ABSTRACT: This study adopted a more macroscopic perspective to focus on the issue of rural poverty in China. By selecting indicators reflecting various levels of poverty recurrence, considering risk factors across multiple dimensions, and employing advanced methods, we constructed a novel China Rural Poverty Recurrence Risk Index. We utilized a Markov switching model to delve into the mechanisms of poverty recurrence. Building upon this foundation, we developed an advanced poverty recurrence risk early warning system using a convolutional neural network-long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) model. The system is optimized through mechanism-based predictions to better capture the dynamic changes in poverty recurrence. Empirical results demonstrated that the integrated dynamic monitoring and early warning system have significantly effective outcomes in addressing the recurrence of rural poverty. ABSTRACT dimensions methods Index foundation networklong network long shortterm short term CNNLSTM CNN LSTM (CNN-LSTM mechanismbased mechanism based

RESUMO: Este estudo adota uma perspectiva mais macroscópica para focar na questão da pobreza rural na China. Ao selecionar indicadores que refletem vários níveis de recorrência da pobreza, considerando factores de risco em múltiplas dimensões e empregando métodos avançados, construímos um novo indice de risco de recorrência da pobreza rural na China. Utilizamos um modelo de mudança de Markov para aprofundar os mecanismos de recorrência da pobreza. Com base nisso, desenvolvemos um sistema avançado de alerta precoce de risco de recorrência de pobreza usando um modelo de memória de longo e curto prazo de rede neural convolucional (CNN-LSTM). O sistema é optimizado através de previsões baseadas em mecanismos para melhor captar as mudanças dinâmicas na recorrência da pobreza. Os resultados empíricos demonstram que o sistema integrado de monitorização dinâmica e de alerta precoce tem resultados significativamente eficazes na abordagem da recorrência da pobreza rural. RESUMO China avançados nisso CNNLSTM. CNNLSTM CNN LSTM . (CNN-LSTM) (CNN-LSTM

BiOCl/KBiO3 p-n heterostructures with hierarchical mesoporous architectures were successfully synthesized via a facile in situ method. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) results indicate the formation of heterojunctions between BiOCl and KBiO3. The photocatalytic performance of the as-prepared samples was investigated by the degradation of dye Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation. BiOCl/KBiO3 composite has never been used to photodegrade the RhB which is a common dye and very difficult to degrade. The results demonstrated that KBiO3 combined with proper amount of BiOCl nanosheets exhibited high efficiency in the photocatalytic process, and BiOCl/KBiO3 with the molar ratio of 70/30 demonstrated the highest photocatalytic activity due to its large surface area, excellent charge separation characteristics and the suppressed recombination of electron-hole pairs. The results of active species detection reveal that the superoxide radical anions (O2-), hydroxyl free radicals (·OH), photogenerated holes (h+) and photogenerated electrons (e-) reactive species work together for the photocatalytic degradation of RhB. A possible and new mechanism of photocatalysis that differs from other teams was also explored and proposed. The present study will benefit the development of the new p-n heterojunction photocatalysts and would be of great importance to meet ever-increasing environmental demands in the future. BiOClKBiO3 BiOClKBiO KBiO BiOCl/KBiO pn p n method Xray X ray XRD, XRD , (XRD) XPS (XPS SEM (SEM asprepared as prepared (RhB irradiation degrade process 7030 70 30 70/3 area electronhole hole pairs O2, O2 O (O2-) ·OH, OH ·OH (·OH) h+ h (h+ e (e- proposed everincreasing ever increasing future (XRD 703 7 3 70/ (O2- (·OH (h (e (O2 (O

ABSTRACT Purpose: Myopia, or nearsightedness, is one of the most common eye conditions worldwide. However, a comparison of the effectiveness of different laser-assisted interventions is lacking. Thus, we aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of LASIK and IntraLASIK in addressing myopia. Methods: The study was conducted in two ophthalmology clinics in Beijing, China, in 2022. A total of 84 patients (152 eyes) with different degrees of myopia were examined and underwent LASIK (n=46, 80 eyes) or IntraLASIK (n=38, 72 eyes). Keratometry, corneal topography, pachymetry, visual acuity evaluation, and corneal biomechanical analysis were performed before and after the intervention. Results: IntraLASIK produced more precise flaps than LASIK, with deviations of <8 mm and 0.1 mm from the intended thickness and diameter, respectively. LASIK resulted in nonuniform flaps, with thickness deviations of 5-86 mm. IntraLASIK demonstrated a superior efficacy for patients with severe myopia and thin corneas, with a mean spherical equivalent of 0.9 D at 6 months compared to the 1.4 D for LASIK. Approximately 91% and 83% of the patients with mild to moderate and severe myopia, respectively, achieved results within ± 0.49 D from the refractive target with IntraLASIK. Conclusions: Corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor decreased with an increase in laser intensity, and they decreased faster with thinner corneas. Thus, IntraLASIK is more useful than LASIK in patients with thin corneas and severe myopia. Purpose Myopia nearsightedness worldwide However laserassisted assisted lacking Thus Methods Beijing China 2022 8 152 (15 eyes n=46, n46 n 46 (n=46 n=38, n38 38 (n=38 7 eyes. . Keratometry topography pachymetry evaluation intervention Results < 01 0 1 0. diameter respectively 586 5 86 5-8 09 9 14 4 1. 91 83 049 49 0.4 Conclusions intensity 202 15 (1 n=46 n4 (n=4 n=38 n3 3 (n=3 58 5- 04 20 ( n=4 (n= n=3 2 n= (n

ABSTRACT: Based on the data of China’s overseas arable land investment in 47 countries along the “Belt and Road”, the Tobit model is used to analyze the effects of cultural distance and friendship cities on the production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment. This study provided theoretical basis and empirical support for promoting China’s agricultural “going abroad” and improving the production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment. The results show that differences in cultural distance, power distance and the degree of uncertainty avoidance have significant positive effects on the production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment, and differences in individualism have a significant negative effect on the production rates. Friendship city has a positive but insignificant effect on the production rates, meanwhile, it also weaken the positive impact of cultural distance on production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment. The proportion of joint ventures with host country, the economic level and institutional environment of the host country will all have an impact on the production rates. Finally, recommendations are proposed to promote the production rates of contracted arable land, such as focusing on the positive role of cultural distance, establishing friendship cities, and investing host countries with high potential precisely. ABSTRACT Chinas China s 4 Belt Road, Road , Road” going abroad meanwhile Finally precisely

RESUMO: Com base nos dados do investimento da China em terras aráveis no exterior em 47 países ao longo do “Cinturão e Rota”, o modelo Tobit é utilizado para analisar os efeitos da distância cultural e das cidades amigas nas taxas de produção de terras aráveis contratadas no investimento da China em terras aráveis no exterior. Os resultados mostram que as diferenças na distância cultural, na distância de poder e no grau de prevenção de incertezas têm efeitos positivos significativos sobre as taxas de produção de terras aráveis contratadas no investimento em terras aráveis no exterior da China, e as diferenças no individualismo têm um efeito negativo significativo sobre as taxas de produção. As cidades amigas têm um efeito positivo, mas insignificante, sobre as taxas de produção, enquanto estas podem enfraquecer o impacto positivo da distância cultural sobre as taxas de produção de terras aráveis contratadas no investimento em terras aráveis no exterior da China. A proporção de investimento cooperativo entre a China e o país anfitrião, o nível econômico e o ambiente institucional do país anfitrião terão um impacto sobre as taxas de produção. Por fim, são propostas recomendações para promover as taxas de produção das terras aráveis contratadas, tais como a concentração no papel positivo da distância cultural, a criação de cidades da amizade e o investimento em países de acolhimento com elevado potencial. RESUMO 4 Cinturão Rota, Rota , Rota” insignificante fim potencial

ABSTRACT: China is the biggest muskmelon producing country across the world. Extreme application of fertilizer during planting of muskmelon poses a serious threat to the environment and food safety, so how to promote farmers to use organic fertilizer has become an important topic. This study creatively introduced green awareness into the extended framework of theory of planned behavior to explore the decisive factors of muskmelon farmers’ behavior intention to apply green organic fertilizer. The structural equation model is used for investigating behavior intention of 543 muskmelon farmers in Leting County, China. The results suggested that both subjective norm and green awareness can affect muskmelon farmers’ behavior intention positively and significantly. When the subjective norm increases by 1 standard deviation, the farmers’ intention increases by 1.028 standard deviation; for every 1 standard deviation increase in green awareness, the farmers’ intention increased by 0.703 standard deviation. ABSTRACT world safety topic 54 County significantly 1028 028 1.02 0703 0 703 0.70 5 102 02 1.0 070 70 0.7 10 1. 07 7 0.

RESUMO: A China é o maior país produtor de melão em todo o mundo. A aplicação extrema de fertilizantes durante o plantio de melão representa uma séria ameaça ao meio ambiente e à segurança alimentar, portanto, como promover os agricultores a usar fertilizante orgânico verde tornou-se um tópico importante. Este estudo introduziu criativamente a consciência verde no quadro estendido da teoria do comportamento, planejado para explorar os fatores decisivos da intenção dos agricultores de melão de aplicar fertilizante orgânico verde. O modelo de equações estruturais é usado para investigar a intenção de comportamento de 543 agricultores de melão no Condado de Leting, China. Os resultados sugerem que tanto a norma subjetiva quanto a consciência verde podem afetar positiva e significativamente o comportamento dos produtores de melão. Quando a norma subjetiva aumenta em 1, o desvio padrão, a intenção do agricultor aumenta em 1,028 desvio padrão. Para cada aumento de 1 desvio padrão na consciência verde, a intenção dos agricultores aumentou em 0,703 desvio padrão. RESUMO mundo alimentar portanto tornouse tornou se importante 54 Leting 1028 028 1,02 0703 0 703 0,70 5 102 02 1,0 070 70 0,7 10 07 7 0,

This research aims to develop a precise and efficient dispersive solid-phase microextraction (DSPE) technique using third-generation polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer-grafted nanoparticles to quantify benzoylurea pesticides in green tea, black tea, and oolong tea infusions. The extraction efficiency is optimized through single-factor adjustments of key parameters, including adsorbent quantity (5-20 mg), adsorption duration (5-20 min), desorbent identity (methanol, acetonitrile), volume (100-600 μL), sodium chloride concentration (0-10%, m/v), and sample solution pH (3-8). The optimized method demonstrates linearity in the range of 2-500 μg L-1, with limits of detection (LODs) ranging from 0.6-1.5 μg L-1 and limits of quantification (LOQs) from 2.0 5.0 μg L-1. Recovery rates of 81.2-96.0% are achieved, with intra-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.4-2.8% and inter-day relative standard deviations of 2.0-3.9%, indicating high accuracy and repeatability. The successful application of detecting residues in commercial tea samples underscores the strong potential of the technique to determine benzoylurea analyte levels. solidphase solid phase DSPE (DSPE thirdgeneration third generation PAMAM (PAMAM dendrimergrafted dendrimer grafted infusions singlefactor single factor parameters 520 5 20 (5-2 mg, mg , mg) min, min min) methanol, methanol (methanol acetonitrile, acetonitrile acetonitrile) 100600 100 600 (100-60 μL, μL μL) 010%, 010 0 10%, 10 (0-10% m/v, mv m/v m v m/v) 38. 38 3 8 . (3-8) 2500 2 500 2-50 L1, L1 L 1, 1 LODs (LODs 0.61.5 0615 0.6 1.5 6 0.6-1. L- LOQs (LOQs 2. 50 5. L1. 1. 81.296.0% 812960 81.2 96.0% 81 96 81.2-96.0 achieved intraday intra day RSDs (RSDs 1.42.8% 1428 1.4 2.8% 4 1.4-2.8 interday inter 2.03.9%, 2039 3.9%, 9 2.0-3.9% repeatability levels 52 (5- 10060 60 (100-6 010% 01 10% (0-10 (3-8 250 2-5 61 0.61. 061 06 0. 15 0.6-1 296 81.296.0 81296 812 81. 960 96.0 81.2-96. 42 1.42.8 142 14 28 2.8 1.4-2. 03 2.03.9% 203 39 3.9% 2.0-3.9 (5 1006 (100- (0-1 (3- 25 2- 0.61 0.6- 29 81.296. 8129 96. 81.2-96 1.42. 1.4-2 2.03.9 3.9 2.0-3. ( (100 (0- (3 81.296 81.2-9 1.42 1.4- 2.03. 3. 2.0-3 (10 (0 81.29 81.2- 2.03 2.0- (1

The recycle and utilization of expired drugs is a challenge for many countries at present. The employment of expired drugs as green corrosion inhibitors is expected to address both drug recycling and corrosion prevention issues, with significant economic and environmental value. Herein, the individually and combination corrosion inhibition performance of expired amoxicillin (AMC) and penicillin V potassium tablets (PVP) for lowcarbon steel in 20% acetic acid solution containing 600 mg L-1 chloride ion are evaluated by electrochemistry and weight loss method. Both the AMC and PVP present the mixed-type corrosion inhibitors mainly affect the cathode process when used individually. The optimum inhibition efficiency is 61.22% (AMC) and 79.21% (PVP), which all appear in 5.0 × 10-3 mol L-1. The AMC and PVP are adsorbed on the steel surface by mixed physisorption and chemisorption, which are consistent with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The corrosion inhibition rate drops sharply when AMC and PVP are combined use with a close mole ratio. But a small amount of PVP significantly enhance the corrosion inhibition effect of AMC, the corrosion inhibition rate from 61.22 to 79.72%. The corrosion inhibition rate of AMC and PVP combination inhibitor decreased with the increase of temperature. issues value Herein (AMC (PVP 20 60 L1 L 1 L- method mixedtype type 6122 61 22 7921 79 21 79.21 PVP, , 50 5 0 5. 103 10 3 10- L1. 1. chemisorption isotherm ratio 61.2 7972 72 79.72% temperature 2 6 612 792 7 79.2 61. 797 79.72 79. 79.7

ABSTRACT The quality of fruit can be quickly and accurately assessed using bio-impedance spectroscopy, but no comprehensive studies have been conducted on how the detection conditions affect their bio-electrical properties. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the effects of sample volume, sample temperature, probe depth and probe distance on the bio-electrical properties of apples and uses a controlled bi-variable method to determine the optimal parameter settings, thus providing researchers with reliable references. Two different measurement methods, the spike method and the contact method, are used to measure the electrical properties of apples under various conditions and to compare the results. It is verified that the effects of sample volume, temperature, probe depth, and probe distance on bio-electrical properties follow physical laws when using the spike method. The contact method, however, is prone to errors and is not suitable for large-scale samples. The optimal conditions for the spike method, determined by a bi-variable approach, are sample volume of 20 cm3 (5 × 2 × 2 cm), probe distance of 2.5 cm at 1 kHz and 1 cm at 20 kHz, and probe depth of 1 cm. bioimpedance bio impedance spectroscopy bioelectrical Accordingly temperature bivariable bi variable settings references methods results however largescale large scale samples approach 5 ( cm, , cm) 25 2.

RESUMO A qualidade das frutas pode ser avaliada de forma rápida e precisa usando a espectroscopia de impedância bioelétrica, mas não foram realizados estudos abrangentes sobre como as condições de detecção afetam suas propriedades bioelétricas. Assim, este estudo visa investigar os efeitos do volume da amostra, temperatura da amostra, profundidade da sonda e distância da sonda nas propriedades bioelétricas das maçãs e usar um método de controle bivariável para determinar as configurações ideais dos parâmetros, fornecendo assim referências confiáveis para os pesquisadores. Dois métodos de medição, o método de impulso e o método de contato, foram usados para medir as propriedades elétricas das maçãs sob várias condições e comparar os resultados. Foi verificado que os efeitos do volume da amostra, temperatura, profundidade da sonda e distância da sonda nas propriedades bioelétricas seguem leis físicas ao usar o método de pulso. No entanto, o método de contato é propenso a erros e não é adequado para amostras em grande escala. As condições ideais para o método de impulso, determinadas por uma abordagem bivariável, são volume de amostra de 20 cm3 (5 × 2 × 2 cm), distância da sonda de 2.5 cm a 1 kHz e 1 cm a 20 kHz, e profundidade da sonda de 1 cm. bioelétrica Assim parâmetros pesquisadores medição resultados pulso entanto escala 5 ( cm, , cm) 25 2.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to explore the friction force on potatoes in the process of potato-soil separation, its influencing factors and laws, and establish a testing system of potato-friction force. It was verified that the potato mass, crank speed, and sieve inclination significantly affected the potato’s friction force along the sieve surface. The interaction of potato mass and crank speed had the greatest effect on the friction force on the potato along the sieve surface. In addition, under the same factors of potato mass of 200~400 g, crank speed of 200 r min-1, and sieve inclination of 14.7°, the friction force of potato along the sieve surface with soil was much greater than that along the sieve surface without soil, ranging between 2.32 and 4.85. potatosoil separation laws potatofriction potatos s addition 200400 400 200~40 g 20 min1, min1 min 1, 1 min-1 147 14 7 14.7° 232 2 32 2.3 485 4 85 4.85 20040 40 200~4 min- 14.7 23 3 2. 48 8 4.8 2004 200~ 14. 4.

RESUMO O presente estudo visou investigar a força de atrito durante o processo de separação da batata do solo, bem como os fatores e padrões que influenciam essa força, além de estabelecer um sistema de teste para medir a força de atrito das batatas. Verificou-se que a massa da batata, a velocidade da manivela e a inclinação da peneira têm um impacto significativo na força de atrito ao longo da superfície da peneira. A interação entre a massa da batata e a velocidade da manivela tem o maior impacto na força de atrito ao longo da superfície da peneira. Além disso, sob os mesmos fatores - massa da batata entre 200-400 g, velocidade da manivela em 200 r min-1 e ângulo inclinado da peneira em 14.7°, a força de atrito das batatas ao longo da superfície com o solo é muito maior do que ao longo da superfície sem solo, variando entre 2,32 e 4,85. Verificouse Verificou se disso 200400 400 200-40 g 20 min1 min 1 min- 147 14 7 14.7° 232 2 32 2,3 485 4 85 4,85 20040 40 200-4 14.7 23 3 2, 48 8 4,8 2004 200- 14. 4,

A series of novel thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their biological ability. 2-Amino-4,7-dihydro-5H-thieno[2,3-d]pyrano-3-cyanonitrile was synthesized by Gewald reaction using pyranone as substrate, malonitrile and sulfur powder as raw materials and triethylamine as base at room temperature. Subsequent amination with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMF-DMA) gave N'-(3-cyano-4,7-dihydro-5H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylmethanimidamide. In this article, the 23 thieno[2,3-d] pyrimidines were obtained by Dimroth rearrangement condensation with different anilines, 16 of them being new compounds. Meanwhile, all compounds were assessed for breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line bioactivity with paclitaxel (PTX) as the positive control, and all compounds in the series showed inhibitory effects on breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231. The IC50 of compound l against MDA-MB-231 is 27.6 μM, which is similar to that of PTX with an IC50 of 29.3 μM. This means that compound l exhibits comparable inhibitory activity to PTX in MDA-MB-231 cells and may be considered as a potential anti-MDA-MB-231 inhibitor. thieno2,3dpyrimidine thieno23dpyrimidine thienodpyrimidine thieno 2,3 d pyrimidine 2 3 designed ability 2Amino4,7dihydro5Hthieno2,3dpyrano3cyanonitrile 2Amino47dihydro5Hthieno23dpyrano3cyanonitrile AminodihydroHthienodpyranocyanonitrile Amino 4,7 dihydro 5H pyrano cyanonitrile 4 7 H substrate temperature N,Ndimethylformamide NNdimethylformamide N,N dimethylformamide N DMFDMA DMF DMA (DMF-DMA N3cyano4,7dihydro5Hthieno2,3cpyran2ylN,Ndimethylmethanimidamide. N3cyano47dihydro5Hthieno23cpyran2ylNNdimethylmethanimidamide NcyanodihydroHthienocpyranylNNdimethylmethanimidamide cyano c pyran yl dimethylmethanimidamide. dimethylmethanimidamide N'-(3-cyano-4,7-dihydro-5H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylmethanimidamide article thieno2,3d thieno23d thienod thieno[2,3-d anilines 1 Meanwhile MDAMB231 MDAMB MDA MB 231 MDA-MB-23 (PTX control MDAMB231. 231. IC IC5 276 27 6 27. μM 293 29 29. antiMDAMB231 antiMDAMB anti anti-MDA-MB-23 inhibitor thieno2 3dpyrimidine dpyrimidine 2, 2Amino4 7dihydro5Hthieno2 3dpyrano3cyanonitrile Hthieno dpyrano 47 4, Ndimethylformamide NN N3cyano4 3cpyran2ylN Ndimethylmethanimidamide cpyran ylN N3cyano4,7dihydro5Hthieno2,3cpyran2ylN,Ndimethylmethanimidamide ylNNdimethylmethanimidamide 3d MDAMB23 MDA-MB-2 antiMDAMB23 anti-MDA-MB-2 2Amino dihydroHthieno 7dihydro5Hthieno dpyranocyanonitrile Ncyano N3cyano cpyranylN MDAMB2 MDA-MB- antiMDAMB2 anti-MDA-MB- MDA-MB anti-MDA-MB

ABSTRACT Although faba-bean (Vicia faba L.) is not a major crop in China, many farmers like to cultivate faba-bean in autumn as a fresh food or animal feed for next spring. However, no herbicides are available to control weeds in the faba-bean fields. Although prosulfocarb is a candidate herbicide, some farmers have reported that prosulfocarb can often cause harm to faba-bean. Our laboratory experiment results revealed that Tongcanxian No. 6, a faba-bean cultivar with large seeds, showed the lowest level of growth inhibition and Qidou No. 2, a faba-bean cultivar with small seeds, showed the highest level of growth inhibition when treated with 3960 and 7920 g ai ha-1 prosulfocarb. The growth inhibition rate of faba-bean was 0% when 3960 and 7920 g ai ha-1 prosulfocarb was sprayed within 6 d after sowing, indicating that prosulfocarb treatment should be applied as soon as possible after sowing. When the temperature exceeded 20 °C and soil moisture content exceeded 20%, it might have aggravated the phytotoxicity of ‘Tongcanxian No. 6’ and ‘Qidou No. 2’ caused by prosulfocarb. Two round of field experiments showed visually that the control effect of 3960 g ai ha-1 prosulfocarb on the total weeds exceeded 90% and safe to faba-bean at the same time. This study indicated that prosulfocarb can be safely used in faba-bean fields by improving agronomic methods, which can also provide a reference for weed management in faba-bean fields worldwide.

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a persistente demanda do Uruguai para tornar mais flexível a regra do Mercosul de negociar acordos comerciais preferenciais (ACPs) com terceiros países em conjunto, com vistas a identificar: (1) os fatores que impulsionaram esta proposta; e (2) os limites que ela encontrou. O principal argumento proposto é que além das conjunturas políticas, tanto os impulsos quanto os limites respondem a combinações de fatores econômicos e políticos que são bastante estruturais. Portanto, na ausência de mudanças nas posições de seus parceiros no bloco, que o Uruguai certamente não controla, há uma tendência para o statu quo. Para sustentar o argumento, em nível empírico, analisamos primeiramente a evolução histórica do Mercosul e suas relações externas. Em segundo lugar, analisamos a situação atual, marcada pelos esforços do governo uruguaio para assinar um ACP bilateral com seu principal parceiro comercial, a China. Resumo ACPs (ACPs conjunto identificar 1 (1 proposta 2 (2 encontrou políticas estruturais Portanto bloco controla quo empírico externas lugar atual comercial China (

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to analyze Uruguay's persistent demand to make Mercosur's rule of negotiating preferential trade agreements (PTAs) with third countries jointly more flexible, with a view to identifying: (1) the factors that have driven this proposal; and (2) the limits it has encountered. The main argument proposed is that beyond political conjunctures, both the impulses and the limits respond to combinations of economic and political factors that are rather structural. Therefore, in the absence of changes in the positions of its partners in the bloc, which Uruguay certainly does not control, there is a tendency towards the statu quo. In order to support the argument, at the empirical level, we first analyze the historical evolution of Mercosur and its external relations. Secondly, we delve into the current situation, marked by the Uruguayan government's efforts to sign a bilateral PTA with its main trading partner, China. Abstract Uruguays s Mercosurs PTAs (PTAs flexible identifying 1 (1 proposal 2 (2 encountered conjunctures structural Therefore bloc control quo level relations Secondly situation governments government partner China (

Resumen: Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el persistente reclamo de Uruguay de flexibilizar la disposición de Mercosur para negociar acuerdos de comercio preferencial (ACP) con terceros países de forma conjunta, con miras a identificar: (1) los factores que han impulsado este planteo; y (2) los límites que ha encontrado. El argumento principal propuesto es que más allá de las coyunturas políticas, tanto los impulsos como los límites responden a combinaciones de factores económicos y políticos más bien estructurales. Por ende, en ausencia de cambios en las posiciones de sus socios del bloque, que por cierto Uruguay no controla, se constata una tendencia hacia el statu quo. Para sostener el argumento, a nivel empírico se analiza en primer lugar la evolución histórica de Mercosur y sus relaciones externas. Y, en segundo lugar, se profundiza en la coyuntura actual, signada por los esfuerzos del gobierno uruguayo de firmar un ACP bilateral con su principal socio comercial, China. Resumen (ACP conjunta identificar 1 (1 planteo 2 (2 encontrado políticas estructurales ende bloque controla quo externas Y actual comercial China (

Resumen Objetivo: este artículo estudia la relación entre la demanda turística y el crecimiento económico, el tipo de cambio real y la incertidumbre de política económica (EPU, por sus siglas en inglés) en Australia, China, Francia, Alemania, Italia, Japón, España, Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido. Metodología: se aplicaron pruebas de dependencia transversal, de raíz unitaria y de cointegración. El modelo de largo plazo se estimó con los siguientes métodos: PCSE, FGLS y FMOLS. Resultados: los resultados muestran una relación positiva entre el crecimiento económico y el tipo de cambio real respecto a la demanda turística. En el largo plazo, la relación de causalidad es de la incertidumbre, el tipo de cambio y el PIB al turismo. Se valida la hipótesis de retroalimentación. Limitaciones: la disponibilidad de datos. Originalidad: estudia la influencia conjunta del crecimiento económico y la EPU sobre la demanda de turismo en los países de los principales destinos mundiales de turismo internacional según los ingresos turísticos internacionales. Conclusiones: se sugiere que el turismo impulsará el crecimiento económico general, y de manera correspondiente la inversión en otros sectores de la economía también influirá en un aumento del turismo.

Abstract Objective: to study the relationship among tourism demand and economic growth, real exchange rate, and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) in Australia China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Methodology: cross-section dependence, unit root, and cointegration tests were applied. The long-term model was estimated according to the Panel-Corrected Standard Error (PCSE), Feasible Generalised Least Squares (FGLS), and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS). Results: the results show a positive relationship between economic growth and the real exchange rate concerning tourism demand. In the long term, the causality relationship is from uncertainty, exchange rate, and GDP to tourism. The feedback hypothesis is validated. Limitations: availability of data. Originality: it studies the joint influence of economic growth and the EPU on demand for tourism in the countries of the world’s leading destinations for international tourism according to international tourist income. Conclusions: tourism will drive general economic growth and, correspondingly, investment in other sectors of the economy will also influence an increase in tourism.

Abstract This article aims to examine the evolution of China’s foreign policy from the adoption of the “peaceful rise” policy to the present one which stems from the concept of the “Chinese dream” presented by Xi Jinping. The analysis is carried out in the light of major traditional international relations theories and introduces the doctrine underpinning the “Chinese dream” known as Tianxia. It finds that western traditional doctrine lacks rigorous consideration of Asian historical and cultural singularities that prevent them from fully explaining the international actions of the People’s Republic of China. In particular, China’s increasing assertiveness in its international relations along with its economic, military and technological advances, as well as the military conflicts in Ukraine and Israel, have exacerbated differences with the West. It is imperative to provide diplomacy with tools to assess the international context and the opposing positions of the West and the PRC that considers a theoretical framework that incorporates elements such as Tianxia, not as a substitute for Western tradition frameworks of analysis, but to enrich them. This is particularly true for the defense and projection of the interests of developing countries, which will require extensive diplomatic skills to navigate this complex context effectively as proactive players rather than bystanders in the international arena.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo examinar la evolución de la política exterior china desde la adopción de la política del “ascenso pacífico” hasta la actual, basada en el concepto del “sueño chino” expuesto por Xi Jinping. El análisis se lleva a cabo a la luz de las principales teorías de relaciones internacionales tradicionales e introduce la doctrina que sustenta al “sueño chino” conocida como Tianxia. Se encuentra que la doctrina occidental tradicional carece de una consideración rigurosa de las aristas históricas y culturales asiáticas y esto le impide explicar plenamente el comportamiento internacional de la República Popular China (RPC). En particular, la creciente asertividad de China en sus relaciones internacionales junto a sus avances económicos, militares y tecnológicos, así como los conflictos militares en Ucrania e Israel, han exacerbado las diferencias con Occidente. Es imperativo dotar a la diplomacia de herramientas que permitan valorar el contexto internacional y las posiciones contrapuestas entre Occidente y la RPC a partir de un marco teórico que incorpore elementos como el Tianxia, no en sustitución de los esquemas de análisis de tradición occidental, sino en adhesión, para enriquecerlos. Esto es particularmente cierto, para la defensa y proyección de los intereses de los países en desarrollo, los cuales requerirán de amplias destrezas diplomáticas para navegar este complejo contexto de manera efectiva, como actores proactivos y no espectadores en la arena internacional.

Abstract Introduction: This document offers an approach to the primary challenges and vulnerabilities of liberal globalization, stemming from the tensions generated by China's growing influence in strategic sectors and the relative decoupling process undertaken by Western powers. Objective: The objective is to understand how and why global supply chains, particularly those related to semiconductors, have emerged as the new geopolitical battleground between Western powers and China. Methodology: The analysis is based on a systematic review of various sources that address the current risks facing global supply chains for the development of key technologies in the competition between major powers. Conclusions: The article concludes that the geopolitics of global supply chains and the securitization of China reveal an exhausted economic globalization system undergoing transformation, which no longer appears to serve the interests of Western powers.

Resumo Introdução: O documento propõe uma abordagem aos principais desafios e vulnerabilidades da globalização liberal, em decorrência das tensões geradas pelo protagonismo chinês em setores estratégicos e o relativo processo de desacoplamento empreendido por potências ocidentais. Objetivo: O objetivo é entender como e por que as cadeias globais de suprimento, particularmente as de semicondutores, se tornaram o novo campo de batalha geopolítica entre potências ocidentais e a China. Metodologia:A análise é baseada em uma revisão sistemática de diversas fontes que abordam os riscos atuais das cadeias globais de suprimento para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias-chave na competição entre as grandes potências. Conclusões: O artigo conclui que a geopolítica das cadeias globais de suprimento e a securitização da China revelam um sistema de globalização econômica esgotado em processo de transformação, que parece não mais responder aos interesses das potências ocidentais.

Resumen Introducción: el documento plantea una aproximación a los principales desafíos y vulnerabilidades de la globalización liberal a raíz de las tensiones que ha generado el protagonismo chino en sectores estratégicos y el relativo proceso de desacoplamiento emprendido por potencias occidentales. Objetivo: el objetivo es entender cómo y por qué las cadenas globales de suministro, particularmente de los semiconductores, se han convertido en el nuevo campo de batalla geopolítica entre potencias occidentales y China. Metodología: el análisis se sustenta en una sistemática revisión documental de diversas fuentes que abordan los riesgos actuales de las cadenas de suministro globales para el desarrollo de tecnologías claves en la competencia entre las grandes potencias. Conclusiones: el artículo concluye que la geopolítica de las cadenas globales de suministro y la segurización de China evidencian un sistema de globalización económica agotado en proceso de trasformación que parece ya no responder a los intereses de las potencias occidentales.