Abstract Introduction: Extensive cattle ranching in tropical dry forest areas (TDF) has caused the transformation of natural ecosystems and has altered the behavior of associated organisms, generating variation in activity patterns. In bats, the activity pattern is affected by the composition and vegetation structure of the ecosystem, and by the climatic season (dry and rainy). Therefore, it is expected that conventional extensive livestock systems, as opposed to silvopastoral systems where environmental heterogeneity is favored, determine the activity of bats. Objective: To compare the activity patterns of bats in conventional management systems (CS) and silvopastoral (SPS) of extensive cattle ranching associated with TDF in the Colombian Caribbean. Methods: The activity pattern of bats in TDF fragments associated with conventional and silvopastoral systems was compared within an annual cycle. The daily activity patterns of 11 species with records for over 10 days in both livestock management systems were determined. Results: A total of 2 788 bats were captured, from six families, 22 genera, and 37 species. Greater bat activity was recorded during the rainy season. We found that although bats show behavioral adaptation to the different management systems (except for Carollia perspicillata, Dermanura phaeotis and Glossophaga soricina), in TDF fragments associated with SPS there is greater bat activity throughout the year, compared to the activity recorded in CS. Likewise, the only nectarivorous species evaluated, G. soricina, also presented the lowest overlap value between the two types of management SC and SSP. Conclusion: The TDF fragments associated with SPS, due to the vegetation composition and structure, probably favor the constant supply of resources suitable for the bats’ assemblage stability, especially flowers and fruits.

Resumen Introducción: La ganadería extensiva en áreas de bosque seco tropical (bs-T) ha causado la transformación de los ecosistemas naturales, y ha alterado la conducta de los organismos asociados, generando variación en los patrones de actividad. En murciélagos, el patrón conductual se ve afectado por la composición y estructura vegetal del ecosistema, y por la época climática (seca y lluviosa). Por lo que, se espera que en los sistemas convencionales de ganadería extensiva a diferencia de los silvopastoriles donde se favorece la heterogeneidad ambiental, determine la actividad de los murciélagos. Objetivo: Comparar los patrones de actividad de los murciélagos en sistemas de manejo convencional (SC) y silvopastoril (SSP) de ganadería extensiva asociados al bs-T en el Caribe colombiano. Métodos: Se comparó el patrón de actividad de los murciélagos en fragmentos de bs-T asociados a SC y SSP durante un ciclo anual. Se determinó el patrón de actividad diaria de 11 especies con registros mayores a 10 días en ambos sistemas de manejo de ganadería. Resultados: Un total de 2788 murciélagos fueron capturados, de seis familias, 22 géneros y 37 especies. Se registró mayor actividad de murciélagos durante la época de lluvias. Encontramos que a pesar de que los murciélagos presentan adaptación del comportamiento a los diferentes sistemas de manejo (excepto Carollia perspicillata, Dermanura phaeotis y Glossophaga soricina), en fragmentos de bs-T asociados a SSP se presenta mayor actividad de los murciélagos durante todo el año, con respecto a la actividad registrada en los SC. Igualmente, la única especie nectarívora evaluada, G. soricina, presentó también el menor valor de solapamiento entre los dos tipos de manejo SC y SSP. Conclusión: Los fragmentos de bs-T inmersos en SSP debido a la estructura del paisaje, podrían estar favoreciendo la oferta constante de recursos adecuados para la estabilidad del ensamblaje de murciélagos, en especial flores y frutos.

RESUMEN Las anomalías oculares causadas debido a lesiones, enfermedades o mutaciones genéticas generan la pérdida total o parcial de la visión, lo cual afecta el desarrollo y comportamiento normal de los individuos afectados en su entorno natural. En murciélagos, estos casos raramente son reportados. Además, es posible que en ocasiones los investigadores encuentren estas anomalías, pero no son reportadas debido a diversos factores. En este trabajo se documenta por primera vez a un individuo de Carollia perspicillata con anomalía ocular (inflamación ocular) en la República de Panamá, registrado en la Reserva Natural Privada Bunorgandi de la Provincia de Panamá.

ABSTRACT Ocular anomalies caused by injury, disease or genetic mutations result in total or partial loss of vision, which affects the normal development and behavior of affected individuals in their natural environment. In bats, these cases are rarely reported. In addition, it is possible that researchers occasionally encounter these anomalies, but they are not reported due to various factors. This paper documents, for the first time, an individual of Carollia perspicillata with an ocular anomaly (ocular inflammation) in the Republic of Panama, recorded in the Bunorgandi Private Nature Reserve in the Province of Panama.

Abstract Urban environments present less environmental heterogeneity in relation to the natural ones, affecting the biodiversity of bats and the ecological processes in which they participate. In this way, we will identify how urbanization influences the structure of bat communities in the municipality of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. We compared species composition, guilds and bat richness in a gradient that crossed urban, semi-urban and natural areas in the municipality of Goiânia, contained in the Cerrado biome. We captured a total of 775 bats of 16 species distributed in three families. Urban areas had a higher species abundance, while semi-urban areas had a higher species richness. The three types of environments have different compositions, the urban one being more homogeneous, the fauna in these areas is composed of generalist species, which benefit from this process. The diversity present in semi-urban areas is a consequence of the intersection between urban and natural fauna, which is why urban expansion needs to occur in a planned manner to minimize the impacts of this process and ensure the maintenance of biodiversity. ones participate way Goiânia Goiás Brazil composition semiurban semi biome 77 1 families abundance compositions homogeneous 7

Resumo Ambientes urbanos apresentam uma heterogeneidade ambiental menor em relação aos naturais, afetando a biodiversidade de morcegos e os processos ecológicos dos quais participam. Desta forma, vamos identificar como a urbanização influência na estruturação das comunidades de morcegos no município de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Comparamos a composição de espécies, guildas e riqueza de morcegos em um gradiente que cruzou áreas urbanas, semiurbanas e naturais no município de Goiânia, contido no bioma Cerrado. Capturamos um total de 775 morcegos de 16 espécies distribuídas em três famílias. Áreas urbanas apresentaram uma abundância maior de espécies, enquanto em áreas semiurbanas tivemos uma riqueza de espécies maior. Os três tipos de ambientes apresentam diferentes composições, sendo o urbano mais homogêneo, a fauna nessas áreas é composta por espécies generalistas, que se beneficiam com esse processo. A diversidade presente nas áreas semiurbanas é consequência do cruzamento entre a fauna urbana e a natural, por isso é necessário que a expansão urbana ocorra de forma planejada para minimizar os impactos desse processo e garantir a manutenção da biodiversidade. participam Goiânia Goiás Brasil Cerrado 77 1 famílias composições homogêneo generalistas natural 7

ABSTRACT Changes in Neotropical bat taxonomy in the past two decades have caused significant shifts in our understanding of the diversity and distribution of the group. Taxonomic revisions have shown that the once widespread Platyrrhinus helleri (Peters, 1866) represented a species complex, which resulted in the elevation of Platyrrhinus helleri incarum (Thomas, 1912) to the species level for cis-Andean South America and the restriction of P. helleri to Central America and northern South America west of the Andes. Nevertheless, some studies still mention P. helleri for Brazil. Aiming to investigate if P. helleri occurs in Brazil, we collected specimens of small-sized Platyrrhinus in the Cerrado and Pantanal ecosystems, and revised vouchers in museum collections. Based on DNA sequence data and analysis of the pelage and craniodental morphology, we confirm that the only small Platyrrhinus species occurring in Cerrado and Pantanal of central Brazil corresponds to P. incarum. This is the first study to provide sequence data for Brazilian P. incarum. We also provide new records of P. incarum, extending its range by 390 km to southeast and 480 km to the east in Brazil. group Peters, Peters (Peters 1866 complex Thomas, Thomas (Thomas 1912 cisAndean cis Andean P Andes Nevertheless smallsized sized ecosystems collections morphology 39 48 186 191 3 4 18 19 1

ABSTRACT Sturnira, known as the yellow-shouldered bat, has a wide geographical distribution and encompasses 24 distinct species. Within Phyllostomidae, Sturnira is the most diverse, with four species in Brazil: S. lilium, S. magna, S. tildae, and S. giannae. Sturnira species occur on the eastern slopes of the Andes and adjacent Amazonian lowlands, spanning from Colombia to northern Bolivia, the Brazilian Amazon, the southern lowlands of Venezuela, and the Guianas. In the present study the following were investigated: the phylogenetic relationships of Sturnira, employing the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene as a marker; the phylogeography of S. lilium and S. giannae, aiming to elucidate their geographical boundaries and phylogenetic positions; the morphology of S. lilium and S. giannae, and their potential distributions. The results indicate that there are two major clades within Sturnira, one including S. lilium, S. parvidens, and S. bakeri as the sister group of S. giannae, S. luisi, and S. paulsoni, and another clade with the remaining species. Morphological analyses showed that the diagnostic characteristics previously advanced for S. lilium and S. giannae overlap. Our findings expanded the known distribution of S. giannae, and show an area where S. lilium and S. giannae overlap in distribution. This area spans from the south of the state of Mato Grosso to the south of the state of Maranhão; the two species are sympatric in northeast Brazil and syntopic in the Pantanal. The comprehensive species distribution model suggested that the sympatry between S. lilium and S. giannae is notably larger than documented here. yellowshouldered yellow shouldered bat 2 Phyllostomidae diverse S magna tildae Bolivia Amazon Venezuela Guianas investigated marker positions distributions parvidens luisi paulsoni Maranhão Pantanal here

ABSTRACT The knowledge of the bat fauna from Minas Gerais, the largest state in southeastern Brazil, has greatly changed in recent years due to increased sampling and taxonomic revisions with reports of range extension and/or new species descriptions. The first annotated list of bats for the state dates to over 10 years ago. Our study aimed to update it by incorporating new localities sampled since then and by adding new species records to the list. We also conducted a comprehensive review of the literature and museum databases and analyzed 691 specimens collected in the state from all mesoregions and ecosystems deposited in collections. We documented the occurrence of 99 bat species from nine families, distributed in 181 municipalities, covering all mesoregions and biomes of the state. This is an increment of 30% in bat richness and of 241% in locality sites with bat records in Minas Gerais, when compared with the previous compilation. We report two previously unrecorded species for the state, the phylostomids Rhinophylla pumilio Peters, 1865 and Trinycteris nicefori (Sanborn, 1949). The mesoregions with the largest number of bat collection localities were “Metropolitana” (46), “Zona da Mata” (26), and “Norte de Minas” (21). The Atlantic Forest had the largest number of collection sites compared to the other biomes present in the state (102). There are a lot of sampling gaps in the state, and most of the conservation areas have not yet been sampled for bats. In face of that and based on the recent findings of several new species and records as a result of sampling and revisionary efforts, we suggest the implementation of rapid survey programs accompanied by taxonomic studies within the conservation units of Minas Gerais. Long-term monitoring programs, including bats, are also completely missing in the state. Gerais Brazil andor or descriptions 1 ago 69 collections 9 families 18 municipalities 30 241 compilation Peters 186 Sanborn, Sanborn (Sanborn 1949. 1949 . 1949) Metropolitana “Metropolitana 46, 46 , (46) Zona Mata 26, 26 (26) Norte 21. 21 (21) 102. 102 (102) efforts Longterm Long term 6 3 24 194 4 (46 2 (26 (21 (102 19 (4 (2 (10 ( (1

ABSTRACT Introduction: Bats are the only flight mammals, with around 1,400 species playing critical roles as pest controllers and nocturnal plant pollinators. However, its impact on human health has become increasingly evident, especially after the appearance of epidemic outbreaks of viral diseases related to these mammals. Objetive: To analyze the influence of bats on human health, focusing on their role as carriers of viral diseases and their potential as reservoirs and vectors of diseases. Methods: A literature bibliographical review was conducted using MeSH descriptors and keywords such as: Animals, Wild Chiroptera, Virus Diseases, Zoonosis, Disease Vectors, Disease Reservoirs, Public Health, bats, Communicable Disease Control, Disease Outbreaks, Prevention and Control. 1442 articles in databases and official documents were reviewed, selecting the relevant sources with Mendeley Desktop 1.19.4., obtaining 47 articles at the end. Results: There are several species of bats that can affect human health and that mainly harbor viruses from the Filoviridae families, Coronaviridae and Paramyxoviridae. Bats are considered optimal incubators for the spread of the virus due to their unique immune system that makes them particularly resistant to these infectious agents. Conclusions: Surveillance and monitoring of bats, together with public education actions and proper management of their habitats, are essential for early detection and prevention of transmission of new viruses from these mammals to humans.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los murciélagos se destacan por ser los únicos mamíferos voladores, con alrededor de 1 400 especies que cumplen un rol fundamental como controladores de plagas y polinizadores de plantas nocturnas. Sin embargo, su influencia sobre la salud humana se ha evidenciado cada vez más, en particular después del surgimiento de brotes epidémicos de enfermedades virales asociadas a estos mamíferos. Objetivo: Analizar la influencia de los murciélagos en la salud humana, centrándose en su papel como portadores de enfermedades virales y su potencial como reservorios y vectores de enfermedades. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de la literatura utilizando descriptores MeSH y términos como: Animals, Wild Chiroptera, Virus Diseases, Zoonoses, Disease Vectors, Disease Reservoirs, Public Health, bats, Communicable Disease Control, Disease Outbreaks, Prevention and Control. Se revisaron 1 442 artículos en bases de datos y documentos oficiales, se seleccionaron las fuentes relevantes con Mendeley Desktop 1.19.4. y se obtuvieron al final 47 artículos. Resultados: Existen varias especies de murciélagos que pueden afectar la salud del ser humano y que albergan en especial virus de las familias Filoviridae, Coronaviridae y Paramixoviridae. Los murciélagos se consideran incubadoras óptimas para la propagación de virus debido a su sistema inmune único que lo hace resistente a estos agentes infecciosos. Conclusiones: La vigilancia y monitoreo de los murciélagos, junto con acciones de educación pública y una gestión adecuada de sus hábitats, son fundamentales para la detección temprana y prevención de la transmisión de nuevos virus de estos mamíferos a los humanos.

ABSTRACT We present an updated checklist of Brazilian bats, commenting on the endemic and threatened status of the species listed and providing information on recent taxonomic and nomenclatural changes. The bats of Brazil comprise 186 species, 68 genera, and nine families, with 13 species exclusive to the country. From the previous checklists, we add eight species to Brazil: Artibeus amplus, Choeroniscus godmani, Glossophaga bakeri, Lichonycteris obscura, Platyrrhinus guianensis, Trachops ehrhardti, Molossus melini and Myotis pampa. The latter is reported for the country for the first time in this study. The Brazilian list of threatened species includes three species as vulnerable (Furipterus horrens, Lonchophylla bokermanni, and Natalus macrourus) and Lonchophylla dekeyseri as endangered. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists Natalus macrourus as “near threatened”, and Lonchophylla bokermanni and L. dekeyseri as “endangered”. Twenty-two additional species are probable for the country. Compared to previous lists, five species are now considered doubtful records and 19 are considered erroneous records. We reinforce the importance of a continuous update of the bat checklists in all Brazilian states as well as taxonomic revisions and bat inventories in unsampled areas. changes 18 6 genera families 1 amplus godmani bakeri obscura guianensis ehrhardti pampa study Furipterus horrens endangered IUCN (IUCN near threatened, , threatened” L . “endangered” Twentytwo Twenty two areas “endangered

ABSTRACT Peru holds a high mammalian diversity in its Amazonian region, with 326 species. However, our knowledge about the actual diversity is still considered incomplete, and the molecular information for those species in genetic databases is even less comprehensive. To assess the availability of genetic information for Peruvian Amazonian mammals relative to known diversity, we surveyed the Amazonian mammals with at least one molecular marker in the most widely used repositories for nucleotide sequences, GenBank and BOLD Systems. Our survey focused on widely used molecular markers in evolutionary biology-cytochrome b [cyt-b], cytochrome oxidase I [COI], 12S ribosomal RNA [12S], and the mitogenome [mit]-derived from Peruvian Amazon mammals. Additionally, to gain insights into the current mammalian sampling effort in Peruvian Amazonia, we generated a map of unique sampling localities and a heat map, utilizing 41951 records, which identified six major information gaps. This comprehensive analysis found 1597 genetic sequences corresponding to 180 mammalian species (55.2% of Peruvian Amazonian species): COI (38 species), cyt-b (167 species), 12S (56 species), and mitogenome (16 species). Taxonomically, Rodentia (53 species, four markers), Chiroptera (63 species, three markers), and Didelphimorphia (27 species, four markers) represented most molecular data, with a concentration of molecular markers in the orders Chiroptera (703) and Rodentia (499). Geographically, the Loreto department has the largest genetic information (530 records, 99 species). These results confirm a worrying underrepresentation of Peruvian Amazonian diversity in molecular databases. Consequently, we advocate for the use of scientific collections as an alternative source to systematically generate genetic information for the Amazonian mammal diversity in Peru to compensate for the current underrepresentation. region 32 However incomplete Systems biologycytochrome biology cytb, cytb cyt , [cyt-b] COI, [COI] S 12S, [12S] mitderived mit derived Additionally Amazonia 4195 records gaps 159 18 55.2% 552 55 2 (55.2 species) 38 (3 167 56 (5 16 (1 . Taxonomically 53 markers, 63 (6 27 (2 data 703 (703 499. 499 (499) Geographically 530 9 Consequently 3 [cyt-b [COI [12S 419 15 1 55.2 5 (55. ( 6 70 (70 49 (499 41 55. (55 7 (7 4 (49 (4

ABSTRACT The Island of Santa Catarina is the largest island on the Brazilian coast. Within the Atlantic Forest domain, it serves as a model for investigating the decline in biodiversity within this ecosystem. This decline is associated with the loss of a large part of forest cover and mammalian species. Although the forest environment in the island has recovered more in comparison to the rest of the Atlantic Rainforest (66% versus 28%, respectively), the isolation typical of islands has hindered the recolonization of sensitive species, particularly those that are threatened. Two decades after the first publication of the mammal list of the Island of Santa Catarina, we revised past data to identify which species became extinct and which native and exotic species remain, focusing on the inclusion of Chiroptera. Through bibliographical reviews, scientific collections and field surveys, a total of 59 species of native mammals, non-volant and volants, were confirmed. Among these, eight species were determined to be extirpated, all threatened with extinction, including large ungulates and top cats, in addition to the occurrence of nine domestic and exotic invasive species. Studies employing specific methodologies and sampling techniques in inadequately assessed environments have the potential to augment species richness, particularly among rodents, marsupials, and bats. coast domain ecosystem 66% 66 (66 28 28% respectively, respectively , respectively) remain Chiroptera reviews surveys 5 mammals nonvolant non volant volants confirmed these extirpated extinction cats richness rodents marsupials bats 6 (6 2 (

Abstract The existing beliefs, myths, and stories in the symbolic realm of bats have a great influence on the valuation of people. The objective of this research is to know the perception that exists among the inhabitants of the El Bejucal community about bats and the ecosystem service of seed dispersal. This research was performed in two phases, first, semi-structured interviews were applied to the inhabitants to learn about their perceptions, and then we gave an awareness workshop among them, and with the final aim to evaluate the effectiveness of our environmental education actions and the changes in perceptions and knowledge. The interviews gathered the traditional knowledge about bats, the services they provide, and their presence in the daily lives of the interviewees. Our results indicate how prejudices and myths associated with bats persist in communities, which evidences the need to implement communication and environmental education since it is our responsibility to educate and return the people who live in the sites where we work the knowledge we are developing.

Resumen Las creencias, mitos e historias existentes en el ámbito simbólico de los murciélagos tienen una gran influencia en la valoración de las personas. El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer la percepción que existe entre los ejidatarios de El Bejucal sobre los murciélagos y el servicio ecosistémico de dispersión de semillas. Esta investigación se realizó en dos etapas, primero se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a los ejidatarios para conocer sus percepciones y posteriormente se impartió un taller de sensibilización con el objetivo de al final evaluar la efectividad de nuestras acciones de educación ambiental en los cambios de percepciones y conocimientos. Las entrevistas recabaron el conocimiento local sobre los murciélagos, los servicios que brindan y su presencia en la vida cotidiana de los entrevistados. Nuestros resultados demuestran la persistencia de prejuicios y mitos asociados a los murciélagos en las comunidades, lo que demuestra la necesidad de implementar estrategias de comunicación, educación y sensibilización ambiental, ya que es nuestra responsabilidad educar y devolver a las personas de los sitios donde trabajamos el conocimiento que estamos generando.

Abstract Introduction: The range of the the Honduran fruit bat, Artibeus inopinatus, extends in the south to Nicaragua and there were no previous records of its presence in Guanacaste, Costa Rica, which is the southern limit of the tropical dry forest in Central America. Objective: To record the presence of A. inopinatus in Costa Rica. Methods: In May 2023, we did a mist netting session in Playa Naranjo, Santa Rosa. Results: We captured a pregnant female. Conclusion: Our finding extends the southern distribution of A. inopinatus into northwest Costa Rica.

Resumen Introducción: El ámbito del murciélago frutero hondureño, Artibeus inopinatus, se extiende al sur hasta Nicaragua y no existían registros previos de su presencia en Guanacaste, Costa Rica, que es el límite sur del bosque seco tropical en América Central. Objetivo: Registrar la presencia de A. inopinatus en Costa Rica. Métodos: En mayo de 2023, hicimos una sesión de captura con redes de niebla en Playa Naranjo, Santa Rosa. Resultados: Capturamos una hembra preñada. Conclusión: Nuestro hallazgo amplía la distribución al sur de A. inopinatus hacia el noroeste de Costa Rica.

Resumen: La vegetación ribereña en la cuenca del río Usumacinta en Tabasco, México constituye un ecosistema importante para el mantenimiento de la diversidad biológica, desgraciadamente es el más afectado por la expansión de la ganadería y la agricultura. Entender cómo la diversidad de murciélagos filostómidos se distribuye a lo largo de la franja de vegetación ribereña, es información para la toma de decisiones en la conservación del hábitat de la comunidad de murciélagos. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar la estructura y composición de los ensambles de murciélagos filostómidos en diferentes sitios de vegetación ribereña a lo largo del rio Usumacinta en Tabasco, México. Durante siete meses se realizaron capturas de murciélagos filostómidos con cuatro redes de niebla en seis diferentes sitios con vegetación ribereña. La estructura y composición se describió y comparó entre sitios con base en el número efectivo de especies, curvas-rango abundancia e índice de complementariedad. Se registraron 541 individuos agrupados en 15 especies, el 67% de las especies pertenecen a la subfamilia Stenodermatinae. No se encontraron diferencias entre la riqueza y diversidad de murciélagos filostómidos, sin embargo, se observó diferencias en la composición del ensamble entre sitios. El presente estudio aporta información básica que servirá en la toma de decisiones para conservar la diversidad de murciélagos en vegetación ribereña en el estado y la región.

Abstract: The riparian vegetation in the Usumacinta river basin in Tabasco, Mexico is an important ecosystem for the maintenance of biological diversity, unfortunately, it is the most affected by the expansion of livestock and agriculture. Understanding how the diversity of phyllostomid bats is distributed along the riparian vegetation strip is information for decision-making in the conservation of the habitat of the bat community. The study aimed to compare the structure and composition of phyllostomid bat assemblages at different riparian vegetation sites along the Usumacinta River in Tabasco, Mexico. For seven months, phyllostomid bats were captured with four mist nets at six riparian vegetation sites. Bat structure and composition were described and compared between sites based on the effective number of species, rank abundance curves, and complementarity index. A total of 541 individuals comprising 15 species were captured, 67% of the species belong to the subfamily Stenodermatinae. No differences were found between the richness and diversity of phyllostomid bats; however, we did observe differences in assemblage composition between sites. This study provides basic information that will serve in decision-making to conserve bat diversity in riparian vegetation strips in the State and the region.

ABSTRACT Streblid flies (Diptera: Streblidae) are hematophagous and highly specialized parasitic insects, found only on bats (Chiroptera). Caves are important roosts for bats but, despite harboring high bat richness, relatively few studies exist on the ecology and biology of streblid flies in cave environments, especially in Amazonia, the largest domain in northern Brazil, with >140 bat species and thousands of caves. To fill some of the gaps in the geographical distribution and interspecific relationships for streblid flies in the region, we sampled bats in six caves in Carajás National Forest, a protected area in Pará state (Brazil). Thirteen of the 14 streblid species found are new records for Carajás, with three new records for Pará state and two for the northern region of Brazil. Nycterophilia fairchildi was recorded for the first time in Brazil. Most streblids had host-specific behavior, however, N. fairchildi, Trichobius caecus, and T. johnsonae were less host-specific, parasitizing different Pteronotus bat species. The gregarious behavior of Pteronotus species and the spatial distribution of their colonies within the caves may be important factors in the flies’ exchange among congener hosts and deserve special attention in future studies. Furthermore, studies on ecological interaction networks between bats and their ectoparasitic flies in caves will be useful for a broader understanding of how this relationship is structured over time and space, as well as its impact on both bats and flies. Diptera (Diptera Streblidae insects Chiroptera. Chiroptera . (Chiroptera) but richness environments Amazonia Brazil 140 >14 Forest (Brazil) 1 hostspecific host specific however N caecus T hostspecific, specific, Furthermore space (Chiroptera >1 (Brazil >

RESUMO Moscas estréblidas (Diptera: Streblidae) são insetos hematófagos e parasitas encontrados apenas sobre morcegos (Chiroptera). As cavernas são abrigos importantes para morcegos, mas, apesar de abrigarem alta riqueza desses mamíferos, são relativamente poucos os estudos focados na ecologia e biologia de moscas estréblidas em ambientes cavernícolas, especialmente na Amazônia, o maior domínio no norte do Brasil, com >140 espécies de morcegos e milhares de cavernas. Para preencher algumas das lacunas na distribuição geográfica e nas relações interespecíficas de moscas estréblidas na região, amostramos morcegos cavernícolas em seis cavernas na Floresta Nacional de Carajás, uma área protegida no estado do Pará. Treze das 14 espécies de moscas estréblidas encontradas são novos registros para Carajás, com três novos registros para o Pará e dois para a região norte do Brasil. Nycterophilia fairchildi foi registrada pela primeira vez no Brasil. A maioria das espécies de moscas foi hospedeiro-específica; entretanto, N. fairchildi, Trichobius caecus e T. johnsonae foram menos específicas, parasitando diferentes espécies de morcegos do gênero Pteronotus. O comportamento gregário das espécies de Pteronotus e a distribuição espacial de suas colônias dentro das cavernas podem ser fatores importantes na troca de moscas entre hospedeiros congêneres e merecem atenção especial em estudos futuros. Adicionalmente, estudos sobre redes de interação ecológica entre morcegos e suas moscas ectoparasitas em cavernas serão úteis para uma compreensão mais ampla de como essa relação se estrutura no tempo e no espaço, bem como sobre o seu impacto, tanto sobre os morcegos como sobre as moscas. Diptera (Diptera Streblidae Chiroptera. Chiroptera . (Chiroptera) mas mamíferos Amazônia Brasil 140 >14 Carajás 1 hospedeiroespecífica hospedeiro específica hospedeiro-específica entretanto N T específicas futuros Adicionalmente espaço impacto (Chiroptera >1 >

Resumen El Bosque seco Tropical (BsT) del Valle del Cauca está sometido a fuertes presiones, sin embargo, es un ecosistema en el que se generan procesos importantes para la conservación de la diversidad biológica, mantenimiento de estructura y función de los ecosistemas, producción de alimentos y economía, como la polinización. Entre los polinizadores destacan los murciélagos, cuyas relaciones han sido poco estudiadas en este contexto, por lo tanto, se buscó identificar las interacciones entre plantas y murciélagos con alto consumo de néctar en diez remanentes de BsT del departamento. Para esto se realizaron capturas de quirópteros nectarívoros-polinívoros y la toma de cargas polínicas en pelaje y heces. Se encontraron seis especies de murciélagos y 77 especies vegetales en interacción, las cuales formaron una red de topología modular, con dos especies animales generalistas que representaron casi el 80 % de las interacciones. El modelamiento de robustez de la red frente a la perdida de especies (extinciones secundarias) indicó que fue robusto a la pérdida de especies especialistas, pero demostró fragilidad a la eliminación de los nodos generalistas, principalmente para murciélagos. Es necesario implementar estrategias de conservación para el BsT que consideren especies de murciélagos polinizadores y plantas nativas que contribuyen al mantenimiento del ecosistema y de los servicios ecosistémicos derivados.

Abstract The Tropical Dry Forest (TDF) of Valle del Cauca is subject to strong pressures, however, it is an ecosystem in which important processes are generated for the biological diversity conservation, maintenance of structure and function of ecosystems, food production and economy, such as pollination. Among the pollinators, bats stand out, whose relationships have been little studied in this context, therefore, we sought to identify the interactions between plants and bats with high nectar consumption in ten remnants of TDF in the department. For this, nectarivorous-polynivorous bats were captured and pollen loads were taken in fur and feces. Six species of bats and 77 plant species were found interacting, which formed a network of modular topology, with two animal species of generalistsrepresenting almost 80 % of the interactions. The modeling of network robustness to species loss (secondary extinctions) indicated that it was robust to the loss of specialist species, but showed fragility to the elimination of generalist nodes, mainly for bats. It is necessary to implement conservation strategies for TDF that consider species of pollinating bats and native plants that contribute to the maintenance of the ecosystem and derived ecosystem services.