivirais e antibacterianas, e muitos estudos confirmam as propriedades antifúngicas das nanopartículas de prata. Atualmente, o uso de nanopartículas no diagnóstico e tratamento de doenças infecciosas tem se desenvolvido em razão do menor número de efeitos colaterais e também à ajuda dessas partículas na efetiva entrega de fármacos ao tecido-alvo. Os lipossomas também são usados como transportadores de entrega de drogas, genes e modelagem de membranas celulares em animais e humanos. Os lipossomas também são usados como transportadores de entrega de drogas, genes e modelagem de membranas celulares em animais e humanos. A capacidade desses lipossomas de encapsular grandes quantidades de fármacos, minimizar efeitos colaterais indesejados, alta eficácia e baixa toxicidade tem despertado o interesse de pesquisadores. Este artigo de revisão examina esforços recentes de pesquisadores para identificar e tratar doenças infecciosas usando nanopartículas antimicrobianas e nanotransportadores de drogas. mundo Assim medicamentos micróbios agentes antimicrobianos antibacterianas Atualmente tecidoalvo. tecidoalvo tecido alvo. alvo tecido-alvo drogas humanos indesejados

Resumo Foi estudado o impacto da concentração de óleo de peixe na estabilidade oxidativa de microcápsulas por meio do processo de secagem por atomização, utilizando quitosana e maltodextrina como material de parede. As emulsões foram preparadas com diferentes teores de óleo de atum (TFO) (TFO-10%, TFO20%, TF030% TF0-40%), enquanto a concentração de material de parede foi mantida constante. O pó microencapsulado resultante da emulsão preparada com alta carga de óleo de peixe tem alto teor de umidade, molhabilidade e óleo total e baixa eficiência de encapsulação, higroscopicidade e densidade extraída a granel. A estabilidade oxidativa foi avaliada periodicamente colocando microcápsulas à temperatura ambiente. As microcápsulas preparadas com TFO-10% apresentaram alta estabilidade oxidativa em termos de valor de peróxido (2,94 ± 0,04) e valor de anisidina (1,54 ± 0,02) após 30 dias de armazenamento. Concluiu-se que as quantidades ideais de óleo de peixe para microencapsulação são de 10% e 20% usando quitosana e maltodextrina que prolongaram sua vida útil durante o período de estudo.

Abstract The impact of fish oil concentration on the oxidative stability of microcapsules through the spray drying process using chitosan and maltodextrin as wall material was studied. Emulsions were prepared with different Tuna fish oil (TFO) content (TFO-10%, TFO20%, TF030% TF0-40%) while wall material concentration was kept constant. Microencapsulated powder resulting from emulsion prepared with high fish oil load have high moisture content, wettability, total oil and low encapsulation efficiency, hygroscopicity and bulk tapped density. Oxidative stability was evaluated periodically by placing microcapsules at room temperature. Microcapsules prepared with TFO-10% presented high oxidative stability in terms of peroxide value (2.94±0.04) and anisidine value (1.54±0.02) after 30 days of storage. It was concluded that optimal amounts of fish oil for microencapsulation are 10% and 20% using chitosan and maltodextrin that extended its shelf life during study period.

ABSTRACT: Chrysin flavonoid has been presented as having numerous and promising bioactive effects, such as antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, antihyperlipidemic, and antidepressant. However, one of the main challenges for advances in studies on the bioactivity of chrysin is its low bioavailability in humans. Thus, aiming to overcome this barrier, several studies have demonstrated the bioactive potential of capsules containing chrysin. The objective of this review was to present the main methodologies used for the encapsulation of chrysin, and its main biological effects demonstrated so far. Our intention is to offer ways to advancement of research in the area of flavonoid encapsulation. As for the encapsulation techniques, it was found that they are diverse, and the most recurrent encapsulating agents were PEG, PLGA polymers and their derivatives, in addition to other agents, such as PCL, albumin, lipids and chitosan.The bioactive effects of the capsules are also numerous, and anticarcinogenic effects are the most frequent, in addition to other effects such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial and neuroprotective. In conclusion, we verified a lack of use of green techniques for the encapsulation of chrysin, and the production of lipid-water emulsions and the dissolution of chrysin in ethanol seems to be alternatives in this regard. In addition, bioactive potential of these capsules can be evaluated in other experimental models, and should advance to clinical trials and application in food formulations. ABSTRACT antioxidant anticonvulsant antihypertensive antiinflammatory, antiinflammatory anti inflammatory, inflammatory anti-inflammatory antineoplastic antihyperlipidemic antidepressant However humans Thus barrier far diverse PEG derivatives PCL albumin chitosanThe chitosan frequent antidiabetic neuroprotective conclusion lipidwater lipid water regard models formulations

RESUMO: O flavonoide crisina tem sido apresentado como tendo numerosos e promissores efeitos bioativos, como antioxidante, anticonvulsivante, anti-hipertensivo, anti-inflamatório, antineoplásico, anti-hiperlipidêmico e antidepressivo. No entanto, um dos principais desafios para o avanço dos estudos sobre a bioatividade da crisina é sua baixa biodisponibilidade em humanos. Assim, visando superar essa barreira, diversos estudos têm demonstrado o potencial bioativo de cápsulas contendo crisina. O objetivo desta revisão é apresentar as principais metodologias utilizadas para o encapsulamento da crisina e seus principais efeitos biológicos demonstrados até o momento. Nossa intenção é oferecer caminhos para o avanço das pesquisas na área de encapsulação de flavonoides. Quanto às técnicas de encapsulamento, verificou-se que são diversas, e os agentes encapsulantes mais recorrentes são os polímeros PEG, PLGA e seus derivados, além de outros agentes como PCL, albumina, lipídeos e quitosana. Os efeitos bioativos das cápsulas também são numerosos, sendo os efeitos anticarcinogênicos os mais frequentes, além de outros efeitos como antioxidante, antidiabético, antimicrobiano e neuroprotetor. Em conclusão, verificamos a falta de utilização de técnicas verdes para o encapsulamento de crisina, e a produção de emulsões lipídeo-água e dissolução da crisina em etanol parecem ser alternativas neste aspecto. Além disso, o potencial bioativo destas cápsulas pode ainda ser avaliado em outros modelos experimentais, e deve-se avançar para ensaios clínicos e aplicação em formulações alimentícias. RESUMO antioxidante anticonvulsivante antihipertensivo, antihipertensivo anti hipertensivo, hipertensivo anti-hipertensivo antiinflamatório, antiinflamatório inflamatório, inflamatório anti-inflamatório antineoplásico antihiperlipidêmico hiperlipidêmico antidepressivo entanto humanos Assim barreira momento flavonoides verificouse verificou se diversas PEG derivados PCL albumina quitosana frequentes antidiabético neuroprotetor conclusão lipídeoágua lipídeo água aspecto disso experimentais devese deve alimentícias

Abstract The study aimed to optimize microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of phenolics from gilaburu fruit (GF) with the response surface method (RSM). GF was used to produce two functional products: The first one was encapsulated hydrogel beads GF (eGF) using ionic gelation and chitosan system, and the second one was a sugar-free functional beverage (FB) enriched with black carrot, riboflavin, and ascorbic acid. The optimal extraction conditions were determined to be 60 °C for temperature, 5 minutes for time, and 4.18 g/100 mL for solid/solvent ratio based on the highest total phenolic content (TPC) and extraction yield. The model was found to be sufficient for the successful prediction of experimental results. Chlorogenic acid was a major compound of GF, eGF, and sugar-free FB. The inhibition of α-glucosidase activity (%) for GF, eGF, and sugar-free FB was detected as 54, 92, and 77, respectively. These findings revealed that utilizing MAE may shorten the extraction of GF phenolics with low energy and maximum efficiency. Furthermore, GF, eGF, and sugar-free FB have promising antioxidant and antidiabetic activities due to their rich bioactive and fortified compounds. They may be regarded excellent sources of compounds for the functional food industry. Besides, they can be used to provide health benefits to diabetic patients and future consumers. microwaveassisted microwave assisted (MAE (GF RSM. RSM . (RSM) products eGF (eGF system sugarfree sugar free (FB carrot riboflavin 6 C temperature time 418 4 18 4.1 g100 g 100 g/10 solidsolvent solid solvent TPC (TPC yield results αglucosidase α glucosidase % (% 54 92 77 respectively efficiency Furthermore industry Besides consumers (RSM 41 1 4. g10 10 g/1 ( 9 7 g1 g/

A new composite material with magnetic and pH-responsive properties, composed of chitosan/poly(2-diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate (Fe3O4/SiO2/CS/PDPA) was developed with the purpose of removing avermectins in aqueous media. The material was characterized by different techniques to evaluate its characteristics. The adsorption process was investigated through the optimization of some parameters, with the most favorable results at pH 8.0, using 20 mg of adsorbent and stirring for 5 min. Under such conditions, the material showed adsorption efficiency of around 80.5, 69.9, and 74.8% for eprinomectin, doramectin and ivermectin, respectively. The adsorption mechanism was investigated using the pseudo-second order kinetic model and the Langmuir-Freundlich dual site isotherm model. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process is exothermic and spontaneous. The material also showed good regenerative capacity, allowing several reuse cycles. The results obtained suggest that the synthesized material has potential application as an adsorbent in the removal of avermectins from aqueous samples. pHresponsive responsive properties chitosan/poly2diisopropylaminoethyl chitosanpoly2diisopropylaminoethyl chitosanpolydiisopropylaminoethyl chitosan/poly 2 diisopropylamino ethyl chitosan poly Fe3O4/SiO2/CS/PDPA Fe3O4SiO2CSPDPA FeOSiOCSPDPA Fe3O4 SiO2 CS PDPA Fe O SiO (Fe3O4/SiO2/CS/PDPA media characteristics parameters 80 8 0 8.0 min conditions 805 80.5 699 69 9 69.9 748 74 74.8 eprinomectin ivermectin respectively pseudosecond pseudo second LangmuirFreundlich Langmuir Freundlich spontaneous capacity cycles samples poly2diisopropylaminoethyl diisopropylaminoethyl chitosanpoly CSPDPA FeO Fe3O 8. 80. 6 69. 7 74. polydiisopropylaminoethyl