Resumen Las frutas constituyen uno de los pilares en la dieta, su consumo frecuente está asociado a un óptimo estado de salud. Su color es un indicador tanto de la calidad comercial como funcional. Son una excelente fuente de agua, de nutrientes como la vitamina C y de diversos compuestos bioactivos con propiedades antioxidantes. La capacidad antioxidante, suele estar influenciada por la concentración global de compuestos como la vitamina C, tocoferoles, carotenoides y compuestos fenólicos, algunos de ellos incluso responsables a su vez del pigmento y coloración característica de las frutas. El objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar el contenido en fenoles totales (método Folin-Ciocalteu) y vitamina C para determinar su influencia en la capacidad antioxidante (métodos ABTS•+ y DPPH) en cuatro frutas con color (Coordenadas CIE L*a*b*) diferente [guayaba (Psidium guajava), fresa (Fragaria × ananassa), kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) y papaya (Carica papaya)]. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar de un solo factor, con cuatro niveles y tres repeticiones. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la acidez total, el pH y el contenido de ácido ascórbico, destacando la guayaba por su mayor concentración en este último parámetro (288.4 mg 100 g-1), así como en el contenido fenólico total (199.2 mg de GAE 100 g-1). Se observaron diferencias significativas en la capacidad antioxidante en función del método de análisis. La fresa (81.9 µmol TEAC 100 g-1) destacó por la mayor capacidad antioxidante en el método DPPH. Se observó correlación positiva fuerte (r = 0.9597) entre el ácido ascórbico y el contenido fenólico total. La alta concentración de vitamina C en la guayaba no supuso una mayor capacidad antioxidante, lo que apunta a una mayor influencia del contenido fenólico total en esta propiedad.

Summary Fruits are one of the pillars of the diet, their frequent consumption is associated with an optimal state of health. Its color is an indicator of both commercial and functional quality. They are an excellent source of water, nutrients such as vitamins and various bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. The antioxidant capacity is usually influenced by the overall concentration of compounds such as vitamin C, tocopherols, carotenoids and phenolic compounds, some of them are even responsible in turn for the pigment and characteristic color of fruits. The aim of this study was to quantify the content of total phenols (Folin-Ciocalteu method) and vitamin C to determine their influence on antioxidant capacity (ABTS•+ and DPPH methods) in four fruits with different color (CIE coordinates L*a*b*) [guava (Psidium guajava), strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa), kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) and papaya (Carica papaya)]. The experimental design was completely randomized, single-factor, with four levels and three replicates. Statistically significant differences were observed in total acidity, pH and ascorbic acid content, with guava standing out for its higher concentration in the latter parameter (288.4 mg 100 g-1), as well as in total phenolic content (199.2 mg of GAE 100 g-1). Significant differences in the antioxidant capacity were observed depending on the analytical technique. Strawberry (81.9 µmol TEAC 100 g-1) stood out for its increased antioxidant capacity with the DPPH method. Strong positive correlation (r = 0.9597) was observed between ascorbic acid and total phenolic content. The high concentration of vitamin C in guava did not lead to a higher antioxidant capacity, which points to a greater influence of the total phenolic content on this property.

Abstract Papaya is a climacteric fruit, rapidly ripening after harvesting due to ethylene production and increased respiratory rate. This swift ripening results in softening of fruit tissues, shortening the fruit shelf life. Pre-cooling serves as an alternative to minimize fruit ripening and post-harvest losses by reducing metabolism. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pre-cooling on the quality and conservation of Formosa 'Tainung I' papaya. Papayas at maturation stage II were obtained from a commercial orchard with conventional production. The experimental design was a completely randomized 4×6 split-plot scheme, with pre-cooling treatments (Control, without pre-cooling treatment; pre-cooling at 15 °C in a cold chamber; pre-cooling at 7 °C in a cold chamber; and forced-air cooling at 7 °C) in the plot, and days of storage (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days) in the subplot. Pre-cooling effectively delayed the ripening and senescence of Formosa papaya, reducing the loss of green color and firmness. Regardless of the treatment used, chilling injury and incidence of fungi from the genus Fusarium and Alternaria limited the shelf life of Formosa 'Tainung I' papaya up to 21 days of storage. Additionally, the appearance of hardened regions in the pulp compromised the sensory quality of the fruits, necessitating further investigation into the causes of this disorder. rate tissues Precooling Pre postharvest post harvest metabolism precooling pre Tainung I 46 4 6 4× splitplot split plot scheme Control, Control (Control 1 C chamber forcedair forced air 0, 0 (0 14 28 3 subplot firmness used 2 Additionally fruits disorder (

Resumo O mamão é uma fruta climatérica, amadurecendo rapidamente após a colheita devido à produção de etileno e aumento da taxa respiratória. Esse amadurecimento rápido resulta no amolecimento dos tecidos da fruta, reduzindo a vida útil. O pré-resfriamento serve como uma alternativa para minimizar o amadurecimento da fruta e as perdas pós-colheita, reduzindo o metabolismo. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do pré-resfriamento na qualidade e conservação do mamão 'Tainung I' Formosa. Mamões no estágio de maturação II foram obtidos de um pomar comercial com produção convencional. O design experimental foi um esquema de parcelas divididas completamente aleatório 4×6, com tratamentos de pré-resfriamento (Controle, sem tratamento de pré-resfriamento; pré-resfriamento a 15 °C em uma câmara fria; pré-resfriamento a 7 °C em uma câmara fria; e resfriamento por ar forçado a 7 °C) na parcela, e dias de armazenamento (0, 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias) na subparcela. O pré-resfriamento retardou efetivamente o amadurecimento e a senescência do mamão Formosa, reduzindo a perda de cor verde e firmeza. Independentemente do tratamento utilizado, lesões por frio e incidência de fungos do gênero Fusarium e Alternaria limitaram a vida útil do mamão 'Tainung I' Formosa até 21 dias de armazenamento. Além disso, o surgimento de regiões endurecidas na polpa comprometeu a qualidade sensorial das frutas, exigindo investigação adicional sobre as causas desse distúrbio. climatérica respiratória préresfriamento pré póscolheita, póscolheita pós colheita, pós-colheita metabolismo Tainung I convencional 46 4 6 4×6 Controle, Controle (Controle 1 C fria parcela 0, 0 (0 14 2 3 subparcela firmeza utilizado disso frutas distúrbio 4× (

Abstract The papaya (Carica papaya L.) is among the mainly fruit species produced in tropical and subtropical climate. The salinity of water in agricultural areas is considered a limiting factor for the expansion of papaya. This study aimed to evaluate calcium-enriched microalgae extract (EMa-Ca) as an attenuator of saline stress in irrigation water on the growth and physiology of Formosa papaya seedlings, hybrid Tainung. The experiment was conducted in a protected environment, with treatments distributed in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, comprising five electrical conductivities of irrigation water (0.50; 1.10; 2.50; 3.90 and 4.50 dSm-1) with the presence and absence of EMa-Ca in the substrate. Evaluated characteristics were: plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area, dry masses weight of roots, aboveground parts and total. Gas exchanges and chlorophyll indices (a, b and total) were also evaluated. The application of EMa-Ca resulted in an increase of 6.05% in height and 6.33% in trunk diameter. The number of leaves decreased with an increase in electrical conductivity, and the leaf area was reduced by 33%. All seedling dry masses showed greater declines in the absence of EM-Ca. The EMa-Ca increased net photosynthesis, CO2 concentration, transpiration and stomatal conductance by 39.13%, 30.43%, 38.88% and 42.85%, respectively. For chlorophyll without the use of EMa-Ca, a decrease rate of 1.21%, 0.41% and 1.62% was observed for Chla, Chlb and Chlt, respectively. Therefore, the EMa-Ca application (1.0 ml/L) significantly enhance the vegetative development, gas exchanges, and chlorophyll indices of papaya seedlings under saline stress conditions. Carica L. L climate calciumenriched calcium enriched EMaCa EMa Ca (EMa-Ca Tainung environment scheme 0.50 050 0 50 (0.50 1.10 110 1 10 2.50 250 390 3 90 3.9 450 4 4.5 dSm1 dSm dSm-1 substrate diameter roots total a, (a evaluated 605 6 05 6.05 633 33 6.33 conductivity 33% EMCa. EMCa EM Ca. EM-Ca photosynthesis CO concentration 3913 39 13 39.13% 3043 30 43 30.43% 3888 38 88 38.88 4285 42 85 42.85% respectively EMaCa, Ca, 121 21 1.21% 041 41 0.41 162 62 1.62 Chla Chlt Therefore 1.0 (1. ml/L mlL ml development conditions 0.5 (0.5 1.1 11 2.5 25 9 3. 45 4. dSm- 60 6.0 63 6.3 391 39.13 304 30.43 388 8 38.8 428 42.85 12 1.21 04 0.4 16 1.6 1. (1 0. (0. 2. 6. 39.1 30.4 38. 42.8 1.2 ( (0 39. 30. 42.

Resumo O mamão (Carica papaya L.) está entre as principais espécies frutíferas produzidas em clima tropical e subtropical. A condição de salinidade da água nas áreas agrícolas pode ser considerada um fator limitante para a expansão do mamão. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o extrato de microalga enriquecido com cálcio (EMa-Ca) como atenuador do estresse salino em água de irrigação no crescimento e na fisiologia de mudas de mamão Formosa, híbrido Tainung. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido, com tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 5 × 2, compreendendo cinco condutividades elétricas da água de irrigação (0,50; 1,10; 2,50; 3,90 e 4,50 dSm-1) com a presença e ausência no substrato de EMa-Ca. As características avaliadas foram: altura da planta, número de folhas, diâmetro do caule, área foliar, peso de massa seca das raízes, partes aérea e total. Também foram avaliadas as trocas gasosas e os índices de clorofila (a, b e total). A aplicação de EMa-Ca resultou em aumento de 6,05% na altura e 6,33% no diâmetro do tronco. O número de folhas diminuiu com aumento da condutividade elétrica e a área foliar reduziu 33%. Todas as massas secas das mudas apresentaram maiores declínios na ausência do EM-Ca. O EMa-Ca aumentou a fotossíntese líquida, concentração de CO2, transpiração e condutância estomática em 39,13%, 30,43%, 38,88% e 42,85%, respectivamente. Para a clorofila sem a utilização do EMa-Ca observa-se uma taxa de diminuição de 1,21%, 0,41% e 1,62% para Chla, Chlb e Chlt, respectivamente. Portanto, a aplicação de EMa-Ca (1,0 ml/L) melhora significativamente o desenvolvimento vegetativo, as trocas gasosas e os índices de clorofila de mudas de mamoeiro sob condições de estresse salino. Carica L. L subtropical EMaCa EMa Ca (EMa-Ca Formosa Tainung protegido 2 0,50 050 0 50 (0,50 1,10 110 1 10 2,50 250 390 3 90 3,9 450 4 4,5 dSm1 dSm dSm-1 EMaCa. Ca. planta caule raízes total a, (a . total) 605 6 05 6,05 633 33 6,33 tronco 33% EMCa. EMCa EM EM-Ca líquida CO2 CO 3913 39 13 39,13% 3043 30 43 30,43% 3888 38 88 38,88 4285 42 85 42,85% respectivamente observase observa se 121 21 1,21% 041 41 0,41 162 62 1,62 Chla Chlt Portanto 1,0 (1, ml/L mlL ml vegetativo 0,5 (0,5 1,1 11 2,5 25 9 3, 45 4, dSm- 60 6,0 63 6,3 391 39,13 304 30,43 388 8 38,8 428 42,85 12 1,21 04 0,4 16 1,6 1, (1 0, (0, 6, 39,1 30,4 38, 42,8 1,2 ( (0 39, 30, 42,

Abstract In precision agriculture, one of the major problems is the need for a dense sampling grid. A solution to this problem has been the generation of management zones and the correlation between them. This work aims at defining management zones for a papaya culture using the fuzzy C-means grouping method, based on the following soil attributes: phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and potassium; and base saturation. The work was conducted in an approximately 1.2 ha area planted with a commercial culture of Carica papaya L. cultivated in typical Argisol found on the coastal terraces, in the municipality of São Mateus, ES, Brazil. The management zones were defined by the proposed method, based on the following analyses: soil chemical parameters P, Ca, Mg, and base saturation (V), analyzed together; soil chemical parameters P, Ca, Mg, and V, analyzed separately; and, the following combinations of soil chemical attributes Ca-Mg, Ca-V, Ca-Mg-V, P-Ca, P-Mg, P-V, P-Ca-Mg, P-Ca-V, Mg-V, and P-Ca-Mg-V. The generated management zones facilitated an understanding of the spatial variability of the attributes in the study area and the observed similarities between management zones generated from different attributes. In addition, the data were influenced especially by the P and V% attributes. agriculture grid them Cmeans C means method phosphorus calcium potassium 12 1 2 1. L terraces Mateus ES Brazil analyses Ca Mg V , (V) together separately CaMg, CaMg Ca-Mg CaV, CaV Ca-V CaMgV, CaMgV Ca-Mg-V PCa, PCa P-Ca PMg, PMg P-Mg PV, PV P-V PCaMg, PCaMg P-Ca-Mg PCaV, PCaV P-Ca-V MgV, MgV Mg-V PCaMgV. PCaMgV V. P-Ca-Mg-V addition (V

Resumo Na agricultura de precisão, um dos maiores problemas é a necessidade de uma grade amostral densa. Uma solução para este impasse tem sido a geração de zonas de gestão e a correlação entre elas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo definir zonas de manejo para a cultura do mamoeiro utilizando o método de agrupamento fuzzy C-means, baseado nos seguintes atributos do solo: fósforo, cálcio, magnésio e potássio; e saturação de bases. O trabalho foi conduzido em uma área de aproximadamente 1,2 ha plantada com cultura comercial de Carica papaya L. cultivada em Argissolo típico encontrado em terraços costeiros, no município de São Mateus, ES, Brasil. As zonas de manejo foram definidas pelo método proposto, com base nas seguintes análises: parâmetros químicos do solo P, Ca, Mg e saturação por bases (V), analisados em conjunto; parâmetros químicos do solo P, Ca, Mg e V, analisados separadamente; e, as seguintes combinações de atributos químicos do solo Ca-Mg, Ca-V, Ca-Mg-V, P-Ca, P-Mg, P-V, P-Ca-Mg, P-Ca-V, Mg-V, e P-Ca-Mg-V. As zonas de manejo geradas permitiram explicar a variabilidade espacial dos atributos na área de estudo e as semelhanças observadas entre as zonas de manejo geradas a partir de diferentes atributos, além disso, os dados foram influenciados especialmente pelos atributos P e V%. precisão densa elas Cmeans, Cmeans C means, means C-means fósforo cálcio potássio 12 1 2 1, L costeiros Mateus ES Brasil proposto análises Ca V , (V) conjunto separadamente CaMg, CaMg Mg, Ca-Mg CaV, CaV Ca-V CaMgV, CaMgV Ca-Mg-V PCa, PCa P-Ca PMg, PMg P-Mg PV, PV P-V PCaMg, PCaMg P-Ca-Mg PCaV, PCaV P-Ca-V MgV, MgV Mg-V PCaMgV. PCaMgV V. P-Ca-Mg-V disso V% (V

ABSTRACT This study investigated the effectiveness of using the X-ray technique to assess the viability of papaya seeds. The X-ray images were performed in eight replicates of 25 seeds, placed on transparent acrylic plates on double-sided adhesive tape, previously identified, and then submitted to radiation in X-ray equipment "HP Faxitron". After exposure to X-ray radiation, the seeds were submitted to the germination test in rolls of germitest paper and kept in a germination chamber at 20-30 °C for 30 days. Seedlings were photographed and evaluated as normal seedlings, abnormal and non-germinated seeds. Afterward, the X-ray images and the seedlings from the same seeds were visually compared, and the X-ray images clearly showed seeds with and without internal filling. All abnormal seedlings were full seeds; therefore, X-ray images were not able to separate normal and abnormal. A 100% accuracy was verified by comparing the X-ray images and their respective seedlings, full seeds originated normal or abnormal seedlings, and empty seeds corresponded to non-germinated seeds. Therefore, using X-ray images is a promising technique to identify the viability of papaya seeds. The automated analysis of X-ray images is a simple, fast, and efficient technique to provide information on seed viability and generate parameters related to their germination capacity. Xray X ray 2 doublesided double sided tape identified HP Faxitron. Faxitron . Faxitron" 2030 20 20-3 C 3 days nongerminated non germinated Afterward compared filling therefore 100 Therefore simple fast capacity 203 20- 10 1

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze technical and economic indicators of responses of papaya (Carica papaya L.) to the production factors water and organic compost, in a rural property with characteristic of family farming in the Semiarid region of Brazil. The study was conducted from August 2019 to July 2020, in the first crop cycle, in the municipality of Pentecoste, Ceara, Brazil. A Formosa papaya crop (cultivar Tainung 1) was established with spacing of 2.5 × 2.5 m, and irrigated by a micro-sprinkler localized system. A randomized block design was used, with a split-plot arrangement and four replications. The primary treatments consisted of four irrigation water depths (60%, 80%, 100%, and 120% of the crop evapotranspiration), and the secondary treatments consisted of four organic compost rates (0%, 50%, 100%, and 150% of the required rate for the crop). The irrigation water productivity of 5.38 R$ (BRL) m-3, related to the requirements of the production factors, on average, is five-fold the reference value for papaya crops under conventional production system. Rural credit allows the farmer to reach a social reproduction level with a papaya crop area that can be, on average, half of that needed under conditions without financing. Carica L. L Brazil 201 2020 cycle Pentecoste Ceara cultivar 1 25 2 5 2. m microsprinkler micro sprinkler system used splitplot split plot replications 60%, 60 (60% 80 80% 100 100% 120 evapotranspiration, evapotranspiration , evapotranspiration) 0%, 0 (0% 50 50% 150 crop. . crop) 538 38 5.3 R BRL (BRL m3, m3 3, 3 m-3 average fivefold five fold be financing 20 202 60% 6 (60 8 10 12 0% (0 15 53 5. m- (6 (

RESUMO A pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar indicadores técnicos e econômicos da resposta do mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.) aos fatores de produção água e composto orgânico em uma propriedade com característica de agricultura familiar no semiárido brasileiro. O estudo foi conduzido no período de agosto de 2019 a julho de 2020 no primeiro ciclo de produção no município de Pentecoste-CE. A cultura do mamoeiro Formosa tipo Tainung 1 foi estabelecida no espaçamento de 2,5 m x 2,5 m, sendo a irrigação realizada por sistema localizado do tipo microaspersão. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas em quatro repetições, com tratamentos primários constituídos por quatro lâminas de irrigação (60%, 80%, 100% e 120% da evapotranspiração da cultura) e tratamentos secundários por quatro níveis de composto orgânico (0%, 50%, 100% e 150% da dose requerida pela cultura). A produtividade da água de irrigação relativa aos requerimentos dos fatores de produção no valor 4,51 R$ m-3 representou em média cinco vezes o valor de referência para o cultivo do mamoeiro em sistema de produção convencional; O crédito rural permitiu alcançar o nível de reprodução social com o cultivo de uma área que em média representa a metade da área em condições que não ocorra o financiamento. Carica L. L brasileiro 201 202 PentecosteCE. PentecosteCE Pentecoste CE. CE Pentecoste-CE 25 2 5 2, microaspersão repetições 60%, 60 (60% 80 80% 100 120 0%, 0 (0% 50 50% 150 cultura. . 451 4 51 4,5 R m3 3 m- convencional financiamento 20 60% 6 (60 8 10 12 0% (0 15 45 4, (6 (

ABSTRACT Papaya cultivation is widespread in Brazil, particularly in the states of Bahia and Espírito Santo, where most commercial plantations are concentrated. Owing to the economic and social importance of papaya, the present study aimed to determine the explanatory variables between the genotypes of two cultivars: Golden (from the Soil group) and Tainung Nº 1 hybrid (from the Formosa group), cultivated under high temperatures and hydric stress. The genotypes containing more desirable agronomic characteristics were identified for use in plant genetic improvement programs. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to select the desirable genotypes for Golden and Tainung Nº 1 cultivars based on specific variables analyzed for two groups of variables; for group 1, the plant height, stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width, and leaf number were analyzed, whereas for group 2, the leaf and root dry mass, stem dry mass and fresh mass of 10 discs, fresh mass, and stem and root fresh mass were analyzed. When exposed to hydric and thermal stress, the Tainung Nº 1 cultivar outperformed the Golden cultivar for the evaluation characteristics selected for use in genetic improvement programs. Brazil Santo concentrated papaya from group, , stress programs PCA (PCA height diameter length width 2 discs

RESUMO No Brasil, o cultivo do mamão é difundido, principalmente nos estados da Bahia e Espírito Santo, onde se concentra a maior parte dos plantios comerciais. Devido à importância econômica e social do mamão, este estudo teve como objetivo determinar variáveis explicativas entre os genótipos de mamoeiro, cultivados sob altas temperaturas e condições de estresse hídrico, para definir quais contêm características agronômicas mais desejáveis para serem utilizadas em programas de melhoramento genético de plantas. Para isso, a análise de componentes principais foi aplicada para selecionar genótipos desejáveis para as cultivares Golden e Tainung Nº 1, com base em dois grupos de variáveis: grupo 1 - altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, comprimento da folha, largura da folha e número de folhas; e grupo 2 - massa seca da folha, massa seca da raiz, massa seca do caule, massa seca de 10 discos, massa fresca de 10 discos, massa fresca, massa fresca do caule e massa fresca da raiz. A cultivar Tainung Nº 1 do grupo Formosa apresentou vantagens em relação à cultivar Golden, quando submetida a condições de estresse hídrico e térmico para as características de avaliação sendo mais indicada para ser utilizada em programas de melhoramento genético. Brasil difundido Santo comerciais mamoeiro plantas isso planta folhas raiz discos

ABSTRACT Salinity is one of the major obstacles to agriculture in semi-arid regions, as it affects the physiological processes, growth, and yield of numerous crops. Hence, the application of salt stress attenuators is of paramount importance, as it enables the use of saline water for agricultural purposes. Among these, humic acid promotes the growth as well as water and nutrient uptake of plants. To this end, the present study evaluated the effects of humic acid on the growth and physiology of Carica papaya seedlings irrigated with saline water. The experiment followed the randomized block design with five levels of electrical conductivity (0.5, 1.15, 2.75, 4.35, and 5.0 dS m-1) and five concentrations of humic acid (0.5, 0.94, 2.0, 3.06, and 3.5 mL L-1). Growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll a fluorescence were evaluated. Irrigation with 4.9 dS m-1 water and application of 3.05 mL L-1 humic acid promoted the growth of papaya seedlings. Irrigation with high-salinity water (4.96 and 3.09 dS m-1) coupled with the application of 3.05 and 2.21 mL L-1 humic acid increased internal CO2 concentration, transpiration, instantaneous water use efficiency, carboxylation efficiency, and chlorophyll b content. Overall, humic acid (3.5 mL L-1) attenuated the deleterious effects of salt stress, promoting the growth and improving the performance of papaya seedlings under moderate salinity (4 dS m-1). semiarid semi arid regions processes crops Hence importance purposes these plants end 0.5, 05 0 5 (0.5 115 1 15 1.15 275 2 75 2.75 435 4 35 4.35 50 5. m1 m 094 94 0.94 20 2.0 306 3 06 3.06 3. L1. L1 L . Growth exchange content 49 9 4. m- 305 3.0 L- highsalinity high 4.96 496 96 (4.9 309 09 221 21 2.2 CO concentration transpiration efficiency Overall (3. ( m1. 0.5 (0. 11 1.1 27 7 2.7 43 4.3 0.9 2. 30 (4. 22 (3 0. (0 1.

RESUMO A salinidade é um dos grandes entraves na agricultura em regiões semiáridas, pois afeta os processos fisiológicos, crescimento e produção de diversas culturas. Assim, o uso de atenuadores do estresse salino é de extrema importância, pois permite o uso de águas salinas para fins agrícolas. Dentre estes, destacam-se os ácidos húmicos que promovem o crescimento e a absorção de água e nutrientes. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do ácido húmico sob o crescimento e a fisiologia de mudas de mamão irrigadas com água salina. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica (0,5; 1,15; 2,75; 4,35 e 5,0 dS m-1), e cinco concentrações de ácido húmico (0,5; 0,94; 2,0; 3,06 e 3,5 mL L-1). Foram avaliados o crescimento, trocas gasosas, índice de clorofilas e fluorescência da clorofila a. A irrigação com água de 4,9 dS m-1 e aplicação de 3,05 mL L-1 de ácido húmico proporcionou maior crescimento das mudas de mamoeiro. A irrigação de mudas de mamoeiro com alta salinidade (4,96 e 3,09 dS m-1) aliada à aplicação de 3,05 e 2,21 mL L-1 de ácido húmico proporcionou aumento da concentração interna de CO2, taxa de transpiração, eficiência instantânea do uso da água, eficiência de carboxilação e teor de clorofila b. O ácido húmico (3,5 mL L-1) atenua os efeitos deletérios da salinidade no mamoeiro, sendo capaz de aumentar o crescimento e melhorar o desempenho das mudas de mamão em salinidade moderada (4 dS m-1). semiáridas fisiológicos culturas Assim importância agrícolas estes destacamse destacam se nutrientes salina 0,5 05 0 5 (0,5 1,15 115 1 15 2,75 275 2 75 435 4 35 4,3 50 5, m1, m1 m , 0,94 094 94 2,0 20 306 3 06 3,0 3, L1. L1 L . gasosas 49 9 4, m- 305 L- 4,96 496 96 (4,9 309 09 221 21 2,2 CO2 CO transpiração b (3, ( m1. 0, (0, 1,1 11 2,7 27 7 43 0,9 2, 30 (4, 22 (3 (0 1,

Abstract This study aimed to characterize papaya lines via microsatellite markers, and select genotypes based on the fixation index in order to promote the genetic purification of important commercial hybrids parent lines. Overall, 400 genotypes from three parental lines (JS-12, SS-72/12, and Sekati) were genotyped. Expected (HE), observed (HO) heterozygosity, and fixation index (F), were estimated. Genetic distances were estimated using an unweighted index, which was graphically presented via cluster analysis using the UPGMA and PCoA. Intra-genotypic variability was detected in both JS-12 and Sekati lines, while an absence of it was observed in SS-72/12. Such variability may positively contribute to the fitting of ‘UENF/Caliman 01’ and ‘UC-10’ hybrids into the traits of commercial interest how size and weight fruit. Regarding the fixation index, 293 genotypes showed maximum values (F=1) facilitating the genotypes selection process. Concerning population analysis, a close proximity between heterotic group ‘Formosa’ lines was observed, while a greater distance among ‘Solo’ group ones, and this enables systematic exploitation of such material. The fixation index maximum enabled the 80 genotypes selection thereby contributing to the parents genetic purification, since, the selected genotypes will be used in future hybridization steps to generate hybrids fitted into the traits of commercial interest. markers Overall 40 JS12, JS12 JS 12, 12 (JS-12 SS72/12, SS7212 SS 72/12, 72 SS-72/12 genotyped HE, HE , (HE) HO (HO heterozygosity F, F (F) PCoA Intragenotypic Intra genotypic JS-1 SS72/12. 72/12. UENFCaliman UENF Caliman 01 ‘UC10 UC10 UC ‘UC 10 ‘UC-10 fruit 29 F=1 F1 1 (F=1 process ‘Formosa Formosa ‘Solo Solo ones material 8 since 4 JS1 (JS-1 SS72 SS72/12 SS721 7212 72/12 7 SS-72/1 (HE (F JS- 0 ‘UC1 UC1 ‘UC-1 2 F= (F= (JS- SS7 SS72/1 721 72/1 SS-72/ ‘UC- (JS SS72/ 72/ SS-72 SS-7 SS-

Abstract In this paper, a couple of pretreatments were applied to raw cheese whey to increase its biodegradability in an anaerobic reactor. The first stage consisted of coagulation/flocculation using Carica papaya seeds as a biocoagulant, and the second stage was a study of Fenton and photo-Fenton processes. The cheese whey was collected from a dairy industry plant and characterized according to physicochemical parameters to check the pollution potential (chemical oxygen demand — COD of 55.96 g L−1 and biochemical oxygen demand — BOD of 21.51 g L−1). The coagulation/flocculation process provided high turbidity removal (94–96%). After preliminary experiments with Fenton reactions in coagulated whey, a central composite design, a desirability function and a response surface were applied to obtain the optimal operating conditions (reaction time: 90 min, H2O2: 1.95 M; H2O2/Fe2+ ratio: 55) resulting in 66.4 and 62.6% of COD and TOC removals, respectively. The kinetic evaluation of photo-Fenton reaction under optimal conditions revealed the potential minimization of iron (H2O2/Fe2+ ratio: 65) and reaction time (60 min) to achieve 70.1% of COD removal under visible ultraviolet light irradiation (UV/vis). After applying the coagulation/flocculation and photo-Fenton processes, an increase in biodegradability was achieved (BOD5/COD > 0.4), allowing the application of the biological process. The batch treatment in a UASB reactor achieved 86–88% COD removal from the 24th day of operation. The proposed hybrid process eliminated between 96–98% of total COD. paper coagulationflocculation coagulation flocculation biocoagulant photoFenton photo processes chemical 5596 55 96 55.9 L1 L 1 L− 2151 21 51 21.5 L−1. . L−1) 94–96%. 9496 94–96% 94 (94–96%) design 9 min H2O2 HO H O 195 95 1.9 M H2O2Fe2 HOFe Fe2 Fe H2O2/Fe2 ratio 664 66 4 66. 626 62 6 62.6 removals respectively (H2O2/Fe2 65 60 (6 701 70 70.1 UV/vis. UVvis UV/vis UV vis (UV/vis) BOD5/COD BOD5COD BODCOD BOD5 0.4, 04 0.4 , 0 0.4) 8688 86 88 86–88 th operation 9698 98 96–98 559 5 55. 215 2 21. 949 94–96 (94–96% H2O 19 1. H2O2Fe H2O2/Fe 62. (H2O2/Fe ( 7 70. (UV/vis 0. 868 8 86–8 969 96–9 94–9 (94–96 86– 96– 94– (94–9 (94– (94 (9

Resumo Neste artigo, dois pré-tratamentos foram aplicados ao soro de queijo bruto para aumentar sua biodegradabilidade na aplicação de um reator anaeróbio. A primeira etapa consistiu na coagulação/floculação utilizando sementes de Carica papaya como biocoagulante, e a segunda etapa foi o estudo dos processos Fenton e foto-Fenton. O soro foi coletado em uma fábrica de laticínios e caracterizado quanto a parâmetros físico-químicos para verificar o potencial poluidor (demanda química de oxigênio — DQO 55,96 g L−1 e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio — DBO de 21,51 g L−1). O processo de coagulação/floculação promoveu a remoção de nível alto de turbidez (94–96%). Após testes preliminares das reações Fenton no soro coagulado, houve a aplicação do delineamento de composto central, da função desejabilidade e da superfície de resposta para obter as condições ótimas de operação (tempo reacional: 90 min, H2O2: 1,95 M e razão H2O2/Fe2+: 55), resultando em 66,4 e 62,6% de remoção de DQO e TOC, respectivamente. A avaliação cinética da reação foto-Fenton nas condições otimizadas revelou o potencial da minimização da concentração de ferro (razão H2O2/Fe2+: 65) e do tempo reacional (60 min) para atingir 70,1% de remoção de DQO sob irradiação de luz ultravioleta visível (UV-vis). Após aplicação dos processos de coagulação/floculação e foto-Fenton, um aumento da biodegradabilidade foi alcançado (DBO5/DQO > 0,4), possibilitando a aplicação do processo biológico. O tratamento batelada em reator anaeróbio de manta de lodo de fluxo ascendente (UASB) promoveu 86–88% de remoção de DQO a partir do 24º dia de operação. O processo de tratamento híbrido proposto eliminou entre 96 e 98% da DQO total. artigo prétratamentos pré tratamentos coagulaçãofloculação coagulação floculação biocoagulante fotoFenton. fotoFenton foto Fenton. físicoquímicos físico químicos 5596 55 55,9 L1 L 1 L− 2151 21 51 21,5 L−1. . L−1) 94–96%. 9496 94–96% 94 (94–96%) coagulado central 9 min H2O2 HO H 195 95 1,9 H2O2/Fe2+ H2O2Fe2 HOFe Fe2 Fe 55, , 55) 664 66 4 66, 626 62 6 62,6 TOC respectivamente 65 60 (6 701 70 70,1 UVvis. UVvis UV vis (UV-vis) fotoFenton, Fenton, DBO5/DQO DBO5DQO DBODQO DBO5 0,4, 04 0,4 0 0,4) biológico UASB (UASB 8688 86 88 86–88 º 98 total 559 5 215 2 21, 949 94–96 (94–96% H2O 19 1, H2O2/Fe2 H2O2Fe 62, ( 7 70, (UV-vis 0, 868 8 86–8 94–9 (94–96 H2O2/Fe 86– 94– (94–9 (94– (94 (9

ABSTRACT Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the most cultivated fruits in Brazil. Thus, increasing efforts to improve the crop efficiency have been carried out, being the study of quality seedling production of fundamental importance. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in symbiosis with the root system of plants, can bring great improvements to the morphophysiological aspects of the papaya tree. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interaction of papaya seeds treated with AMF, in order to support management works on the crop. The experiment was installed in an agricultural greenhouse in a completely randomized design with three treatments: T0 – control (no inoculation); T1 - inoculation of seeds with Gigaspora rosea + Gigaspora margarita; and T2 - inoculation of seeds with Rhizophagus clarus, with 40 replicates, with each sowing cell being considered a replicate. Mycorrhizal colonization, seedling emergence and biometric indices at 60 days after sowing were evaluated. High symbiosis rate was observed between papaya seedlings with Rhizophagus clarus and Gigaspora rosea + Gigaspora margarita. Increase in the percentage and speed emergence and decrease in emergence time in relation to control was observed, in addition to increase in biometric characteristics of seedlings, evidencing its beneficial use for higher production. Carica L. L Brazil Thus out importance fungi plants tree AMF treatments T no inoculation) margarita 4 replicates replicate colonization 6 evaluated

Resumen Introducción. En Buenavista, Michoacán, México, la superficie sembrada de papaya (Carica papaya L.) es de la variedad Maradol Roja y la mayoría de los agricultores utilizan un modelo de producción agrícola convencional, donde no se conoce con certeza la productividad ni la rentabilidad del cultivo; conocer estas dos variables permitiría obtener una producción eficiente que a mediano plazo mejoraría el entorno socioeconómico de los agricultores. Objetivo. Comparar un modelo de producción agrícola sustentable contra el modelo de producción convencional de papaya, para identificar la producción agrícola y la relación beneficio-costo. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se llevó a cabo en el municipio de Buenavista, Michoacán, México, durante 2015. Se caracterizó por tener dos unidades experimentales, un tratamiento por unidad (sustentable y convencional) con un muestreo aleatorizado simple. Se evaluaron el peso de fruto, los sólidos solubles totales y los frutos por planta. El análisis estadístico incluyó prueba de Levene, prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov y Lilliefors, ANOVA y prueba no paramétrica U de Mann-Whitney. Se realizó análisis económico con los indicadores: costo total de la inversión, ingreso total, relación beneficio costo, rentabilidad y punto de equilibrio. Resultados. El modelo sustentable mostró para peso de fruto 1,71 kg, 38,0 frutos por planta, costo total de inversión de USD $ 8736,83 ha-1, relación beneficio costo de 2,24, y un punto de equilibrio de 38,47 %. El modelo convencional mostró 2,20 kg en peso de fruto, 53,72 frutos por planta, un costo total de inversión de USD $ 9262,03 ha-1, relación beneficio costo de 1,08, y un punto de equilibrio de 90,11 %. Conclusión. El modelo convencional resultó desfavorable económicamente, por lo que se sugiere mejorarlo gradualmente hasta llegar a ser rentable. El modelo sustentable mostró ser muy atractivo económicamente y tener aprovechamiento eficiente de los recursos naturales locales.

Abstract Introduction. In Buenavista, Michoacan, Mexico, the area planted with papaya (Carica papaya L.) is of the Maradol Roja variety and most farmers use a conventional agricultural production model, where the productivity and profitability of the crop is not known with certainty. culture; therefore, it is important to know these two variables in order to obtain an efficient production that in the medium term allows them to improve the socio-economic environment of the farmers. Objective. Compare a sustainable agricultural production model against the conventional papaya production model, to identify agricultural production and the cost-benefit ratio. Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Buenavista, Michoacan, Mexico during 2015. It was characterized by having two experimental units, one treatment per unit [sustainable and conventional] with a simple randomized sampling. Fruit weight, total soluble solids, and fruits per plant were evaluated. Statistical analysis included Levene’s test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and Lilliefors test, ANOVA and non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Economic analysis was carried out with the indicators: total investment cost, total income, cost-benefit ratio, profitability, and break-even point. Results. The sustainable model showed for fruit weight 1.71 kg, 38.06, fruits per plant, total investment cost of USD $ 8,736.83 ha-1, cost-benefit ratio of 2.24, and an equilibrium point of 38.47 %. The conventional model showed 2.20 kg in fruit weight, 53.72 fruits per plant, a total investment cost of USD $ 9,262.03 ha-1, cost-benefit ratio 1.08, and an equilibrium point of 90.11 %. Conclusion. The conventional model was economically unfavorable, so it is suggested to gradually improve it until it becomes profitable. The sustainable model proved to be very economically attractive and to have efficient use of local natural resources.

RESUMO A salinidade da água e do solo reduz o crescimento e a produção de culturas, em especial às fruteiras, como o mamoeiro, sendo necessário obter alternativas de manejo que viabilizem o cultivo sob tais condições. Assim, objetivou-se, com este estudo, avaliar o crescimento e fitomassa do mamoeiro cultivado sob irrigação com águas salinizadas e adubação orgânica. Usou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial, 5 x 2, constituídos de cinco níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação (0,6; 1,2; 1,8; 2,4 e 3,0 dS m-1) e dois níveis de adubação orgânica (10 e 20 L de esterco bovino por planta), com três repetições, totalizando trinta parcelas experimentais. Foram avaliadas variáveis de crescimento do mamoeiro. As plantas de mamoeiro foram afetadas negativamente pela salinidade da água de irrigação, com maior efeito no número de folhas e na massa seca das folhas, não havendo efeito dos níveis de esterco bovino.

ABSTRACT The salinity of water and soil reduces the growth and production of crops, especially the fruit trees, such as papaya. Thus, it is necessary to obtain management alternatives for cultivation under these conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and phytomass of papaya cultivated under irrigation with saline water and organic fertilization. An experiment was set up using a randomized block design, with the treatments distributed in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, consisting of five levels of salinity of irrigation water (0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4 and 3.0 dS m-1) and two levels of organic fertilization (10 and 20 L of bovine manure per plant), with three replications, totaling thirty experimental plots. Growth variables of papaya were evaluated. Papaya plants were negatively affected by irrigation water salinity, with a greater effect on the number of leaves and on dry phytomass of leaves, with no effect of bovine manure levels.

Resumo Importante parcela da produção de mamão de Minas Gerais origina-se de cultivos irrigados, sendo o manejo da irrigação com uso da técnica de secamento parcial radicular (SPR) uma alternativa fundamental para redução de desperdício da água. Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade de mamão ‘Tainung 1’ produzido sob SPR em condições semiáridas do norte Minas Gerais. Os tratamentos por SPR foram constituídos pela redução da lâmina calculada de irrigação (lci) em 50%, aplicada em um dos lados da linha de irrigação, com alternância de 7; 14 e 21 dias ou sem alternância e irrigação plena, aplicando-se 100% da lci. Cada parcela experimental foi constituída por dez plantas, sendo que das seis centrais se colheram os frutos para as avaliações no ponto de colheita e quando maduros. No ponto de colheita, os frutos têm cor da casca, acidez titulável, ratio, tamanho e espessura da polpa semelhantes àqueles produzidos sem déficit hídrico. A firmeza, o teor de sólidos solúveis, a massa fresca e o diâmetro da cavidade central são distintos em função da condição de SPR. Quando maduros, somente a firmeza varia em função dos tratamentos por SPR. A qualidade do mamão ‘Tainung 1’, produzido por secamento parcial do sistema radicular, em condições semiáridas, não foi comprometida.

Resumo A significant portion of papaya production in the state of Minas Gerais originates from irrigated crops, and irrigation management using the partial root zone drying technique (PRD) is a fundamental alternative to reduce water waste. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of ‘Tainung 1’ papaya produced under PRD in semi-arid conditions of northern state of Minas Gerais. PRD treatments were composed of reduction of the calculated irrigation water (CIW) by 50%, applied on one side of the irrigation line, with alternation of 7, 14 and 21 days or without alternation and full irrigation, applying 100 % CIW in both lateral plant rows. Each experimental plot consisted of ten plants, and from six plants, fruits were harvested for evaluations at harvest point and when ripe. At harvest point, fruits had peel color, titratable acidity, ratio, pulp size and thickness similar to those produced without water deficit. Firmness, soluble solids content, fresh mass and central cavity diameter are distinct as a function of PRD condition. When ripe, only firmness varied according to PRD treatments. The quality of ‘Tainung 1’ papaya produced by partial root zone drying in semi-arid conditions was not compromised.

ABSTRACT Papaya crop (Carica papaya L.) faces pathologies mainly of fungal etiology. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc., causal agent of anthracnose, represents one of the most severe diseases that reduce the productivity of plantations. For this reason, the present study was carried out on one hectare of papaya cultivar 'Maradol Roja' at the Research Institute of Tropical Root and Tuber Crops (INIVIT), with the objective of evaluating the technical effectiveness of the fungicide Sphere Max 535 SC (trifloxystrobin + ciproconazole) for the control of anthracnose at doses of 0.2 and 0.3 L ha-1 and Biobeno (Benomilo), the latter as a commercial reference. A completely randomized design was used; five applications were made with a frequency of 20 days. The severity of the disease was evaluated, as well as the technical effectiveness of the formulations used. The severity increased gradually, reaching its maximum values at 100 days. In the plots treated with Benomilo, the severity of the disease was higher, reaching an average of 22.3 %. The variants corresponding to Sphere Max 535 SC were more effective than Benomilo, with values of 57,8 and 61,5 % of effectiveness, respectively.

RESUMEN El cultivo de la papaya (Carica papaya L.) se enfrenta a patologías principalmente de etiología fúngica. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc., agente causal de la antracnosis, representa una de las enfermedades más severas que reducen la productividad de las plantaciones. Por tal motivo, el presente estudio se realizó en una hectárea de papaya cultivar 'Maradol Roja' en el Instituto de Investigaciones de Viandas Tropicales (INIVIT), con el objetivo de evaluar la eficacia biológica del fungicida Sphere Max 535 SC (trifloxistrobina+ciproconazol) para el control de la antracnosis a las dosis de 0,2 y 0,3 L ha-1 y Biobeno (Benomilo), este último como referencia comercial. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado, se realizaron cinco aplicaciones con una frecuencia de 20 días. Se evaluó la severidad de la enfermedad, así como la efectividad técnica de los formulados empleados. La severidad se incrementó de forma gradual, alcanzando sus valores máximos a los 100 días. En las parcelas tratadas con Benomilo la severidad de la enfermedad fue mayor, alcanzando como promedio 22,3 %. Las variantes correspondientes a Sphere Max 535 SC resultaron más efectivas que el Benomilo, con valores de 57,8 y 61,5 % de efectividad, respectivamente.