This work developed an effective and eco-friendly analytical method to support quality control for Brazilian Bill proposal No. 5332/2009. The bill advocates the creation of the “Brazilian bread” by mandating the incorporation of cassava byproducts into wheat flour, with the aim of reducing Brazil’s external dependency on wheat imports and promoting domestic cassava family farming. For this, a handheld near-infrared (NIR) spectrophotometer was utilized for on-site determination of cassava starch in commercial wheat flour. The quantitative analysis, which utilized NIR spectra pre-processed with offset correction (OFF) combined with linear baseline correction (LBC), alongside the successive projections algorithm for interval selection in partial least squares (iSPA-PLS), exhibited superior predictive capability, achieving a relative error of prediction below 8%. Furthermore, the classification process, which involved NIR spectra pre-processed with LBC and iSPA-PLS for discriminant analysis (iSPA-PLS-DA), yielded an impressive 94% overall accuracy, with only 3 misclassifications in the test set. ecofriendly eco friendly No 53322009 5332 2009 5332/2009 bread flour Brazils Brazil s farming this nearinfrared near infrared (NIR onsite site preprocessed pre processed OFF (OFF LBC, , (LBC) iSPAPLS, iSPAPLS iSPA PLS (iSPA-PLS) capability 8 8% Furthermore process iSPAPLSDA, iSPAPLSDA DA (iSPA-PLS-DA) 94 accuracy set 5332200 533 200 5332/200 (LBC (iSPA-PLS (iSPA-PLS-DA 9 533220 53 20 5332/20 53322 5 2 5332/2 5332/

RESUMEN La biocatálisis enzimática ha surgido como una tecnología verde en la modificación de almidones con resultados divergentes a nivel morfológico en función de procedencia de la fuente amilácea. Por consiguiente, diversos biocatalizadores enzimáticos fueron implementados para evaluar su efecto sobre las características morfológicas y semicristalinas en almidones nativos de yuca. El grado de afinidad de los biocatalizadores y la tasa de conversión sobre almidones nativos de yuca fueron determinados mediante parámetros cinéticos como la constante de Michaelis-Menten, cuyos resultados revelaron el siguiente orden de afinidad de mayor a menor: α-amilasa, amiloglucosidasa, pululanasa y β-amilasa. Además, se evidenció una mayor actividad biocatalítica de la α-amilasa y β-amilasa sobre las zonas amorfas del polímero debido a la disminución del contenido de amilosa y un aumento significativo en el grado de cristalinidad relativa. Según los análisis morfológicos y DRX, la acción de la amiloglucosidasa promovió fenómenos de exoerosión y la aparición de laceraciones en la superficie granular del almidón con la consiguiente disminución del orden semicristalino. La pululanasa provocó la obtención de gránulos fragmentados levemente erosionados con una mayor actividad biocatalítica en las zonas cristalinas asociada con el aumento significativo del contenido de amilosa aparente. El análisis de FTIR en la región 1.200-900 cm-1, correspondiente a la huella digital del almidón, permitió determinar cambios notorios en el grado del orden molecular después del ataque enzimático, este resultado fue coherente con el grado de cristalinidad relativo estimador por difracción de rayos-X. Asimismo, los resultados permitieron identificar cambios significativos en el orden semicristalino y características morfológicas durante la modificación con α-amilasa (AAM) y amiloglucosidasa (AMG) asociado a su mayor afinidad y acción preferencial sobre las estructuras amorfas ubicadas en la superficie granular del almidón nativo de yuca.

ABSTRACT Enzymatic biocatalysis has emerged as a green technology in starch modification with divergent results at the morphological level depending on the origin of the starch source. Therefore, various enzymatic biocatalysts were implemented to evaluate their effect on the morphological and semi-crystalline characteristics of native cassava starches. The degree of affinity of the biocatalysts and the conversion rate on native cassava starches were determined by kinetic parameters such as the Michaelis-Menten constant, whose results revealed the following order of affinity from highest to lowest: α-amylase, amyloglucosidase, pullulanase, and β-amylase. In addition, greater biocatalytic activity of α-amylase and β-amylase was evidenced on the amorphous zones of the polymer associated with the decrease in the amylose content and a significant increase in the degree of relative crystallinity. According to morphological analyses and XDR, the action of amyloglucosidase promoted exo-erosion phenomena and the appearance of lacerations on the granular surface of starch with the consequent decrease in the semicrystalline order. The pullulanase caused slightly eroded fragmented granules with greater biocatalytic activity on the crystalline lamellae, associated with a significant increase in the apparent amylose content. FTIR analysis in the 1,200-900 cm-1 region, corresponding to the starch fingerprint, allowed us to detect notable changes in the degree of molecular order after the enzymatic attack; this result was consistent with the degree of relative crystallinity estimated by X-ray diffraction. Likewise, the results allowed us to notice significant changes in the semi-crystalline order and morphological characteristics during the modification with α-amylase (AAM) and amyloglucosidase (AMG) associated with their greater affinity and preferential action on the amorphous structures located on the granular surface of native cassava starch.

ABSTRACT Cassava wastewater (CWW) is a natural biofertilizer successfully tested as a source of K in long-cycle crops; however, it still needs to be better evaluated in short-cycle crops. This study aimed to evaluate the use of CWW as a source of K in the growth, yield, and physicochemical quality of curly lettuce. The study was conducted in a greenhouse, in a randomized block design arranged in a 5 × 2 + 1 factorial scheme, with four replicates. Five CWW doses were evaluated as an exclusive source of K: 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha-1 of K2O; two forms of application: 1-total dose at planting: 2-application of 50% of the dose at planting + 50% of the dose in topdressing, and an additional treatment: 100% mineral fertilization at 120 kg ha-1 of K2O dose, using KCl as the source. The number of leaves (NL), plant height (PH), fresh mass (FM), dry mass (DM), moisture (MO), ashes (ASH), fibers (FB), lipids (LIP), proteins (PTN), and carbohydrates (CHO) contents were evaluated. All agronomic attributes of lettuce showed lower values when fertilized only with CWW than mineral fertilization. Lettuce fertilized only with CWW, depending on total or split application and dose, showed higher ASH, FB, LIP, PTN, and CHO contents reaching 4.05, 3.97, 1.75, 7.11, and 3.63%, respectively, compared to mineral fertilization. The CWW can potentially be used as a complementary K source in lettuce cultivation, as its exclusive use does not replace traditional mineral fertilization. (CWW longcycle long cycle crops however shortcycle short growth yield greenhouse scheme replicates 0 60 180 24 ha1 ha ha- KO O 1total 2application 50 topdressing treatment 100 12 NL, NL , (NL) PH, PH (PH) FM, FM (FM) DM, DM (DM) MO, MO (MO) ASH (ASH) FB (FB) LIP (LIP) PTN (PTN) (CHO 405 4 05 4.05 397 3 97 3.97 175 75 1.75 711 7 11 7.11 363 63 3.63% respectively cultivation 6 18 10 (NL (PH (FM (DM (MO (ASH (FB (LIP (PTN 40 4.0 39 9 3.9 17 1.7 71 7.1 36 3.63 4. 3. 1. 7. 3.6

RESUMO Água residuária de mandioca (ARM) é um biofertilizante natural que foi testado com sucesso como fonte de K para culturas de ciclo longo; entretanto, ainda precisa ser melhor avaliado em culturas de ciclo curto. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização do ARM como fonte de K no crescimento, produção e qualidade físico-química da alface crespa. O estudo foi realizado em casa de vegetação, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 × 2 + 1, com quatro replicações. Foram avaliadas cinco doses de ARM como fonte exclusiva de K: 0, 60, 120, 180 e 240 kg ha-1 de K2O; duas formas de aplicação: 1-dose total no plantio: 2-aplicação de 50% da dose no plantio + 50% em cobertura, e um tratamento adicional: adubação 100% mineral com dose de 120 kg ha-1 de K2O, utilizando KCl como fonte. O número de folhas (NF), altura da planta (AP), massa fresca (MF), massa seca (MS), umidade (UM), conteúdos de cinzas (CZ), fibras (FB), lipídios (LIP), proteínas (PTN) e carboidratos (CHO) foram avaliados. Todos os atributos agronômicos da alface avaliados apresentaram valores inferiores quando adubada apenas com ARM comparado à adubação mineral. A alface adubada apenas com ARM, dependendo da aplicação total ou parcelamento e da dose, apresentou maiores teores de CZ, FB, LIP, PTN e CHO atingindo 4,05, 3,97, 1,75, 7,11 e 3,63%, respectivamente, em comparação à adubação mineral. A água residuária de mandioca pode potencialmente ser utilizado como fonte complementar de K na produção de alface, pois seu uso único não substitui a adubação mineral. (ARM longo entretanto curto crescimento físicoquímica físico química crespa vegetação casualizados 1 replicações 0 60 18 24 ha1 ha ha- K2O KO 1dose 2aplicação 50 cobertura adicional 100 12 NF, NF , (NF) AP, AP (AP) MF, MF (MF) MS, MS (MS) UM, UM (UM) CZ (CZ) FB (FB) LIP (LIP) (PTN (CHO 405 4 05 4,05 397 3 97 3,97 175 75 1,75 711 7 11 7,1 363 63 3,63% respectivamente 6 10 (NF (AP (MF (MS (UM (CZ (FB (LIP 40 4,0 39 9 3,9 17 1,7 71 7, 36 3,63 4, 3, 3,6

Abstract Currently, several industries have opted for the use of Cannabis sativa for different purposes, this time the capacity of the hemp stem fiber in conjunction with the Ralstonia eutropha bacterium for innovation of biodegradable plastics is highlighted, taking advantage of its potential for the generation of PHB (Polyhydroxybutyrate). This review article supports the analysis of sources such as scientific articles and research papers related to the artisanal and industrial manipulation of hemp fibers, as well as previous research regarding the production of PHA by the bacteria. The perspective is to develop a methodology with easily accessible resources in Colombia. The results show that the investigations carried out recently and the raw material is a good factor in economy, management, and progress; Additionally, different studies show that cassava is recognized as a great source of carbon that increases the potential for PHB production by the bacteria. It is concluded that its composting does not require third parties. Still, only the environment because of the power that Ralstonia eutropha has to produce PHB and that under conditions of physiological stress, it is capable of degrading, allowing to reduce the impact of the degradation of the material in the environment without contamination or residual microplastics.

Resumen Actualmente varias industrias de diversa índole han apostado por el uso de Cannabis sativa con diferentes fines, en esta ocasión se resalta la capacidad que tiene la fibra del tallo de cáñamo en conjunto con la bacteria Ralstonia eutropha para la generación de plásticos biodegradables, aprovechando su potencial para la generación de PHB (Polihidroxibutirato). En este artículo de revisión se sustenta el análisis de fuentes como artículos científicos y trabajos de investigación relacionados con la manipulación artesanal e industrial de las fibras de cáñamo, así como también investigaciones previas con respecto a la producción de PHA por parte de la bacteria Ralstonia eutropha. La perspectiva es desarrollar una metodología con recursos de fácil acceso en Colombia. Los resultados arrojan que las investigaciones realizadas recientemente y la materia prima son un buen factor en cuanto economía, manejo y progreso; adicionalmente diferentes estudios evidencian que la yuca se ha reconocido como una gran fuente de carbono que permite aumentar el potencial de producción de PHB por parte de la bacteria. Se concluye que su compostaje no requiera de terceros, solamente del ambiente gracias al poder que posee la Ralstonia eutropha de producir PHB, y que bajo condiciones de estrés fisiológico es capaz de degradarse completamente permitiendo disminuir el impacto de la descomposición del material en el medio ambiente, sin contaminaciones o microplásticos residuales.

Pesticide residues and heavy metal content of cassava, yam, cocoyam, potato, water yam and carrot were evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The detected pesticide residues in the samples were 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, glyphosate, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichlorobiphenyl, aldrin, endosulfan, profenofos, g-chlordane, carbofuran, biphenyl, heptachlor, lindane and t-Nonachlor. The concentration of HCB ranged between 0.0799 ± 0.06 mg/kg and 0.1596 ± 0.00 mg/kg, which was greater than the permitted maximum limit of 0.5 mg/kg established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The concentration of aldrin and profenofos detected was lower than the predetermined maximum allowed limits. Endosulfan concentrations in cocoyam (0.2500 mg/kg) and potato (0.3265 mg/kg) were higher than the limits allowed by the Canadian Department of Industrial Research. The heavy metals detected in these samples include cobalt, nickel, lead, manganese, chromium, arsenic and mercury in at least one of the samples evaluated. There was not much difference between the concentration of cobalt in yam (0.036 mg/kg) and the maximum allowed concentration (0.043 mg/kg). Lead was detected in potatoes and carrots but was below detectable concentration in cassava, yam, cocoyam and water yam. Similarly, cocoyam was found to have a significant mercury content (0.658 mg/kg), but mercury content was below detectable concentrations in cassava, yam and water yam. SIGNIFICANCE: Heavy metal pollutants and pesticide residues can impair human health, and their presence in food can cause various illnesses and health issues. It is important to prevent exposure to these contaminants and ensure that food is safe by identifying and monitoring them. Farmers may provide consumers with more assurance that their products are safe by identifying and monitoring pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination in these food crops. Overall, it is crucial to find and monitor pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination in food to safeguard customer confidence, ensure legal compliance and preserve human health.

RESUMEN La convivencia social diaria en una asociación rural de mujeres yuqueras es generadora de violencia intra- e intergénero como reproducción de su formación cultural “normadas”, socializadas, aceptadas y arraigada en su imaginario y subconsciente hasta convertirlo en algo natural que no tiene comprensión ni contestatario en las relaciones entre las mujeres que forman parte de esta rallandería. El discurso cultural atribuido a esa violencia, y las implicaciones que este tiene sobre las identidades de su propio género-poder, está dado por su nivel académico, edad, relación social y económico, que provoca dominación y opresión. La metodología empleada fue de corte cuanti-cualitativo, a través de encuestas y entrevistas a todas las socias y técnicos más informantes clave. Los resultados demostraron que la cotidianidad y la relación frecuente apuntan hacia la invisibilización social de la violencia, las múltiples formas de control y presión social y familiar, donde las contradicciones se generan en la reproducción de relaciones asimétricas entre mujeres hacia el interior de sus hogares, entre ellas y la comunidad, y los técnicos no estaban preparados para trabajar con mujeres. La investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar que el crecimiento económico provoca asimetrías y resquebrajamiento en sus relaciones al final de la intervención externa.

ABSTRACT The daily social coexistence in a rural association of yuquera women is a generator of intra and inter gender violence as a reproduction of their "normed" cultural formation, socialized, accepted and rooted in their imaginary and subconscious until it becomes something natural that has no understanding or opposition. in the relations between the women who are part of this ranlanderia, the cultural discourse attributed to this violence, and the implications that it has on their own gender identities-power, is given by their academic level, age, social relationship and economic causing domination and oppression. The methodology used is quantitative-qualitative through surveys and interviews with all the members and technicians plus key informants, the results showed that daily life and frequent relationships point towards the social invisibility of violence, the multiple forms of control and social and family pressure, where the contradictions are generated in the reproduction of asymmetrical relationships between women within their homes, between them and the community and, the technicians were not prepared to work with women, research that aims to determine that the economic growth causes asymmetries and breakdown in their relations at the end of external intervention.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The optimal design of technologies for the production of combined assortments, constitutes a profitable alternative for the development of the cultivation of Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava) and its industrializable products. Objective: To develop the economic optimization for the design of a combined assortment plant of Manihot esculeta Crantz by semi-mechanized way. Materials and Methods: A hybrid semi-mechanized scheme was devised for the combined production of starch, cassava and flour. A second order extreme vertex design (EVD) was generated for the distribution of cassava in the three productions, and the quadratic models obtained for profit (G), net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and discounted payback period (DRP) were optimized. For the evaluation of the indicators, the design of the basic equipment and the material and energy balances were developed. Results and Discussion: The multipurpose semi-mechanized technology uses the same initial stages for the three processes and a common pneumatic drying for the starch and flour processes. The optimal operating parameters correspond to a profit of 236 882 USD/year, a NPV of 1 242 730 USD, an IRR of 33.10 % and a DRP of 3.97 years, and are achieved for a distribution of 60 % for starch, 10 % for cassava and 30 % for flour. Conclusions: With the raw material distribution that optimizes economic and profitability indicators, production feasibility is guaranteed with energetic and environmental compatibility.

RESUMEN Introducción: El diseño óptimo de tecnologías para la producción de surtidos combinados, constituye una alternativa rentable para el desarrollo del cultivo de Manihot esculenta Crantz (yuca) y sus productos industrializables. Objetivo: Desarrollar la optimización económica para el diseño de una planta de surtidos combinados de Manihot esculeta Crantz por vía semi-mecanizada. Materiales y Métodos: Se concibió un esquema semi-mecanizado híbrido para la producción combinada de almidón, casabe y harina. Se generó un diseño de vértices extremos (DVE) de segundo orden para la distribución de yuca en las tres producciones, y optimizaron los modelos cuadráticos obtenidos para la ganancia (G), el valor actual neto (VAN), la tasa interna de retorno (TIR) y el periodo de recuperación al descontado (PRD). Para la evaluación de los indicadores se desarrolló el diseño del equipamiento fundamental y los balances materiales y energéticos. Resultados y Discusión: La tecnología semi-mecanizada multipropósito emplea las mismas etapas iniciales para los tres procesos y un secado neumático común para los procesos de almidón y harina. Los parámetros óptimos de operación se corresponden con una Ganancia de 236 882 USD/año, un VAN de 1 242 730 USD, una TIR del 33,10 % y un PRD de 3,97 años, y se alcanzan para una distribución de 60 % para la obtención de almidón, 10 % para casabe y 30 % para harina. Conclusiones: Con la distribución de materia prima que optimiza los indicadores económicos y de rentabilidad, se garantiza la factibilidad de la producción con compatibilidad energética y ambiental.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Taking into account the potential, advantages and demands of the industrial cassava treatment processes and the need to reduce the mechanical complexity of the equipment, so that it can be built totally or partially in Cuba, it is necessary to design adequate facilities for this process. Objective: To select the technologies required for a combined assortment plant with probable installation at the Tropical Viand Research Institute (INIVIT), with a semi-mechanized nature and with a low degree of separation of the starch present in the fiber, treating the latter and allocating it to the animal feeding. Materials and Methods: The selection of technological equipment and flow and operation sequences was carried out by combining the individual processes in a semi-mechanized scheme with a multipurpose approach for the production of cassava, flour and native starch. Results and Discussion: The flow diagram was proposed and the main characteristics of the equipment, processes and their interconnections were described. The main peculiarities are given in the common dry crushing, the washing and filtering of the starch in a trommel and its sedimentation in tunnels or tanks, which replaces mechanically complex equipment in the mechanized process of native starch. This sequence causes low level separation of starch into fiber, but dries the starch-rich fiber into additional assortment. Conclusions: The proposal allows having a multipurpose scheme for obtaining combined assortments of cassava by semi-mechanized means that has been used for the rest of the design stages of the process.

RESUMEN Introducción: Atendiendo a las potencialidades, ventajas y demandas de los procesos de tratamiento industrial de yuca y a la necesidad de reducir la complejidad mecánica del equipamiento, de forma tal que pueda ser total o parcialmente construido en Cuba, se precisa diseñar instalaciones adecuadas para este proceso. Objetivo: Seleccionar las tecnologías requeridas para una planta de surtidos combinados con probable instalación en el Instituto de Investigaciones de Viandas Tropicales (INIVIT), con carácter semi-mecanizado y con bajo grado de separación del almidón presente en la fibra, tratando esta última y destinándola a la alimentación animal. Materiales y Métodos: La selección de los equipos tecnológicos y las secuencias de flujo y de operación se efectuaron combinando los procesos individuales en un esquema semi-mecanizado con enfoque multipropósito para la producción de casabe, harina y almidón nativo. Resultados y Discusión: Se propuso el diagrama de flujo y se describieron las características principales de los equipos, procesos y sus interconexiones. Las principales peculiaridades están dadas en la trituración común en seco, el lavado y filtrado del almidón en trommel y su sedimentación en túneles o tanques, lo cual sustituye equipos complejos en el proceso mecanizado del almidón nativo. Esta secuencia provoca bajo nivel de separación del almidón en fibra, pero seca la fibra rica en almidón convirtiéndola en un surtido adicional. Conclusiones: La propuesta permite disponer de un esquema multipropósito para la obtención de surtidos combinados de yuca por vía semi-mecanizada que ha sido utilizada para el resto de las etapas de diseño del proceso.

ABSTRACT The chemical characteristics of Cenchrus clandestinus grass, nutritional base in dairy production systems, demand the energy supplementation. Corn grain is the most used food for this purpose, but considering its demand and prices, the aim of this study was to evaluate its partial replacement by alternative non-fibrous carbohydrates sources on methane emissions, energy and nitrogen balance and productive performance of dairy cows. Sixteen multiparous Holstein cows were fed Cenchrus clandestinus plus one of four concentrate supplements formulated with corn (Zea mays) or a partial replacement of corn with sorghum (Sorghum vulgare), cassava (Manihot esculenta) or citrus pulp (Citrus sp). Inclusion of these ingredients did not affect dry matter intake, dry matter digestibility, enteric methane emissions, energy and nitrogen balance, milk yield or composition. The results allow to conclude that these ingredients can partially replace corn in the diet of lactating dairy cows.

RESUMEN Las características químicas del pasto Cenchrus clandestinus, base alimenticia en los sistemas de producción lechera, hacen necesaria la suplementación energética. El grano de maíz es el alimento más empleado para este propósito, pero dada su demanda y precio, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar su reemplazo parcial por otras fuentes de carbohidratos no fibrosos sobre la emisión de metano, el balance energético-nitrogenado y el desempeño productivo de vacas lecheras. Dieciséis vacas Holstein recibieron Cenchrus clandestinus y uno de cuatro concentrados formulados con maíz (Zea mays) y sorgo (Sorghum vulgare), yuca (Manihot esculenta) o pulpa cítrica (Citrus sp) en reemplazo parcial del maíz. La inclusión de estos ingredientes no alteró el consumo de materia seca ni su digestibilidad, producción de metano, balance energético-nitrogenado, producción de leche o su composición. Los resultados permiten concluir que esos ingredientes pueden reemplazar parcialmente al maíz en la dieta de vacas lecheras.

Resumo Bemisia tabaci é um complexo de espécies que causa danos a uma ampla gama de hospedeiros vegetais por meio de alimentação séria. Ele transmite vírus de plantas de diferentes grupos para importantes safras agrícolas. Algumas safras comerciais importantes do Paquistão são cana-de-açúcar, arroz, tabaco e óleo de semente. Apresenta alta variabilidade genética e é diferenciado em raças ou biótipos. Os biótipos são: biótipo Q, biótipo B, biótipo B2, biótipo M, biótipo L, biótipo A, biótipo H, biótipo C, biótipo K, biótipo N, biótipo R, biótipo E, biótipo P, biótipo J, biótipo S, biótipo AN . Embora o relatório atual baseado no estudo bayesiano das sequências de DNA do gene 1 da oxidase do citocromo mitocondrial (CO1) tenha classificado as diferentes populações de moscas-brancas em doze grupos genéticos, que são Mediterrâneo, África Subsaariana com folha de prata, Oceano Índico, Ásia II, Ásia I, Austrália, Novo Mundo, Itália, China, África Subsaariana sem folha prateada, Batata-doce Mediterrâneo / Ásia Menor / África e Uganda. Os begomovírus são o maior grupo de vírus transmitidos por B. tabaci e causam as principais doenças de culturas, como a doença do cacho do tomate e da pimenta-malagueta, doença do mosaico da mandioca, doença do mosaico amarelo de leguminosas e doença do enrolamento da folha do algodão. O principal objetivo do presente estudo é inculpar conhecimento sobre a diversidade genética da mosca-branca em campos de algodão em todo o Paquistão por meio da análise da sequência parcial de DNA do gene mitocondrial Citocromo Oxidase I (mtCO1).

Abstract Bemisia tabaci is a species complex that causes damage to its broad range of plant hosts through serious feeding. It transmits plant viruses of different groups to important agricultural crops. Some important cash crops of Pakistan are sugar cane, rice, tobacco and seed oil. It shows high genetic variability and is differentiated as races or biotypes. Biotypes are, biotype Q, biotype B, biotype B2, biotype M, biotype L, biotype A, biotype H, biotype C, biotype K, biotype N, biotype R, biotype E, biotype P, biotype J, biotype S, biotype AN. Although the current report based on the Bayesian study of mitochondrial cytohrome oxidase gene1 (CO1) DNA sequences has classified the different populations of whiteflies into twelve genetic groups which are Mediterranean, Sub-Saharan Africa silverleafing, Indian Ocean, Asia II, Asia I, Australia, New World, Italy, China, Sub-Saharan Africa non-silverleafing, Mediterranean/Asia Minor/Africa and Uganda sweet potato. Begomoviruses is largest group of viruses transmitted by B. tabaci and cause major diseases of crops such as tomato and chili leaf curl disease, cassava mosaic disease; yellow mosaic disease of legumes and cotton leaf curl disease. The main objective of current study is to inculpate knowledge regarding genetic diversity of whitefly in cotton fields across Pakistan via analysis of partial DNA sequence of mitochondrial gene Cytochrom Oxidase I (mtCO1).

Resumo Os fungos endofíticos são um grupo ubiquituo que colonizam todas as espécies de plantas na terra. Os estudos que comparam a localização dos fungos endofíticos dentro das folhas de Manihot esculenta Crantz (mandioca) e o tempo de amostragem são muito escassos. Neste estudo, folhas maduras de M. esculenta foram coletadas do Panamá com a finalidade de comparar a diversidade cultivável de endófitos e determinar sua distribuição dentro das folhas. Um total de 170 endófitos foram isolados de 97 espécies que representam 13 gêneros e 8 morfoespécies determinadas como micélios esterilizados contendo 63 isolados. Os fungos Cladosporium, Nigrospora, Periconia e mycelia sterilia 1 e 3 foram os isolados mais predominantes. Também detectamos que os endófitos variaram ao longo do tempo de amostragem, mas não entre os locais dentro das folhas. A composição de endófitos na amostragem e localização de endófitos dentro da folha foi semelhante, exceto para Periconia e mycelia sterilia 3 e 7. Os dados gerados neste estudo contribuem para o conhecimento da biodiversidade de fungos endofíticos no Panamá e estabelecem as bases para pesquisas sobre o entendimento da função de endófitos em culturas de M. esculenta.

Abstract Endophytic fungi are a ubiquituos group that colonize all plant species on earth. Studies comparing the location of endophytic fungi within the leaves and the sampling time in Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava) are limited. In this study, mature leaves of M. esculenta from Panama were collected in order to compare the cultivable diversity of endophytic fungi and to determine their distribution within the leaves. A total of one hundred sixty endophytes belonging to 97 species representing 13 genera and 8 morphospecies determined as mycelia sterilia that containing 63 isolates were isolated. Cladosporium, Nigrospora, Periconia, and mycelia sterilia 1 and 3 were the most predominant isolated endophytes. We detected that endophytes varied across the sampling time, but not amongst locations within leaves. The endophytes composition across sampling and the location of endophytes within leaf was similar, except for Periconia and mycelia sterilia 3 and 7. The data generated in this study contribute to the knowledge on the biodiversity of endophytic fungi in Panama, and establish the bases for future research focused on understanding the function of endophytes in M. esculenta crops.

Abstract: This paper projects and analyzes the regional impacts of climate change on the agricultural productivity of family farming and large-scale agriculture in Brazil between 2021 and 2050, using the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. The methodology adopted consists of a cross-sectional estimation of a production function in which agricultural productivity is determined by climatic, geographic, and productive factors. The study contributes to the literature by disaggregating agricultural production into family farming and large-scale agriculture, indicating the magnitude and direction of impacts by crops and regions in Brazil, a country with a great territorial dimension and relevant and heterogeneous agricultural production. The results indicate that the agricultural productivity of family farming is more sensitive and therefore this type of producer could be more vulnerable to the phenomenon. On average, the effects will be negative in the North/Northeast regions and for cassava, maize, beans, and soybeans, with possible impacts on deforestation and on food supply. Productivity gains are expected in the southern region and for the cultivation of sugar cane and soybeans. Deterioration of food security of the vulnerable farmers and regional disparities may increase in Brazil. Abstract largescale large scale 202 2050 45 4 5 4. 85 8 8. scenarios crosssectional cross sectional climatic geographic factors phenomenon average NorthNortheast North Northeast cassava maize beans soybeans supply 20 205 2

Resumo: O artigo analisa os impactos regionais das mudanças climáticas sobre a produtividade agrícola por cultivo da agricultura familiar e patronal no Brasil, utilizando os cenários RCP 4.5 e RCP 8.5 (IPCC, 2014), entre os anos de 2021 e 2050. A estratégia metodológica consiste na estimação em cross section de uma função de produção em que os resultados em termos de produtividade agrícola são determinados por fatores climáticos, geográficos e produtivos. O estudo contribui para a literatura, ao desagregar a produção agrícola em familiar e patronal, indicando a magnitude e a direção dos impactos, por cultivo e por Unidade da Federação no Brasil, pais de grande dimensão territorial e relevante e heterogênea produção agrícola. Os resultados indicaram que a agricultura familiar apresentaria maior sensibilidade, e portanto, maior vulnerabilidade ao fenômeno. Em média, os efeitos seriam negativos nas regiões Norte/Nordeste e para mandioca, milho, feijão e soja, com possíveis impactos no desmatamento e na oferta de alimentos. Esperam-se ganhos de produtividade na região Sul e para o cultivo de cana-de-açúcar e soja. A deterioração da segurança alimentar dos agricultores vulneráveis e as disparidades regionais poderiam aumentar no Brasil. Resumo Brasil 45 4 5 4. 85 8 8. IPCC, IPCC (IPCC 2014, 2014 , 2014) 202 2050 climáticos produtivos literatura sensibilidade portanto fenômeno média NorteNordeste Norte Nordeste mandioca milho soja alimentos Esperamse Esperam se canadeaçúcar cana açúcar 201 20 205 2

ABSTRACT Management of Quilombola systems are primitive agricultural systems based on the ancestral knowledge of Afro-Brazilian enslaved people. Here, the aim was to understand the impact of these primitive farming methods on the distribution of available nitrogen (N) forms in the soil profile of two Brazilian Cerrado phytophysiognomies. The soil was sampled in Cerradão (high Cerrado) and Cerrado Stricto sensu (low Cerrado) at six soil depths (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, and 50-60 cm). The following management systems were considered: pasture (PP1 and PP2), maize cultivation (M1 and M2), citrus-cassava intercropping (T1), and citrus monoculture (T2). In addition, the soil was sampled in the native area of Cerradão (NC1) and Cerrado Stricto sensu (NC2). Three N forms were determined: i) available nitrogen (Av-N), ii) ammonium (NH4+-N) and iii) nitrate (NO3–-N) contents. The Av-N content decreased with increasing soil depth only in NC1 and NC2. The NO3–-N content was similar at all soil depths for maize and pasture, while the content decreased at soil depth for NC1, NC2, and T1. NH4+-N was similar in M2 and PP2, but it increased in T2, ranging from 6.17 mg kg–1 to 17.54 mg kg–1. Overall, the dynamics of available N forms varied according to the Cerrado phytophysiognomy and the management systems and NO3–-N was the most constant N form in the soil profile. Therefore, although the management of Quilombola systems is less intensive, they negatively affect the dynamics and N availability, mainly where management is less conservative, that is, in maize and citrus monocultures. AfroBrazilian Afro people Here (N phytophysiognomies high low 010, 010 0 10, 10 (0-10 1020, 1020 20, 20 10-20 2030, 2030 30, 30 20-30 3040, 3040 40, 40 30-40 4050, 4050 50, 50 40-50 5060 60 50-6 cm. cm . cm) considered PP1 PP (PP PP2 , PP2) M1 M (M M2, M2) citruscassava cassava T1, T1 T (T1) T2. T2 (T2) addition NC (NC1 NC2 (NC2) determined i AvN, AvN Av (Av-N) ii NH4+N NH4N NHN NH4+ NH4 NH (NH4+-N iii NO3–N NO3N NON NO3– NO3 NO (NO3–-N contents 617 6 17 6.1 kg1 kg 1 kg– 1754 54 17.5 Overall Therefore intensive availability conservative monocultures 01 (0-1 102 2 10-2 203 3 20-3 304 4 30-4 405 5 40-5 506 50- (T1 (T2 (NC (NC2 (Av-N 61 6. 175 17. (0- 10- 20- 30- 40- (T (0 (

ABSTRACT. The objective of this work was to study the biomass production and chemical composition of the different parts of the cassava plant during the first and second vegetative cycles, with the aim of providing data that can contribute to the understanding of the response of cassava cultivars to different harvest ages. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks in split plot scheme. Plots were represented by cultivars IAC 90 and IAC 118-95 and subplots by crop age (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 months after planting). Our results showed that the ‘IAC 90’ allocated a higher proportion of assimilates to the leaves, stem and planted cutting than the ‘IAC 118-95’, which was more efficient in allocating dry matter to the storage roots. Storage roots showed an increase of more than 50% in starch content 14 months after planting. The cultivar IAC 118-95 is distinguished by the higher harvest index, allowing earlier harvesting, with possible valorisation of the leaves as industrial raw material. Variables showed different degrees of inter-relationships amongst themselves. Total plant fresh matter and dry matter yields were positively correlated with growth parameters and root starch for both cultivars. Harvest time and cultivar are key factors that should be considered to increase profits in the cassava agro-industrial chain. ABSTRACT cycles ages scheme 9 11895 118 95 118-9 2, 2 (2 4 6 8 10 12 16 1 planting . planting) 11895, , 118-95’ 50 index harvesting material interrelationships inter relationships themselves agroindustrial agro chain 1189 11 118- ( 5