Resumen Introducción: Los mamíferos medianos y grandes están amenazados globalmente debido a la pérdida y fragmentación de su hábitat. En Costa Rica, los fragmentos de bosque fuera de áreas protegidas pueden servir como refugio o sitio de paso para estos animales. La presencia de mamíferos en ambientes fragmentados puede estar influenciada por la disponibilidad de recursos, la cual puede variar ampliamente en sitios con una estacionalidad marcada. Objetivo: Determinar la riqueza de especies de mamíferos medianos y grandes en un fragmento de bosque, y examinar si la diversidad y detectabilidad de estas especies variaron entre la época seca y lluviosa. Métodos: Establecimos 26 estaciones de cámaras trampa en el Bosque Municipal de Atenas (Alajuela, Costa Rica), un fragmento de bosque de 26.4 ha, que brinda agua potable a cerca de 1 800 personas. Desde agosto de 2021 hasta abril de 2022, una cámara trampa estuvo activa en cada estación durante 12-21 días en cada época (seca y lluviosa), para un total de 810 días cámara trampa. Aplicamos curvas de rarefacción y extrapolación para caracterizar la diversidad de especies y compararla entre la época seca y lluviosa. Resultados: Registramos 19 especies de mamíferos medianos y grandes, siendo las más detectadas el pizote (Nasua narica; 0.254 detecciones/día cámara trampa) y la guatusa (Dasyprocta punctata; 0.163 detecciones/día cámara trampa). También, registramos cuatro especies consideradas en peligro de extinción en Costa Rica, tres felinos: Puma concolor, Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Leopardus pardalis y la nutria, Lontra longicaudis. No observamos un efecto de la estacionalidad en la diversidad, pero sí en la detectabilidad, la cual fue mayor durante la época lluviosa. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio demuestra cómo la protección de parches de bosque pequeños puede contribuir a la conservación de mamíferos en paisajes fragmentados.

Abstract Introduction: Medium and large-sized mammals are threatened globally due to habitat loss and fragmentation. In Costa Rica, forest fragments that remain outside protected areas may serve as a refuge or corridor for these animals. Mammal presence in fragmented landscapes may be influenced by resource availability, which varies greatly in seasonal regions. Objective: To determine the species richness of medium and large-sized mammals in a forest fragment, and to examine if species diversity and detectability varied between the wet and dry season. Methods: We established 26 camera trap stations throughout the Municipal Forest of Atenas (Alajuela, Costa Rica), a 26.4 ha forest fragment that provides water to about 1 800 people. From August 2021 to April 2022, one camera trap was active at each station for 12-21 days throughout each season (dry and wet), for a total of 810 camera trap days. We applied rarefaction and extrapolation curves to characterize mammal's species diversity and compare it between seasons. Results: We detected 19 species of mammals. The most frequently detected species were the White-nosed Coati (Nasua narica; 0.254 detections/camera trap day), and the Central American Agouti (Dasyprocta punctata; 0.163 detections/camera trap day). We also registered four species considered as endangered in Costa Rica, three felines: Puma concolor, Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Leopardus pardalis, and the Neotropical River Otter, Lontra longicaudis. Seasonality did not affect species diversity, but it influenced dominant species and detectability, which was greater during the wet season. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates how protecting small forest fragments, can help conserve endangered medium and large-sized mammals in human-dominated landscapes.

ABSTRACT Facultative kleptoparasites face the risk of trying to steal food resources from competitors. This type of interaction is little known, but anecdotal observations indicate that birds of prey may take advantage of their accurate sight to detect the best opportunities for kleptoparasitism. We recorded a camera trap video of an attempt of kleptoparasitism by the white hawk, Pseudastur albicollis, that tried to steal food from a greater grison, Galictis vittata, in a recently selectively-logged forest site in central Brazilian Amazonia. The attempt was unsuccessful as the greater grison responded aggressively to the attack. The event occurred in a linear clearing, which may have increased the bird’s ability to detect its potential host. Kleptoparasitic interactions are difficult to detect in forest environments. Recording opportunistic kleptoparasitic interactions in tropical forests may not only depend on the increasing use of camera traps, but also on habitat conditions that facilitate the detection of potential hosts. competitors known hawk albicollis vittata selectivelylogged selectively logged Amazonia attack clearing bird s host environments traps hosts

RESUMO Cleptoparasitas facultativos enfrentam os custos envolvidos no roubo do alimento em troca da compensação pelo valor nutricional do item roubado. Essa interação é pouco conhecida, mas observações anedóticas indicam que aves de rapina podem se beneficiar de sua visão acurada para cleptoparasitar. Reportamos uma tentativa de cleptoparasitismo de um furão-grande, Galictis vittata, por um gavião-branco, Pseudastur albicollis, em uma floresta na Amazônia central brasileira recentemente manejada para corte seletivo de impacto reduzido. Como o furão-grande respondeu agressivamente ao ataque, a tentativa de roubo falhou. O evento foi registrado por uma armadilha fotográfica em uma clareira linear. O ambiente mais aberto pode ter aumentado a habilidade do gavião-branco em encontrar o seu hospedeiro. Eventos de cleptoparasitismo são dificilmente registrados em ambientes florestais. Registros de cleptoparasitismo em florestas tropicais podem não depender apenas do uso intensivo de armadilhas fotográficas, mas também de condições ambientais favoráveis à detecção de possíveis hospedeiros pelo cleptoparasita. roubado conhecida cleptoparasitar furãogrande, furãogrande furão grande, grande vittata gaviãobranco, gaviãobranco gavião branco, branco albicollis reduzido ataque falhou linear hospedeiro florestais fotográficas cleptoparasita

ABSTRACT We present the first records of a melanistic jaguar (Panthera onca) coexisting with non-melanistic jaguars in the Cordillera Escalera - Regional Conservation Area, San Martín, Peru. Between the years 2017 and 2022, twelve camera traps were installed in a wildlife corridor to evaluate the occurrence of mammals and birds within the conservation area. A total record of 9 photos and 24 videos was obtained, of which 6 photos and 10 videos corresponded to a melanistic male specimen. The largest number of records was in April and July 2021, during night events. These results represent important evidence of the presence of previously undocumented melanistic jaguars in the area, allowing the strengthening of jaguar conservation initiatives and distribution evaluation within the Cordillera Escalera - RCA.

RESUMEN Presentamos los primeros registros de un jaguar melánico (Panthera onca) coexistiendo con jaguares no melánicos en el Área de Conservación Regional - Cordillera Escalera, San Martín, Perú. Entre los años 2017 a 2022, se instalaron 12 cámaras trampa en un corredor de vida silvestre para evaluar la ocurrencia de mamíferos y aves dentro del área de conservación. Se obtuvo un registro total de 9 fotos y 24 vídeos, de los cuales, 6 fotos y 10 vídeos correspondieron a un ejemplar melánico macho. La mayor cantidad de los registros fue en abril y julio del 2021, durante eventos nocturnos. Estos resultados representan una importante evidencia sobre la presencia de jaguares melánicos no documentados anteriormente en la zona, permitiendo fortalecer iniciativas de conservación y evaluación de distribución de jaguares dentro del ACR - Cordillera Escalera.

Abstract The Cerrado domain and its biodiversity has suffered several anthropogenic influences. Our objective was to evaluate the influence of biotic and anthropic variables on the mammal community in a protected area in the Cerrado-Caatinga ecotone. For this we sampled the mammals using camera traps (4,072 days/trap) for 16 months. We used generalized mixed linear models (GLMM) with model selection via Akaike’s Information Criteria corrected for small sample size (AICc) to assess the influence of variables on richness, abundance and functional groups of mammals. We made a total of 663 photographic records of 16 species of medium and large mammals. The richness and number of mammals was negatively influenced by the distance to human settlements while carnivores were not affected by any of the variables evaluated, herbivores and generalists were more common in areas closer from human habitation. Despite the presence of large areas of native vegetation, our results show that there is a dominance of common and generalist species. The protected area is vulnerable to different sources of human pressure and the design and implementation of a management plan can be a key tool for protecting biodiversity and regulating the use of natural resources by local communities. influences CerradoCaatinga Caatinga ecotone 4,072 4072 4 072 (4,07 days/trap daystrap days trap 1 months GLMM (GLMM Akaikes Akaike s AICc (AICc 66 evaluated habitation vegetation communities 4,07 407 07 (4,0 6 4,0 40 0 (4, 4, (4 (

Abstract In 2013, an ambiguous camera trap photograph called into question the extinction of the maned wolf in Uruguayan territory. This record, taken within the framework of participatory monitoring with camera traps carried out in Paso Centurión, a protected area in the department of Cerro Largo, Uruguay, give rise to anthropological reflections on different forms of knowledge and relationships between humans and animals that meet, dialogue and tense up. This work is based on an ethnography on dialogues between local and biological knowledge, focusing in particular on a participatory monitoring with camera traps developed by a civil organization that combines biology and environmental activism in the locality. We focus on the relationships with one of the recorded animals, the maned wolf, to discuss its categorization as a rare, present or elusive species and its becoming an emblem of monitoring. 2013 territory record Centurión Largo Uruguay meet up locality rare 201 20 2

Resumen En 2013 una ambigua fotografía de cámara trampa puso en discusión la extinción del aguará guazú en el territorio uruguayo. Este registro, tomado en el marco de un monitoreo participativo con cámaras trampa realizado en Paso Centurión, un área protegida del departamento de Cerro Largo, en el noreste del Uruguay, da lugar a reflexiones antropológicas sobre distintas formas de conocimiento y relaciones entre humanos y animales que se encuentran, dialogan y tensionan. Este trabajo parte de una etnografía sobre diálogos entre conocimientos locales y biológicos, enfocando en particular en un monitoreo participativo con cámaras trampa desarrollado por una organización civil que combina biología y activismo ambiental en la localidad. Nos centramos en las relaciones con uno de los animales registrados, el aguará guazú, para discutir acerca de sus categorizaciones como especie rara, presente o elusiva y su devenir como emblema del monitoreo. 201 uruguayo registro Centurión Largo Uruguay encuentran tensionan biológicos localidad registrados rara 20 2

Abstract In xeric environments, such as Caatinga Biome, habitat characteristics such as phytophysiognomy type and presence of water bodies can represent higher resource availability. In this context, the present study investigated the effect of phytophysiognomies and presence of water bodies in the abundance and community structure of medium and large mammal species (MLM) in the Serra de Santa Catarina, Paraíba, Brazil. To evaluate these variables we conduct an effort of 373 camera-trap days, between August 2012 and November 2014. We recorded 12 MLM species, distributed in six orders and 11 families. From those, Kerodon rupestris is the only one listed in the Brazilian List of Threatened Fauna. Regarding the habitat, the Mann-Whitney showed a significant higher frequency to the Shrubby habitat and the ANOSIM showed no shifts in the community structure between Arboreal and Shrubby. Concerning the presence of water bodies, both the Mann-Whitney and the ANOSIM showed significant higher frequency to the habitat with water presence. We observed that both phytophysiognomy and water bodies are important variables which affect mainly the abundance of mammalian species from semiarid environments. Nonetheless, whereas the forest remnants get smaller the existence of water bodies becomes a preponderant factor to the MLM species and its community structure. environments Biome availability context (MLM Catarina Paraíba Brazil 37 cameratrap camera trap days 201 2014 1 families those Fauna MannWhitney Mann Whitney Nonetheless 3 20 2

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the efects of environmental dietary enrichment on the behavior of black-eared opossums that were in captivity at Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres (CETAS-ES), in the municipality of Serra-ES, from August to October 2022. Two food models were constructed for the study: the “Surprise Tubes” and the “Food Puzzle”. A total of 24 juvenile black-eared opossums were selected, regardless of sex, and divided into eight groups, with three animals each. Then, four groups were exposed to one model and four to the other. Each group was submitted to two conditions: experimental, with the presence of the models, and control, without the presence of the models. Each condition lasted 24 hours and occurred on two consecutive days. They were flmed with a camera trap, resulting in 3,233 videos of 25 seconds. For the elaboration of the ethogram, 24 videos of each group were selected, recorded from 6:00 PM to 7:30 PM, when the animals were more active. The opossums interacted with both models, accessing, and eating the hidden food, preferring meat over fruit. No signifcant diferences were found in the behavior of opossums in relation to the models and it was observed that the aggressive behavior signifcantly decreased when the models were present. It is concluded that the models can be used as an environmental enrichment for black-eared-opossums, bringing benefts to the reduction of aggressive behavior. blackeared black eared CETASES, CETASES CETAS ES , (CETAS-ES) SerraES, SerraES Serra ES, Serra-ES 2022 Surprise Tubes Food Puzzle. Puzzle . Puzzle” 2 selected sex Then other conditions experimental control days trap 3233 3 233 3,23 seconds ethogram 600 6 00 6:0 730 7 30 7:3 active accessing fruit present blackearedopossums, blackearedopossums opossums, black-eared-opossums (CETAS-ES 202 323 23 3,2 60 0 6: 73 7: 20 32 3,

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental alimentar no comportamento dos gambás-de-orelha-preta que se encontravam em cativeiro no Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres (CETAS), no município Serra, no estado do Espírito Santo (ES), de agosto a outubro de 2022. Dois modelos alimentares foram construídos para o estudo: os “Tubos Surpresa” e o “Quebra-Cabeça Alimentar”. Foram selecionados 24 gambás-de-orelha-preta, independente do sexo, juvenis, divididos em oito grupos, com três animais cada, sendo quatro grupos expostos a um modelo e quatro ao outro. Cada grupo foi submetido a duas condições: experimental, com a presença do modelo e controle, sem a presença do modelo. Cada condição durou 24 horas e ocorreram em dois dias consecutivos. Foram filmadas com câmera trap, resultando em 3233 vídeos, de 25 segundos cada. Para elaboração do etograma foram selecionados 24 vídeos de cada grupo, gravados entre as 18h00 e 19h30hs, período em que os animais se mostraram mais ativos. Os gambás interagiram com os dois modelos, acessando e comendo os alimentos escondidos, havendo preferência pela carne em comparação com a fruta. Não houve diferença significativa no comportamento dos gambás em relação aos modelos e observou-se que o comportamento agressivo diminuiu significativamente quando os modelos estavam presentes. Conclui-se que os modelos podem ser utilizados como enriquecimento ambiental para os gambás-de-orelha-preta, trazendo benefícios para a diminuição do comportamento agressivo. gambásdeorelhapreta orelha preta CETAS, CETAS , (CETAS) Serra ES, ES (ES) 2022 estudo Tubos Surpresa QuebraCabeça Quebra Cabeça Alimentar. Alimentar . Alimentar” 2 gambásdeorelhapreta, preta, sexo juvenis outro condições experimental controle consecutivos trap 323 h 18h0 19h30hs hhs hs ativos escondidos fruta observouse observou presentes Concluise Conclui (CETAS (ES 202 32 18h 20 3

Abstract Protected areas play a fundamental role in the preservation of species, environmental education, and ecosystem services maintenance. Most of the world population live in urban areas, which highlight the importance of preserved areas in urban centers. However, many urban protected areas in Brazil lack species surveys, which limits biodiversity conservation and implementation of management plans. In this study, we surveyed the species of medium and large mammals of Chico Mendes Municipal Natural Park (MNP) and Canal das Taxas corridor through camera traps, thus providing the first comprehensive in situ survey of terrestrial mammals for the area. We also verified whether there was mammalian fauna exchange between the Chico Mendes and Marapendi MNPs through the vegetation corridor formed by the Canal das Taxas. Between November 2020 and July 2021, with a sampling effort of 1,334 trap-days, we recorded five native and five exotic species in the studied areas, including one Vulnerable species in the Municipality and State of Rio de Janeiro (Cuniculus paca). We also confirmed that Canal das Taxas works as a wildlife corridor for native species. Finally, we highlight that species checklists based on secondary information for the region are of limited usefulness and recommend in situ surveys even in small, urban protected areas of Rio de Janeiro city. education maintenance centers However plans study MNP (MNP traps area 202 2021 1334 1 334 1,33 trapdays, trapdays trap days, days trap-days Cuniculus paca. paca . paca) Finally small city 20 133 33 1,3 2 13 3 1,

Resumo As áreas protegidas têm papel fundamental na preservação das espécies, na educação ambiental e na manutenção dos serviços ecossistêmicos. A maior parte da população mundial vive em áreas urbanas, o que evidencia a importância das áreas preservadas nos centros urbanos. No entanto, muitas áreas protegidas urbanas no Brasil carecem de levantamentos de espécies, o que limita a conservação da biodiversidade e a implementação de planos de manejo. Neste estudo, inventariamos as espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte do Parque Natural Municipal Chico Mendes e do corredor do Canal das Taxas por meio de armadilhas fotográficas, fornecendo assim o primeiro levantamento in situ abrangente de mamíferos terrestres para a área. Também verificamos se houve intercâmbio de fauna de mamíferos entre os parques Chico Mendes e Marapendi através do Canal das Taxas. Entre novembro de 2020 e julho de 2021, com um esforço amostral de 1.334 armadilhas-dia, registramos cinco espécies nativas e cinco espécies exóticas nas áreas de estudo, incluindo uma espécie Vulnerável no município e estado do Rio de Janeiro (Cuniculus paca). Confirmamos que o Canal das Taxas funciona como um corredor de fauna para espécies nativas. Por fim, ressaltamos que listas de espécies baseadas em informações secundárias para a região são de utilidade limitada e recomendamos levantamentos in situ, mesmo em pequenas Unidades de Conservação urbanas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. ecossistêmicos urbanos entanto manejo estudo fotográficas área 202 2021 1334 1 334 1.33 armadilhasdia, armadilhasdia dia, dia armadilhas-dia Cuniculus paca. paca . paca) fim 20 133 33 1.3 2 13 3 1.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la eficacia de trampas Jackson (TJ) convencionales vs. TJ modificadas con una cámara fotográfica (TJCF) en la captura e identificación de machos de Ceratitis capitata en huertos frutales en pleno desierto de Atacama (Pica, Región de Tarapacá). Ambas trampas fueron cebadas con Trimedlure. Entre octubre y diciembre de 2018, se liberaron periódicamente machos estériles de C. capitata, y se contrastaron las magnitudes de capturas en ambos tipos de trampas. La capacidad de las TJCF de proporcionar imágenes a partir de las cuales reconocer los machos capturados también fue evaluada. Los resultados mostraron que las capturas no fueron estadísticamente diferentes en magnitud entre ambos tipos de trampas (p = 0,8901). Hubo en promedio alta concordancia (94%) entre la identificación de C. capitata desde imágenes captadas por la TJCF y la respectiva revisión presencial de los individuos en campo. El algoritmo de conteo automático presentó un error promedio de un 14%. Al evaluar la concordancia entre la temperatura registrada por sensores dispuestos en la TJCF y las mediciones hechas en una estación agrometeorológica cercana al sitio de estudio, se observó un 94% de concordancia entre ambas mediciones. Los resultados indican que el uso de trampas modificadas para vigilancia temprana y remota de C. capitata es técnicamente factible, sin embargo, se debe mejorar el algoritmo de reconocimiento automático para su eventual adopción por el Ministerio de Agricultura a cargo del control oficial de C. capitata en Chile. Se sugiere evaluar su uso en sitios distantes de difícil acceso, puesto que permitiría generar ahorros en recursos humanos y materiales, además de proveer de antecedentes ambientales del sitio de estudio.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of conventional Jackson traps (JT) vs. modified JT with a photo camera added (TJCF) in the capture and identification of males of Ceratitis capitata in fruit orchards located in the Atacama Desert (Pica, Tarapacá Region). Both traps were baited with trimedlure. From October through December 2018, sterile C. capitata males were periodically released, and catches in the traps were compared. The capability of the TJCF to provide images for the identification of C. capitata was also evaluated. The results showed that male catches were not statistically different between trap types (p = 0.8901). On average, there was a high concordance (94%) between the identification of C. capitata from the images taken by the camera and the on-site assessment. The automatic counting algorithm presented an average error of 14%. When evaluating temperature values recorded by the sensors integrated into the TJCF and those obtained from a weather station nearby, concordance was 94%. Our results suggest that the use of modified traps is technically feasible for remote surveillance of C. capitata, however the algorithm must be improved in order to be eventually adopted by the Chilean Department of Agriculture in charge of C. capitata official control. Further research is required to evaluate their use in remote and difficult to reach areas, since this would allow saving human and material resources as well as collecting environmental data of the study site.

Abstract The cloud forest (CF) is one of the ecosystems with a great variety of biodiversity, however, it is also one of the most reduced in territorial surface with fragmentation among its distribution, which increases the probability of human disturbances and biodiversity loss. Our objective was to estimate alpha diversity and relative abundance of medium and large mammals present in the CF of El Cielo biosphere reserve (ECBR), Tamaulipas, Mexico. The study was carried out from January 2018 to December 2020. In this period, 20 sampling stations with one camera-trap were placed. We used the Hill series numbers method to estimate mammalian diversity during the rainy and dry seasons, and rarefaction curves to compare diversity between seasons. We estimated abundance with the relative abundance index (RAI). A total of 18 species of mammals were identified, corresponding to six orders and 12 families. The best represented order was Carnivora. The richness was 16 and 18 species, for the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. However, there were no significant differences between seasons. The species with the highest relative abundance in the rainy season was Mazama temama and the lowest Odocoileus virginianus. In the dry season, Didelphis sp. showed the highest IAR, and the lowest O. virginianus. Five species in danger of extinction were registered and and one threatened. The number of species described shows that it is one of the sites with the greatest richness of medium and large mammals in CF of Mexico and high abundances of M. temama, Ursus americanus and Leopardus wiedii stand out. In addition, the presence of species such as Panthera onca and Puma concolor shows that this type of vegetation is in a good state of conservation.

Resumen El bosque mesófilo de montaña (BMM) es uno de los ecosistemas vegetales con una gran diversidad biológica, sin embargo, también es uno de los más reducidos en superficie territorial y su distribución es fragmentada, lo que incrementa su probabilidad de sufrir perturbaciones humanas y pérdida de la biodiversidad. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estimar la diversidad alfa y la abundancia relativa de los mamíferos medianos y grandes presentes en el BMM de la reserva de la biosfera El Cielo (RBEC), Tamaulipas, México. El estudio se realizó de enero del 2018 a diciembre del 2020. En este periodo se colocaron 20 estaciones de muestreo con una cámara-trampa. Se estimó la diversidad de los mamíferos durante la temporada de lluvia y seca con los números de la serie Hill. La diversidad se comparó entre temporadas con las curvas de rarefacción y la abundancia se estimó con el índice de abundancia relativa (IAR) para cada especie. Se lograron identificar 18 especies de mamíferos y el orden mejor representado fue Carnivora. La riqueza fue de 16 y 18 especies, para la temporada de lluvia y seca, respectivamente. La especie con mayor abundancia relativa en la temporada de lluvia fue Mazama temama y la de menor Odocoileus virginianus. En la seca, Didelphis sp. fue la que presentó mayor IAR, y la menor fue O. virginianus. Se registraron cinco especies que se encuentran en peligro de extinción y una considerada como amenazada. El número de especies que se describen muestra que se trata de uno de los sitios con mayor riqueza de mamíferos medianos y grandes en BMM de México y destacan abundancias relativas altas de M. temama, Ursus americanus y Leopardus wiedii. A demás, la presencia de especies como Panthera onca y Puma concolor, muestran que este tipo de vegetación tiene un buen estado de conservación.

Resumen (Introducción): El jaguar (Panthera onca) es el felino más grande de América y debido a los vastos bosques conectados en la Amazonía tiene actualmente las mayores poblaciones de esta especie. (Objetivos): Estimamos la densidad de jaguares para 7 sitios en el Gran Paisaje Madidi-Tambopata en el noroeste de Bolivia y el sureste de Perú. (Metodología) La toma de datos fue desde el 2001 al 2008, utilizando entre 26 y 118 estaciones de cámaras trampa distribuidas en polígonos entre 37 y 355 km2 de área muestreada, activas durante 29 a 75 días en cada sitio de estudio. (Resultados): Identificamos un total de 63 individuos entre todos los sitios de muestreo. La tasa de captura estimada para cada sitio de muestreo osciló entre 0.18 y 2.81 eventos independientes / 100 trampas noche. Las estimaciones de densidad de jaguar con modelos SCR variaron de 0.1 a 2.39 individuos / 100 km2 y las estimaciones de densidad de población calculados con CAPTURE (MMDM) utilizando una zona de amortiguamiento regional (5.76 km, n = 19), estuvieron entre 0.52 y 2.86 individuos / 100 km2. (Conclusiones): Estos resultados son especialmente relevantes para el desarrollo de estrategias de conservación y evaluaciones para esta especie que actualmente está siendo amenazada, también subrayan la importancia del paisaje transfronterizo del Gran Madidi-Tambopata como un bastión poblacional de jaguares en la región.

Abstract (Introduction): The jaguar (Panthera onca) is the largest cat in the Americas, and due to vast connected forests, the Amazon currently holds the largest jaguar populations. (Objective): We present jaguar population density estimates for seven sites in the Great Madidi-Tambopata Landscape in northwestern Bolivia and southeastern Peru. (Methodology): Data collection occurred from 2001 to 2008, using between 26 to 118 camera trap stations distributed in polygons between 37 to 355 km2 in extent, active from 29 to 75 days at each study site. (Results): We identified a total of 63 individuals across all sampling sites. The estimated capture rate for each sampling site ranged from 0.18 to 2.81 independent events / 100 trap nights. The jaguar density estimates with SCR models ranged from of 0.1 to 2.39 individuals / 100 km2, and derived CAPTURE (MMDM) population density estimates using a regional buffer (5.76 km, n = 19), were between 0.52 and 2.86 individuals / 100 km2. (Conclusions): These results are especially relevant for the development of conservation strategies and evaluations for this threatened species, and also underline the importance of the transboundary Greater Madidi-Tambopata Landscape as a population stronghold for jaguars in the region.

Resumen Introducción: Los bosques secos tropicales y los manglares, dos de los ecosistemas más amenazados del mundo, albergan cada uno un grupo de condiciones ambientales que pueden albergar conjuntos únicos de especies. Sin embargo, pocos estudios han analizado la biodiversidad única de vertebrados en regiones donde ambos hábitats se encuentran uno al lado del otro. Objetivo: Evaluar la diversidad de vertebrados y los patrones de uso del hábitat en una matriz de manglar y bosque seco tropical en una región no protegida del noroeste de Costa Rica. Métodos: El estudio se realizó en una matriz de 7 km2 de manglares y bosques secos tropicales en las bahías de Cabuyal y Zapotillal en el noroeste de Costa Rica, al sur del Parque Nacional Santa Rosa. De septiembre 2017 a marzo 2018, utilizamos 13 cámaras trampa automáticas durante 1 498 días trampa para capturar especies que utilizan la región y evaluar sus patrones de uso espacial y temporal del hábitat. Resultados: Se detectaron 70 especies de vertebrados de 42 familias y 27 órdenes, incluidas varias especies amenazadas a nivel mundial. Más de la mitad de todas las especies se encontraron en un solo hábitat, particularmente aves (78 %) y mamíferos (42 %). Los bosques secos tropicales albergan el mayor número de especies únicas y sustentan un mayor porcentaje de herbívoros que los hábitats de borde de manglares, que estaban dominados u hospedados por especies carnívoras y omnívoras. Las detecciones promedio por cámara trampa de todas las especies aumentaron significativamente desde el mes más frío y húmedo (octubre) hasta los meses más cálidos y secos (enero y febrero) en los bosques secos tropicales. El análisis de rarefacción basado en muestras reveló que la duración del estudio fue suficiente para muestrear los hábitats de bosque seco tropical y de borde, aunque los manglares requieren más muestreo. Conclusiones: Se encontró que los taxones pueden usar varios tipos de bosque en las diferentes etapas de su ciclo de vida, moviéndose entre áreas a medida que las condiciones ambientales cambian a lo largo del año. En nuestro estudio se confirmaron patrones generales de la biodiversidad global que favorecen el uso de los bosques de manglar por parte de carnívoros y omnívoros.

Abstract Introduction: Tropical dry forests and mangroves, two of the world’s most endangered ecosystems, each host a different set of environmental conditions which may support unique assemblages of species. However, few studies have looked at the unique vertebrate biodiversity in regions where both habitats occur side-by-side. Objective: To assess the vertebrate diversity and patterns of habitat usage in a mangrove and tropical dry forest matrix in an unprotected region of Northwestern Costa Rica. Methods: The study was conducted in a 7 km2 matrix of mangrove and tropical dry forests between Cabuyal and Zapotillal bays in Northwestern Costa Rica, south of Santa Rosa National Park. From September 2017 to March 2018, we used 13 automatic camera traps over 1 498 trap days to capture species utilizing the region and assess their patterns of habitat usage both spatially and temporally. Results: Seventy vertebrate species from 42 families in 27 orders were detected, including several globally threatened species. Over half of all species were detected in only one habitat, particularly amongst avian (78 %) and mammalian (42 %) species. Tropical dry forests hosted the greatest number of unique species and supported a greater percentage of herbivores than mangrove or edge habitats, which were dominated by carnivorous and omnivorous species. Mean detections per camera trap of all species increased significantly from the coldest and wettest month (Oct) to the hottest and driest months (Jan & Feb) in tropical dry forests. Sample-based rarefaction analysis revealed that survey length was sufficient to sample the tropical dry forest and edge habitats, though mangroves require further sampling. Conclusions: Taxa found to utilize different forest types may utilize each for different stages of their life cycle, moving between areas as environmental conditions change throughout the year. General patterns of global biodiversity favoring carnivore and omnivore usage of mangrove forests was confirmed in our study.

Resumen Objetivo: evidenciar e inferir sobre el patrón de actividad diario, aspectos reproductivos, vocalizaciones y coloración del plumaje de la gallineta azul (Tinamus osgoodi hershkovitzi), en una población ubicada en la baja Bota Caucana. Alcance: describir/contrastar patrón de actividad diario, coloración de plumaje, aspectos reproductivos y vocalización con lo descrito para Tinamus osgoodi en otras localidades. Metodología: se realizaron recorridos ad libitum e instalaron 17 cámaras trampa, en la Reserva La Cristalina, localizada en la Serranía de los Churumbelos, municipio de Piamonte, Cauca, Colombia. Se consolidaron los registros y clasificaron en eventos independientes que se analizaron a través de gráficos. La información obtenida se comparó con literatura existente de la especie y afines. Resultados principales: se obtuvieron 10 muestras biológicas de T. o. hershkovitzi, 9 de ellas fueron huevos y un individuo hembra adulto. Adicionalmente, se grabaron 17 vocalizaciones con tres patrones identificados. El fototrampeo captó 64 eventos independientes, entre estos un evento de precópula. Conclusiones: la gallineta azul presenta el mayor pico de actividad entre las 15:00 y 16:00 horas. Su patrón de coloración está dominado por dos tonos (gris y azul), en la localidad de investigación se le conoce como “gallineta azul”, diferente a lo descrito en Tinamus osgoodi “Tinamu negro”. Los huevos encontrados son totalmente diferentes en forma y color a los huevos de la raza nominal. Los hallazgos indican época reproductiva desde diciembre hasta mayo.

Abstract Goal: To evidence and infer about the pattern of daily activity, reproductive aspects, vocalizations and plumage coloration of the blue moorhen (Tinamus osgoodi hershkovitzi), in a population located in the Andean foothills of Colombia. Scope: To describe/contrast pattern of daily activity, plumage coloration, reproductive aspects and vocalization on what has been described for Tinamus osgoodi in other localities. Methodology: Ad libitum surveys were carried out and 17 camera traps were installed in La Cristalina Reserve, located in Serranía de los Churumbelos, municipality of Piamonte, Cauca, Colombia. Records were consolidated and classified into independent events that were analyzed through graphs. The information obtained was compared with existing literature of the species and related species. Main results: 10 biological samples of T. o. hershkovitzi were obtained, 9 of them were eggs and one individual adult female . Additionally, 17 vocalizations with three identified patterns were recorded. The camera trap captured 64 independent events, including a precopulation event. Conclusions: The blue moorhen presents the highest peak of activity between 3:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m. Its color pattern is dominated by two tones (gray and blue). In the research location it is known as “blue hen”, different from what is described in Tinamus osgoodi “Black Tinamu”. The eggs found are totally different in shape and color from the eggs of the nominal breed. The findings indicate the reproductive season from December to May.

Resumen La cámara trampa permite estimar abundancia, distribución, uso de hábitat y patrones de actividad de la fauna. Pocas veces se empleó en el estudio de las aves y puede ser una buena opción cuando los métodos de observación directa o satelitales muestran limitación. La idea fue probar la efectividad de las cámaras trampa, a pequeña escala, en el estudio del patrón de actividad de aves acuáticas, en comparación con métodos de observación puntual. Se empleó a Anas georgica como objeto de estudio con el fin de determinar sus patrones de actividad en primavera-verano y otoño-invierno. Se instaló una cámara trampa en un humedal temporal, activa 24 horas durante un año. Las actividades se registraron en seis períodos: amanecer, mañana, tarde, crepúsculo, noche y madrugada. El patrón de actividad se analizó con la función de densidad (método Kernel). En primavera-verano se obtuvo 96 registros. El período de la tarde presentó un predominio de registro de actividades mientras que en el crepúsculo no hubo registro de actividad. La estación otoño-invierno obtuvo 70 registros. No se evidenció un predominio de actividades en alguno de los períodos. La actividad más observada fue la natación (primavera-verano y otoño-invierno). Primavera-verano presentó mayor actividad entre 12.00 y 18.00 horas, mientras que la actividad nocturna fue menor. En otoño-invierno, la actividad fue mayor entre 9.00 y 12.00 horas. Este trabajo prueba que una cámara trampa funciona igual que un observador puntual con la ventaja de un funcionamiento de 24 horas.

Abstract Camera traps allow us to estimate abundance, distribution, habitat use and activity patterns of fauna. It has rarely been used in the study of birds and can be a good option when direct or satellite observation methods are limited. The idea was to test the effectiveness of camera traps, on a small scale, in the study of waterfowl activity patterns, compared to point observation methods. Anas georgica was used as the object of study with the objective of determining their activity patterns in spring-summer and autumn-winter. A camera trap was installed in a temporary wetland active 24 hours a day for one year. Activities were recorded in six time periods: sunrise, morning, afternoon, twilight, night and early morning. The activity pattern was analyzed with the density function (kernel method). In spring-summer, 96 records were obtained. The afternoon period presented a predominance of activity records while in the twilight there were no activity records. The autumn-winter season had 70 records. There was no evidence of a predominance of activities in any of the periods. The most recorded activity was swimming (spring-summer and autumn-winter). Spring-summer presented greater activity between 12:00 and 18:00 hours, while nocturnal activity was lower. In autumn-winter, activity was highest between 9:00 a.m. and 12:00 noon. This work proves that a camera trap works the same as a point observer with the advantage of 24-hour operation.