Resumen Introducción. La creciente resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos representa una amenaza mundial de salud pública. Las excreciones y secreciones larvarias derivadas de moscas necrófagas de la familia Calliphoridae podrían configurar una fuente promisoria para contrarrestar sus efectos. Objetivo. Comparar la actividad antimicrobiana de las excreciones y secreciones larvarias nativas, y de las mayores y menores de 10 kDa de Calliphora vicina y Sarconesiopsis magellanica (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Materiales y métodos. El bioensayo se hizo a partir de la técnica de turbidimetría y en el caso de las excreciones y secreciones menores de 10 kDa se determinó la concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM). Resultados. Las excreciones y secreciones nativas y las menores de 10 kDa de C. vicina y S. magellanica, evidenciaron una potente actividad antibacteriana contra tres cepas de Staphylococcus aureus y cuatro bacterias Gram negativas, siendo las menores de 10 kDa más efectivas que las nativas en las dos especies de moscas evaluadas. Además, las menores de 10 kDa presentaron la misma efectividad, aunque en las pruebas de CIM se observó que las de S. magellanica fueron más potentes en todas las bacterias evaluadas, excepto contra la cepa de S. aureus ATCC 25923. Las mayores de 10 kDa no inhibieron el crecimiento bacteriano. Conclusión. Los resultados validaron, en general, que estas sustancias son fuente importante para el aislamiento y la caracterización de agentes antimicrobianos.

Abstract Introduction: The growing resistance to antibiotics worldwide represents a global threat to public health. The larval excretions and secretions derived from necrophagous flies from the Calliphoridae family could represent a promising source for counteracting their effects. Objective: To compare the antimicrobial activity of Calliphora vicina and Sarconesiopsis magellanica (Diptera: Calliphoridae) native excretions and secretions and those weighing more than 10 kDa and less. Materials and methods: We used the turbidimetry technique for the bioassay; we determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for excretions and secretions weighing less than 10 kDa. Results: Calliphora vicina and S. magellanica native excretions and secretions and those weighing less than 10 kDa exhibited potent antibacterial activity against three Staphylococcus aureus strains and four Gram-negative bacteria; those weighing less than 10 kDa were more effective than the native ones in the two species of flies evaluated here. Furthermore, excretions and secretions weighing less than 10 kDa had the same effectiveness, except in the MIC trials where S. magellanica excretions and secretions weighing less than 10 kDa were more potent against all the bacteria evaluated, except for S. aureus ATCC 25923. Excretions and secretions weighing more than 10 kDa did not inhibit bacterial growth. Conclusions: These results potentially validate these substances as an important source for isolating and characterizing antimicrobial agents.

Abstract The influence of food types, reproductive behaviour, and the existence of a possible stratification to the attractiveness of Calliphoridae and Mesembrinellidae flies may contribute to the definition of collection methodologies. Thus, we assessed the effectiveness of traps with two bait types exposed at two different heights in the forests for collecting the aforementioned families. Traps were exposed in the Amazon rainforest floodplain area, where 40 traps were installed in 20 trees, in three periods of the year. On each tree, one trap was installed at 0.6 m and the other at 10 m above the ground, with either bovine lung or fermented banana. A total of 1,173 individuals were collected, including 10 species of Calliphoridae (962 individuals) and four species of Mesembrinellidae (211 individuals). Of the total in each family, Calliphoridae was most abundant in 0.6m lung bait traps (41%) and Mesembrinellidae in the 0.6 m banana bait traps (29%). Calliphoridae showed greater species richness, abundance, and differentiation in composition in low traps with lung as bait. In conclusion, only dipteran species from Calliphoridae have been affected and responded the collection methodologies employed of we, which may highlight remarkable differences in collection and subsequent data interpretation of inventories and monitoring using these insects.

Abstract The Calliphoridae family is an essential component of the post mortem interval (PMI) for their developed ability to detect decaying human bodies at great distances, also for their ability to colonize carcasses at different temperatures in multiple geographic areas. We report for the first time, four species for the state of Yucatan, Mexico: Chrysomya putoria Wiedemann, Chysomya rufifacies Macquart, Lucilia cuprina Wiedemann, and L. sericata Meigen. We provide an identification key with illustrations included for the nine species present in the state and we include comments of their distribution.

Resumen La familia Calliphoridae es un componente integral de la estimación del intervalo post mortem (IPM) debido a su desarrollada capacidad para detectar la descomposición de cadáveres a grandes distancias y la habilidad para colonizarlos a diferentes temperaturas en diversas áreas geográficas. Se reportan cuatro primeros registros de la familia Calliphoridae para la entomofauna de Yucatán, México: Chrysomya putoria Wiedemann, Chrysomya rufifacies Macquart, Lucilia cuprina Wiedemanny y L. sericata Meigen. Se incluye una clave de identificación e ilustraciones para las nueve especies presentes en el estado y comentarios sobre su distribución.

Resumen Objetivo. Determinar la distribución altitudinal de Calliphoridae (Diptera) en la vertiente oriental de la Cordillera Oriental en la Amazonía Andina, Colombia. Alcance. Promover el conocimiento de la diversidad de Calliphoridae en la Amazonia Andina colombiana, los cuales pueden ser utilizadas como indicadores forenses en esta region del país. Metodología. El estudio se realizó en un gradiente altitudinal de 250 a 2500 metros. Durante marzo, abril y junio (temporada alta de lluvias) y septiembre, noviembre y diciembre (temporada baja de lluvias), se utilizaron trampas Van Someren-Rydon cebadas con pescado en descomposición. Resultados. Se recolectaron un total de 4.437 especímenes de Calliphoridae, distribuidos en nueve géneros y 14 especies, las especies más abundantes fueron Chloroprocta idioidea (Robineau-Desvoidy), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) y Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius). Una prueba de ANOVA con post-hoc de Tukey HSD mostró que las dos temporadas y las cinco estaciones de muestreo no fueron estadísticamente diferentes. Se utilizaron curvas de acumulación de especies para medir el esfuerzo de muestreo y se utilizó una curva de rarefacción basada en el número de individuos para comparar la riqueza de especies entre las estaciones de muestreo. El índice de diversidad de Shannon mostró que la altitud más diversa fue Macagual a 250 metros (H = 2,39) y el índice de Simpson mostró que la localidad con mayor dominancia fue Los Lirios a 1.400 metros (D = 1,33). Las especies mostraron una distribución de rango altitudinal específica basada en los resultados de un Análisis de Correspondencia Factorial y agrupación de rango de altitud mediante análisis de conglomerados. Conclusiones. Los resultados mostraron que la distribución y diversidad de las especies de Calliphoridae en la vertiente oriental de la Cordillera Oriental en la Amazonía Andina Colombiana están fuertemente influenciadas por las condiciones climáticas.

Abstract Objetive. The objective was to determine the altitudinal distribution of Calliphoridae (Diptera) on the eastern slope of the Eastern Mountain Range in the Andean Amazon, Colombia. Scope. Promote knowledge of the diversity of Calliphoridae in the Colombian Andean Amazon, which can be used as forensic indicators in this region of the country. Methodology. The study was done in an altitudinal gradient from 250 to 2,500 meters. During March, April, and June (high rainy season) and September, November, and December (low rainy season), using Van Someren-Rydon traps baited with decomposing fish. Results. A total of 4,437 specimens of Calliphorid were collected, distributed in nine genera and 14 species; the most abundant species were Chloroprocta idioidea (Robineau-Desvoidy), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann), and Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius). ANOVA with a post-hoc Tukey HSD test showed that the two sampling seasons and the five sampling stations were not statistically different. Species accumulation curves were used to measure sampling effort and a rarefaction curve based on the number of specimens was used to compare species richness between sampling stations. Shannon diversity index showed that the most diverse altitude was Macagual at 250 meters (H = 2.39), and the Simpson index showed that the locality with the highest dominance was Los Lirios at 1400 meters (D = 1.33). Species showed specific altitudinal range distribution based on the results from a Factorial Correspondence Analysis and on an altitude range grouping using cluster analysis. Conclusions. The results showed that the distribution and diversity of the Calliphoridae species the eastern slope of the Eastern Mountain Range in the Colombian Andean Amazon are strongly influenced by weather conditions.

ABSTRACT Increase on intensive monocultures is an important threat to Caatinga biodiversity decrease. The use of chemical insecticides directly affects insect natural enemies of crops, but also non-target species. We aimed to test whether the diversity of sarcosaprophagous flies would be affected by agricultural management (conventional and organic). Adult dipterans were collected monthly, from July 2015 to January 2016, using a grid composed of 12 suspended traps distant 20 m from each other, baited with 150 g of sardine or bovine spleen, in each type of management. We first calculated α-diversity by Hill numbers, then evaluated the difference of diversity metrics by ANOVA. We also graphically visualise the species composition distribution by NMDS. We recorded a total of 4,651 specimens of 15 Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae species. Chrysomya spp. were the dominant species (93.7% of all blowflies). Sarcophagidae species were sampled in low abundance, but with exclusive presence of some species in each treatment (e.g. B laesoxipha stallengi and Ravinia belforti in organic management). Although there was no difference on sarcosaprophagous fly diversity between treatments, we demonstrate empirically that mango plantations in the Caatinga harbour diverse and abundant assemblages of sarcosaprophagous dipterans, whose richness of species is comparable to other ecosystems such as rainforests and urban areas. Our results expand the known geographical range for forensically relevant species by providing a checklist of sarcosaprophagous dipterans that can thrive in agroecosystems in the Caatinga and, potentially, colonize cadavers disposed in that type of environment.

Abstract Cities in northeastern Brazil experience extreme rates of unsolved homicides, a situation that stimulates innovative procedures in the police work, such as forensic entomology. We surveyed necrophagous insects associated with carrion in a city exposed to high rates of homicides in Northeastern Brazil. The experiments were carried out in a rainforest fragment located in Recife, State of Pernambuco. Two pig carcasses were used as models, one in the dry and the other in the rainy season. The collection of adults was performed daily until the complete skeletonization of the carcasses. At least 32 Diptera species from the families Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Fanniidae, Phoridae, Anthomyiidae, Piophilidae, and Stratiomyidae were registered, some of which have been previously documented on cadavers. A high richness of Diptera species was registered in all stages of decomposition. A strong overlap in the occurrence of most species was observed, which invalidates a defined entomological succession on the carcasses. Two species stood out in terms of abundance: Ophyra chalcogaster (Muscidae) and Chrysomya albiceps (Calliphoridae). The ubiquity of Hemilucilia semidiaphana (Calliphoridae) seems to confirm its preference for forest fragments exposed to low anthropogenic action. Our data contribute to expand the knowledge on the geographical distribution of forensically relevant species in the region and confirm the rapid dissemination of invasive Chrysomya species in forested areas.

Resumen Una de las dificultades encontradas es la correcta identificación de insectos asociados a la descomposición cadavérica, por la cual ha llevado a buscar y generar nuevas herramientas en biología molecular que facilitan la determinación de especímenes para la estimación del Intervalo Post-Mortem de una forma efectiva y certera a partir de estadios inmaduros; la colecta y taxonomía morfológica de Dípteros se realizaron en primera instancia y posteriormente se utilizó el sistema de Códigos de Barras (COI Barcode) para la identificación molecular de insectos problema por medio del gen mitocondrial COI en cualquier fase del ciclo biológico. Identificando tres especies de adultos con una probabilidad de correspondencia del 100%; los especímenes: Sarconesia versicolor de la Familia Calliphoridae y Fannia sp., no fueron hallados en las bases de datos mundiales del GenBank y del Boldsystems, siendo necesario su actualización realizando patrones de sucesión cronológica de fauna cadavérica en diferentes zonas geográficas, cuya práctica se aplicaría en las investigaciones criminales.

Abstract One of the difficulties encountered is the correct identification of insects associated with cadaveric decomposition, which has led to the search and generation of new tools in molecular biology that facilitate the determination of specificities for the modification of the Post-Mortem Interval in an effective and accurate from immature stages; the collection and morphological taxonomy of Diptera were made in the first instance and then the Bar Code System (COI Barcode) was used for the molecular identification of problem insects by means of the mitochondrial COI gene in any phase of the biological cycle. Identifying three species of adults with a probability of 100% correspondence; the specimens: Sarconesia versicolor of the Calliphoridae Family and Fannia sp., were not found in the world databases of the GenBank and the Boldsystems, being necessary to update them by chronological succession patterns of cadaveric fauna in different geographical areas, whose practice would be applied in criminal investigations.

ABSTRACT Calliphoridae is a worldwide distributed family of flies with over 1,500 described species. There are approximately 100 species in the Nearctic region and 130 in the Neotropical region, but in the Mexican territory only few species have been recorded. There is not a previous catalog of Mexican calliphorids. This catalog summarizes taxonomic actualized information of 30 species of 11 genera and three subfamilies of Calliphoridae known up to date in Mexico.

RESUMEN La familia Calliphoridae está presente en casi todo el mundo con más de 1,500 especies descritas. Existen aproximadamente 100 especies en la región Neártica y 130 en la región Neotropical, pero en el territorio mexicano solo pocas especies se han registrado. No existe un catálogo previo de califóridos de México. Este catálogo recopila la información taxonómica básica y actualizada de las 30 especies de 11 géneros y tres subfamilias de Calliphoridae conocidos hasta el momento en México.

ABSTRACT With homicide rates higher than the world average, Brazil stands out as one of the most violent countries worldwide. Time of death estimation based solely on body changes can be biased or inaccurate; forensic entomology can play a determinant role in such cases. Accurate knowledge of necrophilous fauna is essential to validate experimental data and allows for the application of entomological evidence in forensic investigations, which benefits scientists, investigators, and society in general. Entomological evidence from Curitiba and 22 nearby cities were collected by crime scene investigators from the Scientific Police of Paraná. The corpses were found in diverse environments and specimens from each species were collected from all life stages. We present data from 25 cases from 2011 to 2014, including associated species, new records, and comparisons between existing experimental data and data from species collected in the cases presented. We identified 23 total species, of which eight species of Coleoptera and two species of Diptera have not previously been recorded on corpses. In all cases, Calliphoridae (76%) and Silphidae (48%) were the most numerous families collected. Working together with the scientific police gave us insight into which species lacked detailed records and enabled us to collaboratively focus on resolving deficits in our knowledge of necrophagous insects.

Abstract Introduction Myiasis is a disease causedby fly larvae that growinthetissues of animals and humans. It can cause a variety of local symptoms, like erythema or pain, depending on its location, and generalized symptomatology, such as fever andmalaise.Myiasis can generate severe complications, for instance sepsis, or directly impact vital tissues. Its management varies depending on the location, and on the preferences of the doctor that faces this challenge. Myiasis usually occurs in tropical countries, and, in many places, it is not a rare condition. The cases are rarely reported, and there are no publishedmanagement protocols. Objective To review the literature regarding the most common agents, the predisposing factors and the treatment alternatives for otic myiasis, a rare form of human myiasis caused by the infestation of fly larvae in the ear cavities. Data synthesis We present a systematic review of the literature. The search in five databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, LILACS and RedALyC) led to 63 published cases from 24 countries, in the 5 continents. The ages of the patients ranged fromnewborn to 65 years old. Themost common agents belong to the Sarcophagidae or Calliphoridae families. Chronic otitis media, previous otic surgical procedures, mental deficit, alcohol or drug abuse, sleeping outdoors, prostration, and malnutrition were predisposing factors. The treatment alternatives are herein discussed. Conclusion The results highlight the need for monitoring, follow-up and standardization of medical approaches.

Resumen Muchas especies de artrópodos principalmente moscas (Diptera) y sus ácaros foréticos son atraídos por la carroña. Este es el primer registro de ácaros foréticos y parásitos Leptus sp., Macrocheles muscaedomesticae y Longoseius brachypoda, en moscas necrófagas en Brasil.

Abstract Many arthropod species, mainly flies (Diptera) and their phoretic mites are attracted by carrion. This is the first record of phoretic and parasitic mites Leptus sp., Macrocheles muscaedomesticae and Longoseius brachypoda associated with necrophagous flies in Brazil.

Resumen Las miasis son infestaciones parasitarias en humanos y animales causadas por estadios larvarios de moscas; son de distribución mundial y son una enfermedad frecuente en nuestro medio. En la literatura solo existen algunos casos reportados; por lo cual, su verdadera incidencia es difícil de establecer debido al sub-registro y ausencia de tipificación de larvas. Objetivo. Identificar, clasificar y caracterizar morfológicamente las larvas causantes de miasis como base para futuras aplicaciones e intervenciones en salud pública. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron 262 larvas obtenidas del cepario de la Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca que se encontraban almacenadas sin ningún tipo de identificación, organización e historia. Resultados. Se realizó la identificación con estereoscopio y claves dicotómicas de las familias Cuterebridae, Oestridae y Calliphoridae. Las especies encontradas son asociadas a diferentes tipos de miasis humana y animal, entre ellas; Dermatobia hominis, Dermatobia cyaniventris, Oestrus ovis, Cochliomyia hominivorax y Lucilia sp. Discusión. Las formas más comunes de este parasitismo son cavitarias y forunculares; causadas por Dermatobia hominis y Cochliomyia hominivorax, sin embargo, éstas no son de reporte obligatorio ante los servicios médicos humanos. Por lo tanto, es indispensable la información y capacitación de profesionales de la salud para la correcta conservación, identificación y reporte de las larvas extirpadas en pacientes con miasis, hasta el punto de ser considerada una práctica de rutina en el diagnóstico clínico.

Abstract Myiasis is the parasitic infestation of the body in humans and animals caused by larval stages of flies; such diseases are worldwide distributed and they are frequent in our environment. In the literature, there are only a few reports; therefore, its real incidence is difficult to be established due to sub-recorded cases and absence of larval typing. Objective. To identify, classify and morphologically characterize myasis-producing larvae of importance in public health. Material and methods. 262 larvae were analysed, obtained from the Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca that were stored without any identification, organization and history. Results. Larvae were identified using a stereomicroscope and morphology was based on dichotomous keys of the Cuterebridae, Oestridae and Calliphoridae families. The species found are associated with different types of myiasis, including; Dermatobia hominis, D. cyaniventris, Oestrus ovis, Cochliomyia hominivorax, C. macellaria and Lucilia spp. Discussion. As a conclusion, we found that cavitary and foruncular were the most common forms of this parasitism in the collection from the Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca. and that Dermatobia hominis and Cochliomyia hominivorax were the main involved species; however, these are not mandatory reporting species for medical services. Therefore, generating information about preservation, identification and recording of myasis-producing larvae, as well as training of professionals in public health might be considered as a routine practice for an accurate clinical diagnosis.

Abstract: The family Calliphoridae includes around 1,500 species belongs to 150 genera, 126 of them are recorded in the Neotropical and Andean regions. In Chile, the Calliphoridae family comprises 20 species belonged to four subfamilies and twelve genera, three of them are endemic to Chile. A key to all genera and species of blow flies recorded in Chile are provided. The low diversity of blow flies of Chile compared to other countries south of the United States is discussed.

Resumen: La familia Calliphoridae incluye alrededor de 1.500 especies en 150 géneros, 120 de las cuales están citadas para las Regiones Neotropical y Andina. Actualmente, los Calliphoridae de Chile comprenden 20 especies, clasificadas en cuatro subfamilias y 12 géneros con 3 especies endémicas. Se entrega una clave para reconocer géneros y especies de Chile. Se discute la baja diversidad de especies de Calliphoridae comparada con otros países al sur de Estados Unidos.

Abstract Although a corpse can harbor several species of flies, only a few have been sufficiently studied to be used as forensic indicators. Sarcophagidae are an example of how the forensic use of insects can be impaired by taxonomic and biological data limitation. This manuscript provides the first record of the Neotropical flesh fly Microcerella halli (Engel, 1931) on a human body and its use in forensics. M. halli and Sarconesia chlorogaster (Widemann, 1830) were sampled from a body located indoors at 20 °C. Only M. halli was used to estimate the mPMI (minimum post mortem interval) because it was the oldest larval stage on the corpse. Based on the development time of M. halli we estimate an mPMI of at least 10 days. In addition, we provide for the first time a case in which a flesh fly was the main source of entomological evidence in Southern Brazil. We also provide evidence that Sarcophagidae arrived before Calliphoridae in this case, an unusual successional pattern.

In this study the composition of carrion entomofauna in the ground below the carcas one month after the death was examined, identifying strata and associations to different ground depths. Three carcasses were examined: two horses and a cow, placed in sandy soil during the spring, summer and autumn in a natural environment in Mendoza. Soil samples were taken from ground surface every 10 cm below the corpse up to a depth of 60 cm. A total of 11,452 specimens (8,576 in autumn, 2,339 in summer, and 537 in spring), belonging to 24 different species belonging to 11 families was collected. Indicator species allowed differentiation of strata in sampled soil under corpses. In spring a first stratum was defined with pupae of Piophila casei (Linnaeus) (Piophilidae) between the surface and 30cm depth and a second stratum was defined at a depth between 40 to 60cm with pupae of a species of Phoridae and eggs of Histeridae. In summer only one stratum was defined by the abundance of puparia of Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Calliphoridae), located between the surface and 30cm depth. In autumn only one stratum was determined by larvae of Dermestes maculatus De Geer (Dermestidae) located between the surface and 20cm depth. The entomological composition varies with depth and between seasons, abundance was higher on the surface. Calliphoridae and Dermestidae were associated with superficial layers and the genera Euspilotus Lewis (Histeridae) and Omorgus Erichson (Trogidae) to deeper layers of the soil.

En el presente trabajo se examinó la composición de entomofauna cadavérica en el suelo debajo de cadáveres identificando estratos y asociaciones con diferentes profundidades a un mes de producido el deceso. Se utilizaron tres cadáveres (dos caballos y una vaca) dispuestos en suelo arenoso en primavera, verano y otoño en un ambiente natural de Mendoza. Los muestreos se realizaron en el suelo debajo de los cadáveres hasta 60 cm de profundidad. Se colectaron 11452 ejemplares (8576 en otoño, 2339 en verano y 537 en primavera) pertenecientes a 24 especies incluidas en 11 familias. Las especies indicadoras permitieron diferenciar estratos en el suelo muestreado debajo de los cadáveres. En primavera un primer estrato fue definido por puparios de Piophila casei (Linnaeus) (Piophilidae) entre la superficie y los 30 cm de profundidad y el segundo estrato fue establecido por pupas de una especie de Phoridae (Diptera) y huevos de Histeridae entre los 40 y 60 cm. En verano un estrato fue establecido por la abundancia de los puparios de Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Calliphoridae) entre la superficie y los 30 cm. En otoño fue reconocido un estrato con larvas de Dermestes maculatus De Geer (Dermestidae) entre la superficie hasta los 20 cm de profundidad. La composición entomológica cambia en la profundidad del suelo y entre las estaciones, la abundancia fue mayor en la superficie. Calliphoridae y Dermestidae aparecen asociados a capas superficiales y los géneros Euspilotus Lewis (Histeridae) y Omorgus Erichson (Trogidae) a capas más profundas del suelo.