Abstract Chrysomya albiceps (Calliphoridae) is among the earliest successional fauna on human and animal cadavers. Some immature Calliphoridae can be useful for determination of post-mortem interval. Toxins, particularly pesticides, can affect the rate of insect growth. Aluminum phosphide (AlP) is an affordable insecticide that has not been adequately entomotoxicologically evaluated. So, the impact of AlP on the developmental rate of different stages of C. albiceps was investigated. Larvae of C. albiceps were reared on the rabbit carcasses containing AlP as a treated group, and distilled water as a control group. The substances were administered by a gastric tube. The duration needed for development of C. albiceps stages was documented. Body length, width and weight of larvae were measured after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h from egg hatching. The duration of development increased significantly in the treated group compared to the control group. Larvae body measurements were significantly smaller in the treated group than in the control group. Therefore, it was demonstrated that AlP significantly influences the size of C. albiceps larvae and extends their development. During forensic application, interpretation of C. albiceps data should be used with caution when aluminum phosphide may be the cause of death. (Calliphoridae cadavers postmortem post mortem interval Toxins pesticides growth (AlP evaluated So C investigated tube documented length 24 48 7 9 hatching Therefore application death 2 4

Resumo Chrysomya albiceps (Calliphoridae) está entre as primeiras espécies a colonizar cadáveres humanos e animais. Alguns Calliphoridae imaturos podem ser úteis para a determinação do intervalo “post-mortem”. Toxinas, particularmente pesticidas, podem afetar a taxa de crescimento de insetos. O fosfeto de alumínio (AlP) é um inseticida acessível que não foi adequadamente avaliado entomotoxicologicamente. Assim, o impacto do AlP na taxa de desenvolvimento de diferentes estágios de C. albiceps foi investigado. Larvas de C. albiceps foram criadas em carcaças de coelho, contendo AlP como grupo tratado e água destilada como grupo controle. As substâncias foram administradas por sonda gástrica. A duração necessária para o desenvolvimento dos estágios de C. albiceps foi documentada. O comprimento, largura e peso do corpo das larvas foram medidos após 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas da eclosão dos ovos. A duração do desenvolvimento foi significativamente aumentada no grupo tratado, em comparação com o grupo controle. As medidas corporais das larvas foram significativamente menores no grupo tratado do que no grupo controle. Portanto, foi demonstrado que o AlP influencia significativamente o tamanho das larvas de C. albiceps e prolonga seu desenvolvimento. Durante a aplicação forense, a interpretação dos dados de C. albiceps deve ser usada com cautela, quando o fosfeto de alumínio puder ser a causa da morte. (Calliphoridae animais postmortem. postmortem post mortem . “post-mortem” Toxinas pesticidas insetos (AlP entomotoxicologicamente Assim C investigado coelho controle gástrica documentada comprimento 24 48 7 9 ovos Portanto forense cautela morte “post-mortem 2 4

ABSTRACT Sarcophagidae flies have great forensic importance, since different instars of their larval development are used in the determination of the postmortem interval (PMI) of corpses. However, for many species, intrapuparial developmental data are scarce. Here we analyzed the intrapuparial development of the sarcophagid Peckia pexata and describe the chronological and morphological changes that occur during metamorphosis. We reared approximately 330 specimens originating from the Colombian Amazon in the laboratory. Prepupae were identified by size reduction and coloration change. During the first five days of the study, four individuals were sampled every three hours, then every six hours until adult emergence. Specimens were fixed in 96% alcohol, then immersed in Carnoy solution for 24 hours and in formic acid (5%) for 48 hours for dissection and analysis of morphological changes. Four morphological phases of intrapuparial development of P. pexata were observed: 1) larva pupa apolysis, which lasted, in average, 9 h; 2) cryptocephalic pupa, 6 h; 3) phanerocephalic pupa, 6.5 h; and 4) pharate adult (transparent eyes, 48 h; yellow eyes, 216 h; pink eyes, 35 h; and red eyes, 52 h). The pharate adult was fully formed at 340 h and adult emergence occurred at 372.5 h or 15.5 days. We also described the formation of the prepupa, the pupariation and the final metamorphosis for the imago and compared it with the known events for Peckia intermutans, Peckia lambens (Sarcophagidae) and Lucilia eximia (Calliphoridae). importance PMI (PMI corpses However species scarce 33 laboratory change study 96 alcohol 2 5% 5 (5% 4 P observed 1 apolysis lasted average 3 65 6. transparent eyes 21 h. . h) 34 3725 372 372. 155 15 15. prepupa intermutans (Sarcophagidae Calliphoridae. Calliphoridae (Calliphoridae) (5 37 (Calliphoridae (

RESUMEN Las moscas Sarcophagidae tienen gran importancia forense, ya que diferentes etapas de su desarrollo larvario son utilizadas en la determinación del intervalo post mortem (IPM) de cadáveres. Sin embargo, para muchas especies los datos sobre el desarrollo intrapupal son escasos. Aquí analizamos el desarrollo intrapupal del sarcofagido Peckia pexata y describimos los cambios cronológicos y morfológicos que ocurren durante la metamorfosis. Criamos aproximadamente 330 especímenes originarios de la Amazonía colombiana en laboratorio. Prepupas se identificaron por la reducción de tamaño y cambio de color. Durante los primeros cinco días se tomaron muestras de cuatro individuos cada tres horas, y posteriormente cada seis horas hasta la emergencia de los adultos. Los especímenes se fijaron en alcohol al 96%, posteriormente se sumergieron en solución Carnoy durante 24 horas y en ácido fórmico (5%) durante 48 horas, para disección y el análisis de los cambios morfológicos. Observamos cuatro etapas del desarrollo intrapupal de P. pexata: 1) larva pupa apolisis, que duró, en promedio, 9 h; 2) pupa criptocefálica, 6 h; 3) pupa fanerocefálica, 6.5 h; y 4) adulto farado (ojos transparentes, 48 h; ojos amarillos, 216 h; ojos rosados, 35 h; y ojos rojos, 52 h). El adulto farado se formó completamente a las 340 h y la emergencia del adulto se produjo a las 372.5 h o 15,5 días. También describimos la formación de la prepupa, la pupariación y la metamorfosis final para el imago y lo comparamos con los eventos conocidos para Peckia intermutans, Peckia lambens (Sarcophagidae) y Lucilia eximia (Calliphoridae). forense IPM (IPM cadáveres embargo escasos 33 laboratorio color adultos 96 96% 2 5% 5 (5% 4 P 1 apolisis duró promedio criptocefálica 3 fanerocefálica 65 6. transparentes amarillos 21 rosados rojos h. . h) 34 3725 372 372. 155 15 15, prepupa intermutans (Sarcophagidae Calliphoridae. Calliphoridae (Calliphoridae) (5 37 (Calliphoridae (

ABSTRACT This study investigated the effects of burning on the richness, abundance, and community structure of necrophagous flies in southern Brazil. Flies were collected over a period of seven days in the field, and were subsequently observed for 60 days in the laboratory. There were three bovine liver treatments: unburnt, burnt, and gasoline-treated (control). A total of 2,501 flies, representing 14 families and 41 species, were identified, including Chrysomya albiceps, Fannia subgroup pusio, Synthesiomyia nudiseta, and Fannia femoralis. While the abundance of flies was similar across the three treatments, exhibiting a quadratic distribution, species richness displayed a quadratic trend with a significant temporal shift; peak richness occurred 20 hours earlier in the unburnt liver than in the burnt or the control treatments. Both total abundance and patterns of community composition in our analysis indicated important factors to take into account. Total abundances were similar between the burnt and unburnt treatments, demonstrating a uniform ecological response to burning, irrespective of the condition of the liver. In contrast, the community composition of these treatments showed a significant divergence from the control treatment, which was distinctively dominated by Drosophilidae and Phoridae. These findings are crucial for accurate postmortem Interval (PMI) estimations in forensic entomology, particularly in cases involving burnt remains, and highlight the significant impact of fire on necrophagous fly communities. Brazil field 6 laboratory gasolinetreated gasoline treated control. . (control) 2501 2 501 2,50 1 4 identified albiceps pusio nudiseta femoralis distribution shift account contrast treatment Phoridae PMI (PMI entomology remains communities (control 250 50 2,5 25 5 2,

ABSTRACT Nasonia vitripennis (Walker, 1836) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is a parasitoid involved in the biological control of several insects, including blow flies (Diptera, Calliphoridae) of economic importance. The aim of this study was to describe the morphological aspects of the immature stages of N. vitripennis and to record the postembryonic development time, using pupae of Chrysomya putoria (Wiedeman, 1830) as host. The experiment was conducted in a climatic chamber at 27°C/ day and 25°C/ night, with 60 ± 10% relative humidity and 14h photophase. Three experiment were conducted, each one with different host-parasitoid exposure times, of 12 hours, 16 hours and 24 hours respectively. In each experiment, the host:parasitoid relation applied was three host pupae of C. putoria to one parasitoid female. The experiment lasted 17 days, and it was used nine pupae per day totalizing 153 host pupae. The parasitoidism rate was 16.3% (12h), 40.5% (16h) and 94.1% (24h), respectively. The immature development duration of N. vitripennis with 16 and 24 hours of exposure, was as follows: egg stage (1st day), larvae (2nd to 6th day), prepupae (7th day), pupae (from 8th to 13th day) and pharate adult (14th day). The emergence of the adult parasitoids occurred on the 16th and 15th day with the exposure times of 16 and 24 hours, respectively. The exposure period of 24 hours was the ideal to observe the development time and to characterize the immature of N. vitripennis when compared to the 16 and 12 hours. Walker, Walker (Walker 1836 Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Pteromalidae insects Diptera, Diptera (Diptera Calliphoridae importance N Wiedeman, Wiedeman (Wiedeman 1830 27C C 27 27°C 25C 25 25°C night 6 10 h photophase hostparasitoid 1 2 respectively female days 15 163 3 16.3 12h, 12h , (12h) 405 40 5 40.5 16h (16h 941 94 94.1 24h, 24h (24h) follows 1st st day, 2nd nd th 7th from 14th day. . 183 16. (12h 4 40. 9 94. (24h 18

Abstract The influence of refrigeration on the post-embryonic development of Chrysomya putoria larvae was evaluated, regarding its resistance in the logistics of storage and distribution in biotherapy. Previously sterilized larvae were submitted to four periods of storage under refrigeration (T1=12 h, T2=24 h, T3=48 h and T4=72 h) and control (without sterilization and refrigeration). Newly hatched larvae (0.200 g) were stored between 3 and 9ºC. After refrigeration, 40 neo-larvae (in triplicate) were transferred to 50 g of protein diet and incubated in an acclimatized chamber. There was a significant difference in the larval body mass (T1 and T2) and in the duration of larval, pupal and total development (T3 and T4). The sex ratios found in the four treatments did not differ from what was expected. Normality rates were 100% for all treatments. There was no significant difference between the Control, T1 and T2 treatments for larval, pupal and total viability. There was a significant difference between control (C) and T4 (larval viability), between C, T3 and T4 (pupa) and between C and T4 (total). C. putoria has resistance under refrigeration and storage of up to 56 h, presenting viability above 70% for use in biotherapy. postembryonic post embryonic evaluated biotherapy T1=12 T112 T 12 (T1=1 T224 24 T2=2 T348 48 T3=4 T472 72 T4=7 without refrigeration. . refrigeration) 0.200 0200 0 200 (0.20 9ºC ºC 4 neolarvae neo triplicate 5 chamber (T T4. T4) expected 100 Control (C viability, , viability) pupa (pupa total. (total) 70 T1=1 T11 1 (T1= T22 2 T2= T34 T3= T47 7 T4= 0.20 020 20 (0.2 10 (total T1= 0.2 02 (0. 0. (0 (

Resumen Introducción. La creciente resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos representa una amenaza mundial de salud pública. Las excreciones y secreciones larvarias derivadas de moscas necrófagas de la familia Calliphoridae podrían configurar una fuente promisoria para contrarrestar sus efectos. Objetivo. Comparar la actividad antimicrobiana de las excreciones y secreciones larvarias nativas, y de las mayores y menores de 10 kDa de Calliphora vicina y Sarconesiopsis magellanica (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Materiales y métodos. El bioensayo se hizo a partir de la técnica de turbidimetría y en el caso de las excreciones y secreciones menores de 10 kDa se determinó la concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM). Resultados. Las excreciones y secreciones nativas y las menores de 10 kDa de C. vicina y S. magellanica, evidenciaron una potente actividad antibacteriana contra tres cepas de Staphylococcus aureus y cuatro bacterias Gram negativas, siendo las menores de 10 kDa más efectivas que las nativas en las dos especies de moscas evaluadas. Además, las menores de 10 kDa presentaron la misma efectividad, aunque en las pruebas de CIM se observó que las de S. magellanica fueron más potentes en todas las bacterias evaluadas, excepto contra la cepa de S. aureus ATCC 25923. Las mayores de 10 kDa no inhibieron el crecimiento bacteriano. Conclusión. Los resultados validaron, en general, que estas sustancias son fuente importante para el aislamiento y la caracterización de agentes antimicrobianos.

Abstract Introduction: The growing resistance to antibiotics worldwide represents a global threat to public health. The larval excretions and secretions derived from necrophagous flies from the Calliphoridae family could represent a promising source for counteracting their effects. Objective: To compare the antimicrobial activity of Calliphora vicina and Sarconesiopsis magellanica (Diptera: Calliphoridae) native excretions and secretions and those weighing more than 10 kDa and less. Materials and methods: We used the turbidimetry technique for the bioassay; we determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for excretions and secretions weighing less than 10 kDa. Results: Calliphora vicina and S. magellanica native excretions and secretions and those weighing less than 10 kDa exhibited potent antibacterial activity against three Staphylococcus aureus strains and four Gram-negative bacteria; those weighing less than 10 kDa were more effective than the native ones in the two species of flies evaluated here. Furthermore, excretions and secretions weighing less than 10 kDa had the same effectiveness, except in the MIC trials where S. magellanica excretions and secretions weighing less than 10 kDa were more potent against all the bacteria evaluated, except for S. aureus ATCC 25923. Excretions and secretions weighing more than 10 kDa did not inhibit bacterial growth. Conclusions: These results potentially validate these substances as an important source for isolating and characterizing antimicrobial agents.

Abstract The influence of food types, reproductive behaviour, and the existence of a possible stratification to the attractiveness of Calliphoridae and Mesembrinellidae flies may contribute to the definition of collection methodologies. Thus, we assessed the effectiveness of traps with two bait types exposed at two different heights in the forests for collecting the aforementioned families. Traps were exposed in the Amazon rainforest floodplain area, where 40 traps were installed in 20 trees, in three periods of the year. On each tree, one trap was installed at 0.6 m and the other at 10 m above the ground, with either bovine lung or fermented banana. A total of 1,173 individuals were collected, including 10 species of Calliphoridae (962 individuals) and four species of Mesembrinellidae (211 individuals). Of the total in each family, Calliphoridae was most abundant in 0.6m lung bait traps (41%) and Mesembrinellidae in the 0.6 m banana bait traps (29%). Calliphoridae showed greater species richness, abundance, and differentiation in composition in low traps with lung as bait. In conclusion, only dipteran species from Calliphoridae have been affected and responded the collection methodologies employed of we, which may highlight remarkable differences in collection and subsequent data interpretation of inventories and monitoring using these insects. behaviour Thus families area 4 2 trees year tree 06 0 6 0. 1 ground 1173 173 1,17 collected 962 (96 211 (21 individuals. . family 06m 6m 41% 41 (41% 29%. 29 29% (29%) richness abundance conclusion insects 117 17 1,1 96 (9 21 (2 (41 (29% 11 1, 9 ( (4 (29

Abstract The Calliphoridae family is an essential component of the post mortem interval (PMI) for their developed ability to detect decaying human bodies at great distances, also for their ability to colonize carcasses at different temperatures in multiple geographic areas. We report for the first time, four species for the state of Yucatan, Mexico: Chrysomya putoria Wiedemann, Chysomya rufifacies Macquart, Lucilia cuprina Wiedemann, and L. sericata Meigen. We provide an identification key with illustrations included for the nine species present in the state and we include comments of their distribution.

Resumen La familia Calliphoridae es un componente integral de la estimación del intervalo post mortem (IPM) debido a su desarrollada capacidad para detectar la descomposición de cadáveres a grandes distancias y la habilidad para colonizarlos a diferentes temperaturas en diversas áreas geográficas. Se reportan cuatro primeros registros de la familia Calliphoridae para la entomofauna de Yucatán, México: Chrysomya putoria Wiedemann, Chrysomya rufifacies Macquart, Lucilia cuprina Wiedemanny y L. sericata Meigen. Se incluye una clave de identificación e ilustraciones para las nueve especies presentes en el estado y comentarios sobre su distribución.

Resumen Objetivo. Determinar la distribución altitudinal de Calliphoridae (Diptera) en la vertiente oriental de la Cordillera Oriental en la Amazonía Andina, Colombia. Alcance. Promover el conocimiento de la diversidad de Calliphoridae en la Amazonia Andina colombiana, los cuales pueden ser utilizadas como indicadores forenses en esta region del país. Metodología. El estudio se realizó en un gradiente altitudinal de 250 a 2500 metros. Durante marzo, abril y junio (temporada alta de lluvias) y septiembre, noviembre y diciembre (temporada baja de lluvias), se utilizaron trampas Van Someren-Rydon cebadas con pescado en descomposición. Resultados. Se recolectaron un total de 4.437 especímenes de Calliphoridae, distribuidos en nueve géneros y 14 especies, las especies más abundantes fueron Chloroprocta idioidea (Robineau-Desvoidy), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) y Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius). Una prueba de ANOVA con post-hoc de Tukey HSD mostró que las dos temporadas y las cinco estaciones de muestreo no fueron estadísticamente diferentes. Se utilizaron curvas de acumulación de especies para medir el esfuerzo de muestreo y se utilizó una curva de rarefacción basada en el número de individuos para comparar la riqueza de especies entre las estaciones de muestreo. El índice de diversidad de Shannon mostró que la altitud más diversa fue Macagual a 250 metros (H = 2,39) y el índice de Simpson mostró que la localidad con mayor dominancia fue Los Lirios a 1.400 metros (D = 1,33). Las especies mostraron una distribución de rango altitudinal específica basada en los resultados de un Análisis de Correspondencia Factorial y agrupación de rango de altitud mediante análisis de conglomerados. Conclusiones. Los resultados mostraron que la distribución y diversidad de las especies de Calliphoridae en la vertiente oriental de la Cordillera Oriental en la Amazonía Andina Colombiana están fuertemente influenciadas por las condiciones climáticas.

Abstract Objetive. The objective was to determine the altitudinal distribution of Calliphoridae (Diptera) on the eastern slope of the Eastern Mountain Range in the Andean Amazon, Colombia. Scope. Promote knowledge of the diversity of Calliphoridae in the Colombian Andean Amazon, which can be used as forensic indicators in this region of the country. Methodology. The study was done in an altitudinal gradient from 250 to 2,500 meters. During March, April, and June (high rainy season) and September, November, and December (low rainy season), using Van Someren-Rydon traps baited with decomposing fish. Results. A total of 4,437 specimens of Calliphorid were collected, distributed in nine genera and 14 species; the most abundant species were Chloroprocta idioidea (Robineau-Desvoidy), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann), and Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius). ANOVA with a post-hoc Tukey HSD test showed that the two sampling seasons and the five sampling stations were not statistically different. Species accumulation curves were used to measure sampling effort and a rarefaction curve based on the number of specimens was used to compare species richness between sampling stations. Shannon diversity index showed that the most diverse altitude was Macagual at 250 meters (H = 2.39), and the Simpson index showed that the locality with the highest dominance was Los Lirios at 1400 meters (D = 1.33). Species showed specific altitudinal range distribution based on the results from a Factorial Correspondence Analysis and on an altitude range grouping using cluster analysis. Conclusions. The results showed that the distribution and diversity of the Calliphoridae species the eastern slope of the Eastern Mountain Range in the Colombian Andean Amazon are strongly influenced by weather conditions.

Abstract Cities in northeastern Brazil experience extreme rates of unsolved homicides, a situation that stimulates innovative procedures in the police work, such as forensic entomology. We surveyed necrophagous insects associated with carrion in a city exposed to high rates of homicides in Northeastern Brazil. The experiments were carried out in a rainforest fragment located in Recife, State of Pernambuco. Two pig carcasses were used as models, one in the dry and the other in the rainy season. The collection of adults was performed daily until the complete skeletonization of the carcasses. At least 32 Diptera species from the families Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Fanniidae, Phoridae, Anthomyiidae, Piophilidae, and Stratiomyidae were registered, some of which have been previously documented on cadavers. A high richness of Diptera species was registered in all stages of decomposition. A strong overlap in the occurrence of most species was observed, which invalidates a defined entomological succession on the carcasses. Two species stood out in terms of abundance: Ophyra chalcogaster (Muscidae) and Chrysomya albiceps (Calliphoridae). The ubiquity of Hemilucilia semidiaphana (Calliphoridae) seems to confirm its preference for forest fragments exposed to low anthropogenic action. Our data contribute to expand the knowledge on the geographical distribution of forensically relevant species in the region and confirm the rapid dissemination of invasive Chrysomya species in forested areas.

ABSTRACT Increase on intensive monocultures is an important threat to Caatinga biodiversity decrease. The use of chemical insecticides directly affects insect natural enemies of crops, but also non-target species. We aimed to test whether the diversity of sarcosaprophagous flies would be affected by agricultural management (conventional and organic). Adult dipterans were collected monthly, from July 2015 to January 2016, using a grid composed of 12 suspended traps distant 20 m from each other, baited with 150 g of sardine or bovine spleen, in each type of management. We first calculated α-diversity by Hill numbers, then evaluated the difference of diversity metrics by ANOVA. We also graphically visualise the species composition distribution by NMDS. We recorded a total of 4,651 specimens of 15 Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae species. Chrysomya spp. were the dominant species (93.7% of all blowflies). Sarcophagidae species were sampled in low abundance, but with exclusive presence of some species in each treatment (e.g. B laesoxipha stallengi and Ravinia belforti in organic management). Although there was no difference on sarcosaprophagous fly diversity between treatments, we demonstrate empirically that mango plantations in the Caatinga harbour diverse and abundant assemblages of sarcosaprophagous dipterans, whose richness of species is comparable to other ecosystems such as rainforests and urban areas. Our results expand the known geographical range for forensically relevant species by providing a checklist of sarcosaprophagous dipterans that can thrive in agroecosystems in the Caatinga and, potentially, colonize cadavers disposed in that type of environment.

Resumen Una de las dificultades encontradas es la correcta identificación de insectos asociados a la descomposición cadavérica, por la cual ha llevado a buscar y generar nuevas herramientas en biología molecular que facilitan la determinación de especímenes para la estimación del Intervalo Post-Mortem de una forma efectiva y certera a partir de estadios inmaduros; la colecta y taxonomía morfológica de Dípteros se realizaron en primera instancia y posteriormente se utilizó el sistema de Códigos de Barras (COI Barcode) para la identificación molecular de insectos problema por medio del gen mitocondrial COI en cualquier fase del ciclo biológico. Identificando tres especies de adultos con una probabilidad de correspondencia del 100%; los especímenes: Sarconesia versicolor de la Familia Calliphoridae y Fannia sp., no fueron hallados en las bases de datos mundiales del GenBank y del Boldsystems, siendo necesario su actualización realizando patrones de sucesión cronológica de fauna cadavérica en diferentes zonas geográficas, cuya práctica se aplicaría en las investigaciones criminales.

Abstract One of the difficulties encountered is the correct identification of insects associated with cadaveric decomposition, which has led to the search and generation of new tools in molecular biology that facilitate the determination of specificities for the modification of the Post-Mortem Interval in an effective and accurate from immature stages; the collection and morphological taxonomy of Diptera were made in the first instance and then the Bar Code System (COI Barcode) was used for the molecular identification of problem insects by means of the mitochondrial COI gene in any phase of the biological cycle. Identifying three species of adults with a probability of 100% correspondence; the specimens: Sarconesia versicolor of the Calliphoridae Family and Fannia sp., were not found in the world databases of the GenBank and the Boldsystems, being necessary to update them by chronological succession patterns of cadaveric fauna in different geographical areas, whose practice would be applied in criminal investigations.

ABSTRACT Calliphoridae is a worldwide distributed family of flies with over 1,500 described species. There are approximately 100 species in the Nearctic region and 130 in the Neotropical region, but in the Mexican territory only few species have been recorded. There is not a previous catalog of Mexican calliphorids. This catalog summarizes taxonomic actualized information of 30 species of 11 genera and three subfamilies of Calliphoridae known up to date in Mexico.

RESUMEN La familia Calliphoridae está presente en casi todo el mundo con más de 1,500 especies descritas. Existen aproximadamente 100 especies en la región Neártica y 130 en la región Neotropical, pero en el territorio mexicano solo pocas especies se han registrado. No existe un catálogo previo de califóridos de México. Este catálogo recopila la información taxonómica básica y actualizada de las 30 especies de 11 géneros y tres subfamilias de Calliphoridae conocidos hasta el momento en México.

ABSTRACT With homicide rates higher than the world average, Brazil stands out as one of the most violent countries worldwide. Time of death estimation based solely on body changes can be biased or inaccurate; forensic entomology can play a determinant role in such cases. Accurate knowledge of necrophilous fauna is essential to validate experimental data and allows for the application of entomological evidence in forensic investigations, which benefits scientists, investigators, and society in general. Entomological evidence from Curitiba and 22 nearby cities were collected by crime scene investigators from the Scientific Police of Paraná. The corpses were found in diverse environments and specimens from each species were collected from all life stages. We present data from 25 cases from 2011 to 2014, including associated species, new records, and comparisons between existing experimental data and data from species collected in the cases presented. We identified 23 total species, of which eight species of Coleoptera and two species of Diptera have not previously been recorded on corpses. In all cases, Calliphoridae (76%) and Silphidae (48%) were the most numerous families collected. Working together with the scientific police gave us insight into which species lacked detailed records and enabled us to collaboratively focus on resolving deficits in our knowledge of necrophagous insects.

Abstract Introduction Myiasis is a disease causedby fly larvae that growinthetissues of animals and humans. It can cause a variety of local symptoms, like erythema or pain, depending on its location, and generalized symptomatology, such as fever andmalaise.Myiasis can generate severe complications, for instance sepsis, or directly impact vital tissues. Its management varies depending on the location, and on the preferences of the doctor that faces this challenge. Myiasis usually occurs in tropical countries, and, in many places, it is not a rare condition. The cases are rarely reported, and there are no publishedmanagement protocols. Objective To review the literature regarding the most common agents, the predisposing factors and the treatment alternatives for otic myiasis, a rare form of human myiasis caused by the infestation of fly larvae in the ear cavities. Data synthesis We present a systematic review of the literature. The search in five databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, LILACS and RedALyC) led to 63 published cases from 24 countries, in the 5 continents. The ages of the patients ranged fromnewborn to 65 years old. Themost common agents belong to the Sarcophagidae or Calliphoridae families. Chronic otitis media, previous otic surgical procedures, mental deficit, alcohol or drug abuse, sleeping outdoors, prostration, and malnutrition were predisposing factors. The treatment alternatives are herein discussed. Conclusion The results highlight the need for monitoring, follow-up and standardization of medical approaches.