Abstract Introduction: Human-wildlife interactions are on the rise due to anthropogenic pressures. Understanding these interactions is crucial for preventing conflict and promoting coexistence, ultimately benefitting humans and wildlife. Objective: In this study, we analysed the interactions between humans and jaguars Panthera onca in Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica. Methods: We examined data concerning jaguar sightings within Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica compiled from 2000 to 2022. Results: A total of 381 jaguar sightings were recorded, of which 75% occurred in the coastal habitat; 81% occurred during the leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea (March-May) and the green sea turtle Chelonia mydas (June-October) nesting seasons. From photographic records, 26 individual jaguars were identified (14 females, 12 males). Furthermore, 9% of the sightings were reported within the boundaries of Tortuguero village, where at least 48 domestic dogs Canis lupus familiaris were attacked by jaguars. Conclusions: Despite the jaguar's cryptic nature, the data show an increase in the frequency and duration of jaguar sightings over the years. This trend is likely due to an increase in the local jaguar population and possibly an increase in jaguars' tolerance towards humans, possibly triggered by people's inappropriate behaviour (e.g. approaching jaguars while feeding, mating or with their cubs) during the sightings. Our study also highlights the potential for conflict due to jaguar predation of domestic dogs, which is increasing within the study area. Therefore, there is a need for management action to promote coexistence between humans and the local jaguar population in Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica.

Resumen Introducción: Las interacciones entre los seres humanos y la vida silvestre han aumentado debido a las presiones antropogénicas. Comprender estas interacciones es crucial para prevenir conflictos y fomentar la coexistencia. Objetivo: Analizar las interacciones entre los humanos y los jaguares Panthera onca en el Parque Nacional Tortuguero, Costa Rica. Métodos: Analizamos una base de datos (2000- 2022) correspondientes a los avistamientos de jaguares en el Parque Nacional Tortuguero, Costa Rica. Resultados: Registramos un total de 381 avistamientos de jaguares, de los cuales el 75% ocurrieron en el hábitat costero, mientras que el 81% durante las temporadas de anidación de la tortuga baula Dermochelys coriacea (marzo-mayo) y la tortuga verde Chelonia mydas (junio-octubre). A partir de los registros fotográficos, se identificaron 26 jaguares (14 hembras, 12 machos). Además, el 9% de los avistamientos ocurrieron dentro de los límites del pueblo de Tortuguero, donde al menos 48 perros domésticos Canis lupus familiaris han sido atacados por jaguares. Conclusión: A pesar de la naturaleza críptica del jaguar, los datos muestran un aumento en la frecuencia y duración de los avistamientos a lo largo de los años. Es probable que esta tendencia se deba a un aumento de la población local de jaguares, y posiblemente a un aumento de la tolerancia de los jaguares hacia los humanos provocado probablemente por el comportamiento inadecuado de las personas (por ejemplo, acercarse a los jaguares mientras se alimentan, se aparean o están con sus crías) durante los avistamientos. Nuestro estudio también destaca el potencial de conflicto debido a la depredación de perros domésticos por parte de los jaguares, que está aumentando en el área de estudio. Por lo tanto, es necesaria la toma de decisiones de manejo para promover la coexistencia entre los humanos y la población local de jaguares en el Parque Nacional Tortuguero, Costa Rica.

ABSTRACT: The disruption of a new food chain in the South American sea lion (SSL, Otaria byronia), with predation on green sea turtles (GST, Chelonia mydas) is reported for Northern Chile, probably from "nutritional stress" as result of anchovy (Engraulis ringens) overfishing, its fundamental food, with implications that cross multinational barriers in the South Pacific due to the shared nature of the resource. From 2011 an increase in carcasses of GST turtles with damages attributable to attacks by larger predators was observed on beaches of Arica (18°28S), for which a necropsy study for signs attributable to predation, was carried out between November 2013 and May 2019. Jointly, direct observations of SSL attacks were made between Arica (18°28S) and Iquique (20°13S), that document predation of GST by SSL. 195 strandings including 179 Chelonia mydas, 15 Lepidochelys olivacea y 1 Eretmochelys imbricatea were recorded. 96.01% were strandings, 2.23% concentrated in drift, 1.12% as ghost fishing and 0.56% by fishermen from a gillnet. The necropsies of 14 carcasses in stage 1 and 2, showed damage attributable to interaction (alive or dead) with predators and/or scavengers. Most part of the observed injuries (tears of breakage and detachment of skin, muscles, internal structures such as the trachea, esophagus, stomach and part of the intestines, heart and liver) were attributable to SSL attacks and agree with the direct observations. Attacks by sharks or killer whales, and death by immersion or health problems could not be confirmed. The effect of this new feeding strategy of the SSL casts a shadow of uncertainty about the success of the green sea turtle population recovery program of northern Chile started in 2012. The results also suggest the need for evaluation of anchovy management programs and standards and the incorporation of an ecosystem approach to management plans, including the trophic needs of top depredators of the system.

RESUMEN: Se reporta una nueva estrategia de alimentación del lobo marino sudamericano (LMS, Otaria byronia) con depredación de tortugas verdes (TMV, Chelonia mydas) en el norte de Chile, resultado de un probable "estrés nutricional” por sobreexplotación de anchoveta (Engraulis ringens), su alimento principal, con implicancias que atraviesan barreras multinacionales del Pacífico sur por el carácter compartido del recurso. Desde 2011 se observó en Arica (18°28S) un incremento de varamientos de tortugas con daños atribuibles a depredación y para lo cual se desarrolló entre 2013 y 2019 un estudio de necropsias para la evaluación de signos atribuibles a depredación. Conjuntamente se realizaron entre Arica (18°28S) e Iquique (20°13S) observaciones directas de ataques de LMS, que documentan la depredación de TMV. Se estudiaron 195 cadáveres: 179 Chelonia mydas, 15 Lepidochelys olivacea y 1 Eretmochelys imbricata. 96,01% de los cadáveres correspondieron a varamientos, 2.23% boyantes, 1.12% pesca fantasma y 0,56% recuperadas por pescadores de redes agalleras. La necropsia de 14 cadáveres en estados 1 y 2 mostró daños atribuibles a interacción (vivas o muertas) con depredadores y/o carroñeros. Las lesiones observadas fueron atribuibles a ataques de LMS y concuerdan con las observaciones directas. No se confirmaron ataques de tiburones o ballenas asesinas, ni muerte por inmersión o problemas de salud. Esta nueva estrategia de alimentación arroja incertidumbre sobre el éxito del programa de recuperación de la población de TMV del norte de Chile iniciado en 2012. Los resultados imponen la necesidad de evaluación de programas y normas de manejo de la anchoveta y la incorporación de un enfoque ecosistémico, incluyendo requerimientos tróficos de los depredadores tope del sistema.

Abstract The larynx is in the lower respiratory tract and has the function of protecting the airways, controlling, and modulating breathing, assisting the circulatory system, and vocalizing. This study aims to describe the anatomy and histology of the skeleton of the larynx and trachea of the species Chelonia mydas, Caiman yacare and Caiman latirostris. The study was conducted at the Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), using nine specimens of Ch. mydas, 20 of Ca. yacare and four of Ca. latirostris. Samples of the larynx and trachea were collected, fixed, and sent for dissection of the structures and subsequent macroscopic analysis. For histology, samples were processed by the routine paraffin embedding method and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Verhoeff. For the three species, two arytenoid cartilages, a cricoid cartilage, a hyoid apparatus composed of a base and two horns were found. In Ch. mydas, two structures called thyroid wings were observed, not found in crocodilians. The trachea of crocodilians presented incomplete tracheal rings and musculature, while the trachea of Ch. mydas presented complete tracheal rings. Histologically, the entire cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx of the three species, as well as the tracheal rings, are constituted by hyaline cartilage. airways controlling breathing system vocalizing latirostris UFES, UFES , (UFES) Ch 2 Ca collected fixed analysis hematoxylineosin hematoxylin eosin Verhoeff cartilages cartilage observed musculature Histologically (UFES

Abstract Among the various forms of pollution, anthropogenic debris has been widely documented to cause entanglement and premature death of sea turtles, in addition to being ingested by these animals. One of the most affected species is the green turtle, which is commonly found along the south-central coast of Rio de Janeiro (RJ), an area characterized by high human population density. This study aimed to assess the impact of anthropogenic debris on green turtles by analyzing the gastrointestinal tracts of 66 individuals stranded along the south-central coast of RJ, as documented by the Santos Basin Beach Monitoring Project. Pieces of debris (1,683 in total) were found in 69.7% of the individuals analyzed, with the highest concentration observed in the large intestine. The most common types of debris were flexible plastic waste (50.5%; 850 items) and amber/brown debris (36.5%; 614 items) within the size range of 0.5 mm to 2.5 cm (41.2%; 693 items). No significant differences in debris composition were observed between turtles encountered inside and outside the bays. The substantial number pollution animals turtle southcentral south central RJ , (RJ) density 6 Project 1,683 1683 1 683 (1,68 total 697 69 7 69.7 analyzed intestine 50.5% 505 50 5 (50.5% 85 items amberbrown amber brown 36.5% 365 36 (36.5% 61 05 0 0. 25 2 2. 41.2% 412 41 (41.2% items. . bays (RJ 1,68 168 68 (1,6 69. 50.5 (50.5 8 36.5 3 (36.5 41.2 4 (41.2 1,6 16 (1, 50. (50. 36. (36. 41. (41. 1, (1 (50 (36 (41 ( (5 (3 (4

Resumen Este trabajo tiene como objetivo concientizar sobre el daño que hacen los plásticos vertidos en el mar y proporcionar información acerca del manejo médico de ejemplares de tortugas verdes del pacifico bajo cuidado humano ante la necesidad de atención de los mismos. Se presenta un caso de un ejemplar hembra adulto de Chelonia mydas rescatado en la ciudad de Constitución a 200 Km al sur poniente del Centro de Rehabilitación de Fauna Silvestre (CRFS) de Parque Safari. El ejemplar evidencia un cuadro de síndrome de embollamiento con flotación caudal, debido al acumulo de gases propio del íleo paralitico, a su vez presenta lesiones lacerativas en aleta de miembro anterior izquierdo. Se decide realizar la ruta diagnóstica con examen clínico y métodos complementarios como radiografías, ecografías y análisis sanguíneos, además de un proceso quirúrgico para acelerar la recuperación de heridas. Luego de tres meses de proceso de rehabilitación se concluye con la reinserción del ejemplar en la bahía Chascos, comuna de Caldera, a un total de 800 km al norte del CRFS. Para la rehabilitación de este ejemplar, se recorrió cerca de 1000 km por las rutas de Chile desde su rescate hasta su reinserción, con colaboraciones desde el sector público y privado para la gestión de su proceso.

Abstract This work aims to raise awareness about the harm caused by plastics dumped in the sea and provide information about the medical management of Pacific green turtle specimens under human care when they require attention. A case is presented of an adult female specimen of Cheloniamydas rescued in the city of Constitución, Chile, 200 km southwest of the Wildlife Rehabilitation Center (CRFS) at Parque Safari. The specimen shows symptoms of impaction syndrome with caudal flotation due to the accumulation of gases characteristic of paralytic ileus, and it also has lacerative injuries on the left anterior limb fin. It was decided to follow a diagnostic route with a clinical examination and complementary methods such as X-rays, ultrasounds, and blood analysis, in addition to a surgical procedure to expedite wound recovery. After three months of rehabilitation, the specimen was successfully reintroduced into Chascos Bay, Caldera, located 800 km north of the CRFS. During the rehabilitation of this specimen, it traveled approximately 1000 km across Chile's routes from its rescue to its reintroduction, with contributions from both the public and private sectors to manage the process.

Resumo Este trabalho visa conscientizar sobre os danos causados pelos plásticos despejados no mar e fornecer informações sobre o manejo médico de espécimes de tartarugas verdes do Pacífico sob cuidados humanos, tendo em vista sua necessidade de cuidados. Apresenta-se o caso de uma fêmea adulta de Chelonia mydas resgatada na cidade de Constitución, 200 km a sudoeste do Centro de Reabilitação de Fauna Silvestre (CRFS) do Parque Safari. O espécime apresenta quadro de síndrome de emaranhamento com flutuação caudal, devido ao acúmulo de gases típico de íleo paralítico, ao mesmo tempo em que apresenta lacerações na asa do membro anterior esquerdo. Optou-se por realizar a via diagnóstica com exame clínico e métodos complementares como radiografias, ecografias e análises ao sangue, bem como um processo cirúrgico para acelerar a recuperação das feridas. Após três meses de processo de reabilitação, conclui-se a reinserção do espécime em Chascos Bay, comuna de Caldera, um total de 800 km ao norte do CRFS. Para a reabilitação deste espécime, foram percorridos cerca de 1000 km pelas rotas do Chile desde o seu resgate até a sua reinserção, com colaborações dos setores público e privado para a gestão do seu processo.

ABSTRACT Plastic pollution has not raised much attention until the 2000s, despite being manufactured for about a century. It is now considered one of the most substantial environmental issues. Here we investigate the presence of plastic contamination in 34 stranded animals on the coast of French Guiana, South America. Here we present information highlighting the magnitude of plastic contamination in marine coastal and pelagic tropical marine vertebrates on the Equatorial Atlantic coast of South America. All four species studied here are protected and emblematic vertebrates of the region, with a fragile conservation status, including the olive ridley turtle Lepidochelys olivacea, the green turtle Chelonia mydas and the leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea, and a small cetacean, the Guiana dolphin Sotalia guianensis. Macroplastics (polypropylene, polyethylene, terephthalate, and polystyrene) were detected in four juvenile green turtles. Microplastics (polypropylene, polyethylene, terephthalate, polystyrene, nylon, acrylates, polycarbonates) were found in 13 individuals (two dolphins, six olive ridleys, four green turtles, and the leatherback turtle). The sampled species have different diets, distribution patterns, and ages, suggesting widespread plastic pollution. The study area is located far from the oceanic gyres. However, they are influenced by the North Brazilian Current, the Amazon River, and other rivers of the Guianas.

RESUMO As tartarugas marinhas são animais ameaçados de extinção que apresentam distribuição cosmopolita. Ações antrópicas têm sido consideradas causas importantes para a redução da população de tartarugas marinhas, mas aspectos naturais, como o parasitismo, também, podem contribuir para o seu declínio. Este estudo objetivou relatar a ocorrência de parasitos em tartarugas marinhas, encalhadas mortas, encontradas em uma área conhecida como Bacia Potiguar, nordeste do Brasil, de 2010 a 2019. Essas foram identificadas e classificadas de acordo com o comprimento da carapaça. Nas análises post mortem, todos os órgãos foram examinados, e os parasitos coletados e identificados morfologicamente. Foram calculados índices parasitários ecológicos, como prevalência (P), intensidade média (IM) e abundância média (AM). Um total de 80 Chelonia mydas e cinco Eretmochelys imbricata foi estudado. Neoctangium travassosi foi detectado em ambas as espécies, apresentando P = 20%, MI = 4,19 e MA = 0,84 para C. mydas e P = 60%, IM = 1,67 e AM = 1,0 para E. imbricata. Este é o primeiro relato de N. travassossi parasitando E. imbricata na América do Sul. Conclui-se que a recuperação desses parasitos soa como um alerta para a necessidade de mais estudos para avaliar o impacto desse parasitismo na saúde e na conservação das tartarugas marinhas. cosmopolita naturais também declínio mortas Potiguar Brasil 201 2019 carapaça mortem examinados morfologicamente ecológicos P, , (P) (IM AM. . (AM) 8 estudado espécies 20 20% 419 4 19 4,1 084 0 84 0,8 C 60 60% 167 1 67 1,6 10 1, E N Sul Concluise Conclui se (P (AM 2 41 4, 08 0, 6 16

ABSTRACT Sea turtles are endangered animals that present cosmopolitan distribution. Anthropic actions have been considered important causes for the reduction of sea turtle population, but natural aspects such as parasitism may also contribute to their decline. This study aimed to report the occurrence of parasites in stranded dead sea turtles found in an area known as Potiguar Basin, northeastern Brazil, from 2010 to 2019. They were identified and classified according to the carapace length. At post-mortem analyses all organs were examined, parasites collected and morphologically identified. Ecological parasitic indexes as prevalence (P), mean intensity (MI) and mean abundance (MA) were calculated. A total of 80 Chelonia mydas and 5 Eretmochelys imbricata were assessed. Neoctangium travassosi was detected in both species presenting P = 20%, MI = 4.19 and MA = 0.84 for C. mydas and P = 60%, MI = 1.67 and MA = 1.0 for E. imbricata. This is the first report of N. travassosi parasitizing E. imbricata in South America. Finally, the retrieval of these parasites is a warning regarding the need for further studies to assess the impact of this parasitism on the health and conservation of sea turtles. distribution population decline Basin Brazil 201 2019 length postmortem post mortem examined P, , (P) (MI (MA calculated 8 assessed 20 20% 419 4 19 4.1 084 0 84 0.8 C 60 60% 167 1 67 1.6 10 1. E N America Finally (P 2 41 4. 08 0. 6 16

Resumen Para una mejor comprensión del estado actual de la población de tortuga verde del Pacífico oriental, se necesita una evaluación espacial de su presencia y abundancia en sus hábitats frecuentados. Este estudio tiene como objetivo desarrollar un marco a partir del cual se podría realizar un estudio de referencia centrado en las tortugas verdes del Pacífico oriental que rodean las aguas de Parque Nacional Zona Marina del Archipiélago Espíritu Santo. Se utilizaron dos años de datos y una encuesta de investigación enfocada en el Conocimiento Ecológico Local (CEL) de guías de ec oturismo que operan en La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Debido al protocolo de la Junta de Revisión Institucional (IRB) de la Universidad de California y al pequeño tamaño de la muestra de los participantes de la encuesta, los datos de la encuesta no se pueden usar para extrapolar a la población de operadores de ecoturismo en La Paz. Aunque estudios anteriores han integrado LEK de los pescadores, este es el primer estudio que incluye LEK del sector del ecoturismo para informar los esfuerzos de conservación de la tortuga verde del Pacífico oriental en México. Los resultados de este proyecto contribuirán a un mejor entendimiento y una mayor comprensión de cómo esta especie utiliza esta área.

Abstract To improve analysis of the current Eastern Pacific Green (EPG) turtle population status, a spatial assessment is needed on their presence and frequency in their frequented habitats. This study aims to develop a framework from which a baseline study could be undertaken focused on EPG turtles surrounding the waters of Parque Nacional Zona Marina from the Archipiélago Espíritu Santo. Two years of data and a research survey focused on Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) from ecotourism guides operating out of La Paz, BCS, México were used. Due to the University of California’s Institutional Review Board’s (IRB) protocol and small sample size of survey participants, survey data may not be used to extrapolate to the population of ecotourism operators in La Paz. Although past studies have integrated LEK from fishers, this is the first study to introduce LEK from the ecotourism sector to inform EPG turtle conservation efforts in México. The results from this project will contribute to a better understanding and further insight of how this species utilizes this area.

RESUMO: A espirorquidíase é uma das doenças mais comuns em tartarugas verdes. Os ovos e a forma adulta dos trematódeos são encontrados principalmente no coração, fígado, pulmão, baço e trato gastrointestinal. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever os aspectos patológicos da infecção por trematódeos Spirorchiidae em tartarugas verdes (Chelonia mydas) na Bacia de Campos, Rio de Janeiro. O presente trabalho foi baseado na necropsia de 99 tartarugas verdes (Chelonia mydas, Chelonidae) no período de abril a dezembro de 2021. Os dados epidemiológicos foram obtidos do Sistema de Informação de Monitoramento da Biota Aquática (SIMBA). Realizou-se exame histopatológico no Setor de anatomia Patológica (SAP) da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRuralRJ). Os fragmentos de tecidos (papila bucal, esôfago, traqueia, pulmão, coração, rim, bexiga, estômago, fígado, baço, intestinos, gônadas, adrenal, tireoides, pâncreas, glândulas de sal, músculo e pele) foram coletados e fixados em formalina a 10% tamponada, processados rotineiramente para exame histológico. Em 89% (88/99) dos casos, as tartarugas-verdes apresentaram lesões compatíveis com infecção parasitária. Das 88 tartarugas, 87 eram jovens (99%), 75% (66/88) correspondiam a fêmeas, 25% (22/88) a machos. Em 14% (12/88) das tartarugas foram encontrados parasitas adultos e seus ovos causando inflamação granulomatosa. Em 86,4% (76/88) das tartarugas foram encontradas lesões granulomatosas associadas aos ovos dos trematódeos. Os órgãos com maior quantidade de granulomas associados a ovos foram: baço, intestino delgado, adrenal, pâncreas e pulmões. Trematódeos adultos foram principalmente observados nas lesões histológicas, em ordem de ocorrência, no esôfago, estômago e intestino delgado. Do total de tartarugas parasitadas, 33% (29/88) das mortes ocorreram em consequência de múltiplas causas como fraturas, interação com pesca, predação e fibropapilomas. As outras 67% (59/88) apresentaram como causa de morte a doença granulomatosa multissistêmica causada pela infecção por trematódeo da família Spirorchiidae. São apresentadas evidências de que a espiroquidiase é altamente prevalente em tartarugas verdes jovens no Rio de Janeiro, responsável por extensas lesões crônicas, quadro clínico de debilidade e mortalidade significativas. RESUMO coração fígado pulmão gastrointestinal Chelonia mydas Campos 9 Chelonidae 2021 SIMBA. SIMBA . (SIMBA) Realizouse Realizou se SAP (SAP UFRuralRJ. UFRuralRJ (UFRuralRJ) papila bucal esôfago traqueia rim bexiga intestinos gônadas adrenal tireoides sal pele 10 tamponada histológico 89 88/99 8899 (88/99 casos tartarugasverdes parasitária 8 99%, 99% , (99%) 75 66/88 6688 66 (66/88 fêmeas 25 22/88 2288 22 (22/88 machos 14 12/88 1288 12 (12/88 864 86 4 86,4 76/88 7688 76 (76/88 delgado pulmões histológicas ocorrência parasitadas 33 29/88 2988 29 (29/88 fraturas pesca fibropapilomas 67 59/88 5988 59 (59/88 crônicas significativas 202 (SIMBA (UFRuralRJ 1 88/9 889 (88/9 (99% 7 66/8 668 6 (66/8 2 22/8 228 (22/8 12/8 128 (12/8 86, 76/8 768 (76/8 3 29/8 298 (29/8 59/8 598 5 (59/8 20 88/ (88/ (99 66/ (66/ 22/ (22/ 12/ (12/ 76/ (76/ 29/ (29/ 59/ (59/ (88 (9 (66 (22 (12 (76 (29 (59 (8 ( (6 (2 (1 (7 (5

ABSTRACT: Spirorchidiasis is one of the most common diseases in green turtles. Eggs and the adult form of trematodes are mainly found in the heart, liver, lung, spleen, and gastrointestinal tract. The present study aimed to describe the pathological aspects of Spirorchiidae trematode infection in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Campos Basin, Rio de Janeiro. The current study was based on the necropsy of 99 green turtles (Chelonia mydas, Chelonidae) from April to December 2021. Epidemiological data were obtained from the Aquatic Biota Monitoring Information System (SIMBA). A histopathological examination was performed at the “Setor de Anatomia Patológica” (SAP) from “Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro” (UFRuralRJ). Tissue fragments (buccal papilla, esophagus, trachea, lung, heart, kidney, bladder, stomach, liver, spleen, intestines, gonads, adrenal, thyroid, pancreas, salt glands, muscle, and skin) were sampled for histological examination. The green turtles had lesions compatible with parasitic infection in 89% (88/99) cases. Out of 88 turtles, 87 were juveniles (99%), 75% (66/88) were females, and 25% (22/88) were males. Adult parasites and their eggs were found to cause granulomatous tissue reactions in 14% (12/88) of turtles. Egg-associated granulomatous inflammation was found in 86% (76/88) of the turtles. The organs with the highest number of egg-associated granulomas in order of occurrence were: the spleen, small intestine, adrenal gland, pancreas, and lungs. The adult trematodes were observed in histological lesions in order of occurrence, mainly in the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. Out of the total number of turtles parasitized, 33% (29/88) of deaths occurred due to multiple causes such as fractures, interaction with fishing, predation, and fibropapillomas. The other 67% (59/88) presented multisystemic granulomatous disease caused by Spirorchiidae infection as a cause of death. Evidence is presented that spirorchidiasis is highly prevalent in young green turtles, is responsible for extensive chronic lesions, and responsible for significant debilitation and mortality. ABSTRACT heart liver lung spleen tract Chelonia mydas Basin Janeiro 9 Chelonidae 2021 SIMBA. SIMBA . (SIMBA) Setor Patológica SAP (SAP Universidade UFRuralRJ. UFRuralRJ (UFRuralRJ) buccal papilla esophagus trachea kidney bladder stomach intestines gonads thyroid pancreas glands muscle skin 89 88/99 8899 (88/99 cases 8 99%, 99% , (99%) 75 66/88 6688 66 (66/88 females 25 22/88 2288 22 (22/88 males 14 12/88 1288 12 (12/88 Eggassociated Egg associated 86 76/88 7688 76 (76/88 eggassociated egg intestine gland lungs parasitized 33 29/88 2988 29 (29/88 fractures fishing predation fibropapillomas 67 59/88 5988 59 (59/88 death mortality 202 (SIMBA (UFRuralRJ 88/9 889 (88/9 (99% 7 66/8 668 6 (66/8 2 22/8 228 (22/8 1 12/8 128 (12/8 76/8 768 (76/8 3 29/8 298 (29/8 59/8 598 5 (59/8 20 88/ (88/ (99 66/ (66/ 22/ (22/ 12/ (12/ 76/ (76/ 29/ (29/ 59/ (59/ (88 (9 (66 (22 (12 (76 (29 (59 (8 ( (6 (2 (1 (7 (5

Abstract Bycatch is an issue of worldwide relevance involving conflicts between conservation and fishery interests. In Brazil, this conflict has been highlighted in relation to the regulation of small-scale fishery with surface gillnets. To promote management and transformation of this conflict, we analyzed the relationship between catch unloadings from small-scale fishing with surface gillnets and strandings of marine megafauna. We used fishery monitoring data and beach monitoring data in São Paulo between 2015 and 2021, relating to Chelonia mydas, Caretta caretta, Lepidochelys olivacea, Pontoporia blainvillei and Sotalia guianensis. The analyses included (i) overview of catches unloadings from small-scale fishing with surface gillnets and strandings that resulted in the death of each of these species over the course of the year; (ii) correlation tests between those variables for the northern, central, and southern regions; and (iii) performing regression analyses for municipalities within these regions, exhibiting statistically significant positive correlations. The fisheries harvest period was found not to overlap with the stranding distribution. In correlation tests, only strandings of C. mydas in the northern and southern regions, S. guianensis in the southern region and P. blainvillei in the central region showed relationships with fishing landings. The regression analysis was significant for C. mydas and S. guianensis. At the municipal level, the results were statistically significant for C. mydas in São Sebastião, Ubatuba, Ilha Comprida and Cananéia and for S. guianensis in Cananéia. However, the regression explained a small part of the mortality and other impact factors were pointed out. Non-prohibitive management measures, participatory studies, and direct methods for evaluating the interaction between fisheries and megafauna associated with environmental factors should be implemented, along with analyses on other impacts on megafauna.

Resumo A captura incidental é um tema de grande relevância mundial, permeado por conflitos entre interesses de conservação e pesca. Este conflito no Brasil relaciona-se especialmente ao regramento da pesca artesanal com emalhe de superfície e a captura incidental da megafauna. Para subsidiar a gestão e transformação desse conflito, analisou-se a relação entre desembarques da pesca artesanal com emalhe de superfície e os encalhes de megafauna com morte. Foram utilizados os bancos de dados do monitoramento pesqueiro e do monitoramento de praias de São Paulo entre 2015 e 2021, correspondentes a Chelonia mydas, Caretta caretta, Lepidochelys olivacea, Pontoporia blainvillei e Sotalia guianensis. As análises incluíram (i) panorama dos desembarques pesqueiros com emalhe de superfície e encalhes com mortes de cada espécie durante os anos (ii) testes de correlação entre as variáveis para regiões Norte, Centro e Sul (iii) análise de regressão para os municípios nas regiões que apresentaram correlação positiva estatisticamente significativa. A distribuição do número de desembarques não apresentou sobreposição com a distribuição dos encalhes. Nos testes de correlação, somente os encalhes de C. mydas, na região Norte e Sul, S. guianensis no Sul e P. blainvillei no Centro apontaram relação com os desembarques. A análise de regressão foi significativa para C. mydas e S. guianensis. Nos municípios, C. mydas apresentou resultado estatisticamente significativo em São Sebastião, Ubatuba, Ilha Comprida e Cananéia e S. guianensis em Cananéia. Entretanto, a regressão explicou uma pequena parte da mortalidade e outros fatores de impacto foram apontados. Recomenda-se medidas de ordenamento não proibitivas, estudos participativos e aplicação de métodos diretos de avaliação da interação da pesca com a megafauna, associado a fatores ambientais, bem como análises de outros impactos sobre a megafauna.

Resumen. Aunque algunos estudios han identificado parásitos en tortugas verdes (Chelonia mydas), poco se sabe sobre la morfología de los huevos de helmintos en las heces de estos animales. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar morfológicamente huevos de helmintos recuperados en exámenes coproparasitológicos por sedimentación y analizar su relación con especies de helmintos recuperados durante la necropsia de ejemplares juveniles de C. mydas. Se encontraron e identificaron 4 morfotipos de huevos distintos, clasificados como trematodos digenéticos de las familias Microscaphidiidae, Cladorchiidae y Spirorchiidae. Hubo diversidad morfológica en el tamaño de los huevos medidos directamente en los parásitos adultos, con tamaños que variaron de 19.07 a 99.28 μm de largo y 11.35 a 45.66 μm de ancho. La observación de huevos en exámenes coproparasitológicos es importante para el estudio de la ecología de los parásitos de las tortugas marinas, ya que el ciclo de vida de algunas especies aún no es completamente entendido.

Abstract. Although some studies have identified parasites in green turtles (Chelonia mydas), little is known about the morphology of helminth eggs in the feces of these animals. The aim of this study was to morphologically characterize helminth eggs recovered in coproparasitological exams by sedimentation and to analyze their relationship with helminth species recovered during necropsy of juvenile specimens of C. mydas. Four different egg morphotypes were found, identified, and classified as digenetic trematodes of the families Microscaphidiidae, Cladorchiidae, and Spirorchiidae. There was morphological diversity in the size of the eggs measured directly in adult parasites, with sizes ranging from 19.07 to 99.28 μm in length and from 11.35 to 45.66 μm in width. The observation of eggs on coproparasitological exams is important for studying the ecology of sea turtle parasites, since the life cycle of some species is not yet fully understood.

Abstract: Marine Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation Centers (MWRRCs) are crucial for the rehabilitation of endangered marine species, such as penguins, sea turtles, sea lions, and/or sea otters. In Chile, rescue of marine fauna is coordinated by the National Fisheries and Aquaculture Service (SERNAPESCA). This organization is responsible for assisting stranded animals and transporting them to 6 of the 13 MWRRCs that exist throughout the 6,435 km coastline of the country. Stranding events were analyzed for two species of pinnipeds (Otaria flavescens and Arctocephalus australis), two species of penguins (Spheniscus humboldti and Spheniscus magellanicus), two species of chelonians (Chelonia mydas and Lepidochelys olivacea), and one species of sea otter (Lontra felina) found stranded at the coast of Chile during 2009-2019 period. Success in post-rehabilitation release of individuals was also examined. A total of 2,818 stranding events were recorded with a total of 3,198 stranded animals, corresponding to O. flavescens (52.9%), S. humboldti (20.4%), S. magellanicus (17.9%) and L. olivacea (4.3%). Of the 3,198 stranded animals, 721 specimens were referred to MWRRC, and only 136 were released post-rehabilitation. This shows 18.8% of success rate in the release of marine fauna species post-rehabilitated in rescue centers after their stranding. It is necessary to improve coordination between SERNAPESCA and MWRRCs in Chile to improve the release rate and to increase the number of MWRRCs to recover endangered marine species that strand along the country’s coast.

Resumen: Los Centros de Rescate y Rehabilitación de Vida Silvestre Marina (CRRVSM) son cruciales para la rehabilitación de especies marinas en peligro de extinción, como pingüinos, tortugas marinas, lobos marinos y/o nutrias marinas. En Chile, el rescate de fauna marina es coordinado por el Servicio Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura (SERNAPESCA). Esta organización se encarga de asistir a los animales varados y transportarlos para su rehabilitación a 6 de los 13 CRRVSM que existen a lo largo de los 6.345 km de costa del país. Este estudio analizó los varamientos de dos especies de pinnípedos (Otaria flavescens y Arctocephalus australis), dos especies de pingüinos (Spheniscus humboldti y Spheniscus magellanicus), dos especies de quelonios (Chelonia mydas y Lepidochelys olivacea) y una especie de nutria marina (Lontra felina) varados en la costa de Chile durante el periodo 2009-2019. También examina el éxito en la rehabilitación y posterior liberación en el medio natural de los individuos. Se registraron un total de 2.818 varamientos con un total de 3.198 animales varados, correspondientes a O. flavescens (52,9%), S. humboldti (20,4%), S. magellanicus (17,9%) y L. olivacea (4,3%). De los 3.198 animales varados, 721 individuos fueron enviados a CRRVSM y solo 136 fueron liberados después de su rehabilitación. Esto mostró una tasa de un 18,8% de éxito en la liberación de especies de fauna marina post-rehabilitadas en centros de rescate tras su varamiento. Por tanto, es necesario mejorar la comunicación y los acuerdos entre SERNAPESCA y los CRRVSM en Chile para incrementar la tasa de liberación y aumentar el número de CRRVSM para recuperar especies marinas amenazadas que varan en las costas del país.

RESUMEN Entre 2016-2020 se caracterizaron las especies y tamaños de las tortugas marinas presentes en el Mosaico de Conservación Bahía Málaga, Valle del Cauca por medio de monitoreo acuático y la entrega voluntaria por parte de los pescadores del área. El registro de individuos fue determinado mediante monitoreo acuático, que se dividió en tres fases: muestreo exploratorio, muestreo continuado, muestreo estandarizado, además de entregas voluntarias por los pescadores en sus faenas de pesca. Se emplearon 107 horas de esfuerzo para un total de 51 individuos de tortuga carey (Eretmochelys imbricata) y negra (Chelonia mydas) registradas. Estos resultados contribuyen como línea base para el conocimiento de las tortugas marinas como estrategia efectiva para la investigación y conservación de bahía Málaga.

ABSTRACT The species and sizes of sea turtles present in the Bahía Málaga Conservation Mosaic, Valle del Cauca, were characterized between 2016-2020 through aquatic monitoring and voluntary delivery by native fishermen. The registry of individuals was determined by aquatic monitoring, which was divided into three phases: exploratory sampling, continuous sampling, standardized sampling, plus voluntary deliveries by fishermen in their fishing tasks. A total of 107 hours of effort were used to detect 51 individuals of hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) and black (Chelonia mydas) turtles. These results contribute as a baseline for the knowledge of sea turtles as an effective strategy for research and conservation in Bahía Málaga.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: La restauración ecológica se ha centrado en los componentes físicos y vegetales de los ecosistemas, y ha dejado de lado a la fauna silvestre y sus interacciones. Chelonia mydas es un macroherbívoro en peligro de extinción que anida en playas de México y Cuba, e influye en la vegetación costera con aportaciones de materia orgánica. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron analizar su recuperación poblacional, un índice del verdor de la vegetación de duna, así como la cantidad de materia orgánica estimada de sus nidadas antes y después de la implementación de una Norma Oficial Mexicana. Métodos: Se analizaron datos de entre dos y tres décadas de monitoreo biológico en 16 playas de anidación de Chelonia mydas; a partir de ellos se realizaron tres niveles de análisis de indicadores demográficos, la aportación de materia orgánica de las tortugas en la playa y el vigor vegetal a partir de sensores remotos, además de aplicar los estadísticos pertinentes. Resultados clave: Hubo un crecimiento exponencial del número de anidaciones de tortuga verde (entre 12 y 14% anual), asociado con pulsos de reclutamiento poblacional en los años 2000 y 2008. El aporte de materia orgánica a la playa fue significativamente mayor después de un cambio en la estrategia para manejo de las nidadas en México, y se detectó un incremento en el verdor de la vegetación de duna en zonas de anidación alta de Chelonia mydas. Conclusiones: El incremento de las poblaciones de tortuga verde lleva a reflexionar acerca de las implicaciones que tiene la recuperación de especies de fauna sobre otras comunidades en los ecosistemas que habitan, lo que demanda el análisis de los paradigmas actuales y la adaptación de estrategias que atiendan sus necesidades de manejo, procurando las condiciones de integridad ecológica de sus hábitats.

Abstract: Background and Aims: Ecological restoration has focused on the physical and vegetation components of ecosystems, leaving aside studies on wild fauna and their interactions. Chelonia mydas is an endangered macroherbivore that nests on sandy beaches of Mexico and Cuba, and influences the coastal vegetation with organic matter contributions. The objectives of this study were to analyze its population recovery, a greenness index for dune vegetation, and the amount of organic matter estimated from its clutches before and after the implementation of an official Mexican norm. Methods: Biological data obtained from two and three decades of monitoring 16 Chelonia mydas nesting beaches were analyzed; based on these, three levels of demographic indexes were carried out, the contribution of organic matter by marine turtles to the beach and the vegetal vigor using remote sensing, besides implementing the pertinent statistical analysis. Key results: There was an exponential increase of the green turtle nests (between 12 and 14% per year), associated with population recruitment pulses in 2000 and 2008. The contribution of organic matter to the beach was significantly higher after a change in clutches management in Mexico, and an increase in the dune vegetation greenness was detected in high Chelonia mydas nesting zones. Conclusions: The increase of the green turtle populations invites to reflex about the implications of the recovery of species of fauna have on other communities in the ecosystems they inhabit, demanding the analysis of the actual paradigms and the adaptation strategies that attend their management needs, procuring the ecological integrity conditions of their habitats.

Resumen La distribución y patrones de actividad de las tortugas marinas en áreas de alimentación son fundamentales para su conservación y manejo. Estos análisis pueden revelar datos importantes sobre sus historias de vida, además de explicar su frecuencia de presentación en estos sitios, identificando hábitats críticos. En este estudio se identificaron los patrones de distribución temporal de 2 juveniles de tortuga negra para definir las áreas de mayor uso y patrones de movimiento en un área de alimentación dentro del complejo lagunar Ojo de Liebre, México, uno de los principales sitios de alimentación y desarrollo de tortugas negras en la costa del Pacífico. Para ello, se instalaron 2 radiotransmisores de muy alta frecuencia en 2 tortugas negras juveniles que fueron monitoreadas continuamente con intervalos semanales de agosto 2018 a diciembre 2019. Los datos obtenidos permitieron identificar las zonas de mayor uso y la superficie mensual ocupada por tortuga y por temporada. La presencia y distribución temporal de ambas tortugas indicó que el área brinda las condiciones adecuadas para que ellas usen la zona como sitio de alimentación, desarrollo y/o descanso por periodos prolongados, confirmando que las tortugas muestran alta fidelidad a las zonas de alimentación de la península de Baja California.

Abstract The distribution and activity patterns of sea turtles in feeding areas are fundamental for their conservation and management, since they can reveal important facts about sea turtle’s life stories and explain its frequency of presentation at these sites, identifying key habitats. In this study, the temporal distribution patterns of 2 juvenile black turtles were identified to define its habitat use and movement patterns in a feeding area within the Ojo de Liebre lagoonal complex, Mexico, one of the main feeding and development sites of black turtles on the Pacific coast. For this, 2 very high frequency radio transmitters were installed in 2 juvenile black turtles which were continuously monitored at weekly intervals from August 2018 to December 2019. The obtained information allowed identifying the areas of greatest concentration and the monthly surface occupied by turtle and season. The presence and temporal distribution of both turtles indicated that the area provides adequate conditions for the turtles to use the area as a feeding, development and /or resting site for prolonged periods of time, confirming that the turtles show high fidelity to the foraging areas of the Baja California Peninsula.