With the increase in life expectancy and the significant incidence of lesions of the musculoskeletal system, both the public and private sectors seek improvements in their products and processes in order to contribute to the health of the population. Every year tons of chicken eggshell (CES) from domestic consumption are released in environment and the present work aims the production of a synthetic ceramic bone substitute using the eggshell as a source of calcium ions. According to the methodology, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mol% of iron ions were used and the characterization assays demonstrated the formation of a double calcium iron phosphate - Ca9Fe(PO4)7. MG63 cells were cultured on test specimens to cell viability assay and to each doped group analyzed, verifying cell compatibility with the studied compounds, as well as a good adhesion profile. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the cells showed that material surface favored cell adhesion and the results demonstrated that the production of the compounds were viable to Ca9Fe(PO4)7 phase. So, in the future, it will be possible to have a final comprehensive biological compatibility of the prototype for further in vitro and in vivo assays. system population CES (CES methodology 5 10 1 2 mol Ca9FePO47. Ca9FePO47 CaFePO Ca9Fe PO4 7. 7 Ca Fe PO MG MG6 analyzed profile SEM (SEM Ca9Fe(PO4) phase So future FePO Ca9FePO4 CaFe Ca9Fe(PO4 Ca9FePO Ca9Fe(PO

ABSTRACT: The present study evaluated the effectiveness of using disposable masks in mitigating the spread of Staphylococcus aureus during the chicken cutting process in a large poultry abattoir. The identification of carriers of S. aureus and the influence of the time of use of disposable masks was carried out. Contamination of utensils and equipment by S. aureus and products by mesophilic aerobes was determined, with and without the use of masks. The efficiency of different commercial masks was evaluated against S. aureus under simulated conditions. The results revealed that 36% of workers on processing lines at the abattoirs carried S. aureus. An increase in S. aureus counts was observed in masks worn by employees for up to 3 h. The transfer of microbial load to utensils was enhanced in the absence of the mask and over time. The breast fillets evaluated showed no difference in the count of mesophilic bacteria with and without the use of masks by employees, conversely, the cuts of thigh and drumstick, thigh fillet and drumstick and wings showed a significant difference with average counts lower than 2 .96 Log CFU/g. Tests under simulated conditions demonstrated the effectiveness of commercial masks in retaining microorganisms. The test mask used by the abattoirs proved to be inefficient, allowing the passage of sprays containing S. aureus, at 6, 15 and 25 cm, with 2.53, 1.74 and 0.66 Log CFU/plate, respectively. This mask saturated, creating a barrier effect that increased contamination in the employees’ work area. ABSTRACT abattoir S out determined 36 h conversely 96 .9 CFUg CFU g CFU/g microorganisms inefficient 6 1 cm 253 53 2.53 174 74 1.7 066 0 66 0.6 CFUplate plate CFU/plate respectively saturated area 9 . 5 2.5 17 7 1. 06 0. 2.

RESUMO: O presente estudo avaliou a eficácia do uso de máscaras descartáveis na mitigação da propagação de Staphylococcus aureus durante o processo de corte de frango em um grande abatedouro de aves. Foi realizada a identificação de portadores de S. aureus e influência do tempo de uso de máscaras descartáveis. A contaminação em utensílios e equipamentos por S. aureus e produtos por aeróbios mesófilos foi determinada, com e sem uso de máscaras. A eficiência de diferentes máscaras comerciais foi avaliada contra S. aureus em condições simuladas. Os resultados revelaram que 36% dos trabalhadores das linhas de processamento no frigorífico eram portadores de S. aureus. Foi observado aumento na contagem de S. aureus em máscaras usadas pelos funcionários até 3 horas. A transferência de carga microbiana para utensílios foi potencializada na ausência da máscara e com o passar do tempo. Os filés de peito avaliados não apresentaram diferença na contagem de bactérias mesófilas com e sem o uso de máscaras pelos funcionários, por outro lado, os cortes de coxa e sobrecoxa, filé de coxa e sobrecoxa e asas apresentaram diferença significativa com contagens médias inferiores a 2,96 Log de UFC/g. Testes de condições simuladas demonstraram a eficácia das máscaras comerciais na retenção de microrganismos. A máscara teste utilizada pelo frigorífico mostrou-se ineficiente, permitindo a passagem de pulverizações contendo S. aureus, a 6, 15 e 25 cm, com 2,53, 1,74 e 0,66 Log UFC/placa, respectivamente. Essa máscara saturava, criando um efeito barreira que aumentava a contaminação na área de trabalho dos funcionários. RESUMO aves S determinada 36 horas lado 296 2 96 2,9 UFCg UFC g UFC/g microrganismos mostrouse mostrou se ineficiente 6 1 cm 253 53 2,53 174 74 1,7 066 0 66 0,6 UFCplaca placa UFC/placa respectivamente saturava 29 9 2, 5 2,5 17 7 1, 06 0,

The Cuban industry La Purísima produces sauces and dressings for the national gastronomy; but it does not have a process for the deposition of chicken eggshells, as a result, 220 kg of eggshells are dumped daily, which generate a negative impact on the environment. The research evaluates the drying of hen eggshells with protein membrane on a laboratory scale, with a view to revalorizing this waste in the production of a calcium-rich poultry feed supplement. The calcium carbonate content of the shell was determined to confirm the potential application of the residue. The drying curve and drying rate curve was obtained by experimental measurement in a drying oven under aeration at 90 °C. The calcium carbonate content of the residue was 93,33 %. The drying curve was fitted to an exponential mathematical model as a function of the drying constant and the moisture in equilibrium at a temperature of 90 °C. The drying regime of the solid presented a period of decreasing drying rate up to a moisture value of 0,021 kg of water / kg of dry solid, for lower values, this presented a deviation from the exponential function in its rate. The utilization of residual eggshells proved to be an attractive source of calcium carbonate with potential for its use in the production of feed supplement for poultry.

RESUMEN En la Industria cubana La Purísima se producen salsas y aderezos para la gastronomía nacional; pero no dispone de un proceso para la deposición de las cáscaras de huevo de gallina, como resultado, se vierten diariamente 220 kg de cáscaras que generan un impacto negativo en el medio ambiente. La investigación evalúa el secado de las cáscaras de huevo de gallina con membrana proteica a escala de laboratorio, con vistas a revalorizar este residuo en la producción de un suplemento alimenticio para aves de corral rico en calcio. Se determinó el contenido de carbonato de calcio en la cáscara para confirmar la aplicación potencial del residuo. La curva de secado y del régimen de secado se obtuvo por medición experimental en un secadero bajo aireación a 90 °C. El contenido de carbonato de calcio en el residual fue de 93,33 %. La curva de secado se ajustó a un modelo matemático exponencial en función de la constante de secado y la humedad en equilibrio a una temperatura de 90 °C. El régimen de secado del sólido presentó un período de velocidad de secado decreciente hasta un valor de humedad de 0,021 kg de agua / kg de sólido seco, para valores inferiores presentó una desviación de la función exponencial en su velocidad. El aprovechamiento de las cáscaras de huevo residuales resultó ser una fuente atractiva de carbonato de calcio con potencialidades para su utilización en la elaboración de suplemento alimenticio para aves de corral.

ABSTRACT: Studies on the effects of biochar and chicken manure on soil chemical properties and initial growth of rosewood under field conditions in the Amazon are rare; therefore, a field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of biochar, chicken manure, and mineral fertilizer on the chemical properties of the soil, nutrient concentrations in the leaves, and on the initial growth of rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora) grown in clay soil. The study was conducted in causal blocks, with five treatments (control, biochar, biochar plus chicken manure, biochar plus mineral fertilizer, and biochar plus chicken manure plus mineral fertilizer) and three replications. In general, we observed that the application of biochar and chicken manure, alone or in combination, increased soil pH, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and manganese content, as well as foliar potassium and calcium concentrations. However, despite fertilization, we did not observe significant gains in the growth of A. rosaeodora seedlings until ten months after planting. The combination of biochar and chicken manure exhibited the greatest impact, and is therefore important for soil sustainability and plant development in tropical soils.

RESUMEN: Los estudios sobre el efecto del biocarbón y el estiércol de pollo sobre las propiedades químicas del suelo y el crecimiento inicial del palo de rosa en condiciones de campo en el Amazonas son escasos, por lo que se llevó a cabo un experimento de campo para evaluar los efectos del biocarbón, el estiércol de pollo y los fertilizantes minerales sobre las propiedades químicas, propiedades del suelo, concentraciones de nutrientes en las hojas y sobre el crecimiento inicial del palo de rosa (Aniba rosaeodora) cultivado en suelo arcilloso. El estudio se realizó en bloques causales, con cinco tratamientos (testigo, biocarbón, biocarbón y gallinaza, biocarbón y fertilizante mineral, biocarbón, gallinaza y fertilizante mineral) y tres repeticiones. Observamos que, en general, la aplicación de biocarbón y estiércol de pollo, solos o en combinación, aumentó el pH del suelo, los contenidos de calcio, fósforo, zinc y manganeso, así como las concentraciones foliares de potasio y calcio. Por otro lado, a pesar de la fertilización, no observamos ganancias significativas en el crecimiento de las plántulas de A. rosaeodora hasta diez meses después de la siembra. La combinación de biocarbón y estiércol de pollo mostró el mayor impacto y, por lo tanto, es un aliado importante para la sostenibilidad del suelo y el desarrollo de las plantas en suelos tropicales.

Abstract Plant fertilization may impact directly on insect pest behavior and biology. Fertilization may be accomplished by using synthetic mineral or organic fertilizers. The effect of different doses of boiled hen chicken manure, Penergetic®, Bokashi compound and mineral fertilizer on the adult population of Bemisia tabaci and Myzus persicae on collards leaves were evaluated. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse using the treatments: Bokashi, Penergetic® bioactivator, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% of solution of boiled manure, mineral fertilization and control. The number of insects was counted directly on the leaves, and the nitrogen, potassium content, and total phenolic compound in the leaves were determined. Higher populations of Bemisia tabaci and M. persicae were observed on NPK-fertilized plants compared to other treatments. Higher levels of nitrogen foliar were found for Bokashi-fertilized plants; and higher concentrations of total phenolic compounds were found in the control. A negative correlation between total phenolics and B. tabaci was established suggesting the importance of these compounds in the species development. The results indicate the importance of the source of the fertilization for sustainable pest management.

Resumen La fertilización de las plantas puede tener un impacto directo en el comportamiento y la biología de los insectos plaga. La fertilización se puede lograr utilizando fertilizantes minerales sintéticos u orgánicos. Se evaluó el efecto de diferentes dosis de estiércol de gallina hervido, Penergetic®, compuesto Bokashi y fertilizante mineral sobre la población adulta de Bemisia tabaci y Myzus persicae en hojas de col forrajera. El experimento se realizó en invernadero utilizando los tratamientos: Bokashi, bioactivador Penergetic®, 2.5%, 5% y 7.5% de solución de estiércol hervido, fertilización mineral y el control. El número de insectos se contó directamente en las hojas, y se determinó el contenido de nitrógeno, de potasio y los compuestos fenólicos totales en las hojas. Se observaron poblaciones más altas de Bemisia tabaci y M. persicae en plantas fertilizadas con NPK en comparación con otros tratamientos. Se encontraron niveles más altos de nitrógeno foliar para las plantas fertilizadas con Bokashi; y se encontraron mayores concentraciones de compuestos fenólicos totales en el control. Se estableció una correlación negativa entre los fenólicos totales y B. tabaci, lo que sugiere la importancia de estos compuestos en el desarrollo de la especie. Los resultados indican la importancia de la fuente de fertilización para el manejo sustentable de plagas.

The Groot Aub (GA) settlement depends entirely on groundwater for domestic purposes and other development activities. Development activities are mainly agriculture, such as animal husbandry, chicken farming and crop farming using irrigation. However, these activities have the potential to contaminate the groundwater system. A total of 87 groundwater samples were collected from the boreholes in the study area during the dry and wet season. Water quality parameters (pH, salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and hydrochemistry (Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, and HCO3- > SO4(2-) > Cl-) of 5 boreholes and 1 reservoir tank were analysed. The dominant cations were attributed to cation exchange processes as a coupled exchange of Na+ + K+ replacing Ca2+; and Na+ replacing Mg²+ ions in the rock-water interactions. The HCO3- anion is attributed to underlying rich carbonate rocks in the study area and chemical reactions between groundwater and silicate minerals. TDS ranged from 639.01 to 1 998.96 mg/L. The microbial levels as indicated by heterotrophic plate count (HPC) values exceed the limits imposed by the local Namibian and WHO drinking water regulations. The Piper diagrams showed a mixed water type of mainly HCO3- and SO4(2-)anions and Na+ and Ca2+ > Mg2+ cations. The study shows that the elemental composition of the groundwater is impacted significantly by primarily anthropogenic activities and secondarily geogenic processes. Based on the results of this study it is recommended that a buffer zone be created between human activities and production boreholes to avoid further groundwater contamination.

Resumen La piña, Ananas comosus, es uno de los cultivos de mayor importancia en Costa Rica, produciendo un prominente 1,7 % del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) nacional; sin embargo, metodologías actuales para tratar los residuos de las hojas de las plantas pueden causar potenciales problemas en la salud pública debido a proliferación de moscas, además de contaminación ambiental y aporte a los gases de efecto invernadero. El objetivo del presente estudio fue la utilización del jugo de las hojas de la planta de piña para evaluar la producción de biogás en combinación con gallinaza como sustratos. Se realizaron pruebas de potencial de biometano con distintas concentraciones de jugo y gallinaza (70/30, 80/20 y 90/10), así como pruebas con cada sustrato de manera independiente. Los resultados muestran que mayores cantidades de biogás se produjeron en los sistemas con proporciones de 80/20 y 70/30. Adicionalmente, se realizó una estimación de la inversión requerida, con el fin de realizar un estudio tecno-económico mediante la metodología de Peters y Timmerhaus. Del análisis tecno-económico, se concluye que el proceso es altamente rentable, con un período de retorno de inversión de 2,3 años.

Resumen La estevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) es un endulzante no calórico natural, es más dulce que el azúcar de caña de 15 a 30 o de 200 a 300 veces en hoja y extracto, respectivamente. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el crecimiento y desarrollo de estevia con fertilización química y orgánica. Se estableció un experimento bajo un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con siete tratamientos y el testigo: T1 (humus 400 g/planta), T2 (gallinaza 300 g/planta), T3 químico (180N-60P-92K), T4 (humus + gallinaza), T5 (humus + químico), T6 (gallinaza + químico), T7 (humus + gallinaza + químico) y el testigo (sin fertilizar). Se realizaron cuatro muestreos, a los 35, 57, 79 y 99 días después del trasplante (ddt), en cada muestro se evaluó la longitud de raíz (LR), altura de planta (AP), área foliar (AF), peso seco de raíces (PSr), tallos (PSt), hojas (PSh) y total (PSTo); además, se calculó la tasa de crecimiento relativo (TCR), tasa de asimilación neta (TAN), relación de área foliar (RAF), relación de peso foliar (RPF), área foliar específica (AFE) y coeficiente de partición de biomasa (CPB) de raíz, tallo y hojas. Los resultados muestran que el tratamiento con aplicación de humus produjo la mayor AP (95.1 cm) y LR (33.5 cm) a los 99 y 79 ddt. Los tratamientos humus y gallinaza mostraron el mayor PSr (13.13 y 11.47 g), respectivamente, a los 99 ddt. El mejor tratamiento fue 400 g humus/planta + químico (180N-60P-92K), ya que se obtuvo la mayor AF (4118.7 cm2), PSt (38.4 g) y PSh (44.9 g) a los 99 ddt. En PSTo a los 99ddt todos los tratamientos fueron estadísticamente iguales pero superiores al testigo. No hubo diferencias en TRC y TAN a los 99 ddt. Como conclusión, la fertilización con fuentes individuales de humus y gallinaza generan buenos resultados y éstos se incrementan si se mezclan con fertilización química.

Summary Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a natural non-caloric sweetener, it is 15-30 or 200-300 times sweeter than cane sugar in leaf and extract, respectively. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the growth and development of stevia with chemical and organic fertilization. An experiment was established under a randomized complete block experimental design with seven treatments and the control: T1 (humus 400 g/plant), T2 (chicken manure 300 g/plant), T3 chemical (180N-60P-92K), T4 (humus + chicken manure), T5 (humus + chemical), T6 (chicken manure + chemical), T7 (humus + chicken manure + chemical) and the control (unfertilized). Four samplings were carried out at 35, 57, 79 and 99 days after transplantation (dat), in each sample the root length (RL), plant height (PH), leaf area (LA), dry weight of roots (RDW), stems (SDW), leaves (LDW) and total (TDW); were evaluated in addition, the relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR), leaf weight ratio (LWR), specific leaf area (SLA) and biomass partition coefficient (BPC) of root, stem and leaves were calculated. Results show that the treatment with humus application produced the highest PH (95.1 cm) and RL (33.5 cm) at 99 and 79 dat. The humus and chicken manure treatments showed the highest RDW (13.13 and 11.47 g), respectively, at 99 dat. The best treatment was 400 g humus/plant + chemical (180N-60P92K), as the highest LA (4118.7 cm2), SDW (38.4 g) and LDW (44.9 g) were obtained at 99 dat. In TDW at 99 dat all treatments were statistically equal but higher than the control. There were no differences in RGR and NAR at 99 dat. As a conclusion, fertilization with individual sources of humus and chicken manure generates good results and these are increased if mixed with chemical fertilization.

Abstract: This scientific article focuses on investigating the presence of Norfloxacin, a broad-spectrum anti- biotic, in chicken meat products marketed in Gran Asunción. The use of this antibiotic in human and veterinary medicine can reach the food chain, posing a risk to public health. Therefore, it is important to determine and quantify the levels of this compound in food. To carry out the study, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed as the technique. The solid-liquid extraction technique was used to isolate Norfloxacin from the samples. It was demonstrated that the method used is highly sensitive, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.9526 µg/mL and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 2.8867 µg/mL. This means that the method can detect and quantify Norfloxacin at extremely low concentrations in chicken meat samples. Additionally, the linearity of the method was established with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 99.4%. The results revealed concentrations of Norfloxacin in chicken meat ranging from 888.0512 to 7809.442 µg/Kg. These findings are relevant to the scientific community and can contribute to the generation of policies and measures to ensure food safety regarding the use of antibiotics in poultry farming.

Resumen: Este artículo científico se centra en investigar la presencia de la Norfloxacina, un antibiótico de amplio espectro, en productos de carne de pollo comercializados en la Gran Asunción. El uso de este antibiótico en medicina humana y veterinaria puede llegar a la cadena alimentaria, lo que representa un riesgo para la salud pública. Por lo tanto, es importante determinar y cuantificar los niveles de este compuesto en los alimentos. Para llevar a cabo el estudio, se empleó la técnica de cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). La técnica de extracción sólido-líquido para aislar la Norfloxacina de las muestras. Se demostró que el método utilizado es altamente sensible, con un límite de detección (LD) de 0,9526 µg/mL y un límite de cuantificación (LC) de 2,8867 µg/mL. Esto significa que el método puede detectar y cuantificar Norfloxacina en concentraciones extremadamente bajas en las muestras de carne de pollo. Además, se estableció la linealidad del método con un coeficiente de correlación (R2) del 99,4%. Los resultados revelaron concentraciones de Norfloxacina en la carne de pollo que oscilaron entre 888,0512 y 7809,442 µg/Kg. Estos hallazgos son relevantes para la comunidad científica y pueden contribuir a la generación de políticas y medidas para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria en relación con el uso de antibióticos en la cría de aves de corral.

Abstract 16. The objective of this work was to compare the growth and physicochemical parameters of the meat of broiler chickens (Gallus gallus), fed with a supplemented diet (SD) consisting of 3% pleurotin, compared to those obtained when using a traditional diet (CD). Pleurotin is the remaining material from the biodegradation of substrates such as apple pomace used to cultivate the Pleurotus ostreatus fungus. The experience lasted 48 days and in the first eight days, the birds were divided into two groups of 24 individuals, one group for each treatment. On day 12, each initial group was subdivided into four experimental units (replicates) of 6 chickens each. The growth parameters measured were total weight gain (TWG), final live weight (FLW), carcass weight (CW), average daily gain (ADG) in weight, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Physicochemical parameters such as pH, water content (WC), CIE color, total fat (TF), and fatty acid composition (FAC) were also measured. Statistical analysis was carried out through the t-Student independent samples test. FLW was on average 7.6% significantly higher with SD than with CD, however, no difference was detected in CW. The total ADG was 7.4%, significantly higher with SD while the FCR was 32.0% lower with SD than with CD. No significant differences were found in any of the meat quality parameters measured for the same piece. Despite these latest results in terms of meat quality, it is concluded that the increase found in total ADG and FLW, and an improvement in FCR values with SD favor the use of this amendment in chicken rearing. In addition, the introduction of the by-product of the juice industries of the Río Negro Valley in other production cycles, such as edible mushrooms production and a supplement for bird diets (pleurotin), promotes a circular bioeconomic mechanism.

Resumen 20. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar parámetros de crecimiento y fisicoquímicos de la carne de pollos parrilleros (Gallus gallus) alimentados con una dieta suplementada (SD) con 3% de pleurotina versus una dieta tradicional (CD). La pleurotina es el remanente de la biodegradación del sustrato (orujo de manzana) utilizado para el cultivo de Pleurotus ostreatus. La experiencia duró 48 días. A los 8 días, las aves se dividieron en dos grupos de 24 individuos, un grupo para cada tratamiento. El día 12, cada grupo se subdividió en cuatro unidades experimentales (réplicas) de 6 pollos cada una. Los parámetros de crecimiento medidos fueron: ganancia de peso total (TWG), peso vivo final (FLW), peso de la carcasa (CW), ganancia total de peso promedio diaria (ADG) y conversión alimenticia (FCR). Se midieron como parámetros fisicoquímicos: pH, contenido de agua (WC), color CIE, grasa total (TF) y composición de ácidos grasos (FAC). Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que el FLW fue en promedio 7,6% significativamente más alta con SD que con CD. La ADG total resultó 7,4%, significativamente mayor con SD. La FCR fue 32% menor con SD. No se detectó diferencia en el CW. Asimismo, no se hallaron diferencias significativas en ninguno de los parámetros de calidad medidos para la misma pieza. Se concluye que el incremento en la ADG total y la FLW y la disminución de los valores de FCR con SD, favorecería el empleo de pleurotina en la crianza de pollos. La introducción de subproductos de las industrias jugueras del Valle de Río Negro en otros ciclos productivos, como lo son la producción de hongos comestibles y de un suplemento para dietas de aves (la pleurotina), promueve un mecanismo bioeconómico circular.

Abstract Studies have underscored a growingdemand for innovative practices in the cultivation of seedlings from forest species, with a notable emphasis on the utilization of organic waste, inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and phosphate fertilization. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of organic residues, inoculation with AMF, and phosphorus on the growth and quality of Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub. seedlings. Two independent experiments were conducted. In Experiment I, treatments included inoculation with various AMF species: control (without inoculation), Clareoideoglomus etunicatum, Rhizophagus heterosporum, Rhizophagus clarum, and MIX (a combination of the three AMF species), all in conjunction with varying doses of phosphorus (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 mg kg-1 soil). In Experiment II, treatments comprised a control group (without AMF) and inoculation with Glomus clarum, Gigaspora margarita, Gigaspora albida, Clareoideoglomus etunicatum, and MIX (a combination of the four AMF species), each associated with four substrates: S1) soil + coarse sand – SCS, S2) SCS + poultry manure, S3) SCS + cattle manure, and S4) SCS + sheep manure. Peltophorum dubium seedlings exhibited heightened growth with the inoculation of R. heterosporum, R. clarum, and MIX. Positive responses were observed in seedlings when exposed to organic residues, particularly sheep manure, resulting in increased biomass production and enhanced Dickson quality index. The AMF inoculation, specifically with R. heterosporum, R. clarum, and MIX, provided optimal growth conditions for P. dubium seedlings. Remarkably, the utilization of organic residues, notably substrates with chicken manure and cattle manure, exerted substantial positive effects on both growth and quality of P. dubium seedlings. species waste , (AMF) fertilization residues Spreng. Spreng (Spreng. Taub conducted I without inoculation) etunicatum heterosporum clarum species) 0, 0 (0 60 120 180 24 kg1 kg 1 kg- soil. . soil) II margarita albida S1 S S2 S3 S4 R index P Remarkably (AMF (Spreng ( 6 12 18 2

Resumo Os trabalhos têm mostrado demanda crescente na busca de práticas para produção de mudas de espécies florestais, destacando tendências no aproveitamento de resíduos orgânicos, inoculação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) e adubação fosfatada. Objetivou-se por meio deste estudo avaliar o efeito de resíduos orgânicos, inoculação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) e fósforo no crescimento e qualidade de mudas de Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub. Dois experimentos foram realizados independentes. Para o Experimento I, os tratamentos consistiram na inoculação com as espécies de FMA: controle (sem-inoculado), Clareoideoglomus etunicatum, Rhizophagus heterosporum, Rhizophagus clarum e MIX (mistura das três espécies de FMA), todos associados a doses de fósforo (0, 60, 120, 180 e 240 mg kg-1 de solo). Para experimento II, os tratamentos consistiram em uma testemunha (sem FMA) e inoculação com Glomus clarum, Gigaspora margarita, Gigaspora albida, Clareoideoglomus etunicatum e MIX (mistura das quatro espécies de FMA), associados a quatro substrato: S1) solo + areia grossa – SCS, S2) SCS + esterco de aves, S3) SCS + esterco bovino e S4) ECS + esterco ovino. Mudas de P. dubium apresentaram maior crescimento com a inoculação de R. heterosporum, R. clarum e MIX. As mudas responderam positivamente ao uso de resíduos orgânicos, principalmente esterco ovino, aumentando a produção de biomassa e o índice de qualidade de Dickson. Mudas de P. dubium se beneficiaram da inoculação com FMA, sendo que os inóculos R. heterosporum, R. clarum e MIX proporcionaram as melhores condições de crescimento. Mudas de P. dubium responderam expressivamente no crescimento e qualidade ao uso de resíduos orgânicos, principalmente ao esterco de galinha e bovino. florestais orgânicos FMA (FMA fosfatada Objetivouse Objetivou Spreng. Spreng (Spreng. Taub independentes I seminoculado, seminoculado sem inoculado , (sem-inoculado) heterosporum mistura 0, 0 (0 60 120 18 24 kg1 kg 1 kg- solo. . solo) II margarita albida substrato S1 S S2 aves S3 S4 ovino P R Dickson (Spreng (sem-inoculado ( 6 12 2

Abstract This study compares the physicochemical characteristics of breast meat (Pectoralis major) from conventional chicken and free-range chicken production systems. Analyses of pH, instrumental color measurement, weight loss from cooking (WLC), and water retention capacity (WRC) were carried out. Average pH values were slightly higher for conventional chicken samples. WLC did not show a significant difference between conventional and free-range chicken samples. The WRC was better and higher for the free-range chicken samples than the conventional ones. The mean values for luminosity (L*) were within the normal range, with slightly higher values for conventional chicken. In chromatids a* and b*, there was a tendency towards a more reddish color for free-range chicken samples. The differences found for types of production can be explained mainly by the difference in age at slaughter, the degree of physical activity, animal feeding, among other characteristics that differentiate an animal raised by the extensive system from the intensive system. Pectoralis major freerange free range systems measurement WLC, , (WLC) (WRC out ones L* L (L* b b* slaughter activity feeding (WLC (L

Resumo Este estudo compara as características físico-químicas da carne de peito (Pectoralis major) de frangos de granja e caipiras. Foram realizadas análises de pH, medição de cor instrumental, perda de peso por cocção (PPC) e capacidade de retenção de água (CRA). Os valores médios de pH foram ligeiramente maiores para as amostras de frango de granja. PPC não apresentou diferença significativa entre as amostras de frango de granja e frango caipira. O CRA foi melhor e maior para as amostras de frango caipira do que para as amostras de frango. Os valores médios de luminosidade (L*) ficaram dentro da normalidade, com valores ligeiramente superiores para frango de granja. Nas cromátides a* e b*, houve uma tendência de coloração mais avermelhada para as amostras de frango caipira. As diferenças encontradas para os tipos de produção podem ser explicadas principalmente pela diferença de idade ao abate, grau de atividade física, alimentação do animal, entre outras características que diferenciam um animal criado pelo sistema extensivo em relação ao sistema intensivo. físicoquímicas físico químicas Pectoralis major caipiras instrumental (PPC CRA. . (CRA) L* L (L* normalidade a b b* abate física intensivo (CRA (L

Abstract Emergence of plasmid mediated colistin and extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) resistant genes has been impacted the efficacy of colistin and β-lactams drugs like 3rd, 4th generation cephalosporin. Current study was aimed to investigate antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) among Escherichia coli isolates from meat producing commercial broilers in Pakistan. Two hundred (n=200) fecal samples were collected during January-2018 to August-2019. For isolation of E. coli, pink colonies on MacConkey agar were transferred to EMB agar. Metallic sheen color colonies were tested biochemically using API-20E kit. The molecular identification of E. coli (n=153) was targeted by amplification of uid gene through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and different ARGs i.e. gentamicin, streptomycin, tetracycline, colistin, β-lactams drugs, quinolone and ampicillin followed by sequence analysis. Genotypically, followed by phenotypically of resistant ARGs of isolated PCR-confirmed E. coli (153) shoed resistant against gentamicin (aac(3)-IV), streptomycin (aadA1), tetracycline (tetA), colistine (mcr-1), ampicillin (bla-TEM) and bla-CTX-M were 86%, 88%, 86%, 88%, 83% & 77% respectively. 33/38 (86%) of the isolate was positive for quinolone resistance. Colistine (mcr-1), ESBLs (bla-TEM) and (bla-CTX-M) resistance genes were 88%, 83% and 77% respectively. About 33 isolated E. coli harbored the both mcr-1 and ESBLs genes. All of E. coli isolates were found sensitive to ceftriaxone (CTX-30) and imipenem (IMP-10). The Isolated E. coli showed single or multi clade decadency. The E. coli and ARGs sequences showed single or multi clade decadency. This is first comprehensive study from Pakistan that described the molecular evidences of ARGs and their co-existence in single isolates originated from commercial poultry. Commercial chicken (Broilers) can act as melting pot of antibiotic resistance genes for human being. It is alarming situation for surveillance of antibiotic resistance program because of more regulated prescription of antimicrobial agents in Pakistan βlactamases β lactamases ESBL (ESBL βlactams lactams 3rd rd th cephalosporin (ARGs n=200 n200 n 200 (n=200 January2018 January 2018 January-201 August2019. August2019 August 2019. 2019 August-2019 E API20E APIE API 20E kit n=153 n153 153 (n=153 PCR (PCR ie i e i.e analysis Genotypically PCRconfirmed confirmed (153 aac3IV, aac3IV aacIV aac 3 IV , (aac(3)-IV) aadA1, aadA1 aadA (aadA1) tetA, tetA (tetA) mcr1, mcr1 mcr 1 (mcr-1) blaTEM bla TEM (bla-TEM blaCTXM CTX M 86 86% 88 88% 83 77 respectively 3338 38 33/3 (86% (bla-CTX-M mcr- CTX30 30 (CTX-30 IMP10. IMP10 IMP 10 . (IMP-10) decadency coexistence co existence poultry Broilers (Broilers being n=20 n20 20 (n=20 January201 201 January-20 August201 August-201 n=15 n15 15 (n=15 (15 (aac(3)-IV (aadA1 (tetA (mcr-1 8 7 333 33/ (86 CTX3 (CTX-3 IMP1 (IMP-10 n=2 n2 2 (n=2 January20 January-2 August20 August-20 n=1 n1 (n=1 (1 (aadA (mcr- (8 (CTX- (IMP-1 n= (n= January2 January- August2 August-2 ( (mcr (CTX (IMP- (n August- (IMP

Resumo O surgimento de colistina mediada por plasmídeo e genes de resistência a β-lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL) afetou a eficácia de medicamentos colistina e β-lactâmicos, como as cefalosporinas de 3ª e 4ª geração. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar genes de resistência antimicrobiana (ARGs) entre isolados de Escherichia coli em frangos de corte comerciais no Paquistão. Duzentas (n = 200) amostras fecais foram coletadas durante janeiro de 2018 a agosto de 2019. Para o isolamento de E. coli, colônias rosas em ágar MacConkey foram transferidas para ágar EMB. As colônias de cores de brilho metálico foram testadas bioquimicamente usando o kit API-20E. A identificação molecular de E. coli (n = 153) foi direcionada pela amplificação do gene uid através da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e diferentes ARGs, ou seja, gentamicina, estreptomicina, tetraciclina, colistina, medicamentos β-lactâmicos, quinolona e ampicilina, seguido de análise de sequência. Genotipicamente, seguido por fenotipicamente de ARGs resistentes de E. coli isoladas foram confirmadas por PCR (153) como resistente contra gentamicina (aac(3)-IV), estreptomicina (aadA1), tetraciclina (tetA), colistina (mcr-1), ampicilina (bla-TEM) e bla-CTX-M, demonstrando resultados de 86%, 88%, 86%, 88%, 83% e 77%, respectivamente. Cerca de 33/38 (86%) do isolado foi positivo para resistência às quinolonas. Os genes de resistência à colistina (mcr-1), ESBLs (bla-TEM) e (bla-CTX-M) foram 88%, 83% e 77%, respectivamente. Cerca de 33 E. coli isoladas continham os genes mcr-1 e ESBLs. Todos os isolados de E. coli foram considerados sensíveis à ceftriaxona (CTX-30) e imipenem (IMP-10). A E. coli isolada apresentou decadência de um ou vários clados. As sequências de E. coli e ARGs apresentaram decadência de um ou vários clados. Este é o primeiro estudo abrangente do Paquistão que descreveu as evidências moleculares de ARGs e sua coexistência em isolados únicos originados de aves comerciais. Dessa forma, é possível concluir que o Frango comercial (Broilers) pode atuar como caldeirão de genes de resistência a antibióticos para o ser humano. É uma situação alarmante para a vigilância do programa de resistência a antibióticos devido à prescrição mais regulamentada de agentes antimicrobianos no Paquistão βlactamases β lactamases ESBL (ESBL βlactâmicos, βlactâmicos lactâmicos, lactâmicos β-lactâmicos ª geração (ARGs n 200 201 2019 E EMB API20E. API20E APIE API 20E. 20E API-20E 153 (PCR seja sequência Genotipicamente (153 aac3IV, aac3IV aacIV aac 3 IV , (aac(3)-IV) aadA1, aadA1 aadA (aadA1) tetA, tetA (tetA) mcr1, mcr1 mcr 1 (mcr-1) blaTEM bla TEM (bla-TEM blaCTXM, blaCTXM CTX M, M bla-CTX-M 86 86% 88 88% 83 77 77% respectivamente 3338 38 33/3 (86% quinolonas (bla-CTX-M mcr- CTX30 30 (CTX-30 IMP10. IMP10 IMP 10 . (IMP-10) clados forma Broilers (Broilers humano 20 15 (15 (aac(3)-IV (aadA1 (tetA (mcr-1 8 7 333 33/ (86 CTX3 (CTX-3 IMP1 (IMP-10 2 (1 (aadA (mcr- (8 (CTX- (IMP-1 ( (mcr (CTX (IMP- (IMP

Abstract The present findings provide information regarding the length-weight relationships (LWRs) of Indian major carps viz Cattla cattla, Labeo rohita and Cirhinus mrigala in an intensive polyculture system. Much work has been done in Pakistan with respect to fish LWRs, much of such work has been ignored. Carps were fed with twelve different formulated diets containing four different sources of protein i.e. fish meal (FM), all parts chicken meal (APCM), corn gluten (CGM) and soybean meal (SBM). Each type of protein is used at inclusion level of 25, 35 and 45% into the formulated diets to evaluate the minimum requirement of that ingredient for optimal growth of in-hand species. The values of slope “b” ranged from 2.20 to 4.90 for these species of carps which showed a strong healthy relationship among variables (level of protein and months). lengthweight length weight LWRs (LWRs cattla system ignored ie i e i.e FM, FM , (FM) APCM, APCM (APCM) CGM (CGM SBM. SBM . (SBM) 25 3 45 inhand hand b “b 220 2 20 2.2 490 4 90 4.9 months. months months) (FM (APCM (SBM 22 2. 49 9 4.

Resumo Os achados do presente trabalho fornecem informações sobre as relações comprimento-peso (LWRs) das principais carpas indianas, como Catla catla, Labeo rohita e Cirrhinus mrigala, em um sistema de policultura intensivo. Foram realizados muitos trabalhos no Paquistão em relação ao peixe LWRs, entretanto, foram ignorados. As carpas foram alimentadas com doze dietas formuladas diferentes contendo quatro fontes diferentes de proteína, ou seja, farinha de peixe (FM), todas as partes de farinha de frango (APCM), glúten de milho (CGM) e farelo de soja (SBM). Cada tipo de proteína foi utilizado em nível de inclusão de 25, 35 e 45% nas dietas formuladas para avaliar a exigência mínima desse ingrediente para o crescimento ideal das espécies em mãos. Os valores da inclinação “b” variaram de 2,20 a 4,90 para essas espécies de carpas que mostraram uma forte relação saudável entre as variáveis nível de proteína e mês. comprimentopeso comprimento peso LWRs (LWRs indianas catla mrigala intensivo entretanto ignorados seja FM, FM , (FM) APCM, APCM (APCM) CGM (CGM SBM. SBM . (SBM) 25 3 45 mãos b “b 220 2 20 2,2 490 4 90 4,9 mês (FM (APCM (SBM 22 2, 49 9 4,

Resumo A salmonela é uma causa séria de problemas de saúde em humanos e animais em todo o mundo. Salmonella tem sido isolada de diferentes amostras biológicas e é considerada como o principal papel na indução da inflamação do trato gastrointestinal que por sua vez causa diarreia em diferentes espécies. Compreender melhor o envolvimento da Salmonella na contaminação e infecção de ovos frescos e carne de frango caipira. Este estudo teve como objetivo estabelecer as detecções microbiológicas e moleculares de Salmonella na cloaca da galinha caipira e identificar as funções biológicas previstas usando as vias da Enciclopédia de Gene e Genômica de Kyoto (KEGG) e interação proteína-proteína. Suabes cloacais foram coletados de galinhas criadas ao ar livre em fazenda local na cidade de Duhok. Os isolados foram cultivados e o teste bioquímico realizado com XLD e TSI, respectivamente. A detecção molecular e anotação funcional do gene invA foi realizada usando PCR convencional e abordagens de bioinformática. O presente estudo descobriu que Salmonella foi detectada em 36 das 86 amostras usando métodos microbiológicos. Para confirmar esses achados, o gene invA foi utilizado e 9 dos 36 isolados de Salmonella mostraram um sinal positivo de invA pelo gel de agarose. Além disso, a análise bioinformática revelou que o gene invA estava associado principalmente a processos de secreção bacteriana, assim como seus termos KEGG e interação proteína-proteína estavam envolvidos na invasão bacteriana e nas vias de secreção. Esses achados sugeriram que o gene invA desempenha um papel importante na regulação dos processos de colonização e invasão de Salmonella dentro do hospedeiro intestinal na galinha caipira.

Abstract Salmonella is a serious cause of the health issues in human and animal worldwide. Salmonella has been isolated from different biological samples and it considers as the key role in induction of inflammation of gastrointestinal tract which in turn cause diarrhoea in different species. To further understand the involvement of Salmonella in contaminating and infecting fresh eggs and meat of free-range chicken. This study aimed to establish the microbiological and molecular detections of Salmonella in the cloaca of the free-range chicken and to identify predicted biological functions using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomic (KEGG) pathways and protein-protein interaction. Cloacal swabs were collected from free range chicken raised in the local farm in Duhok city. The isolates were cultured and biochemical test performed using XLD and TSI, respectively. Molecular detection and functional annotation of invA gene was carried out using Conventional PCR and bioinformatics approaches. The present study found that Salmonella was detected in 36 out of 86 samples using microbiological methods. To confirm these findings, invA gene was utilised and 9 out of 36 Salmonella isolates have shown a positive signal of invA by agarose gel. In addition, bioinformatic analysis revealed that invA gene was mainly associated with bacterial secretion processes as well as their KEGG terms and Protein-Protein Interaction were involved in bacterial invasion and secretion pathways. These findings suggested that invA gene plays important role in regulating colonization and invasion processes of Salmonella within the gut host in the free range chicken.