RESUMEN Las anomalías oculares causadas debido a lesiones, enfermedades o mutaciones genéticas generan la pérdida total o parcial de la visión, lo cual afecta el desarrollo y comportamiento normal de los individuos afectados en su entorno natural. En murciélagos, estos casos raramente son reportados. Además, es posible que en ocasiones los investigadores encuentren estas anomalías, pero no son reportadas debido a diversos factores. En este trabajo se documenta por primera vez a un individuo de Carollia perspicillata con anomalía ocular (inflamación ocular) en la República de Panamá, registrado en la Reserva Natural Privada Bunorgandi de la Provincia de Panamá.

ABSTRACT Ocular anomalies caused by injury, disease or genetic mutations result in total or partial loss of vision, which affects the normal development and behavior of affected individuals in their natural environment. In bats, these cases are rarely reported. In addition, it is possible that researchers occasionally encounter these anomalies, but they are not reported due to various factors. This paper documents, for the first time, an individual of Carollia perspicillata with an ocular anomaly (ocular inflammation) in the Republic of Panama, recorded in the Bunorgandi Private Nature Reserve in the Province of Panama.

Resumo Os quirópteros desempenham um papel importante na manutenção do equilíbrio ambiental, pois são polinizadores, dispersores de sementes e predadores. Contribuem para a transmissão e disseminação de microrganismos, como helmintos, fungos, protozoários, bactérias e vírus. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a infecção natural por filariídeos em morcegos na região da Amazônia Legal, Brasil, por meio de análises parasitológicas e moleculares. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 82 morcegos para confecção de esfregaços e para extração de DNA para a Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). Microfilárias foram observadas em esfregaços sanguíneos de Carollia perspicillata (2), Artibeus lituratus (1), Artibeus fimbriatus (2), Dermanura gnoma (2) e Glossophaga soricina (1). Cinco amostras positivas foram detectadas por meio do ensaio de PCR, e quatro destas também foram positivas em esfregaços de sangue. A partir do sequenciamento do genoma e análise comparativa com sequências depositadas no GenBank, uma amostra apresentou 99,31% de similaridade com a espécie Litomosoides brasiliensis. O presente estudo expande a distribuição geográfica de L. brasiliensis, abrangendo o estado do Maranhão como área de ocorrência desta espécie, e inclui D. gnoma e A. fimbriatus como hospedeiros no Brasil.

Abstract Chiropterans play an important role in the maintenance of the environmental balance, since they are pollinators, seed dispersers and predators. They contribute to transmission and spreading of microorganisms such as helminths, fungi, protozoa, bacteria and virus. The aim of the present study was to investigate natural filariid infection among bats in the Legal Amazon region, Brazil, by means of parasitological and molecular analyses. Blood samples were collected from 82 bats for blood smears and for DNA extraction via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Microfilariae were observed in blood smears from Carollia perspicillata (2), Artibeus lituratus (1), Artibeus fimbriatus (2), Dermanura gnoma (2) and Glossophaga soricina (1). Five positive samples were detected through the PCR assay and four of these were also positive in blood smears. From genome sequencing and comparative analysis with sequences deposited in GenBank, one sample showed 99.31% similarity to the species Litomosoides brasiliensis. The present study expands the geographical distribution of L. brasiliensis, to include the state of Maranhão as an area of occurrence of this species and includes D. gnoma and A. fimbriatus as hosts in Brazil.

Resumo O presente estudo foi realizado para testar a hipótese de que o núcleo medial do corpo trapezoide (MNTB) de morcegos neotropicais ecolocativos com comportamento forrageiro diferente apresenta variações morfológicas no tamanho relativo, grau de complexidade e distribuição espacial. Os cérebros foram coletados de seis morcegos machos adultos de cada espécie, Noctilio leporinus (comedor de peixe), Phyllostomus hastatus (carnívoro/onívoro) e Carollia perspicillata (comedor de frutas), e foram seccionados em série e seções seriais transversais duplas e coradas com cresil violeta. Os resultados mostraram que o MNTB é bem desenvolvido em todos os morcegos em geral e que o comprimento médio do MNTB foi de 1.160 ± 124 µm em N. leporinus, 400 ± 59 µm em P. hastatus e 320 ± 25 µm em C. perspicillata. O peso corporal e cerebral não reflete proporcionalmente o tamanho do MNTB no presente estudo. O espectro da frequência auditiva não covaria com o tamanho do MNTB entre os morcegos estudados. O MNTB é claramente demarcado do núcleo ventral do corpo trapezoidal (VNTB) apenas em P. hastatus. O MNTB compreendia principalmente três tipos de células nos três morcegos: células multipolares de coloração densa (12,5 µm e 25,0 µm de diâmetro), células multipolares de coloração clara (12,5 µm e 25,0 µm de diâmetro) e células redondas manchadas de luz (5,0 µm de diâmetro). O MNTB de grande porte foi observado em N. leporinus, o que sugere que ele depende muito da ecolocalização, enquanto P. hastatus e C. perspicillata também usam a ecolocalização, mas dependem da audição, olfato e visão.

Abstract The present study was taken to test the hypothesis that the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) of echolocating neotropical bats with different foraging behavior will exhibit morphological variations in relative size, degree of complexity and spatial distribution. The brains were collected from six male adult bats of each species: Noctilio leporinus (fish-eating), Phyllostomus hastatus (carnivorous/ omnivorous) and Carollia perspicillata (fruit-eating) and were double-embedded and transverse serial sections were cut and stained with cresyl fast violet. The results showed that the MNTB is well developed in all the bats in general and the mean length of the MNTB was 1160 ± 124 µm in N. leporinus, 400 ± 59 µm in P. hastatus and 320 ± 25µm in C. perspicillata. The body and brain weight do not reflect proportionately on the size of the MNTB in the present study. The hearing frequency spectrum did not covary with the size of the MNTB among the bats studied. The MNTB is clearly demarcated from the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VNTB) only in P. hastatus. The MNTB comprised mainly three types of cells in all three bats: dense-staining multipolar cells (12.5 µm and 25.0 µm diameter); light-staining multipolar cells measuring (12.5 µm and 25.0 µm diameter) and light-staining round cells (5.0 µm diameter). The large sized MNTB was observed in N. leporinus, which suggests that it relies heavily on echolocation whereas P. hastatus and C. perspicillata use echolocation as well but also rely on hearing, smell and vision.

RESUMEN El estudio de la dieta de los murciélagos es importante para entender cómo se conforma su ensamblaje y cómo aportan a la dinámica de los bosques. Al ser pocos los estudios de dieta de murciélagos frugívoros en el bosque seco tropical, nuestro objetivo fue describir su dieta y analizar cuál es su efecto sobre la germinación de semillas. El trabajo se realizó en el Área Natural Única Los Estoraques, Norte de Santander, Colombia; una zona de vida de bosque seco premontano (bs-PM). Para la captura de murciélagos se utilizaron redes de niebla y se recolectaron sus excretas. Las semillas de Vismia baccifera y Piper sp4, obtenidas de las excretas, fueron seleccionadas para el experimento de germinación cuya respuesta se analizó mediante el índice de capacidad de germinación. Se hizo una curva de acumulación para describir la riqueza de semillas, se calculó el índice de mejor dispersor DII y el índice de Morisita para estudiar solapamiento de dieta. Se registraron diez especies de murciélagos con siete registros nuevos para un total de 18 en la zona, trece de ellas fueron frugívoras. Carollia brevicauda fue la especie más abundante y la mejor dispersora, considerándola clave para la mayoría de las especies vegetales. Se identificaron 18 morfoespecies de semillas, incluyendo Calycolpus moritzianus, nuevo registro en la dieta de los murciélagos. En ninguna de las dos especies de plantas se encontraron diferencias en la germinación de semillas obtenidas de las excretas y aquellas extraídas del fruto directamente.

ABSTRACT The study of bat diets is important to understand how their assemblage is shaped and how they can contribute to the dynamics of the forests. Since there are few studies on the diet of fruit bats in the tropical dry forest, our objective was to describe their diet and to understand their effect on seed germination. The work was carried out in the Área Natural Única Los Estoraques, Norte de Santander, Colombia, corresponding to a premontane dry forest life zone (bs-PM). Mist nets were used to capture bats; their excreta were also collected. The seeds of Vismia baccifera and Piper sp4, obtained from the excreta, were selected for the germination experiment whose response was analyzed by means of the germination capacity index. An accumulation curve was made for the seeds richness, the best disperser index DII and the Morisita index were calculated to study diet overlap. Ten species of fruit bats were recorded from which seven are new local records for a total of 18 species in the area, thirteen of these were frugivorous species. Carollia brevicauda was the most abundant and the best disperser species, considering it key for the dispersal of most plant species. A total of 18 seed morphospecies were identified, including Calycolpus moritzianus, being a new record for the diet of bats. We did not find differences in the germination of seeds of the two plant species obtained from either the excreta of from the fruit directly.

Resumen Introducción. Los murciélagos se han reportado como huéspedes del protozoario Trypanosoma cruzi, agente etiológico de la tripanosomiasis americana, enfermedad zoonótica endémica en México. Objetivo. Describir la infección con T. cruzi en murciélagos capturados en los estados de Campeche y Yucatán, México. Materiales y métodos. Se realizaron capturas de marzo a noviembre de 2017 en tres sitios de Yucatán y uno de Campeche. Para la captura se emplearon hasta cuatro redes de niebla por dos noches consecutivas. Se identificó la especie de los murciélagos capturados y se les practicó la eutanasia para recolectar muestras de riñón y corazón, utilizadas posteriormente en la extracción de ADN total. La infección con T. cruzi se detectó por la amplificación con PCR convencional de un fragmento perteneciente al ADN nuclear de T. cruzi. Resultados. Se capturaron 86 murciélagos pertenecientes a cinco familias (Vespertilionidae, Noctilionidae, Mormoopidae, Phyllostomidae, Molossidae) y 13 especies (Rhogeessa aeneus, Noctilio leporinus, Pteronotus davyi, P. parnellii, Artibeus jamaicensis, A. lituratus, A. phaeotis, Glossophaga soricina, Carollia sowelli, Chiroderma villosum, Uroderma bilobatum, Sturnira parvidens y Molossus rufus). La PCR mostró una frecuencia de infección de 30,2 % (26/86), detectada únicamente en tejido renal. Las especies infectadas fueron P. parnellii, G. soricina, A. lituratus, A. jamaicensis, S. parvidens, C. villosum y R. aeneus. Conclusiones. Los resultados confirmaron la participación de varias especies de murciélagos como huéspedes en el ciclo de transmisión de T. cruzi en la región. Es necesario realizar más estudios para determinar la importancia de estos animales en la transmisión zoonótica de T. cruzi.

Abstract Introduction: Bats have been reported as hosts of the Trypanosoma cruzi protozoan, the etiologic agent of American trypanosomiasis, an endemic zoonotic disease in México. Objective: To describe T. cruzi infection in bats from the states of Campeche and Yucatán, México. Materials and methods: Captures were made from March to November, 2017 at three sites in Yucatán and one in Campeche. Up to four mist nets on two consecutive nights were used for the capture. The bats' species were identified and euthanasia was performed to collect kidney and heart samples for total DNA extraction. Trypanosoma cruzi infection was detected by conventional PCR with the amplification of a fragment belonging to the T. cruzi DNA nuclear. Results: Eighty-six bats belonging to five families (Vespertilionidae, Noctilionidae, Mormoopidae, Phyllostomidae, and Molossidae) and 13 species (Rhogeessa aeneus, Noctilio leporinus, Pteronotus davyi, P. parnellii, Artibeus jamaicensis, A. lituratus, A. phaeotis, Glossophaga soricina, Carollia sowelli, Chiroderma villosum, Uroderma bilobatum, Sturnira parvidens, and Molossus rufus) were captured. Infection frequency by PCR was 30,2% (26/86) detected only in the renal tissue. The infected species were P. parnellii, G. soricina, A. lituratus, A. jamaicensis, S. parvidens, C. villosum, and R. aeneus. Conclusions: Our results confirmed the participation of several bat species as hosts in the T. cruzi transmission cycle in the region. Further studies are necessary to establish the importance of these animals in the zoonotic transmission of T. cruzi.

Resumen Poco se conoce acerca del efecto que la tala selectiva puede tener sobre las relaciones interespecíficas, particularmente entre ectoparásitos y hospedadores. En este estudio se evaluó la prevalencia, la abundancia y la riqueza de ectoparásitos de mamíferos pequeños en bosques con tala de impacto reducido y bosques control en el sur de la Amazonía de Perú. Se usaron modelos lineales generalizados para evaluar el efecto de la tala, la estructura del hábitat y el sexo sobre los ectoparásitos de los hospedadores más representativos: Marmosops, Euryoryzomys, Proechimys, Carollia . No se encontró evidencia de un efecto de la tala sobre la prevalencia y riqueza de ectoparásitos. No obstante, encontramos un efecto positivo de la tala sobre la abundancia de ácaros (Laelapidae) y garrapatas (Ixodidae) en individuos de Marmosops spp. y Proechimys spp. Respectivamente, aunque negativo en ácaros de Euryoryzomys spp. Además, los roedores hembra presentaron una mayor cantidad de ectoparásitos. Por otro lado, la abundancia de las moscas de murciélagos (Streblidae) en individuos de Carollia sp. fue menor en bosques con tala. Este estudio es uno de los pocos en abordar el efecto de la tala selectiva con impacto reducido sobre el ectoparasitismo en mamíferos pequeños. Se sugiere ampliar el conocimiento sobre estas interacciones a nivel específico, con estudios sobre las características del hospedador y con una base estacional, lo cual podría aportar a mejorar el entendimiento sobre cómo la actividad antrópica afecta las interacciones entre mamíferos y sus ectoparásitos.

Abstract Little is known about the effect of reduced impact logging on interspecific relationships, particularly the ectoparasite-host relationship. This study assessed the prevalence, abundance, and diversity of ectoparasites of small mammals in forests with reduced impact logging and control plots in southeastern Peruvian Amazon. We used Generalized Linear Models to assess the effect of reduced logging, habitat structure, and host sex on the ectoparasites of the most representative genera: Marmosops, Euryoryzomys, Proechimys, and Carollia. No statistical evidence about an effect of reduced logging on both the prevalence and diversity of ectoparasites were found. However, we found a positive effect of logging on the abundance of mites (Laelapidae) and ticks (Ixodidae) at individual level for Marmosops spp. and Proechimys spp. respectively; but a negative effect on mite abundance in Euryoryzomys spp. In addition, female rodents had a higher amount of ectoparasites. On the other hand, the intensity of the bat flies (Streblidae) in individuals of Carollia spp. was lower in logged forests. This study is one of the few to address the effect of reduced logging on ectoparasitism in small mammals. We suggest expanding the knowledge about the effects of these interactions to a specific level on a seasonal basis, which can provide further information to improve understanding of how this anthropogenic activity affects interactions between mammals and their ectoparasites.

Abstract Due to the small number of records of Streblidae on bats, despite extensive study on these mammals in the state of Rio de Janeiro, a survey was carried out in an area of the Atlantic Forest. The present study was carried out at Bom Retiro Farm Natural Heritage Private Reserve. We captured 401 bats of 17 species, 13 genera, and four families; bat flies infested 221 bats of only four species. Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) has the highest fly diversity, with seven fly species: Trichobius joblingi (Wenzel, 1966) (n = 23), Megistopoda proxima (Séguy, 1926) (n = 15), Strebla guajiro (García & Casal, 1965) (n = 15), Aspidoptera falcata (Wenzel, 1976) (n = 6) Paratrichobius longicrus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1907) (n = 8), Paraeuctenodes similis (Wenzel 1976) (n = 3), and Trichobius anducei (Guerrero, 1998) (n = 1). Two species infested Platyrrhinus lineatus (É. Geoffroy, 1810): Aspidoptera falcata (n = 1) and Anastrebla caudiferae (Wenzel, 1996) (n = 1). Paradyschiria parvula (Falcoz, 1931) (n = 11) infested Noctilio leporinus (Linnaeus, 1758) and M. proxima (n = 12) and Trichobius uniformis (Curran, 1935) (n = 1) infested Sturnira lilium (É. Geoffroy, 1842). Sturnira lilium has the highest infestation rate, with ten out of 46 captured individuals parasitized, followed by Carollia perspicillata, with 33 out of 164 captured parasitized, and by P. lineatus with only two parasitized individuals out of ten. Among 97 streblid flies captured, M. proxima was the most abundant (27.83%), followed by T. joblingi (23.71%), and S. guajiro (15.46%). All remaining bat fly species represented 33%. Paradichyria parvula has the first record for Rio de Janeiro State.

Abstract Restingas are coastal ecosystems associated with the Atlantic Forest. They are threatened by habitat degradation and forest fragmentation due to intense human occupation. Many restingas have coastal lagoons formed by bay sedimentation of bays, the presence of river estuaries, or emerging groundwater. The distance between lagoons and the ocean influences the biotic community in them. This study aimed to compare the diversity (composition, abundance and richness) of bat communities associated with three lagoons within the Paulo Cesar Vinha State Park, Espírito Santo state. Two lagoons (‘Feia’ and ‘Vermelha’ lagoons) are 2 km away from the ocean, while the third (‘Caraís’ lagoon) is just a few meters distant from the ocean. Species composition did not differ among the lagoons. Abundance of Carollia perspicillata and Glossophaga soricina was higher in the ‘Caraís’ lagoon. Abundance of Artibeus lituratus and Platyrrhinus lineatus was higher in the ‘Vermelha’ lagoon. Species with higher abundance in the ‘Vermelha’ are usually associated with urban and disturbed environments. ‘Vermelha’ lagoon is closer to human settlements and this could be a major driver of bat species abundance associated with this lagoon instead of distance from the ocean. These results may be used to guide conservations efforts in the restingas or habitats associated with restingas.

Resumen Introducción: La reproducción es una fase crítica para la mayoría de los organismos vivos y en los murciélagos las estrategias reproductivas exhiben considerable complejidad y variabilidad. Objetivo: Describir los patrones reproductivos y la dinámica poblacional de siete especies de murciélagos: Artibeus toltecus, Carollia perspicillata, Glossophaga soricina, Mormoops megalophylla, Pteronotus fulvus, Pteronotus mesoamericanus y Natalus mexicanus, que se refugian en una mina (La Mina) y dos cuevas (El Apanguito y Cerro Huatulco), en el estado de Oaxaca, sureste de México. Métodos: El muestreo se realizó una vez al mes de julio 2016 a junio 2017. Los murciélagos se capturaron utilizando una trampa de arpa que fue colocada en la entrada de los refugios. La especie de los murciélagos capturados fue determinada con claves de identificación taxonómica, además fueron marcados con un anillo de aluminio y también se determinó el sexo y la clase de edad. La actividad reproductiva fue modelada a través de 63 GLMs para cada especie (504 en total). El mejor modelo fue seleccionado según el Criterio de Información de Akaike (AIC). Resultados: Se capturaron y marcaron 5 836 murciélagos, incluidos en 14 especies, 10 géneros y cinco familias. Las especies más abundantes fueron: P. fulvus y P. mesoamericanus, que representaron el 41 y el 32.3 % de las capturas, respectivamente. Los mormópidos M. megalophylla, P. fulvus, P. mesoamericanus junto con N. mexicanus mostraron un patrón monoéstrico estacional,mientras que los filostómidos A. toltecus, C. perspicillata y G. soricina mostraron un patrón poliéstrico estacional bimodal. La abundancia mensual de las especies fluctuó significativamente (H= 13, df= 11, P= 0.044) en los tres refugios a lo largo del periodo de estudio y el GLM mejor respaldado que incluyó las siete especies mostró que las seis variables elegidas (temporada, sexo, refugio, temperatura, precipitación y humedad) se asociaron positivamente con la actividad reproductiva. Conclusiones: La actividad reproductiva de cada especie parece estar sincronizada con el final de la temporada seca y el comienzo de la temporada de lluvias, e influenciada por factores como temperatura, humedad y el sitio de refugio.

Abstract Introduction: Reproduction is a critical phase for most living organisms and in bats the reproductive strategies exhibit considerable complexity and variability. Objective: To describe the reproductive patterns and population dynamics of seven bat species (Artibeus toltecus, Carollia perspicillata, Glossophaga soricina, Mormoops megalophylla, Pteronotus fulvus, Pteronotus mesoamericanus and Natalus mexicanus) that roost in one mine (La Mina) and two caves (El Apanguito and Cerro Huatulco) in the State of Oaxaca, in Southeastern México. Methods: Sampling was conducted monthly from July 2016 to June 2017. Bats were captured using a harp trap, which was placed at the entrance of the roosts. The captured bats were identified using taxonomic keys, marked with an aluminum ring, sex and age class were also determined. Reproductive activity was modeled through 63 GLMs for each species (504 in total). The best model was selected according to the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Results: A total of 5 836 bats were captured and marked, classified into 14 species, 10 genera, and five families. The most abundant species were: P. fulvus and P. mesoamericanus, representing 41 % and 32.3 % of the captures, respectively. The mormopids M. megalophylla, P. fulvus, P. mesoamericanus,together with N. mexicanus showed a restricted seasonal monoestrous pattern, while the phyllostomids A. toltecus, C. perspicillata, and G. soricina showed a seasonal bimodal polyoestry pattern. The monthly abundance of species fluctuated significantly (H= 13, df= 11, P= 0.044) in the three roosts throughout the entire study period and the best supported GLM that included the seven species showed that the six chosen variables (season, sex, roost, temperature, precipitation and humidity) were positively associated with reproductive activity. Conclusions: The reproductive activity of each species seems to be synchronized with the end of the dry season and the beginning of the rainy season, as well as influenced by factors such as temperature, humidity and roost site.

The objective of this work was to determine the parasitic helminth fauna of the phylostomid bats of Junin, Peru, as well as to prepare an updated checklist of records made in Peru. Thirty bats of 6 different species belonging to the family Phyllostomidae were captured in the locality of Chanchamayo, Junin, Peru. Of these species, Artibeus lituratus Olfers, 1818, A. planirostris (Spix, 1823) and Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) were parasitized by trematodes and nematodes; Phyllostomus discolor (Wagner, 1843) by cestodes and nematodes; Carollia benkeithi Solari & Baker, 2006 and Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766) by nematodes. A total of 175 trematode specimens, 115 nematode specimens and 8 cestode specimens were collected. All parasites found in the survey are new records for the department of Junin. The checklist developed in this study found 26 parasite species in the literature. Litomosoides brasiliensis Almeida, 1936, was the endoparasite with the largest number of hosts. The number of hosts with at least one species of parasite recorded was 22 bat species on the checklist.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la fauna de helmintos parásitos de los murciélagos filostómidos de Junín, Perú, así como preparar una lista de verificación actualizada de los registros realizados en el Perú. Treinta murciélagos de 6 especies diferentes pertenecientes a la familia Phyllostomidae fueron capturados en la localidad de Chanchamayo, Junín, Perú. De estas especies, Artibeus lituratus Olfers, 1818, A. planirostris (Spix, 1823) y Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) fueron parasitados por trematodos y nematodos; Phyllostomus discolor (Wagner, 1843) por cestodos y nematodos; Carollia benkeithi Solari & Baker, 2006 y Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766) por nematodos. Fueron colectados 175 especímenes de trematodos, 115 especímenes de nematodos y 8 especímenes de cestodos. Todos los parásitos hallados en el relevamiento son nuevos registros para el departamento de Junín. En la lista de verificación desarrollada en este estudio se encontraron 26 especies de parásitos en la literatura. Litomosoides brasiliensis Almeida, 1936, fue el endoparásito con el mayor número de hospedadores. El número de hospederos con al menos una especie de parásito registrado es de 22 especies de murciélagos en la lista de verificación.

Abstract The understanding of the echolocation by studying different auditory nuclei of echolocating bats can be an important link in elucidating questions arising in relation to their foraging behavior. The superior olivary complex (SOC) is the primary center for processing the binaural cues used in sound localization since echo locating bats rely on acoustic cues to navigate and capture prey while in flight. The present study was taken to test the hypothesis that the SOC of echolocating neotropical bats with different foraging behavior will exhibit morphological variations in relative size, degree of complexity and spatial distribution. The brains were collected from six male adult bats of each species: Noctilio leporinus (fish eating), Phyllostomus hastatus (carnivorous/omnivorous) and Carollia perspicillata (fruit eating). They were double-embedded and transverse serial sections were cut and stained with cresyl fast violet. The SOC measured as 640 ± 70 µm in the N. leporinus bat, 480 ± 50 µm in the P. hastatus and 240 ± 30 µm in the C. perspicillata bat. The principal nuclei of the SOC of in all three bats were the LSO, MSO and MNTB. The MSO and LSO were very well developed in N. leporinus bats. The MSO of N. leporinus bat subdivided into DMSO and VMSO. The main cell type of cells present in MSO and LSO are dark staining multipolar cells in all the bats studied. The well-developed MSO and LSO of N. leporinus bats indicate that these bats are highly sensitive to low frequency sounds and interaural intensity differences, which help these bats to forage over water by using various types of echolocation signals. The average size of SOC in P. hastatus and C. perspicillata bats can be attributed to the fact that these bats use vision and smell along with echolocation to forage the food. (SOC flight distribution species fish eating, eating , eating) carnivorous/omnivorous carnivorousomnivorous carnivorous omnivorous (carnivorous/omnivorous fruit eating. . doubleembedded double embedded violet 64 7 N 48 5 P 24 3 C MNTB VMSO studied welldeveloped differences signals food 6 4 2

Resumo O entendimento da ecolocalização pelo estudo de diferentes núcleos auditivos de morcegos pode ser um elo importante na elucidação das inúmeras questões que surgem em relação ao seu comportamento de forrageamento. O complexo olivar superior (SOC) é o principal centro de processamento das pistas binaurais usadas na localização do som, já que os morcegos ecolocalizadores contam com sinais acústicos para navegar e capturar as presas durante o vôo. O presente estudo foi realizado para testar a hipótese de que morcegos que usam a ecolocalização para diferentes comportamentos de forrageamento irão variar na estrutura, tamanhos relativos e grau de complexidade e distribuição espacial do grupo SOC. Os cérebros foram coletados de seis machos adultos de morcego de cada espécie: Noctilio leporinus (piscívoro), Phyllostomus hastatus (carnívoros/onívoros) e Carollia perspicillata (frugívoro). Eles foram seccionados em série e transversalmente, cortados e corados com coloração rápida cresil-violeta. tolet. O grupo SOC foi medido como 640 ± 70 µm no morcego N. leporinus, 480 ± 50 µm no P. hastatus e 240 ± 30 µm no morcego C. perspicillata. Os principais núcleos do grupo SOC dos três morcegos foram o LSO e o MSO e o MNTB. O MSO e o LSO foram muito bem desenvolvidos em morcegos N. leporinus. A MSO de N. leporinus foi subdividida em DMSO e VMSO. O principal tipo de células presentes na MSO e LSO são as células multipolares de coloração escura em todos os morcegos. Os MSO bem desenvolvidos e LSO de morcegos N. leporinus indicam que estes morcegos são altamente sensíveis a sons de baixa frequência e diferenças de intensidade interaural, que ajudaram estes morcegos a se alimentarem na superfície da água usando vários tipos de sinais de ecolocalização. O tamanho médio de SOC em morcegos de P. hastatus e C. perspicillata pode ser atribuído ao fato destes morcegos usarem visão e olfato junto com a ecolocalização para forragear. (SOC som vôo estrutura espécie piscívoro, piscívoro , (piscívoro) carnívoros/onívoros carnívorosonívoros carnívoros onívoros (carnívoros/onívoros frugívoro. frugívoro . (frugívoro) transversalmente cresilvioleta. cresilvioleta cresil violeta. violeta cresil-violeta tolet 64 7 N 48 5 P 24 3 C MNTB VMSO interaural forragear (piscívoro (frugívoro 6 4 2

ABSTRACT Carollia has a complex taxonomic history and is widely distributed in the Neotropics. Species of Carollia appear to have differentiated recently in the late Cenozoic, and present overlapping morphological characters that may not be useful to distinguish among species. Carollia has recently been revised, but only a few specimens representing the Brazilian distribution of Carollia within Brazil were studied. We reviewed specimens of Carollia distributed in several localities of Brazil revisiting previously described morphological characters for species identification, and taxonomic problems within the genus. We found a large degree of overlap between characters previously used to distinguish among species of Carollia, and some of them constitute variation within a same species. We also report new records extending the known distribution of C. benkeithi to farther east of its previously known distribution (Parauapebas, southeastern Pará, and Vitória do Xingu, Pará, eastern Amazonian Brazil) and one record extending the distribution of C. brevicauda south to Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

Resumo Desenvolvemos dois experimentos para testar se C. perspicillata pode agir como indutor da germinação de sementes de C. pachystachya. Primeiro comparamos a germinação das sementes retiradas das fezes do morcego, de sementes tratadas em soluções ácidas e sementes retiradas de infrutescências da planta. Avaliamos também a germinação das sementes após 4 meses de armazenamento. A porcentagem de germinação das sementes foi reduzida após a ingestão do morcego, entretanto, ainda com altas taxas de germinação (76%). Sementes ingeridas pelo morcego mantiveram sua viabilidade após o período de armazenamento. C. perspicillata pode ser considerado um dispersor eficiente de sementes de C. pachystachya.

Abstract We tested if seed germination of the tree Cecropia pachystachya is induced after being consumed by the frugivorous bat Carollia perspicillata. We carried out two essays; in the first, we compared germination of seeds from C. perspicillata feces, seeds chemically scarified in acid solutions, and seeds from fresh C. pachystachya infructescences. In the second essay we evaluated seed viability after four months storage. Percentage of seed germination was reduced after C. perspicillata ingestion, but nevertheless remained high (76%). Seeds ingested by this bat also maintain their viability after storage, and C. perspicillata can be considered an effective seed disperser of C. pachystachya seeds.

Resumen Algunos murciélagos ocupan ambientes altamente modificados por los humanos, y en Colombia poco sabemos sobre su historia natural en ambientes urbanos. Por ello estudiamos los edificios utilizados por murciélagos como refugios en un campus universitario en Villavicencio, Meta, piedemonte llanero colombiano. Medimos la altura al sitio de percha, cobertura del dosel y distancia al poste de luz más cercano para cada refugio. Identificamos 13 edificios con 15 refugios; siete usados por Saccopteryx leptura, cuatro por Carollia perspicillata, tres por Molossus molossus, y dos por Phyllostomus elongatus. En un caso, M. molossus y C. perspicillata compartieron refugio. La altura al sitio de percha, cobertura del dosel y distancia a postes de luz fue considerablemente variable entre refugios. Los refugios se encontraron entre 1.83-13.5 m de altura, y coberturas de dosel y distancia a postes entre 22.75-87.5%, y 3.5-39.92 m, respectivamente. El número de individuos en los refugios de S. leptura se correlacionó positivamente con la distancia al poste de luz más cercano y la altura del sitio de percha. Así, esas características de los refugios artificiales parecen relacionarse con su calidad para S. leptura. Sugerimos evitar los refugios en sitios de trabajo cercanos a personas, para reducir conflictos entre humanos y murciélagos en el campus por la posibilidad de transmisión de enfermedades. También sugerimos evaluar el uso de refugios artificiales, e.g., cajas para murciélagos, como alternativas a los edificios para mantener los servicios ecosistémicos brindados por los murciélagos en el campus.

Abstract Several bat species are able to use environments highly modified by humans, and in Colombia, little is known about the natural history of urban bats. Consequently, we studied the buildings used by bats as roosts in a university campus in the foothills of the Eastern Cordillera in Villavicencio, Meta. We measured for each roosting site: height to the perching site, tree cover, and distance to light poles. We identified 13 buildings with 15 roosting sites; seven were used by Saccopteryx leptura (Lesser Sac-winged Bat), four by Carollia perspicillata (Seba’s Short-tailed Bat), three by Molossus molossus (Pallas’s Mastiff Bat), and two by Phyllostomus elongatus (Lesser Spear-nosed Bat). Molossus molossus and C. perspicillata shared one roosting site. Height to the perching site, canopy cover, and distance to light poles were highly variable. The roosts were between 1.83-13.5 m, whereas tree cover and distances to light poles were between 22.75-87.5%, and 3.5-39.92 m, respectively. The number of individuals within the roosts of S. leptura was positively correlated to the distance to the nearest pole and the height of the perch site. Thus, these characteristics of the artificial roosting sites appear to be related to site quality for this bat species. We suggest avoiding roosts in work places close to people to reduce conflicts between bats and humans on campus, due to the likelihood of disease transmission. We also suggest evaluating the use of artificial roosting sites, such as bat boxes, as alternatives to buildings to maintain the ecosystem services provided by these mammals on campus.

Resumo Alguns morcegos têm-se adaptado a abitar entornos urbanos, e conviver com os humanos, na Colômbia é pouco o que se conhece sobre sua história natural nestas condições. Portanto se estudaram os prédios de um campus universitário usados pelos morcegos como refúgios na cidade de Villavicencio, Meta, no piedemonte das planícies orientais colombianas. A altura do refúgio, a cobertura do dossel, e a distância entre os postes da iluminação pública foram medidos. Se identificaram 15 refúgios em 13 prédios, sete eram utilizados por Saccopteryx leptura, quatro por Carollia perspicillata, três por Molossus molossus e dois por Phyllostomus elongatus. Só num caso M. molossus e C. perspicillata achavam-se juntos. A altura, cobertura do dossel y a distância entre os postes foram consideravelmente variáveis entre os refúgios, que se encontravam entre 1,83-13,5 m de altura, a cobertura do dossel e a distancias entre postes foram de entre 22.75-87.5% e 3.5-39.92 m, respectivamente. Achou-se uma correlação positiva entre a distância ao poste mais perto e a altura de penduragem, com a quantidade de indivíduos nos refúgios de S. leptura. Assim, para esta espécie, estas características dos refúgios artificiais aparentemente se relacionam com a qualidade. Se sugere evitar os refúgios nos lugares de trabalho pertos aos humanos para reducir conflitos entre as espécies pela aparição de doenças. Também se aconselha avaliar a utilização de refúgios artificiais, como caixas para morcegos, como alternativas aos prédios para manter os serviços ecossistêmicos oferecidos pelos morcegos no campus.

Abstract: Oil palm plantations have become a major agricultural landscape in the Neotropics, especially in Colombia, the largest oil palm producer in the region. The Orinoco, or Llanos, region of eastern Colombia is predicted to increase expansion for palm oil acreage over the coming decades, with implications for biodiversity loss. Describing dietary diversity of frugivorous bats is a functional approach to understanding the effect of oil palm dominated landscapes on bat-fruit interactions. Our objective was to characterize the diet of the dominant (most abundant) bat species present in an oil palm landscape from the Colombian Llanos. We compared diet breadth of bat species on the basis of Levin’s index and we assessed differences in the frequency of seed consumption through Chi-square tests (χ2). We calculated diet overlap with a Morisita-Horn index. We characterized diet breadth and overlap for four taxa (three species and one species complex) of bats from 149 fecal samples and 344 individual bats, from which we identified 13 seed species. Dietary composition differed significantly among bat species, as did diet breadth. Diet breadth was highest in Carollia spp. and lowest in Sturnira lilium. The greatest degree of diet overlap ocurred between Artibeus lituratus and A. planirostris and the lowest overlap between S. lilium and all the other species. Considering the functional identity of the plants dispersed by bats in our sample, where most of them are pioneer species that colonize disturbed areas, it is fundamental to preserve habitats such as forest fragments that maintain bat assemblages with diverse diets in agriculturally disturbed landscapes. This may have important implications in future restoration process at these sites.

Resumen: Las plantaciones de palma aceitera se han convertido en uno de los principales paisajes agrícolas en el Neotrópico, especialmente en Colombia, el mayor productor de palma de aceite en esta región. La Orinoquía, o llanos, región oriental de Colombia, es una de las principales áreas de expansión de este cultivo para las próximas décadas, con posibles implicaciones para la pérdida de biodiversidad. La descripción de la dieta de los murciélagos frugívoros aporta un enfoque funcional para comprender el efecto de los paisajes dominados por la palma aceitera en las interacciones murciélago-fruto. Nuestro objetivo fue caracterizar la dieta de las especies dominantes presentes en un paisaje de producción de palma de aceite en los Llanos Colombianos. Comparamos la amplitud de la dieta de las especies de murciélagos usando el índice de Levins y también evaluamos las diferencias en la frecuencia de consumo de semillas a través de la prueba Chi-cuadrado (χ2). Para evaluar la superposición de la dieta entre las especies, calculamos el índice Morisita-Horn. Caracterizamos la amplitud y sobreposición de la dieta de cuatro taxa (tres especies y un complejo de especies) de murciélagos con 149 muestras fecales de 344 individuos, en las cuáles identificamos 13 especies de semillas. La composición y amplitud de la dieta varió significativamente entre especies de murciélagos. La amplitud de la dieta fue mayor para Carollia spp. y menor para Sturnira lilium. El mayor grado de solapamiento de dieta se presenta entre Artibeus lituratus y A. planirostris y el menor entre S. lilium y todas las demás especies. Considerando la identidad funcional de las plantas dispersadas por los murciélagos en nuestra muestra, donde la mayoría son especies pioneras que colonizan hábitats perturbados, es fundamental preservar fragmentos de bosques que mantienen conjuntos de murciélagos con diversas dietas en los paisajes agrícolas. Esto puede tener implicaciones importantes en el proceso de restauración futura en estos sitios.