This work developed an effective and eco-friendly analytical method to support quality control for Brazilian Bill proposal No. 5332/2009. The bill advocates the creation of the “Brazilian bread” by mandating the incorporation of cassava byproducts into wheat flour, with the aim of reducing Brazil’s external dependency on wheat imports and promoting domestic cassava family farming. For this, a handheld near-infrared (NIR) spectrophotometer was utilized for on-site determination of cassava starch in commercial wheat flour. The quantitative analysis, which utilized NIR spectra pre-processed with offset correction (OFF) combined with linear baseline correction (LBC), alongside the successive projections algorithm for interval selection in partial least squares (iSPA-PLS), exhibited superior predictive capability, achieving a relative error of prediction below 8%. Furthermore, the classification process, which involved NIR spectra pre-processed with LBC and iSPA-PLS for discriminant analysis (iSPA-PLS-DA), yielded an impressive 94% overall accuracy, with only 3 misclassifications in the test set. ecofriendly eco friendly No 53322009 5332 2009 5332/2009 bread flour Brazils Brazil s farming this nearinfrared near infrared (NIR onsite site preprocessed pre processed OFF (OFF LBC, , (LBC) iSPAPLS, iSPAPLS iSPA PLS (iSPA-PLS) capability 8 8% Furthermore process iSPAPLSDA, iSPAPLSDA DA (iSPA-PLS-DA) 94 accuracy set 5332200 533 200 5332/200 (LBC (iSPA-PLS (iSPA-PLS-DA 9 533220 53 20 5332/20 53322 5 2 5332/2 5332/

ABSTRACT Cassava wastewater (CWW) is a natural biofertilizer successfully tested as a source of K in long-cycle crops; however, it still needs to be better evaluated in short-cycle crops. This study aimed to evaluate the use of CWW as a source of K in the growth, yield, and physicochemical quality of curly lettuce. The study was conducted in a greenhouse, in a randomized block design arranged in a 5 × 2 + 1 factorial scheme, with four replicates. Five CWW doses were evaluated as an exclusive source of K: 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha-1 of K2O; two forms of application: 1-total dose at planting: 2-application of 50% of the dose at planting + 50% of the dose in topdressing, and an additional treatment: 100% mineral fertilization at 120 kg ha-1 of K2O dose, using KCl as the source. The number of leaves (NL), plant height (PH), fresh mass (FM), dry mass (DM), moisture (MO), ashes (ASH), fibers (FB), lipids (LIP), proteins (PTN), and carbohydrates (CHO) contents were evaluated. All agronomic attributes of lettuce showed lower values when fertilized only with CWW than mineral fertilization. Lettuce fertilized only with CWW, depending on total or split application and dose, showed higher ASH, FB, LIP, PTN, and CHO contents reaching 4.05, 3.97, 1.75, 7.11, and 3.63%, respectively, compared to mineral fertilization. The CWW can potentially be used as a complementary K source in lettuce cultivation, as its exclusive use does not replace traditional mineral fertilization. (CWW longcycle long cycle crops however shortcycle short growth yield greenhouse scheme replicates 0 60 180 24 ha1 ha ha- KO O 1total 2application 50 topdressing treatment 100 12 NL, NL , (NL) PH, PH (PH) FM, FM (FM) DM, DM (DM) MO, MO (MO) ASH (ASH) FB (FB) LIP (LIP) PTN (PTN) (CHO 405 4 05 4.05 397 3 97 3.97 175 75 1.75 711 7 11 7.11 363 63 3.63% respectively cultivation 6 18 10 (NL (PH (FM (DM (MO (ASH (FB (LIP (PTN 40 4.0 39 9 3.9 17 1.7 71 7.1 36 3.63 4. 3. 1. 7. 3.6

RESUMO Água residuária de mandioca (ARM) é um biofertilizante natural que foi testado com sucesso como fonte de K para culturas de ciclo longo; entretanto, ainda precisa ser melhor avaliado em culturas de ciclo curto. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização do ARM como fonte de K no crescimento, produção e qualidade físico-química da alface crespa. O estudo foi realizado em casa de vegetação, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 × 2 + 1, com quatro replicações. Foram avaliadas cinco doses de ARM como fonte exclusiva de K: 0, 60, 120, 180 e 240 kg ha-1 de K2O; duas formas de aplicação: 1-dose total no plantio: 2-aplicação de 50% da dose no plantio + 50% em cobertura, e um tratamento adicional: adubação 100% mineral com dose de 120 kg ha-1 de K2O, utilizando KCl como fonte. O número de folhas (NF), altura da planta (AP), massa fresca (MF), massa seca (MS), umidade (UM), conteúdos de cinzas (CZ), fibras (FB), lipídios (LIP), proteínas (PTN) e carboidratos (CHO) foram avaliados. Todos os atributos agronômicos da alface avaliados apresentaram valores inferiores quando adubada apenas com ARM comparado à adubação mineral. A alface adubada apenas com ARM, dependendo da aplicação total ou parcelamento e da dose, apresentou maiores teores de CZ, FB, LIP, PTN e CHO atingindo 4,05, 3,97, 1,75, 7,11 e 3,63%, respectivamente, em comparação à adubação mineral. A água residuária de mandioca pode potencialmente ser utilizado como fonte complementar de K na produção de alface, pois seu uso único não substitui a adubação mineral. (ARM longo entretanto curto crescimento físicoquímica físico química crespa vegetação casualizados 1 replicações 0 60 18 24 ha1 ha ha- K2O KO 1dose 2aplicação 50 cobertura adicional 100 12 NF, NF , (NF) AP, AP (AP) MF, MF (MF) MS, MS (MS) UM, UM (UM) CZ (CZ) FB (FB) LIP (LIP) (PTN (CHO 405 4 05 4,05 397 3 97 3,97 175 75 1,75 711 7 11 7,1 363 63 3,63% respectivamente 6 10 (NF (AP (MF (MS (UM (CZ (FB (LIP 40 4,0 39 9 3,9 17 1,7 71 7, 36 3,63 4, 3, 3,6

Pesticide residues and heavy metal content of cassava, yam, cocoyam, potato, water yam and carrot were evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The detected pesticide residues in the samples were 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, glyphosate, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichlorobiphenyl, aldrin, endosulfan, profenofos, g-chlordane, carbofuran, biphenyl, heptachlor, lindane and t-Nonachlor. The concentration of HCB ranged between 0.0799 ± 0.06 mg/kg and 0.1596 ± 0.00 mg/kg, which was greater than the permitted maximum limit of 0.5 mg/kg established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The concentration of aldrin and profenofos detected was lower than the predetermined maximum allowed limits. Endosulfan concentrations in cocoyam (0.2500 mg/kg) and potato (0.3265 mg/kg) were higher than the limits allowed by the Canadian Department of Industrial Research. The heavy metals detected in these samples include cobalt, nickel, lead, manganese, chromium, arsenic and mercury in at least one of the samples evaluated. There was not much difference between the concentration of cobalt in yam (0.036 mg/kg) and the maximum allowed concentration (0.043 mg/kg). Lead was detected in potatoes and carrots but was below detectable concentration in cassava, yam, cocoyam and water yam. Similarly, cocoyam was found to have a significant mercury content (0.658 mg/kg), but mercury content was below detectable concentrations in cassava, yam and water yam. SIGNIFICANCE: Heavy metal pollutants and pesticide residues can impair human health, and their presence in food can cause various illnesses and health issues. It is important to prevent exposure to these contaminants and ensure that food is safe by identifying and monitoring them. Farmers may provide consumers with more assurance that their products are safe by identifying and monitoring pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination in these food crops. Overall, it is crucial to find and monitor pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination in food to safeguard customer confidence, ensure legal compliance and preserve human health.

ABSTRACT The chemical characteristics of Cenchrus clandestinus grass, nutritional base in dairy production systems, demand the energy supplementation. Corn grain is the most used food for this purpose, but considering its demand and prices, the aim of this study was to evaluate its partial replacement by alternative non-fibrous carbohydrates sources on methane emissions, energy and nitrogen balance and productive performance of dairy cows. Sixteen multiparous Holstein cows were fed Cenchrus clandestinus plus one of four concentrate supplements formulated with corn (Zea mays) or a partial replacement of corn with sorghum (Sorghum vulgare), cassava (Manihot esculenta) or citrus pulp (Citrus sp). Inclusion of these ingredients did not affect dry matter intake, dry matter digestibility, enteric methane emissions, energy and nitrogen balance, milk yield or composition. The results allow to conclude that these ingredients can partially replace corn in the diet of lactating dairy cows.

RESUMEN Las características químicas del pasto Cenchrus clandestinus, base alimenticia en los sistemas de producción lechera, hacen necesaria la suplementación energética. El grano de maíz es el alimento más empleado para este propósito, pero dada su demanda y precio, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar su reemplazo parcial por otras fuentes de carbohidratos no fibrosos sobre la emisión de metano, el balance energético-nitrogenado y el desempeño productivo de vacas lecheras. Dieciséis vacas Holstein recibieron Cenchrus clandestinus y uno de cuatro concentrados formulados con maíz (Zea mays) y sorgo (Sorghum vulgare), yuca (Manihot esculenta) o pulpa cítrica (Citrus sp) en reemplazo parcial del maíz. La inclusión de estos ingredientes no alteró el consumo de materia seca ni su digestibilidad, producción de metano, balance energético-nitrogenado, producción de leche o su composición. Los resultados permiten concluir que esos ingredientes pueden reemplazar parcialmente al maíz en la dieta de vacas lecheras.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The optimal design of technologies for the production of combined assortments, constitutes a profitable alternative for the development of the cultivation of Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava) and its industrializable products. Objective: To develop the economic optimization for the design of a combined assortment plant of Manihot esculeta Crantz by semi-mechanized way. Materials and Methods: A hybrid semi-mechanized scheme was devised for the combined production of starch, cassava and flour. A second order extreme vertex design (EVD) was generated for the distribution of cassava in the three productions, and the quadratic models obtained for profit (G), net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and discounted payback period (DRP) were optimized. For the evaluation of the indicators, the design of the basic equipment and the material and energy balances were developed. Results and Discussion: The multipurpose semi-mechanized technology uses the same initial stages for the three processes and a common pneumatic drying for the starch and flour processes. The optimal operating parameters correspond to a profit of 236 882 USD/year, a NPV of 1 242 730 USD, an IRR of 33.10 % and a DRP of 3.97 years, and are achieved for a distribution of 60 % for starch, 10 % for cassava and 30 % for flour. Conclusions: With the raw material distribution that optimizes economic and profitability indicators, production feasibility is guaranteed with energetic and environmental compatibility.

RESUMEN Introducción: El diseño óptimo de tecnologías para la producción de surtidos combinados, constituye una alternativa rentable para el desarrollo del cultivo de Manihot esculenta Crantz (yuca) y sus productos industrializables. Objetivo: Desarrollar la optimización económica para el diseño de una planta de surtidos combinados de Manihot esculeta Crantz por vía semi-mecanizada. Materiales y Métodos: Se concibió un esquema semi-mecanizado híbrido para la producción combinada de almidón, casabe y harina. Se generó un diseño de vértices extremos (DVE) de segundo orden para la distribución de yuca en las tres producciones, y optimizaron los modelos cuadráticos obtenidos para la ganancia (G), el valor actual neto (VAN), la tasa interna de retorno (TIR) y el periodo de recuperación al descontado (PRD). Para la evaluación de los indicadores se desarrolló el diseño del equipamiento fundamental y los balances materiales y energéticos. Resultados y Discusión: La tecnología semi-mecanizada multipropósito emplea las mismas etapas iniciales para los tres procesos y un secado neumático común para los procesos de almidón y harina. Los parámetros óptimos de operación se corresponden con una Ganancia de 236 882 USD/año, un VAN de 1 242 730 USD, una TIR del 33,10 % y un PRD de 3,97 años, y se alcanzan para una distribución de 60 % para la obtención de almidón, 10 % para casabe y 30 % para harina. Conclusiones: Con la distribución de materia prima que optimiza los indicadores económicos y de rentabilidad, se garantiza la factibilidad de la producción con compatibilidad energética y ambiental.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Taking into account the potential, advantages and demands of the industrial cassava treatment processes and the need to reduce the mechanical complexity of the equipment, so that it can be built totally or partially in Cuba, it is necessary to design adequate facilities for this process. Objective: To select the technologies required for a combined assortment plant with probable installation at the Tropical Viand Research Institute (INIVIT), with a semi-mechanized nature and with a low degree of separation of the starch present in the fiber, treating the latter and allocating it to the animal feeding. Materials and Methods: The selection of technological equipment and flow and operation sequences was carried out by combining the individual processes in a semi-mechanized scheme with a multipurpose approach for the production of cassava, flour and native starch. Results and Discussion: The flow diagram was proposed and the main characteristics of the equipment, processes and their interconnections were described. The main peculiarities are given in the common dry crushing, the washing and filtering of the starch in a trommel and its sedimentation in tunnels or tanks, which replaces mechanically complex equipment in the mechanized process of native starch. This sequence causes low level separation of starch into fiber, but dries the starch-rich fiber into additional assortment. Conclusions: The proposal allows having a multipurpose scheme for obtaining combined assortments of cassava by semi-mechanized means that has been used for the rest of the design stages of the process.

RESUMEN Introducción: Atendiendo a las potencialidades, ventajas y demandas de los procesos de tratamiento industrial de yuca y a la necesidad de reducir la complejidad mecánica del equipamiento, de forma tal que pueda ser total o parcialmente construido en Cuba, se precisa diseñar instalaciones adecuadas para este proceso. Objetivo: Seleccionar las tecnologías requeridas para una planta de surtidos combinados con probable instalación en el Instituto de Investigaciones de Viandas Tropicales (INIVIT), con carácter semi-mecanizado y con bajo grado de separación del almidón presente en la fibra, tratando esta última y destinándola a la alimentación animal. Materiales y Métodos: La selección de los equipos tecnológicos y las secuencias de flujo y de operación se efectuaron combinando los procesos individuales en un esquema semi-mecanizado con enfoque multipropósito para la producción de casabe, harina y almidón nativo. Resultados y Discusión: Se propuso el diagrama de flujo y se describieron las características principales de los equipos, procesos y sus interconexiones. Las principales peculiaridades están dadas en la trituración común en seco, el lavado y filtrado del almidón en trommel y su sedimentación en túneles o tanques, lo cual sustituye equipos complejos en el proceso mecanizado del almidón nativo. Esta secuencia provoca bajo nivel de separación del almidón en fibra, pero seca la fibra rica en almidón convirtiéndola en un surtido adicional. Conclusiones: La propuesta permite disponer de un esquema multipropósito para la obtención de surtidos combinados de yuca por vía semi-mecanizada que ha sido utilizada para el resto de las etapas de diseño del proceso.

ABSTRACT This study assessed the properties of particleboard produced from the replacement of urea formaldehyde with cassava starch. Cassava starch (CS) and urea-formaldehyde (UF) were mixed at percentages of 100/0, 90/10, 70/30, 50/50, and 0/100, respectively. The mixture was added to the wood particles at 15% adhesive content based on the weight of oven-dried particles. Particleboards of sizes 20 mm × 300 mm × 300 mm and a targeted density of 600 kg m–3 were manufactured by hot-pressing at 170 °C, compacting pressure 3.5 MPa for 8 min. Physical and mechanical properties (density, thickness swelling, water absorption, static bending, and hardness) were tested. The physical and mechanical properties also increased in the highest proportions of UF. Comparatively, manufactured with 50% CS + 50% UF, it performed better in all the evaluated properties. Thus, it could adopt the latter mixed ratio in the industry to reduce the quantity and cost of UF and its environmental emissions. The results obtained were adequate and in conformity with international standards. Hence, it could mix cassava starch and urea formaldehyde adhesives in different ratios to get desirable properties. It is possible to conclude that cassava starch could be considered a sustainable alternative adhesive. (CS ureaformaldehyde (UF 1000 100 0 100/0 9010 90 10 90/10 7030 70 30 70/30 5050 50 50/50 0100 0/100 respectively 15 ovendried oven dried 2 60 m3 m 3 m– hotpressing hot pressing 17 C °C 35 5 3. min density, (density swelling absorption bending hardness tested Comparatively Thus emissions standards Hence 100/ 901 9 1 90/1 703 7 70/3 505 50/5 010 0/10 6 90/ 70/ 50/ 01 0/1 0/

Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize the physicochemical-mechanical properties of corn and cassava starch films reinforced with CNF via Tape-Casting. There were differences in size and shape of the starch granules. Corn starch nanocomposites (NCO) showed a significant increase in tensile strength (5.14 to 25.58 MPa) and significant decrease in strain (24.81 to 2.76%) as the CNF concentration increased. Among the cassava starch nanocomposites (NCA), only the cassava starch sample with 1% CNF (NCA-1) showed significant difference both in the maximum stress (4.94 MPa) and strain (15.17%). The corn starch sample with 2% of CNF (NCO-2) presented a lower roughness and NCA-1 a smooth surface. There was no difference in chemical composition between the samples. The CNF-free starch films showed more transparency than other films. The NCA showed more transparency than NCO. Tape-casting technique unveils enhanced mechanical properties of cellulose nanofiber-reinforced starch films. Starch nanocomposites exhibit improved tensile strength and surface characteristics. physicochemicalmechanical physicochemical TapeCasting. TapeCasting Tape Casting. Casting Tape-Casting granules NCO (NCO 5.14 514 5 14 (5.1 2558 25 58 25.5 MPa 24.81 2481 24 81 (24.8 2.76% 276 2 76 increased NCA, , (NCA) 1 NCA1 (NCA-1 4.94 494 4 94 (4.9 15.17%. 1517 15.17% . 15 17 (15.17%) NCO2 (NCO-2 NCA- samples CNFfree free Tapecasting casting nanofiberreinforced nanofiber characteristics 5.1 51 (5. 255 25. 24.8 248 8 (24. 2.76 27 7 (NCA (NCA- 4.9 49 9 (4. 151 15.17 (15.17% (NCO- 5. (5 24. (24 2.7 4. (4 15.1 (15.17 ( (2 2. 15. (15.1 (15. (15 (1

Abstract The pandemic generated one of the biggest crises in the world, with a reduction in the population's purchasing power and difficulties in accessing food. In this context, this study aimed to analyze the conditions of flour production and its relation with the food security of family farmers in the cassava chain, in the Recôncavo Baiano Region, during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was carried out, with data collection using a questionnaire and treatment using descriptive statistics and association tests. Of the total number of participants (n=86), 64% indicated changes in flour production volume and income. There was a reduction in monthly production, in the number of workers and hours worked in the flour houses, in addition to a reduction in the diversity of buyers. The increase in income from flour was associated with small number of more experienced producers (p=0.047). Despite the maintenance of fairs in the cities studied, there were changes in customer behavior. Online commerce and delivery were not very representative. Of those interviewed, 50% reported concern that food would run out. Government measures to support family farmers did not have a satisfactory reach among the participants. Most received emergency aid, and were also beneficiaries of social programs, which highlights vulnerabilities in the sector. world populations population s context chain Region COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 crosssectional cross sectional out tests n=86, n86 n n=86 , 86 (n=86) 64 houses buyers p=0.047. p0047 p p=0.047 . 0 047 (p=0.047) studied behavior representative interviewed 50 aid programs sector COVID1 1 COVID- n8 n=8 8 (n=86 6 p004 p=0.04 04 (p=0.047 5 n= (n=8 p00 p=0.0 (p=0.04 (n= p0 p=0. (p=0.0 (n p=0 (p=0. p= (p=0 (p= (p

Resumo A pandemia gerou uma das maiores crises mundiais, com redução do poder aquisitivo da população e dificuldades no acesso aos alimentos. Neste contexto, este estudo objetivou analisar as condições de produção da farinha e a relação desta com a segurança alimentar de agricultores familiares da cadeia da mandioca, do Recôncavo Baiano, durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Realizou-se estudo transversal, com coleta de dados por meio de questionário, tratamento por estatística descritiva e testes de associação. Do total de participantes (n=86), 64% indicaram alterações no volume de produção de farinha e na renda. Registrou-se redução na produção mensal, no número de trabalhadores e nas horas trabalhadas nas casas de farinha, além da redução na diversidade de compradores. O aumento na renda advinda da farinha foi associado a um pequeno número de produtores, mais experientes (p=0,047). Apesar da manutenção das feiras dos municípios estudados, houve alterações no comportamento dos clientes. O comércio online e por delivery foram pouco representativos. Dos entrevistados, 50% relataram preocupação de que os alimentos acabassem. As medidas governamentais de apoio aos agricultores familiares não tiveram alcance satisfatório junto aos participantes. A maior parte recebeu auxílio emergencial, sendo também beneficiários de programas sociais, o que evidencia vulnerabilidades no setor. mundiais contexto mandioca Baiano COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 COVID-19 Realizouse Realizou se transversal questionário associação n=86, n86 n n=86 , 86 (n=86) 64 Registrouse Registrou mensal compradores produtores p=0,047. p0047 p p=0,047 . 0 047 (p=0,047) estudados clientes representativos entrevistados 50 acabassem emergencial sociais setor COVID1 1 COVID-1 n8 n=8 8 (n=86 6 p004 p=0,04 04 (p=0,047 5 COVID- n= (n=8 p00 p=0,0 (p=0,04 (n= p0 p=0, (p=0,0 (n p=0 (p=0, p= (p=0 (p= (p

ABSTRACT Flooding periods directly interfere with the availability of oxygen in the soil, affecting the aerobic processes of the plants. In this study, we aimed to: (i) characterize the effects of water excess soil on cassava growth; (ii) identify management practices that reduce the impact of water excess on cassava yield; and (iii) to know the crop potential yield for the study region in order to quantify the yield loss caused by water excess. The effects of water excess were evaluated through experiments in pots and in the field. The physiological and morphological response of cassava plants under water excess in a controllable environment indicated greater damage to cassava after exposure of 96 and 120 hours of water excess. Every 24 hours of water excess, about 20% of the plants did not emerge and, after 96 hours of excess, the emergence was null. The use of raised seedbeds was a management practice that ensured 62.6% of plant establishment, allowing cassava yields of up to 16.9 Mg ha-1. The potential yield to Santa Maria in the 2018/2019 crop year was 43.9 Mg ha-1 of cassava roots. The yield gap caused by water excess was up to 4.1 Mg ha-1. i (i growth ii (ii iii (iii field 9 12 2 20 null 626 62 6 62.6 establishment 169 16 16. ha1. ha1 ha 1. 1 20182019 2018 2019 2018/201 439 43 43. ha- roots 41 4 4. 62. 2018201 201 2018/20 201820 2018/2 20182 2018/

ABSTRACT. The objective of this work was to study the biomass production and chemical composition of the different parts of the cassava plant during the first and second vegetative cycles, with the aim of providing data that can contribute to the understanding of the response of cassava cultivars to different harvest ages. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks in split plot scheme. Plots were represented by cultivars IAC 90 and IAC 118-95 and subplots by crop age (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 months after planting). Our results showed that the ‘IAC 90’ allocated a higher proportion of assimilates to the leaves, stem and planted cutting than the ‘IAC 118-95’, which was more efficient in allocating dry matter to the storage roots. Storage roots showed an increase of more than 50% in starch content 14 months after planting. The cultivar IAC 118-95 is distinguished by the higher harvest index, allowing earlier harvesting, with possible valorisation of the leaves as industrial raw material. Variables showed different degrees of inter-relationships amongst themselves. Total plant fresh matter and dry matter yields were positively correlated with growth parameters and root starch for both cultivars. Harvest time and cultivar are key factors that should be considered to increase profits in the cassava agro-industrial chain. ABSTRACT cycles ages scheme 9 11895 118 95 118-9 2, 2 (2 4 6 8 10 12 16 1 planting . planting) 11895, , 118-95’ 50 index harvesting material interrelationships inter relationships themselves agroindustrial agro chain 1189 11 118- ( 5

Abstract Biogas production through co-digestion of two or more waste products has garnered increasing attention from researchers seeking to optimize this process. Biogas and methane production increase with the addition of glycerol to agro-industrial wastes during anaerobic biodigestion. However, the utilization of a two-phase process focused on hydrogen production has not been widely explored. This work aims to evaluate two-phase anaerobic biodigestion of cassava wastewater by adding residual glycerol and swine wastewater to enhance hydrogen and methane production. A pilot-scale biodigester was used during the acidogenic phase at 38.5°C, containing 4% glycerol. The effluent was submitted to methanogenic treatment, and the influence of temperature (36.0 to 39.0°C) and sodium bicarbonate concentration (2.0 to 6.0 g L-1) were evaluated. The results indicated that the optimum conditions during the methanogenic phase were 39.0°C with a sodium bicarbonate concentration of 5.0 g L-1. The two-phase biodigestion produced 30.8 mL of (H2) RCOD-1 and 104.5 mL of (CH4) RCOD-1. Thus, the substrates and inoculum used were adequate for the anaerobic biodigestion process, increasing the energetic efficiency of the process due to hydrogen production. codigestion co digestion agroindustrial agro industrial However twophase explored pilotscale pilot scale 385C C 38 5 38.5°C 4 treatment 36.0 360 36 0 (36. 390C 39 2.0 20 2 (2. 60 6 6. L1 L 1 L-1 evaluated 50 5. L1. 1. 308 30 8 30. H2 H (H2 RCOD1 RCOD RCOD- 1045 104 104. CH4 CH (CH4 RCOD1. Thus 3 36. (36 2. (2 L- (H 10 (CH (3 (

RESUMO A produção de biogás por meio da codigestão de dois ou mais resíduos tem atraído atenção crescente de pesquisadores que buscam otimizar esse processo. A adição de glicerol aos resíduos agroindustriais durante a biodigestão anaeróbica tem demonstrado aumentar a produção de biogás e metano. No entanto, a utilização de um processo em duas fases focado na produção de hidrogênio ainda não foi amplamente explorada. Este trabalho visa avaliar a biodigestão anaeróbica em duas fases de águas residuais de mandioca, adicionando glicerol residual e águas residuais suínas para aumentar a produção de hidrogênio e metano. Um biodigestor em escala piloto foi utilizado durante a fase acidogênica a 38,5°C, contendo 4% de glicerol. O efluente foi submetido a tratamento metanogênico, e a influência da temperatura (36,0 a 39,0°C) e da concentração de bicarbonato de sódio (2,0 a 6,0 g L⁻¹) foi avaliada. Os resultados indicaram que as condições ótimas durante a fase metanogênica foram 39,0°C com uma concentração de bicarbonato de sódio de 5,0 g L⁻¹. A biodigestão em duas fases produziu 30,8 mL de H₂ por RCOD⁻¹ e 104,5 mL de CH₄ por RCOD⁻¹. Assim, os substratos e o inóculo utilizados foram adequados para o processo de biodigestão anaeróbica, aumentando a eficiência energética do processo devido à produção de hidrogênio. metano entanto explorada mandioca 385C C 38 5 38,5°C 4 metanogênico 36,0 360 36 0 (36, 390C 39 2,0 20 2 (2, 60 6 6, L⁻¹ L¹ L ¹ avaliada 50 5, 308 30 8 30, H RCOD¹ RCOD RCOD⁻ 1045 104 104, CH Assim 3 36, (36 2, (2 L⁻ 10 (3 ( 1

ABSTRACT Cassava bacterial blight (CBB), caused by Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis, is one of the most important diseases affecting cassava production worldwide, including regions of Brazil in the eastern Amazon. The use of beneficial microorganisms, such as endophytic plant growth-promoting bacteria, has emerged as an effective tool for controlling diseases in many crops. Here, two Klebsiella endophytic isolates (26Y and 29Y) isolated from cassava were evaluated for the control of CBB through antagonistic assays and biological control of the disease in plants inoculated by irrigating the substrate and by foliar spray under greenhouse conditions. The two isolates were able to inhibit the in vitro growth of the pathogen, as well as to control the disease severity by at least 90% in plants inoculated by both inoculation methods. We report the first Klebsiella strains to control CBB in the eastern Amazon, though their risk assessment for drug-resistance in humans is still pending. CBB, , (CBB) pv manihotis worldwide Amazon microorganisms growthpromoting promoting bacteria crops Here 26Y Y 29Y conditions pathogen 90 methods drugresistance drug resistance pending (CBB 9

RESUMO A bacteriose da mandioca, causada por Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis, é uma das doenças mais importantes que afetam a produção de mandioca no mundo, incluindo a Amazônia Oriental brasileira. O uso de microrganismos benéficos, como bactérias endofíticas promotoras de crescimento de plantas, é uma ferramenta eficaz no controle de doenças de muitas culturas. Nesse estudo, dois isolados endofíticos de Klebsiella (26Y e 29Y) obtidos de mandioca foram avaliados para o controle da bacteriose da mandioca, por meio de ensaios antagônicos e controle biológico da doença em plantas inoculadas por irrigação do substrato e pulverização foliar em condições de casa de vegetação. Os dois isolados inibiram o crescimento in vitro do patógeno, e controlaram pelo menos 90% da severidade da doença em plantas inoculadas por ambos métodos de inoculação. Reportamos as primeiras cepas de Klebsiella a controlar a bacteriose da mandioca na Amazônia Oriental, embora sua avaliação de risco para resistência a drogas em humanos ainda esteja pendente. pv manihotis mundo brasileira benéficos culturas estudo 26Y Y 29Y vegetação patógeno 90 inoculação pendente 9

ABSTRACT Management of Quilombola systems are primitive agricultural systems based on the ancestral knowledge of Afro-Brazilian enslaved people. Here, the aim was to understand the impact of these primitive farming methods on the distribution of available nitrogen (N) forms in the soil profile of two Brazilian Cerrado phytophysiognomies. The soil was sampled in Cerradão (high Cerrado) and Cerrado Stricto sensu (low Cerrado) at six soil depths (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, and 50-60 cm). The following management systems were considered: pasture (PP1 and PP2), maize cultivation (M1 and M2), citrus-cassava intercropping (T1), and citrus monoculture (T2). In addition, the soil was sampled in the native area of Cerradão (NC1) and Cerrado Stricto sensu (NC2). Three N forms were determined: i) available nitrogen (Av-N), ii) ammonium (NH4+-N) and iii) nitrate (NO3–-N) contents. The Av-N content decreased with increasing soil depth only in NC1 and NC2. The NO3–-N content was similar at all soil depths for maize and pasture, while the content decreased at soil depth for NC1, NC2, and T1. NH4+-N was similar in M2 and PP2, but it increased in T2, ranging from 6.17 mg kg–1 to 17.54 mg kg–1. Overall, the dynamics of available N forms varied according to the Cerrado phytophysiognomy and the management systems and NO3–-N was the most constant N form in the soil profile. Therefore, although the management of Quilombola systems is less intensive, they negatively affect the dynamics and N availability, mainly where management is less conservative, that is, in maize and citrus monocultures. AfroBrazilian Afro people Here (N phytophysiognomies high low 010, 010 0 10, 10 (0-10 1020, 1020 20, 20 10-20 2030, 2030 30, 30 20-30 3040, 3040 40, 40 30-40 4050, 4050 50, 50 40-50 5060 60 50-6 cm. cm . cm) considered PP1 PP (PP PP2 , PP2) M1 M (M M2, M2) citruscassava cassava T1, T1 T (T1) T2. T2 (T2) addition NC (NC1 NC2 (NC2) determined i AvN, AvN Av (Av-N) ii NH4+N NH4N NHN NH4+ NH4 NH (NH4+-N iii NO3–N NO3N NON NO3– NO3 NO (NO3–-N contents 617 6 17 6.1 kg1 kg 1 kg– 1754 54 17.5 Overall Therefore intensive availability conservative monocultures 01 (0-1 102 2 10-2 203 3 20-3 304 4 30-4 405 5 40-5 506 50- (T1 (T2 (NC (NC2 (Av-N 61 6. 175 17. (0- 10- 20- 30- 40- (T (0 (

Abstract Polysaccharide coating is a biodegradable alternative to conventional packings used for delaying senescence in vegetables. This work investigated the properties of cassava and chitosan biopolymeric film and its use as edible coatings to preserve the shelf-life (7 °C and 70% relative humidity (RH)) of green asparagus, with previous cold storage (1 °C and 90% RH) for 7 days. Based on a previous assessment of the films obtained from a) cassava (2.5%), b) chitosan (0.5%), and c) a blend of cassava-chitosan (Cassava+) (2.5 + 0.5%), it could be verified that cassava-chitosan blend films showed improved barrier property (water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of 38.06 g/(m2.h)) and mechanical properties, with tensile strength of 0.021 MPa, elongation at break of 1.93% and Young’s module of 0.011 MPa. Cassava+ based coating resulted in a lower weight loss and colour L* parameter and minimized textural changes in basal-section of commercial green asparagus spears during a shelf-life of seven days (7 °C and 70% RH), with previous cold storage. All coated spears maintained overall higher carbohydrate levels than the control, except to sucrose which gradually decreased in basal sections and increased in the apical sections of asparagus spears, irrespective of treatment. Edible coating did not affect asparagine concentrations which steadily increased throughout the shelf-life of the spears. The blend (Cassava+) kept for a longer the green asparagus quality. However, spears under a shelf-life of seven days (7 °C and 70% RH), with previous cold storage under 1 °C and 90% RH conditions, developed tip-rot physiological disorder. vegetables shelflife shelf life ( C 70 (RH) 90 2.5%, 25 2.5% , 2 5 (2.5%) b 0.5%, 05 0.5% 0 (0.5%) c cassavachitosan Cassava (Cassava+ 2.5 (2. 0.5%) water WVTR (WVTR 3806 38 06 38.0 g/m2.h gm2h gmh g/ m2.h g m2 h m g/(m2.h) 0021 021 0.02 MPa 193 93 1.93 Youngs Young s 0011 011 0.01 L basalsection section RH, control treatment quality However conditions tiprot tip rot disorder (RH 9 (2.5% 0.5 (0.5% (Cassava 2. (2 380 3 38. gm m2h mh g/(m2.h 002 02 0.0 19 1.9 001 01 0. (0.5 00 1. (0. (0

Resumo Polímeros naturais, como o polissacarídeo, são uma alternativa biodegradável para a fabricação de novas embalagens, a fim de substituir as embalagens convencionais utilizadas para retardar a senescência em vegetais. Este trabalho investigou as propriedades de filmes biopoliméricos de amido de mandioca e quitosana, e seu uso como revestimentos comestíveis para preservar a vida útil (7 °C e 70% umidade relativa- UR) de aspargos verdes, com ou sem armazenamento prévio refrigerado (1 °C e 90% UR) por sete dias. Com base na avaliação prévia dos filmes obtidos a partir de a) fécula de mandioca (2,5%), b) quitosana (0,5%) e c) uma mistura de fécula de mandioca e quitosana (Cassava+) (2,5 + 0,5%), verificou-se que os filmes da mistura fécula e quitosana apresentaram propriedade de barreira melhorada (taxa de permeabilidade ao vapor d’água de 38,06 g/(m2.h)) e propriedades mecânicas, com resistência à tração de 0,021 MPa, alongamento à ruptura de 1,93% e módulo de Young de 0,011 MPa. O revestimento à base de fécula de mandioca e quitosana resultou em menor perda de massa e valor L*, e minimizou as mudanças de textura na seção basal de hastes de aspargo verde comercial durante a vida útil de sete dias (7 °C e 70% UR), com armazenamento prévio refrigerado. Todas as hastes revestidas mantiveram níveis globais de carboidratos mais elevados do que o controle, exceto para a sacarose, que diminuiu gradualmente nas seções basais e aumentou nas seções apicais das lanças de aspargo, independentemente do tratamento. O revestimento comestível não teve efeito nas concentrações de asparagina, que aumentaram ao longo do período de vida útil. Todas as hastes com vida útil de sete dias (7 °C e 70% UR), com armazenamento prévio refrigerado (1 °C e 90% UR), desenvolveram o distúrbio fisiológico podridão das pontas. naturais polissacarídeo vegetais 7 ( C 70 relativa UR verdes 1 90 2,5%, 25 2,5% , 2 5 (2,5%) b 0,5% 05 0 (0,5% c Cassava+ Cassava (Cassava+ 2,5 (2, 0,5%, 0,5%) verificouse verificou se taxa dágua d água 3806 38 06 38,0 g/m2.h gm2h gmh g/ m2.h g m2 h m g/(m2.h) mecânicas 0021 021 0,02 MPa 193 93 1,93 0011 011 0,01 L L* UR, controle sacarose tratamento asparagina pontas 9 (2,5% 0,5 (0,5 (Cassava 2, (2 380 3 38, gm m2h mh g/(m2.h 002 02 0,0 19 1,9 001 01 0, (0, 00 1, (0