RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência de diferentes épocas de plantio e variáveis meteorológicas no desempenho produtivo da mandioca industrial na região do Agreste de Alagoas. Os tratamentos foram cinco datas de plantio, com espaçamento temporal de 25 dias entre elas: D1 - 10 de abril, D2 - 05 de maio, D3 - 30 de maio, D4 - 24 de junho e D5 - 19 de julho. O período experimental foi de abril de 2021 a setembro de 2023, dois ciclos de cultivo. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As variáveis analisadas foram: dados agrometeorológicas e de crescimento e produção da cultura. Na região do Agreste de Alagoas, entre as estações chuvosa e seca, a ET0 média diária varia de 2,9 a 4,7 mm, respectivamente. A temperatura média do ar é 24,3 °C e atende as demandas térmicas da cultura da mandioca. A precipitação anual é suficiente para garantir a produção de mandioca, porém, há sazonalidade nas chuvas, com período seco da primavera ao verão, o que prejudica plantios mais tardios. Na região do Agreste de Alagoas, o melhor período para o plantio da mandioca é de 10 de abril a 5 de maio, que é o início do período chuvoso da região e garante melhores resultados em: altura do dossel vegetativo (3,2 m), diâmetro do caule (2,8 cm), índice de área foliar (3,0), comprimento máximo (43,1 cm), número (6,6) e rendimento de raízes (72,8 t ha-1), biomassa total (145 t ha-1) e teor de amido (34,3%).

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different planting times and meteorological variables on the productive performance of industrial cassava in the Agreste region of Alagoas state, Brazil. The treatments were five planting dates, 25 days apart: D1 - April 10, D2 - May 5, D3 - May 30, D4 - June 24 and D5 - July 19. The experiment was conducted from April 2021 to September 2023 (two cultivation cycles), using randomized blocks, with four replicates. The variables analyzed were agrometeorological data, crop growth and yield. In the Agreste region of Alagoas, the average daily ET0 varies from 2.9 to 4.7 mm between the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. The average temperature of 24.3 °C meets the thermal demands of cassava cultivation. Although annual rainfall is sufficient to guarantee cassava production, it is seasonal, with a dry period from spring to summer, which compromises subsequent plantings. In the Agreste region of Alagoas, the best time to plant cassava is from April 10 to May 5, which is the beginning of the rainy season and ensures better vegetative canopy height (3.2 m), stem diameter (2.8 cm), leaf area index (3.0), maximum root length (43.1 cm), number (6.6) and yield (72.8 t ha-1), total biomass (145 t ha-1) and starch content (34.3%).

This work developed an effective and eco-friendly analytical method to support quality control for Brazilian Bill proposal No. 5332/2009. The bill advocates the creation of the “Brazilian bread” by mandating the incorporation of cassava byproducts into wheat flour, with the aim of reducing Brazil’s external dependency on wheat imports and promoting domestic cassava family farming. For this, a handheld near-infrared (NIR) spectrophotometer was utilized for on-site determination of cassava starch in commercial wheat flour. The quantitative analysis, which utilized NIR spectra pre-processed with offset correction (OFF) combined with linear baseline correction (LBC), alongside the successive projections algorithm for interval selection in partial least squares (iSPA-PLS), exhibited superior predictive capability, achieving a relative error of prediction below 8%. Furthermore, the classification process, which involved NIR spectra pre-processed with LBC and iSPA-PLS for discriminant analysis (iSPA-PLS-DA), yielded an impressive 94% overall accuracy, with only 3 misclassifications in the test set.

Resumen Los bioplásticos elaborados a partir de fuentes renovables y componentes antimi crobianos son deseables en el empacado de alimentos. Por tanto, se prepararon láminas bioplásticas con almidón de yuca y aceite esencial de romero usando el método de vaciado en placa. Se midió la actividad antibacteriana, transmisión de vapor de agua (Tva), resis tencia mecánica y microestructura de láminas bioplásticas. Las láminas fueron expuestas a bacterias patógenas como Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus y Bacillus cereus. Se evidenció actividad antibacteriana para los patógenos evaluados excepto para B. cereus. Las láminas evidenciaron valores promedio de Tva 3,6988 (10-14 g/Pa s m), esfuerzo a tensión 8,90 MPa, módulo de young 1679,72 MPa y deformación a la rotura 4,33%. Su microestructura evidenció buena adhesión entre los componentes de la matriz bioplástica. Estos resultados muestran el potencial de los bioplásticos de almidón de yuca y aceite esencial de romero para el empacado de alimentos, principalmente de frutas o productos elaborados con huevo o pollo.

Abstract Bioplastics composed of renewable sources and antimicrobial components are desirable in food packaging. This study prepared bioplastic films with cassava starch and rosemary essential oil using a casting methodology. Film antibacterial activity, water vapour transmission (Wvt), mechanical resistance, and microstructure were measured after exposure to pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. Antibacterial activity was evidenced against the pathogens evaluated except for B. cereus. The films showed average values of Wvt 3.6988 (10-14 g/Pa s m), tensile strength 8.90 MPa, young modulus 1679.72 MPa, and elongation at break 4.33%. Film microstructure showed good adhesion to bioplastic components in the matrix. Bioplastics of cassava starch and rosemary oil constitute potential food packaging solutions mainly for fruits, egg-based products or chicken.

ABSTRACT Enzymatic biocatalysis has emerged as a green technology in starch modification with divergent results at the morphological level depending on the origin of the starch source. Therefore, various enzymatic biocatalysts were implemented to evaluate their effect on the morphological and semi-crystalline characteristics of native cassava starches. The degree of affinity of the biocatalysts and the conversion rate on native cassava starches were determined by kinetic parameters such as the Michaelis-Menten constant, whose results revealed the following order of affinity from highest to lowest: α-amylase, amyloglucosidase, pullulanase, and β-amylase. In addition, greater biocatalytic activity of α-amylase and β-amylase was evidenced on the amorphous zones of the polymer associated with the decrease in the amylose content and a significant increase in the degree of relative crystallinity. According to morphological analyses and XDR, the action of amyloglucosidase promoted exo-erosion phenomena and the appearance of lacerations on the granular surface of starch with the consequent decrease in the semicrystalline order. The pullulanase caused slightly eroded fragmented granules with greater biocatalytic activity on the crystalline lamellae, associated with a significant increase in the apparent amylose content. FTIR analysis in the 1,200-900 cm-1 region, corresponding to the starch fingerprint, allowed us to detect notable changes in the degree of molecular order after the enzymatic attack; this result was consistent with the degree of relative crystallinity estimated by X-ray diffraction. Likewise, the results allowed us to notice significant changes in the semi-crystalline order and morphological characteristics during the modification with α-amylase (AAM) and amyloglucosidase (AMG) associated with their greater affinity and preferential action on the amorphous structures located on the granular surface of native cassava starch.

RESUMEN La biocatálisis enzimática ha surgido como una tecnología verde en la modificación de almidones con resultados divergentes a nivel morfológico en función de procedencia de la fuente amilácea. Por consiguiente, diversos biocatalizadores enzimáticos fueron implementados para evaluar su efecto sobre las características morfológicas y semicristalinas en almidones nativos de yuca. El grado de afinidad de los biocatalizadores y la tasa de conversión sobre almidones nativos de yuca fueron determinados mediante parámetros cinéticos como la constante de Michaelis-Menten, cuyos resultados revelaron el siguiente orden de afinidad de mayor a menor: α-amilasa, amiloglucosidasa, pululanasa y β-amilasa. Además, se evidenció una mayor actividad biocatalítica de la α-amilasa y β-amilasa sobre las zonas amorfas del polímero debido a la disminución del contenido de amilosa y un aumento significativo en el grado de cristalinidad relativa. Según los análisis morfológicos y DRX, la acción de la amiloglucosidasa promovió fenómenos de exoerosión y la aparición de laceraciones en la superficie granular del almidón con la consiguiente disminución del orden semicristalino. La pululanasa provocó la obtención de gránulos fragmentados levemente erosionados con una mayor actividad biocatalítica en las zonas cristalinas asociada con el aumento significativo del contenido de amilosa aparente. El análisis de FTIR en la región 1.200-900 cm-1, correspondiente a la huella digital del almidón, permitió determinar cambios notorios en el grado del orden molecular después del ataque enzimático, este resultado fue coherente con el grado de cristalinidad relativo estimador por difracción de rayos-X. Asimismo, los resultados permitieron identificar cambios significativos en el orden semicristalino y características morfológicas durante la modificación con α-amilasa (AAM) y amiloglucosidasa (AMG) asociado a su mayor afinidad y acción preferencial sobre las estructuras amorfas ubicadas en la superficie granular del almidón nativo de yuca.

Abstract BRS Boitatá and BRS Ocauçu cassava cultivars for the industry have high root and starch yields and high starch contents in first-cycle and second-cycle harvests, medium tolerance to the main diseases, adequate architecture for mechanized planting and stability in starch contents. firstcycle first cycle secondcycle second harvests diseases

ABSTRACT The use of biochar in agriculture remains controversial due to the amounts applied and the small size of the particles which can cause respiratory problems when inhaled. With the aim of evaluating the effects of cattle manure biochar (CMB) on the chemical attributes of the soil and on plant growth and nutrition, a greenhouse experiment was conducted, with Urochloa brizantha ‘BRS Paiaguás’ grown in pots over five crop cycles, in weathered soil (Oxisol). CMB pellets, both enriched and not enriched with potassium phosphate (PK), were produced using cassava starch as the binder, in a ratio of 2:2:1 (biochar: PK fertiliser: binder) and 4:1 (biochar: binder), respectively. The CMB was produced at a pyrolysis temperature of 450 °C. The experimental design was completely randomised in a 2 x 2 x 2 + 1 factorial scheme, with five replications. The treatments were non-pelletised and pelletised CMB, with and without liming, and with and without PK, and an additional treatment with no fertiliser. The CMB improved the chemical properties of the soil, correcting acidity, increasing nutrient availability and improving the production of Urochloa brizantha ‘BRS Paiaguás’. The use of CMB enriched with phosphorus and potassium behaved as a slow-release organomineral fertiliser in Urochloa brizantha ‘BRS Paiaguás’. inhaled (CMB nutrition conducted BRS Paiaguás cycles Oxisol. Oxisol . (Oxisol) pellets , (PK) binder 221 2:2: (biochar 41 4 4: respectively 45 C °C scheme replications nonpelletised non liming acidity Paiaguás. slowrelease slow release (Oxisol (PK 22 2:2 2:

ABSTRACT. The objective of this work was to study the biomass production and chemical composition of the different parts of the cassava plant during the first and second vegetative cycles, with the aim of providing data that can contribute to the understanding of the response of cassava cultivars to different harvest ages. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks in split plot scheme. Plots were represented by cultivars IAC 90 and IAC 118-95 and subplots by crop age (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 months after planting). Our results showed that the ‘IAC 90’ allocated a higher proportion of assimilates to the leaves, stem and planted cutting than the ‘IAC 118-95’, which was more efficient in allocating dry matter to the storage roots. Storage roots showed an increase of more than 50% in starch content 14 months after planting. The cultivar IAC 118-95 is distinguished by the higher harvest index, allowing earlier harvesting, with possible valorisation of the leaves as industrial raw material. Variables showed different degrees of inter-relationships amongst themselves. Total plant fresh matter and dry matter yields were positively correlated with growth parameters and root starch for both cultivars. Harvest time and cultivar are key factors that should be considered to increase profits in the cassava agro-industrial chain. ABSTRACT cycles ages scheme 9 11895 118 95 118-9 2, 2 (2 4 6 8 10 12 16 1 planting . planting) 11895, , 118-95’ 50 index harvesting material interrelationships inter relationships themselves agroindustrial agro chain 1189 11 118- ( 5

ABSTRACT This study assessed the properties of particleboard produced from the replacement of urea formaldehyde with cassava starch. Cassava starch (CS) and urea-formaldehyde (UF) were mixed at percentages of 100/0, 90/10, 70/30, 50/50, and 0/100, respectively. The mixture was added to the wood particles at 15% adhesive content based on the weight of oven-dried particles. Particleboards of sizes 20 mm × 300 mm × 300 mm and a targeted density of 600 kg m–3 were manufactured by hot-pressing at 170 °C, compacting pressure 3.5 MPa for 8 min. Physical and mechanical properties (density, thickness swelling, water absorption, static bending, and hardness) were tested. The physical and mechanical properties also increased in the highest proportions of UF. Comparatively, manufactured with 50% CS + 50% UF, it performed better in all the evaluated properties. Thus, it could adopt the latter mixed ratio in the industry to reduce the quantity and cost of UF and its environmental emissions. The results obtained were adequate and in conformity with international standards. Hence, it could mix cassava starch and urea formaldehyde adhesives in different ratios to get desirable properties. It is possible to conclude that cassava starch could be considered a sustainable alternative adhesive. (CS ureaformaldehyde (UF 1000 100 0 100/0 9010 90 10 90/10 7030 70 30 70/30 5050 50 50/50 0100 0/100 respectively 15 ovendried oven dried 2 60 m3 m 3 m– hotpressing hot pressing 17 C °C 35 5 3. min density, (density swelling absorption bending hardness tested Comparatively Thus emissions standards Hence 100/ 901 9 1 90/1 703 7 70/3 505 50/5 010 0/10 6 90/ 70/ 50/ 01 0/1 0/

ABSTRACT Developing high-performing bio adhesives for enhancing the bonding strength of cement-based materials is highly desirable as they improve workability, corrosion resistance and durability of the concrete. The present effort aims at stemming a novel bio admixture comprising agricultural products Cassava starch and Xanthan gum as well examines the effect of incorporation of it into the cement. The composition of xanthan gum is varied in the starch mixture systematically in the ratios namely 1:0.25, 1:0.5 and 1:0.75. As-prepared bio admixtures are characterized through Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, Thermo Gravimetric Analysis, contact angle and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray studies. These results demonstrated that presence of optimal amount of xanthan gum facilitates the binding nature of starch and promotes better bond strength as it significantly improved the bonding capacity as well as hydrophilic nature of starch thereby augmenting the bonding strength when used in cement mortar. The bio admixture filler material occupied the voids between the mortar matrix, thus reducing the porosity. The beneficial effect of as-prepared bio admixture has been reflected in the compressive strength that has been enhanced by 16.6% when optimized quantity (1.5 wt.%) of the bio admixture is added to the mortar. highperforming high performing cementbased based workability concrete 10.25, 1025 1 0.25, 0 25 1:0.25 10.5 105 0.5 5 1:0. 10.75. 1075 0.75. 75 1:0.75 Asprepared As prepared InfraRed Infra Red spectroscopy XRay X Ray Diffraction Analysis MicroscopyEnergy Microscopy Energy Xray ray studies matrix porosity asprepared 166 16 6 16.6 1.5 15 (1. wt.% wt 10 10.25 102 025 0.25 2 1:0.2 10. 05 0. 1:0 10.75 107 075 0.75 7 1:0.7 16. 1. (1 wt. 10.2 02 0.2 1: 10.7 07 0.7 (

Abstract Polysaccharide coating is a biodegradable alternative to conventional packings used for delaying senescence in vegetables. This work investigated the properties of cassava and chitosan biopolymeric film and its use as edible coatings to preserve the shelf-life (7 °C and 70% relative humidity (RH)) of green asparagus, with previous cold storage (1 °C and 90% RH) for 7 days. Based on a previous assessment of the films obtained from a) cassava (2.5%), b) chitosan (0.5%), and c) a blend of cassava-chitosan (Cassava+) (2.5 + 0.5%), it could be verified that cassava-chitosan blend films showed improved barrier property (water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of 38.06 g/(m2.h)) and mechanical properties, with tensile strength of 0.021 MPa, elongation at break of 1.93% and Young’s module of 0.011 MPa. Cassava+ based coating resulted in a lower weight loss and colour L* parameter and minimized textural changes in basal-section of commercial green asparagus spears during a shelf-life of seven days (7 °C and 70% RH), with previous cold storage. All coated spears maintained overall higher carbohydrate levels than the control, except to sucrose which gradually decreased in basal sections and increased in the apical sections of asparagus spears, irrespective of treatment. Edible coating did not affect asparagine concentrations which steadily increased throughout the shelf-life of the spears. The blend (Cassava+) kept for a longer the green asparagus quality. However, spears under a shelf-life of seven days (7 °C and 70% RH), with previous cold storage under 1 °C and 90% RH conditions, developed tip-rot physiological disorder. vegetables shelflife shelf life ( C 70 (RH) 90 2.5%, 25 2.5% , 2 5 (2.5%) b 0.5%, 05 0.5% 0 (0.5%) c cassavachitosan Cassava (Cassava+ 2.5 (2. 0.5%) water WVTR (WVTR 3806 38 06 38.0 g/m2.h gm2h gmh g/ m2.h g m2 h m g/(m2.h) 0021 021 0.02 MPa 193 93 1.93 Youngs Young s 0011 011 0.01 L basalsection section RH, control treatment quality However conditions tiprot tip rot disorder (RH 9 (2.5% 0.5 (0.5% (Cassava 2. (2 380 3 38. gm m2h mh g/(m2.h 002 02 0.0 19 1.9 001 01 0. (0.5 00 1. (0. (0

Resumo Polímeros naturais, como o polissacarídeo, são uma alternativa biodegradável para a fabricação de novas embalagens, a fim de substituir as embalagens convencionais utilizadas para retardar a senescência em vegetais. Este trabalho investigou as propriedades de filmes biopoliméricos de amido de mandioca e quitosana, e seu uso como revestimentos comestíveis para preservar a vida útil (7 °C e 70% umidade relativa- UR) de aspargos verdes, com ou sem armazenamento prévio refrigerado (1 °C e 90% UR) por sete dias. Com base na avaliação prévia dos filmes obtidos a partir de a) fécula de mandioca (2,5%), b) quitosana (0,5%) e c) uma mistura de fécula de mandioca e quitosana (Cassava+) (2,5 + 0,5%), verificou-se que os filmes da mistura fécula e quitosana apresentaram propriedade de barreira melhorada (taxa de permeabilidade ao vapor d’água de 38,06 g/(m2.h)) e propriedades mecânicas, com resistência à tração de 0,021 MPa, alongamento à ruptura de 1,93% e módulo de Young de 0,011 MPa. O revestimento à base de fécula de mandioca e quitosana resultou em menor perda de massa e valor L*, e minimizou as mudanças de textura na seção basal de hastes de aspargo verde comercial durante a vida útil de sete dias (7 °C e 70% UR), com armazenamento prévio refrigerado. Todas as hastes revestidas mantiveram níveis globais de carboidratos mais elevados do que o controle, exceto para a sacarose, que diminuiu gradualmente nas seções basais e aumentou nas seções apicais das lanças de aspargo, independentemente do tratamento. O revestimento comestível não teve efeito nas concentrações de asparagina, que aumentaram ao longo do período de vida útil. Todas as hastes com vida útil de sete dias (7 °C e 70% UR), com armazenamento prévio refrigerado (1 °C e 90% UR), desenvolveram o distúrbio fisiológico podridão das pontas. naturais polissacarídeo vegetais 7 ( C 70 relativa UR verdes 1 90 2,5%, 25 2,5% , 2 5 (2,5%) b 0,5% 05 0 (0,5% c Cassava+ Cassava (Cassava+ 2,5 (2, 0,5%, 0,5%) verificouse verificou se taxa dágua d água 3806 38 06 38,0 g/m2.h gm2h gmh g/ m2.h g m2 h m g/(m2.h) mecânicas 0021 021 0,02 MPa 193 93 1,93 0011 011 0,01 L L* UR, controle sacarose tratamento asparagina pontas 9 (2,5% 0,5 (0,5 (Cassava 2, (2 380 3 38, gm m2h mh g/(m2.h 002 02 0,0 19 1,9 001 01 0, (0, 00 1, (0

Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize the physicochemical-mechanical properties of corn and cassava starch films reinforced with CNF via Tape-Casting. There were differences in size and shape of the starch granules. Corn starch nanocomposites (NCO) showed a significant increase in tensile strength (5.14 to 25.58 MPa) and significant decrease in strain (24.81 to 2.76%) as the CNF concentration increased. Among the cassava starch nanocomposites (NCA), only the cassava starch sample with 1% CNF (NCA-1) showed significant difference both in the maximum stress (4.94 MPa) and strain (15.17%). The corn starch sample with 2% of CNF (NCO-2) presented a lower roughness and NCA-1 a smooth surface. There was no difference in chemical composition between the samples. The CNF-free starch films showed more transparency than other films. The NCA showed more transparency than NCO. Tape-casting technique unveils enhanced mechanical properties of cellulose nanofiber-reinforced starch films. Starch nanocomposites exhibit improved tensile strength and surface characteristics. physicochemicalmechanical physicochemical TapeCasting. TapeCasting Tape Casting. Casting Tape-Casting granules NCO (NCO 5.14 514 5 14 (5.1 2558 25 58 25.5 MPa 24.81 2481 24 81 (24.8 2.76% 276 2 76 increased NCA, , (NCA) 1 NCA1 (NCA-1 4.94 494 4 94 (4.9 15.17%. 1517 15.17% . 15 17 (15.17%) NCO2 (NCO-2 NCA- samples CNFfree free Tapecasting casting nanofiberreinforced nanofiber characteristics 5.1 51 (5. 255 25. 24.8 248 8 (24. 2.76 27 7 (NCA (NCA- 4.9 49 9 (4. 151 15.17 (15.17% (NCO- 5. (5 24. (24 2.7 4. (4 15.1 (15.17 ( (2 2. 15. (15.1 (15. (15 (1

Abstract Dual-modification processing was proposed to alter the structural characteristics and improve the physicochemical and techno-functional properties of native cassava flours. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hydrothermal and biocatalytic processes on the structural and morphological response of native cassava flour, as well as their effect on the behavior of physicochemical, gelatinization, and pasting characteristics. Native cassava flour was modified by hydrothermal processes of heat-moisture treatment (HMT) or annealing (ANN), or combined treatments of hydrothermal modification followed by a debranching enzyme with pullulanase (ANN-P and HMT-P). The results showed that HMT-P (heat-moisture treatment with pullulanase) and ANN-P (annealing with pullulanase) hydrothermal treatments increased the starch and amylose content in the modified flours. Compared with the ANN treatment, HMT produced changes at the morphological level such as fragmented granules or lacerations on the granular surface and reduced paste viscosity. In turn, both ANN and HMT increased the gelatinization properties, with the peak gelatinization temperature reaching values of 82.04 °C and 84.08 °C, respectively. The decrease in the 1047/1022 cm−1 (OM1) ratio and the increase in the relative crystallinity (RC) indicated that the hydrothermal and biocatalytic treatments altered the semicrystalline order of the modified cassava flours. Treatments HMT and HMT-P (dual modification with pullulanase) improved hydrophilic properties such as water absorption capacity (WAC) and cold-water solubility (CWS) and reduced setback viscosity; therefore, these processing technologies are feasible in the development of modified flours with better capacity for gel formation and reduction of the retrogradation phenomenon.

ABSTRACT Cassava used in various processing industries needs new tools and technology to ensure it's the final quality Cassava product based on the component exists in the raw root to make the final product competitive. Modifying industry currently uses the traditional wet chemical method for ingredient identification as per Indian Standard assessment system developed in 1978. It was expensive, take prolonged testing time, need skilful worker involvement and chance of toxic byproduct formation. This paper focuses on the pre-determined raw material quality feeding for suitable starch industry through raw Cassava categorization based on its active constituent presence to meet the final quality of modified Cassava starch by integrating Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR) with Partial Least Square (PLS) algorithm. The classification of raw cassava logs based on its ingredient concentration (ash and moisture) implemented through Support Vector Machine algorithm according to the industrial standard requirements needed by the third party users for guaranteed final quality product from raw materials observation.

ABSTRACT The greatest accomplishment in concrete technology to date has been the development of admixtures, which modify the properties of the concrete according to requirements. Admixtures that can be produced synthetically from natural sources to mimic the qualities of commercially available admixtures are known as "bio admixtures." Bio admixtures are made from microbes and plants, and their interactions with concrete are investigated. Cassava starch and xanthan gum combined yield a high-performing bio additive with enhanced adhesiveness. Along with the concrete, different combinations of bio additive are added in weight percentages of 0.5 wt%, 1 wt%, and 1.5 wt%. The paper examines the fresh concrete properties, the workability of concrete that has been added bio admixture, and the behavior of bio admixture concrete against flexural load, tensile loading, and compression pressures. By comparing the results with those of the control mix of M25 mix proportion of the concrete, the best mix combination of the bio additive combined with the concrete is determined. When 1.5 weight percent of bio additive is added to the concrete matrix, both in the fresh and hardened concrete states, performance is improved.

ABSTRACT Phosphorus (P) is one of the most important nutrients for plant growth. In cassava, P promotes plant growth and alters the synthesis and accumulation of starch in the storage roots. This study aimed to understand the dynamics of the accumulation and distribution of biomass, P, and starch in cassava plants fertilized with or without P during long growth cycles. A randomized block design with a split-plot scheme and four replicates was used. Plots were represented by the application of 0 (zero) or 70 kg ha-1 P, and the subplots were represented by 12 plant-harvesting times in a 21-month cycle (1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 21 months). During the first vegetative cycle, P uptake by plants was high; during the second vegetative cycle, P allocation to the roots was greater than P uptake from the soil. Phosphorus supply promoted a late increase of 19-23 % in starch accumulation in cassava plants. Storage roots were stronger sinks for starch than stems during the first vegetative cycle; however, the contribution of stems increased during the second vegetative cycle. Unfertilized plants consumed more storage root starch reserves to maintain shoot regrowth at the beginning of the second vegetative cycle. Supply of P to cassava is a fundamental management practice for increasing starch accumulation in storage roots harvested with long vegetative cycles.