This work developed an effective and eco-friendly analytical method to support quality control for Brazilian Bill proposal No. 5332/2009. The bill advocates the creation of the “Brazilian bread” by mandating the incorporation of cassava byproducts into wheat flour, with the aim of reducing Brazil’s external dependency on wheat imports and promoting domestic cassava family farming. For this, a handheld near-infrared (NIR) spectrophotometer was utilized for on-site determination of cassava starch in commercial wheat flour. The quantitative analysis, which utilized NIR spectra pre-processed with offset correction (OFF) combined with linear baseline correction (LBC), alongside the successive projections algorithm for interval selection in partial least squares (iSPA-PLS), exhibited superior predictive capability, achieving a relative error of prediction below 8%. Furthermore, the classification process, which involved NIR spectra pre-processed with LBC and iSPA-PLS for discriminant analysis (iSPA-PLS-DA), yielded an impressive 94% overall accuracy, with only 3 misclassifications in the test set. ecofriendly eco friendly No 53322009 5332 2009 5332/2009 bread flour Brazils Brazil s farming this nearinfrared near infrared (NIR onsite site preprocessed pre processed OFF (OFF LBC, , (LBC) iSPAPLS, iSPAPLS iSPA PLS (iSPA-PLS) capability 8 8% Furthermore process iSPAPLSDA, iSPAPLSDA DA (iSPA-PLS-DA) 94 accuracy set 5332200 533 200 5332/200 (LBC (iSPA-PLS (iSPA-PLS-DA 9 533220 53 20 5332/20 53322 5 2 5332/2 5332/

ABSTRACT Introduction: The optimal design of technologies for the production of combined assortments, constitutes a profitable alternative for the development of the cultivation of Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava) and its industrializable products. Objective: To develop the economic optimization for the design of a combined assortment plant of Manihot esculeta Crantz by semi-mechanized way. Materials and Methods: A hybrid semi-mechanized scheme was devised for the combined production of starch, cassava and flour. A second order extreme vertex design (EVD) was generated for the distribution of cassava in the three productions, and the quadratic models obtained for profit (G), net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and discounted payback period (DRP) were optimized. For the evaluation of the indicators, the design of the basic equipment and the material and energy balances were developed. Results and Discussion: The multipurpose semi-mechanized technology uses the same initial stages for the three processes and a common pneumatic drying for the starch and flour processes. The optimal operating parameters correspond to a profit of 236 882 USD/year, a NPV of 1 242 730 USD, an IRR of 33.10 % and a DRP of 3.97 years, and are achieved for a distribution of 60 % for starch, 10 % for cassava and 30 % for flour. Conclusions: With the raw material distribution that optimizes economic and profitability indicators, production feasibility is guaranteed with energetic and environmental compatibility.

RESUMEN Introducción: El diseño óptimo de tecnologías para la producción de surtidos combinados, constituye una alternativa rentable para el desarrollo del cultivo de Manihot esculenta Crantz (yuca) y sus productos industrializables. Objetivo: Desarrollar la optimización económica para el diseño de una planta de surtidos combinados de Manihot esculeta Crantz por vía semi-mecanizada. Materiales y Métodos: Se concibió un esquema semi-mecanizado híbrido para la producción combinada de almidón, casabe y harina. Se generó un diseño de vértices extremos (DVE) de segundo orden para la distribución de yuca en las tres producciones, y optimizaron los modelos cuadráticos obtenidos para la ganancia (G), el valor actual neto (VAN), la tasa interna de retorno (TIR) y el periodo de recuperación al descontado (PRD). Para la evaluación de los indicadores se desarrolló el diseño del equipamiento fundamental y los balances materiales y energéticos. Resultados y Discusión: La tecnología semi-mecanizada multipropósito emplea las mismas etapas iniciales para los tres procesos y un secado neumático común para los procesos de almidón y harina. Los parámetros óptimos de operación se corresponden con una Ganancia de 236 882 USD/año, un VAN de 1 242 730 USD, una TIR del 33,10 % y un PRD de 3,97 años, y se alcanzan para una distribución de 60 % para la obtención de almidón, 10 % para casabe y 30 % para harina. Conclusiones: Con la distribución de materia prima que optimiza los indicadores económicos y de rentabilidad, se garantiza la factibilidad de la producción con compatibilidad energética y ambiental.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Taking into account the potential, advantages and demands of the industrial cassava treatment processes and the need to reduce the mechanical complexity of the equipment, so that it can be built totally or partially in Cuba, it is necessary to design adequate facilities for this process. Objective: To select the technologies required for a combined assortment plant with probable installation at the Tropical Viand Research Institute (INIVIT), with a semi-mechanized nature and with a low degree of separation of the starch present in the fiber, treating the latter and allocating it to the animal feeding. Materials and Methods: The selection of technological equipment and flow and operation sequences was carried out by combining the individual processes in a semi-mechanized scheme with a multipurpose approach for the production of cassava, flour and native starch. Results and Discussion: The flow diagram was proposed and the main characteristics of the equipment, processes and their interconnections were described. The main peculiarities are given in the common dry crushing, the washing and filtering of the starch in a trommel and its sedimentation in tunnels or tanks, which replaces mechanically complex equipment in the mechanized process of native starch. This sequence causes low level separation of starch into fiber, but dries the starch-rich fiber into additional assortment. Conclusions: The proposal allows having a multipurpose scheme for obtaining combined assortments of cassava by semi-mechanized means that has been used for the rest of the design stages of the process.

RESUMEN Introducción: Atendiendo a las potencialidades, ventajas y demandas de los procesos de tratamiento industrial de yuca y a la necesidad de reducir la complejidad mecánica del equipamiento, de forma tal que pueda ser total o parcialmente construido en Cuba, se precisa diseñar instalaciones adecuadas para este proceso. Objetivo: Seleccionar las tecnologías requeridas para una planta de surtidos combinados con probable instalación en el Instituto de Investigaciones de Viandas Tropicales (INIVIT), con carácter semi-mecanizado y con bajo grado de separación del almidón presente en la fibra, tratando esta última y destinándola a la alimentación animal. Materiales y Métodos: La selección de los equipos tecnológicos y las secuencias de flujo y de operación se efectuaron combinando los procesos individuales en un esquema semi-mecanizado con enfoque multipropósito para la producción de casabe, harina y almidón nativo. Resultados y Discusión: Se propuso el diagrama de flujo y se describieron las características principales de los equipos, procesos y sus interconexiones. Las principales peculiaridades están dadas en la trituración común en seco, el lavado y filtrado del almidón en trommel y su sedimentación en túneles o tanques, lo cual sustituye equipos complejos en el proceso mecanizado del almidón nativo. Esta secuencia provoca bajo nivel de separación del almidón en fibra, pero seca la fibra rica en almidón convirtiéndola en un surtido adicional. Conclusiones: La propuesta permite disponer de un esquema multipropósito para la obtención de surtidos combinados de yuca por vía semi-mecanizada que ha sido utilizada para el resto de las etapas de diseño del proceso.

ABSTRACT This study assessed the properties of particleboard produced from the replacement of urea formaldehyde with cassava starch. Cassava starch (CS) and urea-formaldehyde (UF) were mixed at percentages of 100/0, 90/10, 70/30, 50/50, and 0/100, respectively. The mixture was added to the wood particles at 15% adhesive content based on the weight of oven-dried particles. Particleboards of sizes 20 mm × 300 mm × 300 mm and a targeted density of 600 kg m–3 were manufactured by hot-pressing at 170 °C, compacting pressure 3.5 MPa for 8 min. Physical and mechanical properties (density, thickness swelling, water absorption, static bending, and hardness) were tested. The physical and mechanical properties also increased in the highest proportions of UF. Comparatively, manufactured with 50% CS + 50% UF, it performed better in all the evaluated properties. Thus, it could adopt the latter mixed ratio in the industry to reduce the quantity and cost of UF and its environmental emissions. The results obtained were adequate and in conformity with international standards. Hence, it could mix cassava starch and urea formaldehyde adhesives in different ratios to get desirable properties. It is possible to conclude that cassava starch could be considered a sustainable alternative adhesive. (CS ureaformaldehyde (UF 1000 100 0 100/0 9010 90 10 90/10 7030 70 30 70/30 5050 50 50/50 0100 0/100 respectively 15 ovendried oven dried 2 60 m3 m 3 m– hotpressing hot pressing 17 C °C 35 5 3. min density, (density swelling absorption bending hardness tested Comparatively Thus emissions standards Hence 100/ 901 9 1 90/1 703 7 70/3 505 50/5 010 0/10 6 90/ 70/ 50/ 01 0/1 0/

Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize the physicochemical-mechanical properties of corn and cassava starch films reinforced with CNF via Tape-Casting. There were differences in size and shape of the starch granules. Corn starch nanocomposites (NCO) showed a significant increase in tensile strength (5.14 to 25.58 MPa) and significant decrease in strain (24.81 to 2.76%) as the CNF concentration increased. Among the cassava starch nanocomposites (NCA), only the cassava starch sample with 1% CNF (NCA-1) showed significant difference both in the maximum stress (4.94 MPa) and strain (15.17%). The corn starch sample with 2% of CNF (NCO-2) presented a lower roughness and NCA-1 a smooth surface. There was no difference in chemical composition between the samples. The CNF-free starch films showed more transparency than other films. The NCA showed more transparency than NCO. Tape-casting technique unveils enhanced mechanical properties of cellulose nanofiber-reinforced starch films. Starch nanocomposites exhibit improved tensile strength and surface characteristics. physicochemicalmechanical physicochemical TapeCasting. TapeCasting Tape Casting. Casting Tape-Casting granules NCO (NCO 5.14 514 5 14 (5.1 2558 25 58 25.5 MPa 24.81 2481 24 81 (24.8 2.76% 276 2 76 increased NCA, , (NCA) 1 NCA1 (NCA-1 4.94 494 4 94 (4.9 15.17%. 1517 15.17% . 15 17 (15.17%) NCO2 (NCO-2 NCA- samples CNFfree free Tapecasting casting nanofiberreinforced nanofiber characteristics 5.1 51 (5. 255 25. 24.8 248 8 (24. 2.76 27 7 (NCA (NCA- 4.9 49 9 (4. 151 15.17 (15.17% (NCO- 5. (5 24. (24 2.7 4. (4 15.1 (15.17 ( (2 2. 15. (15.1 (15. (15 (1

ABSTRACT. The objective of this work was to study the biomass production and chemical composition of the different parts of the cassava plant during the first and second vegetative cycles, with the aim of providing data that can contribute to the understanding of the response of cassava cultivars to different harvest ages. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks in split plot scheme. Plots were represented by cultivars IAC 90 and IAC 118-95 and subplots by crop age (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 months after planting). Our results showed that the ‘IAC 90’ allocated a higher proportion of assimilates to the leaves, stem and planted cutting than the ‘IAC 118-95’, which was more efficient in allocating dry matter to the storage roots. Storage roots showed an increase of more than 50% in starch content 14 months after planting. The cultivar IAC 118-95 is distinguished by the higher harvest index, allowing earlier harvesting, with possible valorisation of the leaves as industrial raw material. Variables showed different degrees of inter-relationships amongst themselves. Total plant fresh matter and dry matter yields were positively correlated with growth parameters and root starch for both cultivars. Harvest time and cultivar are key factors that should be considered to increase profits in the cassava agro-industrial chain. ABSTRACT cycles ages scheme 9 11895 118 95 118-9 2, 2 (2 4 6 8 10 12 16 1 planting . planting) 11895, , 118-95’ 50 index harvesting material interrelationships inter relationships themselves agroindustrial agro chain 1189 11 118- ( 5

Abstract Polysaccharide coating is a biodegradable alternative to conventional packings used for delaying senescence in vegetables. This work investigated the properties of cassava and chitosan biopolymeric film and its use as edible coatings to preserve the shelf-life (7 °C and 70% relative humidity (RH)) of green asparagus, with previous cold storage (1 °C and 90% RH) for 7 days. Based on a previous assessment of the films obtained from a) cassava (2.5%), b) chitosan (0.5%), and c) a blend of cassava-chitosan (Cassava+) (2.5 + 0.5%), it could be verified that cassava-chitosan blend films showed improved barrier property (water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of 38.06 g/(m2.h)) and mechanical properties, with tensile strength of 0.021 MPa, elongation at break of 1.93% and Young’s module of 0.011 MPa. Cassava+ based coating resulted in a lower weight loss and colour L* parameter and minimized textural changes in basal-section of commercial green asparagus spears during a shelf-life of seven days (7 °C and 70% RH), with previous cold storage. All coated spears maintained overall higher carbohydrate levels than the control, except to sucrose which gradually decreased in basal sections and increased in the apical sections of asparagus spears, irrespective of treatment. Edible coating did not affect asparagine concentrations which steadily increased throughout the shelf-life of the spears. The blend (Cassava+) kept for a longer the green asparagus quality. However, spears under a shelf-life of seven days (7 °C and 70% RH), with previous cold storage under 1 °C and 90% RH conditions, developed tip-rot physiological disorder. vegetables shelflife shelf life ( C 70 (RH) 90 2.5%, 25 2.5% , 2 5 (2.5%) b 0.5%, 05 0.5% 0 (0.5%) c cassavachitosan Cassava (Cassava+ 2.5 (2. 0.5%) water WVTR (WVTR 3806 38 06 38.0 g/m2.h gm2h gmh g/ m2.h g m2 h m g/(m2.h) 0021 021 0.02 MPa 193 93 1.93 Youngs Young s 0011 011 0.01 L basalsection section RH, control treatment quality However conditions tiprot tip rot disorder (RH 9 (2.5% 0.5 (0.5% (Cassava 2. (2 380 3 38. gm m2h mh g/(m2.h 002 02 0.0 19 1.9 001 01 0. (0.5 00 1. (0. (0

Resumo Polímeros naturais, como o polissacarídeo, são uma alternativa biodegradável para a fabricação de novas embalagens, a fim de substituir as embalagens convencionais utilizadas para retardar a senescência em vegetais. Este trabalho investigou as propriedades de filmes biopoliméricos de amido de mandioca e quitosana, e seu uso como revestimentos comestíveis para preservar a vida útil (7 °C e 70% umidade relativa- UR) de aspargos verdes, com ou sem armazenamento prévio refrigerado (1 °C e 90% UR) por sete dias. Com base na avaliação prévia dos filmes obtidos a partir de a) fécula de mandioca (2,5%), b) quitosana (0,5%) e c) uma mistura de fécula de mandioca e quitosana (Cassava+) (2,5 + 0,5%), verificou-se que os filmes da mistura fécula e quitosana apresentaram propriedade de barreira melhorada (taxa de permeabilidade ao vapor d’água de 38,06 g/(m2.h)) e propriedades mecânicas, com resistência à tração de 0,021 MPa, alongamento à ruptura de 1,93% e módulo de Young de 0,011 MPa. O revestimento à base de fécula de mandioca e quitosana resultou em menor perda de massa e valor L*, e minimizou as mudanças de textura na seção basal de hastes de aspargo verde comercial durante a vida útil de sete dias (7 °C e 70% UR), com armazenamento prévio refrigerado. Todas as hastes revestidas mantiveram níveis globais de carboidratos mais elevados do que o controle, exceto para a sacarose, que diminuiu gradualmente nas seções basais e aumentou nas seções apicais das lanças de aspargo, independentemente do tratamento. O revestimento comestível não teve efeito nas concentrações de asparagina, que aumentaram ao longo do período de vida útil. Todas as hastes com vida útil de sete dias (7 °C e 70% UR), com armazenamento prévio refrigerado (1 °C e 90% UR), desenvolveram o distúrbio fisiológico podridão das pontas. naturais polissacarídeo vegetais 7 ( C 70 relativa UR verdes 1 90 2,5%, 25 2,5% , 2 5 (2,5%) b 0,5% 05 0 (0,5% c Cassava+ Cassava (Cassava+ 2,5 (2, 0,5%, 0,5%) verificouse verificou se taxa dágua d água 3806 38 06 38,0 g/m2.h gm2h gmh g/ m2.h g m2 h m g/(m2.h) mecânicas 0021 021 0,02 MPa 193 93 1,93 0011 011 0,01 L L* UR, controle sacarose tratamento asparagina pontas 9 (2,5% 0,5 (0,5 (Cassava 2, (2 380 3 38, gm m2h mh g/(m2.h 002 02 0,0 19 1,9 001 01 0, (0, 00 1, (0

ABSTRACT Developing high-performing bio adhesives for enhancing the bonding strength of cement-based materials is highly desirable as they improve workability, corrosion resistance and durability of the concrete. The present effort aims at stemming a novel bio admixture comprising agricultural products Cassava starch and Xanthan gum as well examines the effect of incorporation of it into the cement. The composition of xanthan gum is varied in the starch mixture systematically in the ratios namely 1:0.25, 1:0.5 and 1:0.75. As-prepared bio admixtures are characterized through Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, Thermo Gravimetric Analysis, contact angle and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray studies. These results demonstrated that presence of optimal amount of xanthan gum facilitates the binding nature of starch and promotes better bond strength as it significantly improved the bonding capacity as well as hydrophilic nature of starch thereby augmenting the bonding strength when used in cement mortar. The bio admixture filler material occupied the voids between the mortar matrix, thus reducing the porosity. The beneficial effect of as-prepared bio admixture has been reflected in the compressive strength that has been enhanced by 16.6% when optimized quantity (1.5 wt.%) of the bio admixture is added to the mortar. highperforming high performing cementbased based workability concrete 10.25, 1025 1 0.25, 0 25 1:0.25 10.5 105 0.5 5 1:0. 10.75. 1075 0.75. 75 1:0.75 Asprepared As prepared InfraRed Infra Red spectroscopy XRay X Ray Diffraction Analysis MicroscopyEnergy Microscopy Energy Xray ray studies matrix porosity asprepared 166 16 6 16.6 1.5 15 (1. wt.% wt 10 10.25 102 025 0.25 2 1:0.2 10. 05 0. 1:0 10.75 107 075 0.75 7 1:0.7 16. 1. (1 wt. 10.2 02 0.2 1: 10.7 07 0.7 (

Abstract BRS Boitatá and BRS Ocauçu cassava cultivars for the industry have high root and starch yields and high starch contents in first-cycle and second-cycle harvests, medium tolerance to the main diseases, adequate architecture for mechanized planting and stability in starch contents. firstcycle first cycle secondcycle second harvests diseases

ABSTRACT The use of biochar in agriculture remains controversial due to the amounts applied and the small size of the particles which can cause respiratory problems when inhaled. With the aim of evaluating the effects of cattle manure biochar (CMB) on the chemical attributes of the soil and on plant growth and nutrition, a greenhouse experiment was conducted, with Urochloa brizantha ‘BRS Paiaguás’ grown in pots over five crop cycles, in weathered soil (Oxisol). CMB pellets, both enriched and not enriched with potassium phosphate (PK), were produced using cassava starch as the binder, in a ratio of 2:2:1 (biochar: PK fertiliser: binder) and 4:1 (biochar: binder), respectively. The CMB was produced at a pyrolysis temperature of 450 °C. The experimental design was completely randomised in a 2 x 2 x 2 + 1 factorial scheme, with five replications. The treatments were non-pelletised and pelletised CMB, with and without liming, and with and without PK, and an additional treatment with no fertiliser. The CMB improved the chemical properties of the soil, correcting acidity, increasing nutrient availability and improving the production of Urochloa brizantha ‘BRS Paiaguás’. The use of CMB enriched with phosphorus and potassium behaved as a slow-release organomineral fertiliser in Urochloa brizantha ‘BRS Paiaguás’. inhaled (CMB nutrition conducted BRS Paiaguás cycles Oxisol. Oxisol . (Oxisol) pellets , (PK) binder 221 2:2: (biochar 41 4 4: respectively 45 C °C scheme replications nonpelletised non liming acidity Paiaguás. slowrelease slow release (Oxisol (PK 22 2:2 2:

ABSTRACT Cassava used in various processing industries needs new tools and technology to ensure it's the final quality Cassava product based on the component exists in the raw root to make the final product competitive. Modifying industry currently uses the traditional wet chemical method for ingredient identification as per Indian Standard assessment system developed in 1978. It was expensive, take prolonged testing time, need skilful worker involvement and chance of toxic byproduct formation. This paper focuses on the pre-determined raw material quality feeding for suitable starch industry through raw Cassava categorization based on its active constituent presence to meet the final quality of modified Cassava starch by integrating Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR) with Partial Least Square (PLS) algorithm. The classification of raw cassava logs based on its ingredient concentration (ash and moisture) implemented through Support Vector Machine algorithm according to the industrial standard requirements needed by the third party users for guaranteed final quality product from raw materials observation. it s competitive 1978 expensive time formation predetermined pre determined InfraRed Infra Red FTIR (FTIR PLS (PLS ash moisture observation 197 19 1

ABSTRACT Starch extracted from cassava (Manihot esculenta) and extracts of amylase isolated from sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) were used. Two treatments were performed for hydrolysis: T1 in which the crude extract was used and T2 with the previously semi purified extract. After stirring the reaction mixture for 8 h at 60 °C, no starch was detected in the obtained syrup. The quality of the final product was evaluated by determining glucose equivalent (DE), using the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method and organoleptic analysis. The DE values for syrup prepared by T1 and T2 were 41,30 and 57,66, respectively. The organoleptic properties and DE values are within the ranges established for malt syrup.

RESUMEN Se utilizó almidón extraído de yuca (Manihot esculenta) y extractos de amilasa aislada de boniato (Ipomea batatas). Se efectuaron dos tratamientos para la hidrólisis: T1 en el que se utilizó el extracto crudo y T2 con el extracto previamente semipurificado. Después de agitar la mezcla de reacción durante 8 h a 60 °C, no se detectó almidón en el sirope obtenido. La calidad de producto final fue evaluada mediante la determinación de equivalente de glucosa (DE), usando el método del ácido dinitrosalicílico (DNS) y análisis organoléptico. Los valores de DE para el sirope preparado mediante T1 y T2 fueron de 41,30 y 57,66, respectivamente. Las propiedades organolépticas y los valores de DE, se encuentran dentro de los rangos establecidos para el sirope de malta.

RESUMEN La yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) es uno de los principales alimentos utilizado como fuente de energía, proporciona el alimento básico para alimentar a más de 800 millones de personas en todo el mundo. En algunos países y zonas colombianas productoras de yuca el aumento en la producción ha disminuido, debido a que no se cuenta con la tecnología y conocimiento suficiente para contribuir a la demanda actual de yuca. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del ácido 1-naftalenacético sobre algunas variables de rendimiento de yuca variedad MCol 2066 (chirosa). Se estableció un cultivo homogéneo de yuca y se obtuvieron esquejes de 15 cm de longitud, los cuales se sometieron a tres tiempos de inmersión (5, 10 y 20 min) en cuatro concentraciones de ácido 1-naftalenacético (0, 100, 200 y 300 ppm). Los datos se colectaron a los 240 días después de la siembra. Las variables evaluadas porcentaje de almidón, materia seca, y masa fresca de raíces, presentaron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. Los valores más altos se observaron en el tratamiento a 20 min de inmersión en 200 ppm de ácido 1-naftalenacético para las variables, almidón (45,56 %), materia seca (51,6 %), y masa fresca (73,270 kg/ha). A las condiciones del estudio, este tratamiento fue el mejor inductor para aumentar el rendimiento del cultivo, debido a que influyó positivamente, mostrando mejores resultados en las variables porcentaje de almidón, materia seca y masa fresca de la raíz, lo cual podría ser favorable para mejorar el rendimiento del cultivo de yuca variedad MCol 2066 (chirosa) en la región.

ABSTRACT Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the main foods used as an energy source that is also as one of the staples feeding more than 800 million people worldwide. In some countries as well as some Colombian areas known for their cassava production, there has been a decrease in their production growth due to the fact that there is neither enough technology nor knowledge to contribute to the current demand for cassava. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid on some yield-related variables on variety MCol 2066 of cassava (chirosa). A homogeneous crop of cassava was established and cuttings of 15 cm in length were obtained, which in turn were subjected to three immersion times (5, 10 and 20 min) in four concentrations of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (0, 100, 200 and 300 ppm). Data were collected 240 days after planting. The evaluated variables which were percentage of starch, dry matter, and fresh root mass, showed significant differences between treatments. The highest values were observed in the treatment at 20 min immersion in 200 ppm of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid for the variables, starch (45,56 %), dry matter (51,6 %), and fresh mass (73.270 kg/ha). Under the conditions of the study, this treatment was the best inducer to increase the yield of the crop, because it influenced positively on such results, showing better results in the variables percentage of starch, dry matter and fresh mass of the root, which could be favorable to improve the yield of the crop of variety MCol 2066 cassava (chirosa) in the region.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar los efectos de la sustitución parcial de grasa por almidón de yuca y fibra de arveja (Pisum sativum L.) en salchichones fermentados. Se analizan las propiedades texturales, microbiológicas, sensoriales y microestructurales utilizando un cultivo iniciador compuesto de Staphylococcus xylosus y Lactobacillus sakei. Se aplica un diseño factorial aleatorio. Los resultados muestran que el almidón de yuca tuvo mayor efecto en la dureza, debido a que se presentaron los valores más altos cuando fue adicionado en mayor proporción (50 %). Los recuentos de microorganismos están dentro de los límites establecidos por la Norma Técnica Colombiana (NTC-1325 del 20-08-2008) de 2008 para salchichones. Se concluye que la fibra de arveja y el almidón de yuca favorecen la microbiota de salchichones, logrando ser ingredientes importantes en la formulación de salchichones fermentados a partir del desarrollo de nuevos productos a nivel industrial.

Abstract: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of partially substituting fermented salchichón fat with cassava starch and pea fiber (Pisum sativum L.). The analyses examine the textural, microbiological, sensory, and microstructural properties. A starter culture with Staphylococcus xylosus and Lactobacillus sakei is used and a factorial random design is applied. The results show that cassava starch has the most effect on hardness since the highest values are obtained when it is added in high proportions (50%). Microbial counts are within the limits established by the 2008 Colombian Technical Standard (NTC-1325 of 08-20-2008) for salchichón. It is concluded that pea fiber and cassava starch favor salchichón microbiota, making them primary ingredients for fermented salchichón formulation when developing new products at the industrial level.

Resumen Contexto: La conservación de frutas mínimamente procesadas es un tema muy importante en la industria alimentaria debido al incremento en el consumo de este tipo de alimentos. Esta investigación estudia los efectos que provocan los recubrimientos comestibles a base de aloe vera y almidón de yuca en piña mínimamente procesada. Método: Se evaluaron propiedades como textura y color, y se realizó análisis microbiano después de 12 días de almacenamiento a 4 °C. Se probaron cuatro tratamientos (T1, T2, T3 y T4): piña Oro Miel con soluciones de recubrimiento con diferentes concentraciones de aloe vera/almidón (T1:75/25, T2:50/50, T3:25/75) y un tratamiento control (T4) que consistió en la fruta sin recubrimiento. Los recubrimientos se realizaron sumergiendo la fruta previamente procesada durante 1 min. Resultados: Los resultados indicaron que el tratamiento T2 obtuvo la mejor textura y T4 mostró una mayor luminosidad. Los parámetros microbiológicos se mantuvieron dentro de los establecidos por la Norma Técnica Colombiana (NTC 4519) para fruta mínimamente procesada durante los 12 días de conservación. Conclusiones: El recubrimiento comestible puede mantener la textura e inhibir el crecimiento de microorganismos en la piña Oro Miel. Sin embargo, la luminosidad de la fruta puede verse afectada por el uso de estos recubrimientos comestibles.

Abstract Context: The conservation of minimally processed fruits is a very important topic in the food industry due to the increased consumption of this type of food. This work studies the effects caused by edible coatings based on aloe vera and cassava starch on minimally processed pineapple. Method: Properties such as texture and color were evaluated, and microbial analysis was conducted after 12 days of storage at 4 °C. Four treatments (T1, T2, T3, and T4) were tested: Honey Gold pineapple with coating solutions of different aloe vera/starch concentrations (T1:75/25, T2:50/50, T3:25/75), and a control treatment (T4) consisting of the fruit without coating. Coating was carried out by immersing the fruit for 1 min. Results: The results indicated that the T2 treatment achieved the best texture, and that T4 showed a higher luminosity. The microbiological parameters remained within those established by the Colombian Technical Standard (NTC 4519) for minimally processed fruit during the 12 days of conservation. Conclusions: Edible coatings can maintain the texture and inhibit the growth of microorganisms in Honey Gold pineapple. However, fruit luminosity may be affected by the use of these edible coatings.