Resumen Introducción: La dispersión y depredación de semillas tienen efectos importantes en la diversidad de plantas y estructura de las comunidades. Los roedores participan en estos tipos de interacciones. Objetivos: Evaluar la remoción de semillas de Crescentia alata, Randia capitata y Zea mays por la ardilla Notocitellus adocetus, para determinar su efecto en estas especies de plantas, dispersando o depredando semillas. Métodos: Estudiamos 14 individuos de C. alata, 24 para R. capitata y 35 individuos para Z. mays. Observamos el forrajeo y usamos cámaras trampas para determinar la parte del fruto (semilla y/o pulpa) consumida y la intensidad de consumo por las ardillas. También colocamos trampas de arena fina (FST) para medir el porcentaje de remoción de semillas. Cuantificamos los frutos producidos por las especies estudiadas y el porcentaje de daño ocasionado por N. adocetus, mediante parcelas. Resultados: Notocitellus adocetus se alimenta de las semillas y pulpa de C. alata y Z. mays. La especie que tuvo mayor tasa de remoción y mayor porcentaje de daño fue C. alata. La especie con mayor porcentaje de remoción, mayor número de frutos y menor daño en las FST fue Z. mays. En las trampas de arena fina, R. capitata tuvo la menor remoción de semillas. Conclusiones: Notocitellus adocetus es considerada depredadora de semillas, no obstante, por su comportamiento y las características de los frutos de C. alata y R. capitata, este roedor podría dejar disponibles las semillas a dispersores secundarios de semillas.

Abstract Introduction: Seed dispersal and seed predation have important impacts on plant diversity and community structure. Rodents participate in both of these types of interactions. Objectives: To evaluate the removal of the seeds of Crescentia alata, Randia capitata, and Zea mays by the squirrel Notocitellus adocetus to determine how it affects these plant species, by dispersing or preying on their seeds. Methods: We studied 14 individuals for C. alata, 24 for R. capitata, and for Z. mays 35 individuals. We observed foraging and used camera traps to determine the part of the fruit (seed and/or pulp) consumed by the squirrels and the amount of fruit or seed consumed. We also placed fine sand traps (FST) to measure the percentage of seed removal. We quantified the fruits produced by the plant species studied and the percentage of damage caused by N. adocetus throughout the plots. Results: Notocitellus adocetus feeds on the seeds and pulp of C. alata and Z. mays. The species with the highest removal rate and the highest percentage of damage was C. alata. Zea mays was the plant species that had the highest percentage of removal from FST, the largest number of fruits, and the lowest percentage of damage. On FST, R. capitata had the lowest seed remotion. Conclusions: Notocitellus adocetus is considered a seed predator; however, due to its behavior and the characteristics of the fruits of C. alata and R. capitata, this rodent could make the seeds available to secondary seed dispersers.

ABSTRACT Facultative kleptoparasites face the risk of trying to steal food resources from competitors. This type of interaction is little known, but anecdotal observations indicate that birds of prey may take advantage of their accurate sight to detect the best opportunities for kleptoparasitism. We recorded a camera trap video of an attempt of kleptoparasitism by the white hawk, Pseudastur albicollis, that tried to steal food from a greater grison, Galictis vittata, in a recently selectively-logged forest site in central Brazilian Amazonia. The attempt was unsuccessful as the greater grison responded aggressively to the attack. The event occurred in a linear clearing, which may have increased the bird’s ability to detect its potential host. Kleptoparasitic interactions are difficult to detect in forest environments. Recording opportunistic kleptoparasitic interactions in tropical forests may not only depend on the increasing use of camera traps, but also on habitat conditions that facilitate the detection of potential hosts. competitors known hawk albicollis vittata selectivelylogged selectively logged Amazonia attack clearing bird s host environments traps hosts

RESUMO Cleptoparasitas facultativos enfrentam os custos envolvidos no roubo do alimento em troca da compensação pelo valor nutricional do item roubado. Essa interação é pouco conhecida, mas observações anedóticas indicam que aves de rapina podem se beneficiar de sua visão acurada para cleptoparasitar. Reportamos uma tentativa de cleptoparasitismo de um furão-grande, Galictis vittata, por um gavião-branco, Pseudastur albicollis, em uma floresta na Amazônia central brasileira recentemente manejada para corte seletivo de impacto reduzido. Como o furão-grande respondeu agressivamente ao ataque, a tentativa de roubo falhou. O evento foi registrado por uma armadilha fotográfica em uma clareira linear. O ambiente mais aberto pode ter aumentado a habilidade do gavião-branco em encontrar o seu hospedeiro. Eventos de cleptoparasitismo são dificilmente registrados em ambientes florestais. Registros de cleptoparasitismo em florestas tropicais podem não depender apenas do uso intensivo de armadilhas fotográficas, mas também de condições ambientais favoráveis à detecção de possíveis hospedeiros pelo cleptoparasita. roubado conhecida cleptoparasitar furãogrande, furãogrande furão grande, grande vittata gaviãobranco, gaviãobranco gavião branco, branco albicollis reduzido ataque falhou linear hospedeiro florestais fotográficas cleptoparasita

SUMMARY: In this work, we report new records of the Chilean shrew opossum (Rhyncholestes raphanurus), one of the least known mammals of the South American temperate rainforests. Using camera traps, we detected Chilean shrew opossums on 31 different occasions distributed over 17 sites, located in two protected areas of the Los Ríos region, southern Chile. The records, obtained in evergreen and alerce forests, as well as in eucalyptus plantations, show markedly nocturnal activity. These findings represent a significant increase in the number of locations where the presence of this species has been confirmed.

RESUMEN: En este trabajo, presentamos nuevos registros de la comadrejita trompuda (Rhyncholestes raphanurus), uno de los mamíferos más desconocidos de los bosques templados sudamericanos. Por medio de trampas cámaras, detectamos comadrejitas trompudas en 31 ocasiones distribuidas en 17 sitios, ubicados en dos áreas protegidas de la Región de Los Ríos, sur de Chile. Los registros, obtenidos en bosque siempreverde, alerce y plantaciones de eucaliptos, muestran una actividad marcadamente nocturna. Estos hallazgos representan un incremento significativo en el número de localidades con presencia confirmada de esta especie.

ABSTRACT We present the first records of a melanistic jaguar (Panthera onca) coexisting with non-melanistic jaguars in the Cordillera Escalera - Regional Conservation Area, San Martín, Peru. Between the years 2017 and 2022, twelve camera traps were installed in a wildlife corridor to evaluate the occurrence of mammals and birds within the conservation area. A total record of 9 photos and 24 videos was obtained, of which 6 photos and 10 videos corresponded to a melanistic male specimen. The largest number of records was in April and July 2021, during night events. These results represent important evidence of the presence of previously undocumented melanistic jaguars in the area, allowing the strengthening of jaguar conservation initiatives and distribution evaluation within the Cordillera Escalera - RCA.

RESUMEN Presentamos los primeros registros de un jaguar melánico (Panthera onca) coexistiendo con jaguares no melánicos en el Área de Conservación Regional - Cordillera Escalera, San Martín, Perú. Entre los años 2017 a 2022, se instalaron 12 cámaras trampa en un corredor de vida silvestre para evaluar la ocurrencia de mamíferos y aves dentro del área de conservación. Se obtuvo un registro total de 9 fotos y 24 vídeos, de los cuales, 6 fotos y 10 vídeos correspondieron a un ejemplar melánico macho. La mayor cantidad de los registros fue en abril y julio del 2021, durante eventos nocturnos. Estos resultados representan una importante evidencia sobre la presencia de jaguares melánicos no documentados anteriormente en la zona, permitiendo fortalecer iniciativas de conservación y evaluación de distribución de jaguares dentro del ACR - Cordillera Escalera.

Resumen Introducción: El cambio del uso natural de la tierra se ha convertido en uno de los principales impulsores de la pérdida de biodiversidad en todo el mundo. Los mamíferos son componentes importantes de los bosques porque afectan la estructura y composición del bosque, pero pocos estudios han comparado a los mamíferos en áreas tropicales con diferentes niveles de perturbación humana. Objetivo: Realizar una evaluación rápida de los mamíferos no voladores en el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Hacienda Barú, Costa Rica, en tres zonas con diferentes niveles de perturbación humana. Métodos: del 18 al 21 de julio de 2019, identificamos mamíferos no voladores con avistamiento en senderos, cámaras trampa y trampas Sherman. Resultados: Identificamos 17 especies, sin diferencias entre zonas. Las más comunes fueron Cebus imitador y Pecari tajacu, la planta más utilizada fue Mangifera indica. Conclusión: Este estudio identificó 17 mamíferos no voladores en esta reserva.

Abstract Introduction: Change of natural land use has become major a driver of biodiversity loss around the world. Mammals are important components of forests because they affect forest structure and composition, but few studies have compared mammals in tropical areas with different levels of human disturbance. Objective: To do a rapid assessment of non-flying mammals in Hacienda Barú National Wildlife Refuge, Costa Rica, in three zones with different levels of human disturbance. Methods: On July 18-21, 2019, we identified non-flying mammals with trail walk sightings, camera traps, and Sherman traps. Results: We identified 17 species but no differences among zones. The most common were Cebus imitador and Pecari tajacu, the most used plant was Mangifera indica. Conclusion: This brief study identified 17 non- flying mammals in this reserve.

ABSTRACT The mechanisms of ecological segregation involved in the coexistence between Neotropical felids are the key to support strategies for conservation. Due to their inconspicuous and elusive behavior, camera trapping constitute a strategic, non-invasive method to study these species. The present work aimed to evaluate the daily and seasonal activity patterns of four felid species: Leopardus guttulus (Hensel, 1872), L. pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758), L. wiedii (Schinz, 1821) and Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771), in the Papagaios-de-Altitude Private Protected Area, state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Data were collected from January 2018 to December 2019, using 25 sites of camera traps among the study area. We collected 624 independent records from L. guttulus (108), L. pardalis (55), L. wiedii (77) and P. concolor (384) in a sampling effort of 12,266 camera-traps/day. All species analysed showed a non-uniform distribution of daily activity, when considering the two years. We report the peak of seasonal activity for all species between the months of June and September, coinciding with the Araucaria nut harvest in the study area, and with the increase in populations of small rodents. We also report a high overlap between the activity patterns of the four species. The daily and seasonal activity patterns of the species in this study seem to reflect the intrinsic dynamics of the Araucaria Forest, as well as possible adaptations to prey availability. conservation behavior strategic noninvasive non invasive Hensel, Hensel (Hensel 1872, 1872 , 1872) L Linnaeus, Linnaeus (Linnaeus 1758, 1758 1758) Schinz, Schinz (Schinz 1821 1771, 1771 1771) PapagaiosdeAltitude Papagaios de Altitude Area Catarina Brazil 201 2019 2 area 62 108, 108 (108) 55, 55 (55) 77 (77 P 384 (384 12266 12 266 12,26 cameratraps/day. cameratrapsday traps/day. day camera-traps/day nonuniform uniform years September rodents Forest availability 187 175 182 177 20 6 10 (108 5 (55 7 (7 38 (38 1226 1 26 12,2 cameratraps cameratraps/day trapsday traps/day 18 17 (10 (5 ( 3 (3 122 12, (1

RESUMO Os mecanismos de segregação ecológica envolvidos na coexistência entre felídeos neotropicais são a chave para subsidiar estratégias para sua conservação. Por apresentarem comportamento inconspícuo e esquivo, as armadilhas fotográficas constituem um método não invasivo estratégico para estudá-los. O presente trabalho buscou avaliar o padrão de atividade diário e sazonal de quatro espécies de felídeos: Leopardus guttulus (Hensel, 1872), L. pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758), L. wiedii (Schinz, 1821) e Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771), na RPPN Papagaios-de-Altitude, no estado de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil. Coletamos os dados através de 25 sítios de armadilhas fotográficas na área de estudo. Obtivemos 624 registros independentes de L. guttulus (108), L. pardalis (55), L. wiedii (77) e P. concolor (384) em um esforço amostral de 12.266 armadilhas/dia. Todas as espécies analisadas apresentaram distribuição de atividade diária não uniforme, quando considerados os dois anos. Relatamos o pico de atividade sazonal de todas as espécies entre os meses de junho a setembro, coincidindo com a safra de pinhão na região, e com o aumento nas populações de pequenos roedores. Também relatamos uma alta sobreposição entre os padrões de atividade das quatro espécies. A atividade diária e sazonal das espécies neste estudo parece refletir as dinâmicas intrínsecas da Floresta Ombrófila Mista, além de possíveis adaptações à disponibilidade de presas. conservação esquivo estudálos. estudálos estudá los. los estudá-los Hensel, Hensel (Hensel 1872, 1872 , 1872) L Linnaeus, Linnaeus (Linnaeus 1758, 1758 1758) Schinz, Schinz (Schinz 1821 1771, 1771 1771) PapagaiosdeAltitude, PapagaiosdeAltitude Papagaios Altitude, Altitude Papagaios-de-Altitude Catarina Brasil 2 62 108, 108 (108) 55, 55 (55) 77 (77 P 384 (384 12266 12 266 12.26 armadilhasdia dia armadilhas/dia uniforme anos setembro região roedores Mista presas 187 175 182 177 6 10 (108 5 (55 7 (7 38 (38 1226 1 26 12.2 18 17 (10 (5 ( 3 (3 122 12. (1

Abstract The Cerrado domain and its biodiversity has suffered several anthropogenic influences. Our objective was to evaluate the influence of biotic and anthropic variables on the mammal community in a protected area in the Cerrado-Caatinga ecotone. For this we sampled the mammals using camera traps (4,072 days/trap) for 16 months. We used generalized mixed linear models (GLMM) with model selection via Akaike’s Information Criteria corrected for small sample size (AICc) to assess the influence of variables on richness, abundance and functional groups of mammals. We made a total of 663 photographic records of 16 species of medium and large mammals. The richness and number of mammals was negatively influenced by the distance to human settlements while carnivores were not affected by any of the variables evaluated, herbivores and generalists were more common in areas closer from human habitation. Despite the presence of large areas of native vegetation, our results show that there is a dominance of common and generalist species. The protected area is vulnerable to different sources of human pressure and the design and implementation of a management plan can be a key tool for protecting biodiversity and regulating the use of natural resources by local communities. influences CerradoCaatinga Caatinga ecotone 4,072 4072 4 072 (4,07 days/trap daystrap days trap 1 months GLMM (GLMM Akaikes Akaike s AICc (AICc 66 evaluated habitation vegetation communities 4,07 407 07 (4,0 6 4,0 40 0 (4, 4, (4 (

Abstract In 2013, an ambiguous camera trap photograph called into question the extinction of the maned wolf in Uruguayan territory. This record, taken within the framework of participatory monitoring with camera traps carried out in Paso Centurión, a protected area in the department of Cerro Largo, Uruguay, give rise to anthropological reflections on different forms of knowledge and relationships between humans and animals that meet, dialogue and tense up. This work is based on an ethnography on dialogues between local and biological knowledge, focusing in particular on a participatory monitoring with camera traps developed by a civil organization that combines biology and environmental activism in the locality. We focus on the relationships with one of the recorded animals, the maned wolf, to discuss its categorization as a rare, present or elusive species and its becoming an emblem of monitoring. 2013 territory record Centurión Largo Uruguay meet up locality rare 201 20 2

Resumen En 2013 una ambigua fotografía de cámara trampa puso en discusión la extinción del aguará guazú en el territorio uruguayo. Este registro, tomado en el marco de un monitoreo participativo con cámaras trampa realizado en Paso Centurión, un área protegida del departamento de Cerro Largo, en el noreste del Uruguay, da lugar a reflexiones antropológicas sobre distintas formas de conocimiento y relaciones entre humanos y animales que se encuentran, dialogan y tensionan. Este trabajo parte de una etnografía sobre diálogos entre conocimientos locales y biológicos, enfocando en particular en un monitoreo participativo con cámaras trampa desarrollado por una organización civil que combina biología y activismo ambiental en la localidad. Nos centramos en las relaciones con uno de los animales registrados, el aguará guazú, para discutir acerca de sus categorizaciones como especie rara, presente o elusiva y su devenir como emblema del monitoreo. 201 uruguayo registro Centurión Largo Uruguay encuentran tensionan biológicos localidad registrados rara 20 2

Abstract Fire might occur under natural conditions in the Pantanal of Brazil; however, with climate change, severe periods of drought potentiated the devasting fires in 2020, resulting in substantial wildlife loss. Considering that mammal communities are strongly affected by fire and habitat alterations, the aim of this study was to evaluate possible differences in mammal diversity and the number of records before and one year after the fire in one region of the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil (Parque SESC Baía das Pedras - PSBP). The data collection was performed using camera trapping between 2015 and 2017 and 2021, together with visual field observations in PSBP. We observed that the mammal assemblage composition was similar before and one year after the fire. Four species were more or less frequent in burned areas than in unburned ones. Since the fire was controlled in this area, avoiding its total destruction, and the species that fled from the surrounding areas, which were completely burnt, might be using PSBP as a refuge while the vegetation recovers elsewhere. Therefore, the PSBP might have contributed to protecting mammal species after the fire and maintaining and conserving biodiversity on a regional scale in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil. however change 2020 loss alterations Grosso Parque . PSBP) 201 2021 ones area destruction burnt elsewhere Therefore 202 20 2

Abstract The identification of biodiversity conservation priority sectors that are not formally protected, have an essential part of conservation strategies and goals at global and local scale. Ecological niche modeling is a relevant and important tool for analysis and distribution of species, also is used to determine the biodiversity patterns through the regions. The main objective of this work was to identify the sites with high biodiversity patterns in a sector of Chaco Seco ecoregion that haven’t been protected with environmental legislation. Through biodiversity sampling with foot transects, camera traps and interviews, it was registered the presence of large and medium mammals in Santiago del Estero Province. Biodiversity pattern maps were then developed from potential distribution models (SDMs) of 5 mammalian species selected for being relevant for conservation. To define zones that could be characterized like conservation gaps, pattern maps were contrasted with protected areas layers and legal schemes of land use planning and also, protected forest. For the SDM, 171 records were used, 43 for M. gouazoubira, 40 for P. concolor, 20 for M. trydactila, 43 on P. tajacu and 25 on C. wagneri. Three models were used to make the biodiversity patterns, one of these, Fuzzy union, were used for the subsequent calculation. The total area of high biodiversity increases to 39.486 km², which represents the 29% of provincial area. In consequence the 81% remaining represents the conservation gaps areas for that sector of the ecoregion. scale regions havent haven t legislation transects interviews Province SDMs (SDMs forest SDM 17 4 M gouazoubira P concolor 2 trydactila C wagneri these union calculation 39486 39 486 39.48 km² km 29 81 1 3948 3 48 39.4 8 394 39.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la eficacia de trampas Jackson (TJ) convencionales vs. TJ modificadas con una cámara fotográfica (TJCF) en la captura e identificación de machos de Ceratitis capitata en huertos frutales en pleno desierto de Atacama (Pica, Región de Tarapacá). Ambas trampas fueron cebadas con Trimedlure. Entre octubre y diciembre de 2018, se liberaron periódicamente machos estériles de C. capitata, y se contrastaron las magnitudes de capturas en ambos tipos de trampas. La capacidad de las TJCF de proporcionar imágenes a partir de las cuales reconocer los machos capturados también fue evaluada. Los resultados mostraron que las capturas no fueron estadísticamente diferentes en magnitud entre ambos tipos de trampas (p = 0,8901). Hubo en promedio alta concordancia (94%) entre la identificación de C. capitata desde imágenes captadas por la TJCF y la respectiva revisión presencial de los individuos en campo. El algoritmo de conteo automático presentó un error promedio de un 14%. Al evaluar la concordancia entre la temperatura registrada por sensores dispuestos en la TJCF y las mediciones hechas en una estación agrometeorológica cercana al sitio de estudio, se observó un 94% de concordancia entre ambas mediciones. Los resultados indican que el uso de trampas modificadas para vigilancia temprana y remota de C. capitata es técnicamente factible, sin embargo, se debe mejorar el algoritmo de reconocimiento automático para su eventual adopción por el Ministerio de Agricultura a cargo del control oficial de C. capitata en Chile. Se sugiere evaluar su uso en sitios distantes de difícil acceso, puesto que permitiría generar ahorros en recursos humanos y materiales, además de proveer de antecedentes ambientales del sitio de estudio.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of conventional Jackson traps (JT) vs. modified JT with a photo camera added (TJCF) in the capture and identification of males of Ceratitis capitata in fruit orchards located in the Atacama Desert (Pica, Tarapacá Region). Both traps were baited with trimedlure. From October through December 2018, sterile C. capitata males were periodically released, and catches in the traps were compared. The capability of the TJCF to provide images for the identification of C. capitata was also evaluated. The results showed that male catches were not statistically different between trap types (p = 0.8901). On average, there was a high concordance (94%) between the identification of C. capitata from the images taken by the camera and the on-site assessment. The automatic counting algorithm presented an average error of 14%. When evaluating temperature values recorded by the sensors integrated into the TJCF and those obtained from a weather station nearby, concordance was 94%. Our results suggest that the use of modified traps is technically feasible for remote surveillance of C. capitata, however the algorithm must be improved in order to be eventually adopted by the Chilean Department of Agriculture in charge of C. capitata official control. Further research is required to evaluate their use in remote and difficult to reach areas, since this would allow saving human and material resources as well as collecting environmental data of the study site.

Abstract Agricultural practices can have detrimental impacts on biodiversity, but some studies have shown the benefits of agroforestry practices like shade-grown coffee to bird communities and, to a lesser extent, to mammal communities. To better understand whether shade-grown coffee plantations can contribute to the conservation of mammal communities, we deployed camera traps in private reserves with a matrix of shade-grown coffee plantations and forest in the highlands of Guatemala. At each reserve we estimated species richness of terrestrial medium- and large-sized mammals. We also estimated mammal relative abundance and occupancy probabilities as proxies for mammalian habitat associations and evaluated how these were affected by key landscape features (e.g., land-use type, asphalt roads, and distance to protected areas). We used hierarchical multi-species Bayesian abundance models that account for imperfect detection to estimate our parameters of interest and model the influence of landscape features on site-level species richness and species relative abundance. We detected 14 species across all reserves and found a strong influence of land use and presence of asphalt roads on mammalian relative abundances and species richness. More species used areas around the camera traps in forest than in shade-grown coffee plantations and far from asphalt roads. Our study shows that reserves with shade-grown coffee plantations can harbor terrestrial mammalian communities of conservation interest. Our results also suggest that to maintain mammalian diversity and abundances in our study area, shade-grown coffee crops should be mixed in with natural forests and the presence of asphalt roads within these should be avoided or minimized.

Resumen Las prácticas agrícolas pueden tener impactos perjudiciales en la biodiversidad, pero algunos estudios han demostrado beneficios de prácticas agroforestales, como el café bajo sombra, para comunidades de aves y, en menor medida, comunidades de mamíferos. Para entender mejor si las plantaciones de café bajo sombra pueden contribuir a la conservación de comunidades de mamíferos, colocamos cámaras trampa en reservas privadas con plantaciones de café bajo sombra y bosque en el altiplano de Guatemala. En cada reserva estimamos la riqueza de especies de mamíferos medianos y mayores. También estimamos la abundancia relativa y probabilidad de ocupación como aproximaciones a las asociaciones de hábitat de mamíferos y evaluamos cómo estas son afectadas por características clave de paisaje (p.ej. tipo de uso de suelo, carreteras y distancia a áreas protegidas). Utilizamos modelos jerárquicos bayesianos multiespecies de abundancia que consideran que la detección de especies es imperfecta para estimar nuestros parámetros de interés y modelar la influencia de características del paisaje en la riqueza y abundancia relativa de especies a nivel de sitio. Detectamos 14 especies en todas las reservas y encontramos una fuerte influencia del uso de la tierra en la abundancia relativa y la riqueza de especies de mamíferos. Más especies utilizaron áreas cercanas a las cámaras trampa en el bosque que a las plantaciones de café bajo sombra y lejos de carreteras. Nuestro estudio demuestra que las plantaciones de café bajo sombra pueden albergar comunidades de mamíferos terrestres de interés para la conservación. Nuestros resultados también sugieren que para mantener la diversidad y abundancia de mamíferos en el área de estudio, las plantaciones de café bajo sombra deben estar mezcladas con bosques nativos diversos, así como que la presencia de carreteras debe ser evitada o reducida.

Abstract The cloud forest (CF) is one of the ecosystems with a great variety of biodiversity, however, it is also one of the most reduced in territorial surface with fragmentation among its distribution, which increases the probability of human disturbances and biodiversity loss. Our objective was to estimate alpha diversity and relative abundance of medium and large mammals present in the CF of El Cielo biosphere reserve (ECBR), Tamaulipas, Mexico. The study was carried out from January 2018 to December 2020. In this period, 20 sampling stations with one camera-trap were placed. We used the Hill series numbers method to estimate mammalian diversity during the rainy and dry seasons, and rarefaction curves to compare diversity between seasons. We estimated abundance with the relative abundance index (RAI). A total of 18 species of mammals were identified, corresponding to six orders and 12 families. The best represented order was Carnivora. The richness was 16 and 18 species, for the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. However, there were no significant differences between seasons. The species with the highest relative abundance in the rainy season was Mazama temama and the lowest Odocoileus virginianus. In the dry season, Didelphis sp. showed the highest IAR, and the lowest O. virginianus. Five species in danger of extinction were registered and and one threatened. The number of species described shows that it is one of the sites with the greatest richness of medium and large mammals in CF of Mexico and high abundances of M. temama, Ursus americanus and Leopardus wiedii stand out. In addition, the presence of species such as Panthera onca and Puma concolor shows that this type of vegetation is in a good state of conservation.

Resumen El bosque mesófilo de montaña (BMM) es uno de los ecosistemas vegetales con una gran diversidad biológica, sin embargo, también es uno de los más reducidos en superficie territorial y su distribución es fragmentada, lo que incrementa su probabilidad de sufrir perturbaciones humanas y pérdida de la biodiversidad. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estimar la diversidad alfa y la abundancia relativa de los mamíferos medianos y grandes presentes en el BMM de la reserva de la biosfera El Cielo (RBEC), Tamaulipas, México. El estudio se realizó de enero del 2018 a diciembre del 2020. En este periodo se colocaron 20 estaciones de muestreo con una cámara-trampa. Se estimó la diversidad de los mamíferos durante la temporada de lluvia y seca con los números de la serie Hill. La diversidad se comparó entre temporadas con las curvas de rarefacción y la abundancia se estimó con el índice de abundancia relativa (IAR) para cada especie. Se lograron identificar 18 especies de mamíferos y el orden mejor representado fue Carnivora. La riqueza fue de 16 y 18 especies, para la temporada de lluvia y seca, respectivamente. La especie con mayor abundancia relativa en la temporada de lluvia fue Mazama temama y la de menor Odocoileus virginianus. En la seca, Didelphis sp. fue la que presentó mayor IAR, y la menor fue O. virginianus. Se registraron cinco especies que se encuentran en peligro de extinción y una considerada como amenazada. El número de especies que se describen muestra que se trata de uno de los sitios con mayor riqueza de mamíferos medianos y grandes en BMM de México y destacan abundancias relativas altas de M. temama, Ursus americanus y Leopardus wiedii. A demás, la presencia de especies como Panthera onca y Puma concolor, muestran que este tipo de vegetación tiene un buen estado de conservación.

BACKGROUND: Much of the Grassland Biome in South Africa is prone to shrub encroachment, leading to loss of ecosystem services, habitat heterogeneity and species diversity. Burrowing mammals are an important component of grasslands as these animals create microhabitats for other taxa, including smaller mammal species, birds, reptiles and invertebrates. However, our understanding of how shrub encroachment affects burrowing mammals is poor OBJECTIVES: Here we assessed the relationship between burrow abundance and bankrupt bush, Seriphium plumosum, encroachment as well as burrowing mammal diversity in bankrupt bush encroached and non-encroached grasslands METHOD: Shrub density, medium and large mammal burrow abundance and density were measured in 24 encroached and 24 non-encroached areas randomly selected in the Telperion Nature Reserve, Mpumalanga, South Africa. In addition, burrowing mammal diversity was assessed using camera traps in a subset of six encroached and six non-encroached areas RESULTS: Our results show that the abundance and density of medium and large burrows were significantly lower in encroached areas than in non-encroached areas (p = 0.011 and p < 0.001, respectively). The relationship between burrow abundance and bankrupt bush encroachment was negative (rho = -0.456, p = 0.001). However, burrowing mammal diversity had no significant difference between encroached and non-encroached areas CONCLUSION: Our data, therefore, suggest that with increasing bankrupt bush encroachment and a decreased abundance in burrowing mammal ecosystem services, a negative effect will occur on burrowing mammal communities, leading to the reduction in species-specific habitat heterogeneity and possibly animal biodiversity

Abstract Protected areas play a fundamental role in the preservation of species, environmental education, and ecosystem services maintenance. Most of the world population live in urban areas, which highlight the importance of preserved areas in urban centers. However, many urban protected areas in Brazil lack species surveys, which limits biodiversity conservation and implementation of management plans. In this study, we surveyed the species of medium and large mammals of Chico Mendes Municipal Natural Park (MNP) and Canal das Taxas corridor through camera traps, thus providing the first comprehensive in situ survey of terrestrial mammals for the area. We also verified whether there was mammalian fauna exchange between the Chico Mendes and Marapendi MNPs through the vegetation corridor formed by the Canal das Taxas. Between November 2020 and July 2021, with a sampling effort of 1,334 trap-days, we recorded five native and five exotic species in the studied areas, including one Vulnerable species in the Municipality and State of Rio de Janeiro (Cuniculus paca). We also confirmed that Canal das Taxas works as a wildlife corridor for native species. Finally, we highlight that species checklists based on secondary information for the region are of limited usefulness and recommend in situ surveys even in small, urban protected areas of Rio de Janeiro city. education maintenance centers However plans study MNP (MNP traps area 202 2021 1334 1 334 1,33 trapdays, trapdays trap days, days trap-days Cuniculus paca. paca . paca) Finally small city 20 133 33 1,3 2 13 3 1,

Resumo As áreas protegidas têm papel fundamental na preservação das espécies, na educação ambiental e na manutenção dos serviços ecossistêmicos. A maior parte da população mundial vive em áreas urbanas, o que evidencia a importância das áreas preservadas nos centros urbanos. No entanto, muitas áreas protegidas urbanas no Brasil carecem de levantamentos de espécies, o que limita a conservação da biodiversidade e a implementação de planos de manejo. Neste estudo, inventariamos as espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte do Parque Natural Municipal Chico Mendes e do corredor do Canal das Taxas por meio de armadilhas fotográficas, fornecendo assim o primeiro levantamento in situ abrangente de mamíferos terrestres para a área. Também verificamos se houve intercâmbio de fauna de mamíferos entre os parques Chico Mendes e Marapendi através do Canal das Taxas. Entre novembro de 2020 e julho de 2021, com um esforço amostral de 1.334 armadilhas-dia, registramos cinco espécies nativas e cinco espécies exóticas nas áreas de estudo, incluindo uma espécie Vulnerável no município e estado do Rio de Janeiro (Cuniculus paca). Confirmamos que o Canal das Taxas funciona como um corredor de fauna para espécies nativas. Por fim, ressaltamos que listas de espécies baseadas em informações secundárias para a região são de utilidade limitada e recomendamos levantamentos in situ, mesmo em pequenas Unidades de Conservação urbanas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. ecossistêmicos urbanos entanto manejo estudo fotográficas área 202 2021 1334 1 334 1.33 armadilhasdia, armadilhasdia dia, dia armadilhas-dia Cuniculus paca. paca . paca) fim 20 133 33 1.3 2 13 3 1.